Month: May 2022

The Anti-Apartheid Movement

Apartheid means separateness. Apartheid was a system of legal racial segregation enforced by the South African National Party government between 1948 and 1994. This system created a society of enormous repression for black South Africans. Apartheid was characterized by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation’s minority white population. According to this system of social stratification, white citizens had the highest status, followed by Indians and Coloureds, then black Africans. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day.

The anti-apartheid movement was the first successful transnational social movement in the era of globalization. The movement began after a massive turnout by rural Afrikaners gave Rev. Daniel Malan’s Nationalist Party a majority of five seats in the whites-only Parliament of the Union of South Africa on May 26, 1948. The Nationalists won on a racist platform that played on white fears of the “black threat” and promised to establish strict “apartheid” or separate development policies to counter it. British Anglican archbishop Trevor Huddleston was a leader in the campaign against apartheid, an official system of discrimination against non-whites in South Africa. His efforts helped bring that struggle to the world’s attention

What is unique about the anti-apartheid movement is the extent of support it received from individuals, governments and organizations on all continents. Few social movements in history have garnered anywhere near the international support that was mobilized against the racist apartheid regime in South Africa. Although national liberation and Marxism might both be considered as successful, trans-national social movements, neither of these had the global support that the anti-apartheid movement garnered.

There were two main aspects of the anti-apartheid movement: the internal campaign to destabilize the racist apartheid regime in South Africa, and the external campaign for political, economic, and cultural sanctions. At the heart of the movement was the struggle of black Africans to end white supremacy in South Africa. This internal movement was both a catalyst for actions at the international level and the critical link that gave coherence to the movement as a whole. The external effort can be divided into two fronts: (1) regional efforts to provide military bases, material, and diplomatic support for liberation movements; and (2) the diaspora movement, which focused on seeking international sanctions against the regime and providing direct aid to the liberation movements.The internal struggle within South Africa was the core of the movement, and it served as a catalyst for regional and international support movements. This effort emerged to oppose apartheid legislation imposed after the all-white election of 1948.

Nelson Mandela’s contribution

The man we know behind this movement is Nelson Mandela.  Under apartheid, the South African population was divided into four distinct racial groups: white (including Afrikaners, who speak a Germanic language called Afrikaans), black, colored, and Indian. Strict residential, economic, and social segregation was enforced on the basis of these racial categories. Non-whites were not allowed to vote in national election. Moreover, apartheid saw the institution of the “homeland system,” in which the government sought to establish separate states for members of each of the country’s many black ethnic groups. This often involved the forced removal of families from their original homes to the newly-created “bantustans” (or ethnic states). In other cases, it meant breaking up interracial and inter-ethnic families. While non-whites were confined to squalid ghettoes with few decent educational and employment opportunities, whites were afforded the basic privileges of life in a democracy.

 In a 1955 article, Nelson Mandela—then a leading activist in the growing fight against apartheid—described the horrors of the system and the brutal means by which it was enforced:The breaking up of African homes and families and the forcible separation of children from mothers, the harsh treatment meted out to African prisoners, and the forcible detention of Africans in farm colonies for spurious statutory offenses are a few examples of the actual workings of the hideous and pernicious doctrines of racial inequality. To these can be added scores of thousands of foul misdeeds committed against the people by the government: the denial to the non-European people of the elementary rights of free citizenship; the expropriation of the people from their lands and homes to assuage the insatiable appetites of European land barons and industrialists; the flogging and calculated murder of African laborers by European farmers in the countryside for being “cheeky to the baas”; the vicious manner in which African workers are beaten up by the police and flung into jails when they down tools to win their demands; the fostering of contempt and hatred for non-Europeans; the fanning of racial prejudice between whites and non-whites, between the various non-white groups; the splitting of Africans into small hostile tribal units; the instigation of one group or tribe against another; the banning of active workers from the people`s organizations, and their confinement into certain areas.

Because of the injustices it perpetuated, the apartheid system gave rise to a broad resistance movement. The primary organization leading the struggle against apartheid was the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was founded in 1913 in response to the oppression of non-white South Africans at the hands of the white ruling class. In 1943, Nelson Mandela—then a law student—joined the ANC and co-founded its youth division, the ANCYL. Mandela and other young activists had begun to advocate for a mass campaign of agitation against apartheid. In 1949, the ANCYL gained control of the ANC and a year later Mandela was elected national president of the ANCYL. Around this time, Mandela’s political outlook began to shift: while he had previously opposed cross-racial unