This pandemic situation hit us hard. Most of our hobbies and entertainments have been taken away by Covid-19. Still, we are rebuilding our lifestyle as it was before with every inch of hope in our hearts. Still, Schools, Colleges, Theaters, and most of the places were shut down, Even during this pandemic, you can continue with your hobby if your major interests are books. There are many websites and Instagram pages that provide a beautiful service for book lovers. Technology is developed to its epitome. We can buy anything that we want with our tiny fingertips and virtual money we don’t even have to step out of the house but, whatever we need it will come to us in a blink of seconds. Only if you have money in the bank and mobile in hand. During this technical life. avid readers only would love to have real books not fake ones like Pdf and Docx. There are many websites and Instagram pages that provide a beautiful service for book lovers. They sell classics, fantasies, and best-selling books at an affordable price.
@Bookchor.com
Bookchor is a famous website for Indian Residents. They also have an app where you can buy both new and old books in perfectly good condition. They conduct many events, giveaways, monthly offers on a particular book. Discount offers for your first orders. Sometimes free blind date book/scented candle/badges/bookmarks along with your orders (according to the amount you spend.)
Every year they conduct The “Lock The Box” bookfair (where you will be given a box according to your preference of amount) All you have to do is load the box with your interested books from the Avenue. This will be like a Treasure Hunt game and you will love the experience.
@Worthing.in
Worthing. in is a website where you can find many Used, New, Old as well as books in good conditions at the cheapest price range. They also have various offers like Rs. 99/each book, Rs. 149/each best-selling book, Rs. 999/pre-selected 30 books. Rs. 999/ pre-selected Hardcover books.
@Battered_pages
Battered pages is an Instagram account. It has various collections of books according to genres with reasonable prices. They also encourage book donations and they provide most of their profits to animal welfare associations.
@got_a_book
Got a book is an Instagram profile where you can simply DM them to place an order. They sell best-selling books with huge discounts and free delivery all over India.
@99bookcart.com
They are dealing best-selling novels at a reasonable price in almost new condition. Some of their selected best-selling novels start at 99 rupees. Which is highly affordable.
@pick_a_book
Its also an Instagram profile. They sell best-selling books and bookmarks also, which is affordable and perfectly new and original in quality.
These websites are highly recommended to Readers who want to read and build their library at home. If you are not a reader it’s time to build a new hobby for yourself. So you will never need any other companions to pass your time or to have some fun. If you have a book, You can live all by yourself. You can even gift some books to your loved ones. Remember, books, are the best companion all around the world.
If you have never heard about these websites or, Either you are an amateur reader or a frequent reader, definitely, these websites/ Instagram pages will wash away your cash with loads of books in your cart.
Women’s empowerment refers to addressing powerful women in order to equip them with the ability to make their own decisions. In a world dominated by men, women have gone through a lot throughout time. They were regarded as nearly non-existent human beings in earlier times. As if all rights, including basic rights like voting, belonged to men. Women gradually realized their power as time went on. Since that time, the world has witnessed a revolution in women’s empowerment. Women can only be empowered if they are informed about their rights. Most girls grow up believing they are inferior to boys and, as a result, submit to the patriarchal and regressive social order. Young girls must be educated that they are no less capable than males and that if they are committed, they can achieve anything.
Women’s contribution to India’s economy:
Women have played a critical part in assisting India’s economic development. Women are thought to contribute 17-18% of total GDP. Despite their strength in agriculture and the dairy industry, India’s growing urbanization has yet to attract more women to enter the workforce. With only 25% of India’s labour force being female, women’s contribution to the country’s GDP is currently among the lowest in the world. However, even if 50% of women choose to work, India’s annual growth rate can range from 1.5 to 9%.
Why is Women’s Empowerment so crucial?
Women’s empowerment is a component of encouraging women to feel powerful by informing them that they can achieve whatever goals they set for themselves. Women can work outside the home and make their own decisions. Women aren’t reliant on men. They can use their skills to support their families and make money. Some women are hesitant to work in a demanding environment or in a high-ranking position because they believe it is not a woman’s duty. Empowerment aids in the reduction of domestic violence because it encourages people to cherish and promote women. Women are not abused in any way, including sexual, emotional, and physical abuse. Women are now obtaining high-level positions in the same way that males do. Some women are promoted to roles such as president, leader, commune chief, and other high-ranking posts. Many women are now politically, educationally, and economically engaged in society.
Conclusion:
Women’s Empowerment in the purest sense will only be realized once society’s attitudes toward fairness and equality have changed. Women’s empowerment refers to the ability of women to make decisions about their own lives. Women’s empowerment refers to the formation of an environment that benefits both individuals and society as a whole. Women should be granted the same rights as males in order to truly empower them. For their growth and development, they must be strong, vigilant, and alert at all times. Women’s education, poverty, health, and safety are the most common issues. After the country’s independence, India faced numerous obstacles, many of which resulted in a significant disparity between men and women, particularly in the field of education. Economic prosperity, political stability, and social revolution can all be achieved by empowering girls.
Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive tract infections (RTI).
Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and HIV leading to AIDS are some of the common STDs.
Some of these infections like hepatitis-B and HIV can also be transmitted by sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments, etc., with infected persons, transfusion of blood, or from an infected mother to the foetus too. Except for hepatitis-B , genital herpes and HIV infections, other diseases are completely curable if detected early and treated properly.
” Early symptoms of most of these are minor and include itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings etc., in the genital region.”
Infected females may often be asymptomatic and hence, may remain undetected for long. Absence or less significant symptoms in the early stages of infection and the social stigma attached to the STDs, deter the infected persons from going for timely detection ne proper treatment.
Syphilis
This could lead to complications later, which include pelvic inflammatory diseases(PID), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility or even cancer of the reproductive tract.
” STDs are a major threat to the society. Therefore, prevention or early detection and cure of these diseases are given prime consideration under the reproductive health-care programmes.”
Though all persons are vulnerable to these infections, their incidences are reported to be very high among persons in the age group of 15-24 years.
Gonorrhoea
Prevention
Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners
Always use condom during coitus
In case of doubt, go to a qualified doctor for early detection and get complete treatment if diagnosed with disease.
“Literature since the Medieval times have always been a mystery as well as a fascination for its audience”. As the decades change, their audience preference also changed. There was a whole decade which we all know as a biggest blood-curdling historical events of all time, also famously known as “The Age before Queen Elizabeth, when war and slaughter was the prominent reason and people lost their sanity due to political catastrophes and the consequences occurred when there was a division between the religion and science.”
When people lost their sanity, they abandoned literature and art which ultimately made the audience miserable and fragile. However, as the decade improved, we come to see that “Elizabethan Drama’s” has acted as a helping hand in the history of literature when people were gazing for a source of Entertainment.
Dramas are the mainstream or we can say as the generator of the exquisite source of entrainment since the 16th century which played an important role to make awareness among people about various social issues which happened during the era. Drama is one of those fabulous art forms which not only traveled a revolutionized journey from the 16th century to the 21st century but also have contributed a big number of Legendary works in the history of literature.
Dramas which are worldwide famous in the contemporary world are due to the main reason of fandom among the audience and in this process, the fandom not only goes to Drama but also to literature and movies.
Drama, Movies, and Literature – The Best Trio Ever!
Every era has its uniqueness and flair of creativity in any form of art. Likewise, whether it is Literature, Movies, Music, or drama, their secret to flourishing in the millennial generation is “Audience”. The audience has always been a great critic when it comes to Literature and Movies. Today we have Film and Literature which is established due to fandom among the audiences.
To get fame and acknowledgment from the audience is not an easy task, it has always been a striving job to be likable by all types of audiences. Yet Literature gained its popularity with the upper hand of Movies and dramas. Literature which was uncanny for many people is now becoming like their favorite cup of coffee which has the cream of fandom and fasciation towards literature.
Pop fiction – A New Version of Literature
A contemporary era where literature has grown acceptance due to the arrival of Movies and dramas is not only appreciated by their audiences but they are also a newer version of Preserving authentic Literature so that the fragrance of beautiful texts written by prominent writers won’t fade for the coming centuries.
Since it is an up-gradation, the technique of showcasing literature through the lens of the big screen of the cinematography industry is adaptable and modified. Pop Fiction is more merchandised and the writers craft their stories according to their audiences’ preferences.
The contemporary world is full of bustling lives where the audience expects entertainment to be relatable and which has a good quality of content. So cinematography industry had taken this opportunity as a responsibility towards their audience which proofs them their magnificent works by centering on literature.
Great stories come with a great plot!
Literature is famously known by all the audiences due to great movies and TV Series which either are adaptations or taken from real based stories from literature. When we say literature and movies the Millennial generation always mulls over about one great work but also gives a chill about going back to nostalgia! I guess we all know what it is? yes, it’s Harry Potter ! one of the prominent holiday Series which every child of the contemporary era never fails to reminisce about.
Whether it is plot structure, characters, or the setting, J.K Rowling’s works have been justified more cause of movie series made upon her famous works. Literature always provides us the imaginative descriptiveness of a piece of work and Cinematography provides an Illustrative of Visual and audio descriptions and together they have reached a high amount of success worldwide.
Similar to Harry Potter many classical works of literature are in the airy dreams among the audience cause of excellent movies turned from these works. Whether it is Louisa May Alcott’s “Little women” which talks about how women are striving in this society to acknowledge their identities by their forte and minds or whether it is Margaret Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale” which talks about a dystopian where women are taken as an Object to played with, well we can never forget that holocaust literature which made us more emotional and sentimental when we watched the movie “Book Thief”.
Our childhood was like a sweet dream which was incomplete without those fairy tales of Cinderella and beauty and the beast which enlightened us with all the moral values.
Hence, there is no conclusion of how movies and literature are excellently mending with each other and providing us the finest edition of the whole thing. This not only keeps our literature preserved but also protected with increasing fandom with the young audiences.
Water is the basic needs of the individual for the Survival. Some of the things like oxygen, water, food are very essential for the individual to live. After the oxygen, water is very much important for the individual survival and for the whole environment as well. Water is used in the daily basis for many of the activities like drinking, cleaning, watering, and also for some of the electric purposes etc.
There are plenty of water in the seas but there is no use of them. Because, all the seawater are salty and not food for drinking purpose. They can be made for drinking by some of the beautification methods which takes lots of processes and also the time. Scarcity of the water is not only the India’s problem but also the global problem.
If the wasteage of water is continued in the same way, there will be a day where no water can be found for drinking purposes and for some of the utility purposes. Most of the people waste water without any need. Using water for the purposes are all good but Wasting the water without any reason is a bad habit that an individual must not develop. It is very easy to waste water rather than saving the drop.
The main sources of water are surface water, ground water and rain water.
Importance of water :
Water is very important to the human body. Every one of your cells,organs and tissues use water to help with temperature regulation, keeping hydrated and maintaining bodily functions. In addition, water acts as a lubricant and cushions your joints. Driniking water is great for your overall health. Because your body loses water through breathing, sweating, and digestion, it’s important to rehydrate by drinking fluids and eating foods that contain water.
Water delivers important nutrients to all of our cells,especially muscle cells, postponing muscle fatigue. Water helps weight loss. Water helps you feel full longer,without adding any additional calories.
Benefits of Drinking water :
* Increases Energy & Relieves Fatigue. Since your brain is mostly water, drinking it helps you think, focus and concentrate better and be more alert.
* promotes weight loss.
* Flushes out Toxins.
* Improves skin complexion
* Maintains Regularity.
Best source of water :
1. Watermelon – water content : 92%
2. Strawberries – water content : 91%
3.cantaloupe – water content : 90%
4.peaches – water content : 89%
5.oranges – water content : 88%
6. Skim Milk – water content : 91%
7. Cucumber – water content : 95%
8. Lettuce – water content : 96%
9. Broths and soups – water content : 92%
10. Zucchini – water content : 94%
11. Celery – water content : 95%
12. Plain yogurt – water content: 88%
13. Tomatoes – water content : 94%
14. Bell peppers – water content : 92%
15.cauliflower – water content : 92%
16. Cabbage – water content : 92%
17. Grape fruit – water content : 88%
18. Coconut water- water content : 95%
19. Cottage cheese – water content: 80%
Disadvantages of water :
It is said that too much consumption of water can lead to fluid overload in the body and imbalance in the body. Excess water can lead it lower sodium levels in the body, which may further lead to nause, vomthing, cramps, fatigue. This condition is known as hyponatremia.
The best method to save water is to use in limited amounts. That is, to limit the water without wasting much water.
The contraindications to second dose of vaccine are:
Severe allergic reaction after a previous dose of this vaccine. If your treating physician considered this event as a severe allergic reaction to the vaccine, then you should not take second dose of vaccine. If you experience any other adverse event (known or unknown) after first dose, you can take the second dose.
Patients who have experienced major blood clotting (venous and/or arterial thrombosis) in combination with low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) following first dose of vaccine.
India’s first Prime Minister was homeschooled till he turned 15. His father and famous barrister of India at that time Pt. Motilal Nehru took a special interest in his academics. He ensured that young Nehru received a wholesome education at home under the mentorship of skilled tutors and governesses.
Many of you would be aware that Jawaharlal Nehru had been jailed many times during India’s independence struggle but few of you would be aware that he spent almost 10 years of his life in Jail for freedom from the British. Nehru was imprisoned 9 times. Altogether he was jailed by the British for a total of 3,259 days which is almost a decade of his life spent in jail.
Nehru was believed to be very fond of smoking. The famous cigarette brand ‘555’ is said to be his favourite brand. There are various pictures of Pandit Nehru in the public where he is seen smoking.
During his lifetime, Pandit Nehru survived four attempts to assassinate him. Historians say that there were four attempts in 1947, during the partition, the in 1955 by a rickshaw puller and other two in 1956 and 1961 to kill PM Nehru.
During his lifetime, Pandit Nehru survived four attempts to assassinate him. Historians say that there were four attempts in 1947, during the partition, the in 1955 by a rickshaw puller and other two in 1956 and 1961 to kill PM Nehru.
“Tell me your story. I want to hear your voice, and I want to hear your conviction. No matter who you are, where you’re from, your skin color, gender identity: speak yourself.”
-BTS(UNICEF)
Bangtan Boys also known as BTS is a Korean-pop group, currently the biggest phenomenon of the music industry with a huge fandom named A.R.M.Y. It is a seven-member boyband and their names go like this, Kim Namjoon(RM), Kim Seokjin(Jin), Min Yoongi(Suga), Jung Hoseok(Jhope), Park Jimin(Jimin), Kim Taehyung(V), Jeon Jungkook. BTS debuted on 13th June 2013 under Bighit Entertainment.
BangTan Sonyeondan
BTS, through their songs, talk about personal issues and society’s expectations, and commentary on youth. They focus on mental issues, depression, and almost everything that people usually don’t prefer to talk about. Moreover, they are inspiring and touching the hearts of millions of people every day through their lyrics. From the beginning of their career, they told stories that are very much familiar to our stories like teenage love affairs, the desire to achieve everything, society’s expectations on you, depression. So basically, it’s like a guy next door story which we all can relate.
“If you want to love others, I think you should love yourself first.”
-RM
“Don’t be trapped in someone else’s dream“
-V
Back in 2013, BTS was completely unknown to the world they hardly had 200 to 300 people to cheer them up. All seven of them used to live in a small dorm with very little to no luxury, they were discriminated against by the other companies as they come from a small and completely underrated company(Big Hit). They were never invited to big shows, got so much hatred and criticism from the pop community because of their looks, clothes, make-up, and were accused of false plagiarism. But despite the hardships they have faced, they’ve pushed themselves and never lost hope. They fought together, stood against the negativity, and motivated themselves to just moved on to make a better version of themselves every day. They released 22 albums till now each album sharing a different story. They have learned to love themselves for who they are and accept their flaws. Just like that, they want us to love ourselves and end self-hatred and bring peace into our lives.
BTS albums sold till now
“In the middle of the road, at the moment you want to give up, shout out even louder: “So what?”
-BTS
And now, their efforts paid off. They have won 370 awards including National awards, Billboard awards, Asian artist awards, the American Music Awards, etc. 549 nominations including the Grammys. And attained 26 Guinness World records and broke the records of Michael Jackson and The Beatles. They got covered by TIME magazine as “The next generation heroes”. They are the brand ambassadors of Hyundai, FILA, Louis Vuitton, Samsung, Coca-Cola, and many more. BTS delivered a speech at the UN general assembly as a part of the “LOVE MYSELF” campaign that they have launched in 2017 and partnered with UNICEF’s “End Violence” program. BTS generates 4 trillion Korean won as economic value to their country per year and 1.42 trillion won as added value per year, according to the 2018 report( Hyundai Research Institute). BTS contributes 1.7% of total Korean consumer goods export.
“Love myself, love yourself, peace.”
-Suga
“Find your name, find your voice by speaking yourself.”
-RM
Their growth is phenomenal.
From small dorms to spacious hotel rooms.
From congested practice rooms to a multi storey building.
From 200 fans to millions of ARMYs.
From a few lightsticks to an ocean of purple lights.
From small-town boys to Global leaders.
From ordinary teenagers to legends.
“In the dark night, don’t be lonely, Like the stars, we shine, Don’t disappear, because you’re a great existence, Let us shine”
-BTS(Mikrokosmos)
“Purple is the last colour of the rainbow colours. So means I will trust and love you for a long time.”
― Kim Taehyung
BTS with their first awardBTS awards by 2021
They have achieved everything they wanted but always stay the same as they were a few years ago. This is a story of models, dancers, singers, philanthropists, the next generation leaders, and more importantly our well-wishers.
Their journey is worth telling, as an ARMY I will not stop narrating this story to the world.
The Puri Rath Yatra begins on the Dwitiya Tithi in Ashadha, Shukla Paksha. This year, Ratha Yatra is being celebrated on July 12, 2021. The festival of Puri Rath Yatra is devoted to Lord Jagannath who is believed to be one of the incarnations of Lord Vishnu. Jagannath Rath Yatra is a nine-day festivity marked by various rituals and traditions. On this day, Lord Jagannath, Balbhadra and Subhadra proceed towards the Gundicha temple (a monument built in the memory of the Queen of Indradyumna) from the Puri shrine on their giant wooden chariots. It is believed that in order to pay their respects to Queen Gundicha, wife of the legendary King Indradyumna, who built the Puri Jagannatha temple, Lord Jagannatha along with brother Balabhadra and sister Subhadra leave their regular abode from the main temple and spend some time in this temple built by Gundicha in their honour. Lord Jagannatha, after resting for eight days in Gundicha temple, returns to his main abode. This day is known as Bahuda Yatra or Return Yatra. It is observed on the eighth day after Ratha Yatra on Dashami Tithi.
During Bahuda Yatra, the Lord makes a short stoppage at Mausi Maa temple, which is dedicated to Goddess Ardhashini. Remember, Lord Jagannatha, returns to his main abode just before Devshayani Ekadashi, when Lord Jagannatha goes to sleep for four months.
The rituals of Ratha Yatra start much ahead of Ratha Yatra day. Approximately 18 days before Ratha Yatra, Lord Jagannatha, his brother Balabhadra and his sister Devi Subhadra are given a famous ceremonial bath which is known as Snana Yatra. Snana Yatra day is observed on Purnima Tithi in Jyeshtha month, which is popularly known as Jyestha Purnima.
On the occasion of Puri Ratha Yatra, having a mere sight of Lord Jagannath on his chariot is considered very auspicious. Three chariots are made for the three respective deities.
Name of the three chariots
The names and important characteristics of the three raths (Chariots) belonging to the three deities are:
Lord Jagannath: Nandighosa
NANDIGHOSA
Lord Jagannath’s chariot is made of approximately 16 wheels
Lord Jagannath’s chariot is about 45 ft. high
Red and yellow canopy
Lord Balabhadra: Taladhwaja
TALDHWAJA
Lord Balabhadra chariot is made of 14 wheels
Lord Balabhadra chariot is 45.6 feet high
Red and bluish green canopy
Goddess Subhadra: Darpadalana
DARPADALANA
Goddess Subhadra’s chariot is made with 12 wheels
Goddess Subhadra’s chariot is 44.6 feet high.
Red and black canopy
Jagannatha literally means Lord of the Universe. It is believed that, if a person participates with full devotion in the Rath Yatra will be free from the cycle of birth and death. Rath Yatra symbolises harmony, brotherhood and unity. Thousands of devotees come here from different corners of the country to take part in this yatra and get good luck by pulling the chariot of the Lord. However in accord with the Covid 19 regulations, devotees were not allowed in the procession. Only the priests and workers with negative reports were allowed.
Car of Juggernaut as depicted in 1851. Source: Wikipedia
Lord Jagannath is one of the avatars of Lord Krishna. It is said that Rath Yatra is equal to hundred sacrifices. If a devotee takes part in this Rath Yatra and pulls the chariot of God, then he gets god’s blessings. Jagannath Rath Yatra is a ten-day festival. The preparations for the yatra begin with the construction of the chariots on the day of Akshaya Tritiya. According to religious beliefs, just by watching this Rath Yatra one gets freedom from all kinds of sins and salvation is attained after death.
ETYMOLOGY OF JUGGERNAUT
Jagannath is also the etymological origin of the English word ‘Juggernaut’. When the British first observed the Rath Yatra in the 18th century, they were so amazed that they sent home shocking descriptions which gave rise to the term ‘juggernaut’, meaning “destructive force”. They misunderstood that people sacrificed themselves infront of the chariot. However these were accidents which often occur during commotion in pulling of chariot. As a matter of fact sacrificial rituals are banned in Jagannath temple.
LEONEL ANDRÉS MESSI also known as LEO MESSI, is an Argentine Professional footballer who plays as a forward and captain the Argentine National team. He is currently a free agent, having played all his professional career for La Liga club Barcelona, whom he captained from 2018 to 2021. Messi has won a record six European Golden Shoes, six Ballon d’Or awards. He spent his entire professional career with Barcelona FC.
Early life:
Messi was born on June 24, 1987. Messi was the youngest player ever to play for Barcelona. Messi was born in Rosario, Argentina and move to Spain at the age of 13 where he was offered the chance to train at FC Barcelona’s youth academy.
FOOTBALL LIFE:
At a young age, Messi was diagnosed with hormone deficiency which restricted his growth. Shorter than most of the kid at the age, Messi showed great talent and skills which put him in front of many organization; one of which was Barcelona. However, Messi was given a trial with Barcelona where he impressed the coach. Barcelona offered Messi a contract which included Barcelona paying for Messi’s treatment in Spain.
During the 2003-04 season, his fourth with Barcelona, Messi rapidly progressed through the club’s ranks, debuting for a record five youth teams in a single campaign. Messi was the one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break.
On 24 June 2005, his 18th birthday, Messi signed his first contract as a senior team player. It made him a Barcelona player until 2010, two years less than his previous contract, but his buyout clause increased to €150 million.
His team’s prosperity continued into the second half of 2009, as Barcelona become the first club to achieve the sextuple, winning six top-tier trophies in a single year. Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup against Estudiantes De La Plata on 19th December , with Messi Scoring the winning 2-1 goal with his chest. At 22 Years old, Messi won the Ballon d’Or and the FIFA World Player Of The Year.
As Messi maintained his goalscoring form into the second half of the season, the year 2012 saw him break several longstanding records. On 7 March, two weeks after scoring four goals in a league fixture against Valencia, he scored five times in a Champions League last 16-round match against Bayer Leverkusen, an unprecedented achievement in the history of the competition.
As Messi evolved into one of the best players in the world, he secured a place in Alfio Basile starting line-up, as part of a team considered favourites to win the 2007 Copa America, held in Venezuela. He set up the game-winning goal of their 4–1 victory over the United States in the opening match, before winning a penalty that led to the game-tying first strike of their 4–2 win in the next match against Colombia.
Following on from their poor qualification campaign, salvaged by Messi, expectations were not high going into the 2018 World Cup, with the team, without an injured Messi, losing 6–1 to Spain in March 2018. Prior to Argentina’s opener, there was speculation in the media over whether this would be Messi’s final World Cup. In the team’s opening group match against Iceland on 16 June, Messi missed a potential match-winning penalty in an eventual 1–1 draw. In Argentina’s second game of the 2018 World Cup on 21 June, the team lost 3–0 to Croatia. Post match the Argentina coach Jorge Sampaoli spoke of the lack of quality in the team surrounding Messi, “the reality of the Argentina squad clouds his [Messi’s] brilliance”.
###CONGRATULATION FOR YOUR FIRST INTERNATIONAL CUP#####
Artificial Intelligence means analytics, problem solving and autonomous automation based on data, knowledge and experience. AI is an intelligent entity that is created by humans. It is capable of performing tasks intelligently without being explicitly instructed to do so. The present day pervading of AI, given how little it is noticed in everyday life, suggests that in important ways this objective has been reached. We are all familiar with applications like Google Assistant, Siri, Alexa, YouTube and so on. All these applications use AI for their functioning.
The purpose of Artificial Intelligence is shared by all the different tools and techniques that we’ve invented over the past thousand years – to simplify human effort, and to help us make better decisions. Artificial Intelligence has also been touted as our Final Invention, a creation that would invent ground-breaking tools and services that would exponentially change how we lead our lives, by hopefully removing strife, inequality and human suffering. That’s all in the far future though – we’re still a long way from those kinds of outcomes. Currently, Artificial Intelligence is being used mostly by companies to improve their process efficiencies, automate resource-heavy tasks, and to make business predictions based on hard data rather than gut feelings. As all technology that has come before this, the research and development costs need to be subsidised by corporations and government agencies before it becomes accessible to everyday laymen.
There’s no doubt in the fact that technology has made our life better. From music recommendations, map directions, mobile banking to fraud prevention, AI and other technologies have taken over. Plus point of AI is that it’s of more convenience and makes life easier. There’s a fine line between advancement and destruction. There’s always two sides to a coin, and that is the case with AI as well. The advantages of Artificial Intelligence are as follows:
Reduction in human error
Available 24×7
Helps in repetitive work
Digital assistance
Faster decisions
Rational Decision Maker
Medical applications
Improves Security
Efficient Communication
Although there are several speculations on AI being dangerous, at the moment, we cannot say that AI is not at all dangerous even though it has benefited our lives in several ways. This can be a boon as well as a bane to the society. As said by Stephen Hawking “either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity.” Other than the fear of evil robots taking our space, the existing AI has also been under the radar of human fear. Let us look at some of the reasons:
Complete relying on AI is not safe. Here one can personalize a device but not their data. Hence, every possibility arises of leaking information. Their information can be misused.
Wrong data input may cause misinterpretation leading to losses.
It may lead to diminution of jobs in industries. The responsibility of handling will be in single person’s hand. AI has faced the question of taking up jobs ever since it came into existence. AI has taken up a lot of tasks that were earlier carried out by people.
The dangerous use of AI can be weaponry. AI leaders said that these threaten to become the third revolution in warfare.
The fear of AI reaching in the wrong hands is also prevalent. Misusing technological advancements have been there in human history. AI cannot explain why it arrived at an answer. It cannot reason nor think rationally. Once it archives the human intelligence, humans might use them to cause a negative impact. AI’s black box has been in discussions for a long time. This caters to another fear – fear of the unknown.
Advances in Artificial Intelligence will reach the superintelligence stage in a couple of years. However, starting a new technology transition has begun, and most businesses are incorporating this unique fixture. It has not only helped with better sales and forecasts but also gives companies new growth opportunities.
AI comes with its own ethical and security issues. It causes privacy concerns to businesses, which needs to be mitigated if you want the user to stay within the company for a while. You will also need to work on job reallocation so that the people who have engaged with you for years can stay happy and engaged. The idea is to transform the future of AI without harming the goodwill of loyal people. It would help if you also introduced the overall culture and organisation-level changes to build a robust AI-induced enterprise. There is no doubt that the Artificial Intelligence future is exciting and extremely promising.
According to experts, a 90-year-old Belgian woman who died after contracting Covid-19 was infected both with the Alpha and Beta forms of the coronavirus at the same time.
After a series of falls in March, the unvaccinated lady was hospitalised to the OLV hospital in Aalst and tested positive for Covid-19 the same day.
While her oxygen levels were initially adequate, her health soon worsened and she died five days later.
She tested positive for both the Alpha strain and the Beta variant.
“Both these variants were circulating in Belgium at the time, so it is likely that the lady was co-infected with different viruses from two different people,” said molecular biologist Anne Vankeerberghen from the OLV hospital who led the research.
“Unfortunately we don’t know how she became infected.”
Vankeerberghen stated it was impossible to determine whether the co-infection contributed to the patient’s rapid decline.
The study, which has not yet been published in a medical journal, will be presented at a European symposium on microbiology and infectious illnesses.
While Vankeerberghen stated that there had been “no other reported examples” of comparable co-infections, she also stated that the “phenomenon is probably underestimated.”
This was due to a lack of testing for potentially harmful variations, she explained, urging a greater use of rapid PCR testing to detect known variants.
Scientists in Brazil claimed in January that two patients had been infected with two different strains of the coronavirus at the same time, but the work has yet to be published in a scholarly publication.
According to Lawrence Young, a virologist and professor of molecular oncology at the University of Warwick, finding single individual infected with several strains was not surprising.
“This study does emphasise the need for more research to establish whether infection with numerous variations of concern alters the clinical course of Covid-19 and whether this in any way limits immunisation efficacy,” he added.
“Extinction is the process of evolution that leads to the dissappearence of a population or species.”
When a species becomes extinct, all its genetic heritage is lost. The species evolve into new species in order to adapt to the environmental changes or changes in the genetic heritage.Over 99% of all the species that once lived on the Earth amounting to over five billion species are estimated to be extinct. As per the estimations on the number of current species, a range from 10 -14 million, of which more than 1.2 million have been studied and more than 86% have not yet been discovered.This could happen naturally due to a change in the climate or because of human activities like overhunting or due to the destruction of habitat.
Despite the uncertainties, extinction has three major elements:
For species collectively, extinction is a probability if the killing stress is so rare beyond their experience and therefore outside the reach of natural selection.
The mass extinctions would pave way for the major restructuring of the biosphere where a few successful groups are eliminated allowing minor groups to expand.
In a few cases, there is evidence that extinction is selectively argued by Darwin. It has been made impossible to predict which species are going to be the next victim of an extinction event
1.THE DODO:
The Dodo was a flightless bird native to Mauritius whose population began dwindling and eventually became extinct over the short course of a century when sailors began arriving on the East African island nation.The last of the Dodos were seen in the 1660s and because there really wasn’t an emphasis on specimen preservation, many of the remaining fossils were lost or destroyed.
Even though the Dodo went extinct more than 150 years ago, their story is important. People didn’t believe that God would take away a creature’s existence after having gone through the trouble of creating them, so no one was truly alarmed at their disappearance. This led people to believe that there were more Dodos tucked away somewhere in nature and so, specimens weren’t handled as carefully as they should have been.In fact, Dodo specimen damage and loss was common in 17th and 18th centuries.
Cause of Extinction:
popular belief has sailors hunting and eating the Dodo to the point of extinction, but it’s more likely that the rats (and other animals) the sailors brought with them caused the Dodo’s decline. The BBC reports that rats likely ate dodo eggs and other animals outcompeted the bird for food sources.
2.SCHOMBURGSK’S DEER:
Schomburgk’s deer was native to Thailand and was named after German-born explorer, Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, who was knighted in 1844.Some scientists believe that there may still be a few of these deer in the wild even though they were officially declared extinct in 2006 with the last known deer reportedly killed in captivity in 1938.
Cause of Extinction:
Besides humans, Schomburgk’s deer were hunted by native tigers and leopards. Today, we only know of one mounted deer head which resides in Paris’ Muséum National d’Histoire Natural.
SUMATRAN RHINO:
The last Sumatran rhino in Malaysia passed away in November, 2019, making the extremely rare species locally extinct. The rhino was named Iman and she died due to cancer.The death of Iman made the species critically endangered, with less than 80 Sumatran rhinos left all over the world, primarily in Indonesia. Currently, Sumatran rhinos are the smallest rhino species in the world.
Cause of Extinction:
Iman, the last Sumatran rhino left in Malaysia, died over the weekend after a long battle with uterine tumors.
The fate of this critically endangered species now lies with a tiny population of no more than 80 individuals in Indonesia, where captive breeding has yielded some success in recent years.
The critically endangered species was decimated by poaching and habitat loss in the past, but today observers say the small and fragmented nature of their populations, and a correspondingly low birthrate, is the biggest threat to their survival. Few of the remaining populations left in the wild are believed to be large enough to support natural reproduction, and isolated individuals have been found to be prone to developing reproductive pathologies like the uterine tumors suffered by Iman(rhino).
INDIAN CHEETAH :
In a report by ANI in September, 2019, it was stated that the Indian Cheetah, along with three other species is now extinct in India due to desertification. The numbers dropped down to 150 and eventually the species died out.This intense desertification was caused due to the excessive use of pesticides and heavy industrialisation in agricultural areas. The report also showed how this desertification had a negative impact on the entire food chain.
Cause of Extinction:
Trapping of large numbers of adult indian cheetah’s, who had already learned hunting skills from wild mothers, for assisting in royal hunts is said to be another major cause of the species rapid decline in india as they never bred in captivity with only one record of a litter ever.The animal is believed to have disappeared from india when Maharaja Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo of Koriya hunted and shot the last three recorded Asiatic cheetahs in india in 1947. It was declared extinct by the government in 1952.
INDOCHINESE TIGER :
This species was mainly found in southeast Asia before it became critically endangered. Its numbers reduced to 1500 and then eventually the species became extinct.The species is completely extinct in the wild but there are a few tigers that are living in captivity. It is completely wiped out in Cambodia and the largest number of tigers are now residing in Thailand. The main reason for its extinction is hunting and poaching.
According to a lot of media and UN reports, the world is on track to lose two-thirds of its wildlife population by the end of 2020. Even common wildlife species like Koala bears are now prone to extinction because of the Australian bushfires, which happened due to climate change in the area.
Cause of Extinction:
According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), indochinese tiger numbers are in shocking decline across its range because of shrinking habitats, expanding human populations, poaching, and illegal wildlife trade. Vital tiger populations are also depleted by a growing commercial demand for wild meat in restaurants
Hunting for trophies, poaching by farmers, and the growing demand for tiger bones in Oriental medicine are key factors for the indochinese tiger decline. Habitat loss due to population growth is also a major concern.It’s believed there are around 350 indochinese tiger leftin the world. This low population is due to poaching and habitat loss.
CATARINA PUPFISH :
Catarina pupfish is a freshwater fish found in Mexico. The species got extinct when their natural habitat got disrupted due to groundwater extraction.The fish was living in the wild till 1994, but due to the rapid loss, the species was moved to captivity. It survived till 2012 and then got completely extinct in 2019.
Cause of Extinction:
The species got extinct when their natural habitat got disrupted due to groundwater extraction. The fish was living in the wild till 1994, but due to the rapid loss, the species was moved to captivity. It survived till 2012 and then got completely extinct in 2019.
Habitat loss caused the extinction of the Catarina pupfish, and it is threatening thousands of species. Humans have modified more than 70% of terrestrial and 60% of marine habitats. The most recent report from the UN estimates that one million animal and plant species are facing extinction in the next few decades as a result of habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation, poaching, climate change, pollution, and invasive species.
PYRENEAN IBEX :
The Pyrenean ibex was a type of goat abundant across the Pyrenees mountains. It declined over two centuries from hunting, disease and inability to compete with other species. The last was a female called Celia, who died in 2000. In a first, it was declared “unextinct”in 2003 when a cloned female ibex was born alive, but died several minutes later from lung defects.The Pyrenean ibex, a subspecies of the Spanish ibex, is one more recently extinct animals.
Cause of Extinction:
The ibex, native to the Pyrenees Mountains on France and Spain’s border, was declared extinct in 2000. During medieval times, the Pyrenean ibex was abundant, but their population decreased due to hunting. 21 years ago this month, a wild goat species went extinct — and kicked off a bizarre but ultimately hopeful scientific adventure. The pyrenean ibex became extinct in January of 2000, when a falling tree landed on the last surviving member of the species.
SPLENDID POISON FROG :
In 2020, the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) declared that the splendid poison frog was extinct. Sadly, that makes the splendid poison frog one of the most recently extinct animals on the planet.The small red frog, a species of poison dart frog, lived in the neo-tropical forests of Panama in the mountain ranges adjacent to Costa Rica. Common names of the splendid poison frog in Spanish are Rana venenosa and Sapito venenoso
Cause of Extinction:
Deforestation and habitat degradation are the primary threats to the splendid poison frog. Human activities such as logging, expansion of urban and suburban areas, and the construction and use of rail lines have had a significant impact on population numbers.The splendid poison frog or splendid poison-arrow frog (Oophaga speciosa) was a species of poison dart frog endemic to the eastern end of Cordillera de Talamanca, western Panama.
SPIX’S MACAW:
The Spix’s macaw is a recently extinct animal from near the Rio São Francisco in Bahia, Brazil. In 2019, the bird known as the “Little Blue Macaw” because of its vibrant blue feathers was declared extinct in the wild. Fortunately, experts have documented about 160 Spix’s macaws in captivity. Scientists and the Brazilian government are working on a planned release of the parrots to the wild in 2021.
The species was popularized in 2011 when the animated movie “Rio” depicted a cartoon characterization of the breed. Early scientists named the species for the German naturalist who documented them in 1819.
Cause of Extinction:
Though it perished in 2000, some 60-80 are still being bred in captivity. 5. While they were driven to extinction by human factors like the building of dams and trapping for trade, there is still hope to clone and revive these birds in wild populations.Since the year 2000, the species has been considered extinct in the wild. In addition to illegal trafficking, the destruction of habitat due to human influences was the main reason for the extinction of the species.
Habitat destruction and illegal trapping and trade are what caused the wild Spix’s macaw’s demise.A female spix’s macaw released from captivity at the site in 1995 was killed by collision with a power line after seven weeks. The last wild male disappeared from the site in October 2000; his disappearance was thought to have marked the extinction of this species in the wild.
PASSENGER PIGEON :
Although the passenger pigeon went extinct over 100 years ago, you could say that it is one of the recently extinct animals in relation to the earth’s age. The passenger pigeon’s abundant numbers made the species seem ineradicable, but it became the poster child of animal conservationist groups after its demise. Most ecologists estimate that passenger pigeons numbered in the millions when Europeans began settling North America. Eyewitnesses reported that skies would darken when flocks flew overhead on sunny days.
Cause of Extinction:
Passenger pigeons vanished after farmers cleared their habitat and hunters netted, shot and poisoned them to the point of extinction. The extermination of the passenger pigeon was part of the motivation for the birth of 20th century conservation. The last known bird died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.People ate passenger pigeon in huge amounts, but they were also killed because they were perceived as a threat to agriculture. As Europeans migrated across North America, they thinned out and eliminated the large forests that the pigeons depended on.The last passenger pigeon died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914
THE QUAGGA :
Another of the relatively recently extinct animals is the Quagga. The odd-looking animal resembled a cross between a stout pony and a zebra. With the zebra’s dazzling stripes across its head, mane, and neck, and the chestnut colouring of a pony or horse throughout the rest of its body, the quagga was hunted to extinction in the late 1800s by European settlers.
The somewhat recently extinct animal was native to South Africa and was a subspecies of the plains Zebra. Named by the African tribe of Hottentots for its distinctive ‘kwa-ha-ha’ call, quagga is an onomatopoeia. The last animal died in the Amsterdam Zoo in 1883.Interestingly, scientists of the Quagga project are using selective breeding of zebras in an attempt to revive the extinct quagga.
Cause of Extinction:
The Quagga’s extinction is generally attributed to the “ruthless hunting”, and even “planned extermination” by colonists. Wild grass eating animals such as the Quagga were perceived by the settlers as competitors for their sheep, goats and other livestock.Quagg’s extinction a Nasty Surprise. 1883: The quagga goes extinct when the last of these South African zebras dies at the Amsterdam Zoo.
MAMMOTH:
Woolly mammoths lived during the last ice age, and they may have died off when the weather became warmer and their food supply changed. Humans may also be partly responsible for their disappearance due to hunting. Although the word “mammoth” has come to mean “huge,” woolly mammoths were probably about the size of africian elephants. Their ears were smaller than those of today’s elephants. This was probably an adaptation to the cold climate that kept their ears closer to their heads and kept them warmer. Their tusks were very long, about 15 feet (5 meters) and were used for fighting and digging in the deep snow. Mammoths were herbivores and ate mostly grass, but also ate other types of plants and flowers.
Cause of Extinction:
Most woolly mammoths went extinct roughly 10,000 years ago amid a warming climate and widespread human hunting.They pinpointed a collection of genetic mutations in the Wrangel Island mammoth and synthesized these genes in the laboratory to test their functionality.While woolly mammoths were once plentiful across the northern hemisphere, they actually went extinct in two separate events. The first wave of mammoth extinction occurred on the heels of the last ice age and global warming led to the loss of their habitat, around 10,500 years ago.
REASONS FOR EXTINCTION OF SPECIES:
The important causes of extinction include:
Asteroid Strikes:
A meteor strike on the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico led to the disappearance of dinosaurs millions of years ago. Most of the mass extinctions, such as KT-extinction or Permian-Triassic extinction were caused due to such events. The astronomers constantly keep an eye on comets or meteors that could lead to the end of human civilization.
Climate Change:
Climate change is yet another factor that could destroy terrestrial organisms. During the end of the last ice-age, most of the megafauna were unable to adapt to the changing warm temperatures. They died due to lack of food and hunting by early humans. Even modern civilization is stepping towards the threat of extinction due to global warming.
Disease:
Various epidemics had been the cause of extinction of a large population of humans and animals on earth. The Black Death wiped out one-third of the European population in the Middle Ages.
Loss of habitat:
Every animal has its own comfort zone where it can breed and raise its young ones. For eg., a bird is comfortable only on the branch of a tree. Due to the expansion of human civilization and industrialization, the forests have been destroyed which are an abode to most of the animals. Due to lack of space and eventually food, the populations of many organisms have been minimised.
Better Adapted Competition:
The better-adapted populations win over the ones that lag behind. For eg., the pre-historic mammals were better adapted than the dinosaurs. The ones which are well-adapted survive, while the others become extinct.
Pollution:
The pollution from the industries and vehicles have led to a drastic change in the oxygen levels in the atmosphere as well as water. This has led to the extinction of most of the aquatic as well as terrestrial species.
Forster began writing A Passage to India in 1913, just after his first visit in India. The novel was not revised and completed, however, until well after his second stay in India in 1921, when he served as a secretary to the Maharajah of Dewas State Senior. Published in 1924, A Passage to India examines the racial misunderstandings and cultural hypocrisies that characterized the complex interactions between Indians and the English toward the end of the British occupation of India.
When Dr Aziz is introduced to us, we don’t see him. We see the bicycle before it hits the balcony. We know that he is “all animation” without being told exactly how he is being “animated” And we hear him calling out his friend’s name before we find out his name, before we see his face, or get to know a single detail about his appearance or background.
The opening scene is just a wind-up for the rest of the novel, as it turns out. Impulsive, talkative, gregarious, spontaneously affectionate, Aziz is the Energizer Bunny of the story, rushing into conversations and situations without really thinking too hard about what he’s saying or doing. And given the fact that he’s so extroverted, it would probably be easy to assemble his profile on a dating site: widowed doctor, father of three, seeking casual relationship or companionship with attractive female. Hobbies include riding horses, waxing nostalgic about the Mughal Empire, and reading and writing Urdu poetry. Peeves include trekking to dark and mysterious caves.
But despite the fact that Aziz talks so much, or perhaps because of the fact Aziz talks so much one might find it hard to get a handle on who he really is. His behaviour can seem so contradictory. Aziz can be incredibly friendly and out going in one moment, and suddenly turn suspicious and rather nasty the next. For example, Aziz seems to like Fielding. Yet he is so ready to believe the rumor that Fielding had an affair with Adela and that Fielding actually plotted to keep Aziz from suing Adela so that Fielding and Adela could enjoy her money together. It’s also hard to reconcile the high, romantic idealism that can be hard to stomach, as when he makes plans to see prostitutes.
Our difficulties with Aziz may have something to do with the fact that we learn everything about Aziz through the filter of a narrative that is dotted with the racial stereotype of the “Oriental” Of course, the narrative of A Passage to India isn’t as racist as the Turtons or McBryde; it’s enlightened enough to satirize these characters. But even when it’s championing the Oriental/Indian, it still can sound offensive. This is usually signaled when the narrator suddenly stops talking about Aziz the individual, and leaps to all “Orientals.” Thus, we learn, for example that “suspicion in the oriental is a sort malignant just or, a mental malady, that makes him self-conscious and unfriendly suddenly.” Instead of Aziz just being a suspicious guy, the novel wants us to think that Aziz is naturally suspicious because he’s Indian.
Be that as it may, the novel represents a sincere attempt to inhabit Aziz’s mind, to show the effects of living as an Indian under British rule, and to show how the racism of a Turton or Callendar prevent them from recognizing not only Aziz’s innocence, but also the validity of Indians’ appeal for an independent nation. Perhaps at the end the novel gives us the tools to critically examine itself so that we might finally read Aziz’s last gesture to Adela not as the illogical, inconsistent Oriental, but as the expression of a generous spirit.
While displaying zero tolerance for those involved in black marketing of remedesivir, the Madhya Pradesh High Court has in a brief, brilliant, bold and balanced judgment titled Sonu Bairwa Vs State of MP & Ors in WP No. 9878/2021 delivered on July 7, 2021 has upheld the detention of a man accused of black marketing of Remedesivir injections amid Covid-19 pandemic under the National Security Act, 1980. A Division Bench of Justice Sujoy Paul and Justice Anil Verma of Indore Bench of Madhya Pradesh High Court held that black marketing of remdesivir injection has direct impact on “public order”, and the petitioner-accused if released, could indulge into same activity because the scarcity of remdesivir is still there. Without mincing any words, the Division Bench held that, “Blackmarketing of a drug like remedesivir in days of extreme crisis is certainly such an ugly act and fact which can very well be a reason for invoking Section 3 of NSA Act against the petitioner by District Magistrate.”
To start with, Justice Sujoy Paul who has authored this cogent, commendable, courageous, calibrated and convincing judgment for a Division Bench of Indore Bench of Madhya Pradesh High Court comprising of himself and Justice Anil Verma that was delivered on July 7, 2021 first and foremost puts forth in para 1 that, “The petitioner has invoked the jurisdiction of this Court under Article 226 of the Constitution to assail the order dated 17/5/2021 whereby the District Magistrate in exercise of power u/S.3(2) read with (3) of National Security Act, 1980 (for short “NSA Act”) detained the petitioner.”
To put things in perspective, the Division Bench then discloses in para 2 that, “The petitioner was detained by District Magistrate by stating that the petitioner indulged in black marketing of Remedesivir injections. Two such injections were recovered from him. In a situation when highest numbers of Covid patients were there at Indore, the act of petitioner has caused serious threat to the ‘public order’. In view of aforesaid conduct, the detention order was passed and the grounds therefore were supplied to him.”
While citing the relevant case law, the Bench opines in para 13 that, “The interesting conundrum relating to liberty and regarding extent of liberty and aspect of curtailment thereof is wonderfully explained by K.K. Mathew, J. in Smt. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Raj Narain (1975 (Supp.) SCC 1):-
“the major problem of human society is to combine that degree of liberty without which law is tyranny with that degree of law without which liberty becomes licence; and the difficulty has been to discover the practical means of achieving this grand objective and to find the opportunity for applying these means in the ever shifting tangle of human affairs.””
Simply put, the Division Bench then brings out in para 14 that, “The first grievance put forth by petitioner is that in the instant case, the District Magistrate and other authorities passed the orders mechanically. This runs contrary to law laid down by Supreme Court in Khudiram Das (supra) and judgment of Allahabad High Court in Dr. Kafeel Khan (supra). This Court in its recent order passed in Yatindra Verma (supra) opined that when a detenu was not absconding and yet the authorities mentioned in their orders that he was absconding, it shows non-application of mind or acting in a mechanical manner. Thus, there is no hesitation in holding that the orders to the extent petitioner was shown to be absconding are passed without proper application of mind. However, it is noteworthy that the order of detention in case of Yatindra Verma was not set aside for incorrectly mentioning the word “absconding”. On the contrary the operative reason for setting aside the detention order in the said case was that detenu’s valuable right to make a representation against the detention order to the same authority who passed the detention order was infringed and such denial has vitiated the detention order.”
While cutting across the arguments of the petitioner’s counsel, the Division Bench then points out in para 15 that, “The learned counsel for the petitioner has taken pains to contend that present petitioner is similarly situated qua Yatindra Verma (supra). The language employed in their detention orders are identical, hence petitioner is entitled to get similar treatment. The argument on the first blush appears to be attractive, but lost much of its shine on closure scrutiny. In Yatindra Verma (supra), the petitioner therein was carrying an oxyflow meter and allegation was that he was trying to blackmarket it, whereas in the instant case, the petitioner was allegedly carrying remedesivir injections, a life saving /essential drug to fight corona virus. The SP’s report in the instant case shows that the petitioner was carrying those injections. The city of Indore was struggling to cope up the acute shortage of drugs, oxygen, beds etc. because of corona pandemic. Blackmarketing of remedesivir injection has direct impact on “public order”. The petitioner, who was already detained, if released could indulge into same activity because the scarcity of remedesivir is still there was the report of SP which was relied upon by District Magistrate.”
While justifying the detention of the petitioner under the NSA and citing the relevant case laws, the Division Bench then envisages in para 16 that, “In the factual backdrop of this case, the necessary parameters on which a person already under arrest can be detained under the NSA Act are satisfied. The judgment of Yatindra Verma (supra) cannot be mechanically pressed into service in this case. This is trite that a judgment of a Court cannot be read as Euclid’s theorem [See Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Vs. N.R. Vairmani (2004) 8 SCC 579, C.Ronald Vs. UT Andaman & Nicobar Islands (2011) 12 SCC 428, Deepak Bajaj Vs. State of Maharashtra (2008) 16 SCC 14]. This is equally settled that little difference in facts or an additional fact may make a lot of difference in the precedential value of a decision (See Bhavnagar University Vs. Palitana Sugar Mill (P) Ltd & Ors.(2003) 2 SCC 111).”
Adding more to it, the Division Bench then makes it clear in para 17 that, “A person, who is already in custody can still be detained under NSA Act if i) detaining authority had knowledge about detenu’s custody, ii) there exists real possibility of detenu’s release on bail and, iii) necessity of preventing him from indulging in activities prejudicial to the security of State or maintenance of public order upon his release on bail. In the instant case, all the aforesaid ingredients were satisfied. (See: Kamini Yadav vs. State of MP & Ors. – WP No.25986/2018) and judgment of Supreme Court reported in (2012) 7 SCC 181 (Konungjao Singh vs. State of Manipur & Ors.).”
Furthermore, while citing yet another relevant case law, the Division Bench then mentions in para 18 that, “The Apex Court in (1986) 4 SCC 407 (Rajkumar Singh vs. State of Bihar) opined as under:-
“Preventive detention as reiterated as hard law and must be applied with circumspection rationally, reasonably and on relevant materials. Hard and ugly facts make application of harsh laws imperative.” (Emphasis supplied).””
Briefly stated, the Division Bench then underscores in para 19 that, “Blackmarketing of a drug like remedesivir in days of extreme crisis is certainly such an ugly act and fact which can very well be a reason for invoking Section 3 of NSA Act against the petitioner by District Magistrate.”
Be it noted, the Division Bench then lays bare in para 20 that, “Section 3(2) of NSA Act and explanation reads as under:-
“The Central Government or the State Government may, if satisfied with respect to any person that with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order or from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community it is necessary so to do, make an order directing that such person be detained.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, “acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community” does not include “acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of supplies of commodities essential to the community” as defined in the Explanation to sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act 1980 (7 of 1980), and accordingly, no order of detention shall be made under this Act on any ground on which an order of detention may be made under that Act.” (Emphasis supplied).””
It would be instructive to note that the Division Bench then observes in para 21 that, “The use of “explanation” in a statute is an internal aid to construction. Fazal Ali J in (1985)1 SCC 591 (S. Sundaram Pillai & Ors. vs. V.R. Pattabiraman & Ors.) culled out from various judgments of Supreme Court the following as objects of an explanation to a statutory provision:-
(a) to explain the meaning and intendment of the Act itself;
(b) where there is any obscurity or vagueness in the main enactment, to clarify the same so as to make it consistent with the dominant object which it seems to subserve,
(c) to provide an additional support to the dominant object of the Act in order to make it meaningful and purposeful;
(d) an Explanation cannot in any way interfere with or change the enactment or any part thereof but where gap is left which is relevant for the purpose of the Explanation, in order to suppress the mischief and advance the object of the Act it can help or assist the court in interpreting the true purport and intendment of the enactment; and
(e) it cannot, however, take away a statutory right with which any person, under a statute has been clothed or set at naught the working of an Act by becoming an hindrance in the interpretation of the same.
This principle is consistently followed by Supreme Court in (2004) 2 SCC 249 (M.P. Cement Manufacturers Association vs. State of MP & Ors.) and (2004) 11 SCC 64 (Swedish Match AB vs. Securities & Exchange Board of India).”
For the sake of clarity, the Bench then clarifies in para 22 stating that, “These examples are illustrative in nature and not exhaustive. An “explanation” may be added to include something within or to exclude something from the ambit of the main enactment or the connotation of some word occurring in it (See: Controller of Estate Duty, Gujarat Vs. Shri Kantilal Trikamlal AIR 1976 SC 1935). Similarly a negative explanation which excludes certain types of category from the ambit of enactment may have the effect of showing that the category leaving aside the excepted types is included within it (See First Income Tax Officer, Salem Vs. Short Brothers (P) Ltd. AIR 1967 SC 81). Thus, the explanation in the instant case, has a limited impact on main provision i.e. sub-section (2) of Section 3 of NSA Act. It does not dilute or take away the right of detaining authority under the NSA Act regarding eventualities relating to maintenance of ‘public order’ or security of the State.”
It is worth noting that the Division Bench then puts across in simple, straight and suave language in para 23 that, “A microscopic reading of Section 3(2) with ‘Explanation’ leaves no room for any doubt that Sub-Section (2) is wide enough and deals with three contingencies when a citizen can be detained:
i) for preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of State.
ii) for preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order.
iii) for preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community.”
While elaborating further, the Division Bench then puts forth in para 24 that, “The ‘explanation’ is limited to the contingency (iii) aforesaid only. The argument of Shri Maheshwari that since remedesivir is an essential drug/commodity, therefore, obstruction to its supply or blackmarketing can be a reason to invoke the blackmarketing act, but NSA Act cannot be invoked, is liable to be discarded for the simple reason that Sub-Section (2) of Section 3 is wide enough which contains and deals with three contingencies, whereas ‘explanation’ takes only one beyond the purview of the NSA Act if it is covered by Blackmarketing Act.”
Needless to say, the Division Bench then says categorically in para 25 that, “We find force in the argument of learned Additional Advocate General that blackmarketing of remedesivir creates a threat to “public order”. We have taken this view recently in the case of Yatindra Verma (supra) also. If ‘public order’ is breached or threatened, in order to maintain ‘public order’, NSA Act can very well be invoked. Thus, “explanation” appended to Sub-Section 2 of Section 3 of NSA Act will not exclude the operation of NSA Act in a case of this nature where ‘public order’ is breached, threatened and put to jeopardy.”
Frankly speaking, the Division Bench then makes it clear in para 26 that, “Interpretation of a statute must depend on the text and the context. Neither can be ignored. Both are important. That interpretation is best which makes the textual interpretation match the contextual. A statute is best interpreted when we know why it was enacted. (See: 1987 (1) SCC 424- RBI vs. Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Ltd.).”
While citing yet another relevant case law, the Division Bench then puts it succinctly in para 27 that, “The Apex Court in (2013) 3 SCC 489 (Ajay Maken vs. Adesh Kumar Gupta & Anr.) held as under:-
“Adopting the principle of literal construction of the statute alone, in all circumstances without examining the context and scheme of the statute, may not subserve the purpose of the statute. In the words of V.R. Krishna Iyer, J., such an approach would be “to see the skin and miss the soul”. Whereas, “The judicial key to construction is the composite perception of the deha and the dehi of the provision.” (Board of Mining Examination v. Ramjee (1977) 2 SCC 256, Para-9)”.”
While endorsing the detention of the petitioner, the Division Bench then puts it plainly in para 28 that, “Sub-Section 2 of Section 3 is very wide and as noticed above, deals with three eventualities (See: Para-23). “Explanation” to SubSection 2 deals with a small part of it. The intention of law makers in inserting the ‘explanation’ is to take out cases of blackmarketing from NSA Act to some extent, to the extent it is covered by the Black Marketing Act. ‘Explanation’, by no stretch of imagination can eclipse the entire main provision namely, Sub-Section 2 of Section 3. The plain and unambiguous language of Sub-Section 2 of Section 3 makes it clear that the Competent Authority/Govt. can pass order of detention if one of the eventuality out of said three is satisfied. In the instant case, the District Magistrate has taken a plausible view that ‘public order’ is being threatened by petitioner. Thus, we are unable to hold that order of detention is beyond the purview of Sub-Section 2 of Section 3 of NSA Act.”
Quite remarkably, the Division Bench then hastens to add in para 29 that, “We will be failing in our duty if argument of Shri Maheshwari relating to “acting under dictate” is not taken into account. On the basis of certain social media posts of the Chief Minister of the State wherein he expressed his view that persons involved in black marketing of Remdesivir/drugs should be detained under NSA Act, it was argued that the detention order passed by the District Magistrate is in furtherance of said posts and amount to acting under dictate. We do not see any merit in this contention. The social media posts cannot be equated with an administrative order/instruction. It is not necessary that every social media post of a government functionary is seen/read out and followed in the administrative hierarchy. Had it been an executive instruction/order issued by higher functionary to act in a particular manner and in obedience thereof District Magistrate would have passed a detention order, perhaps the matter would have been different. Unless a clear nexus is established between the social media posts and the detention order, it cannot be said that District Magistrate has acted under dictate. Apart from this, the impugned order of District Magistrate has been examined by us on the necessary parameters and it was found that he has used his discretion in accordance with law and thus this argument of petitioner must fail.”
What’s more, the Bench then also makes it clear in para 30 that, “So far question of communication of detention order to the uncle of petitioner is concerned, suffice it to say that no prejudice was caused to the petitioner because of such communication. Indeed petitioner filed this petition and had taken legal recourse with quite promptitude. In absence of showing any prejudice, no interference on this count is warranted and judgments of A.K. Roy (supra) and Dr. Kafeel (supra) are of no help to the petitioner.”
While taking potshots at the petitioner’s tall claims of innocence, the Division Bench then minces no words to put forth in para 31 that, “The petitioner is unable to show any flaw in the decision making process adopted by District Magistrate. In absence of establishing any such illegality, no interference is warranted.”
Finally, the Division Bench then holds in para 32 that, “Petition sans substance and is hereby dismissed.”
On the whole, this noteworthy judgment by a Division Bench of the Indore Bench of Madhya Pradesh High Court comprising of Justice Sujoy Paul and Justice Anil Verma have taken the blackmarketing of remedesivir drug most seriously and has demonstrated zero tolerance towards those who indulge in it as it directly impacts public order and those in need of it are compelled to buy the drug at exorbitant rates which is most inhumanly and cannot be condoned under any circumstances! We all know how Indore was among the worst affected city in India due to Covid-19 and so under such trying circumstances if there are such type of people who still tend to think only of themselves and their vested interests and hold others to ransom then they have to pay through their nose and suffer the consequences emanating from their condemnable acts! This notable judgment has done precisely that only!
Eduindex News 
You must be logged in to post a comment.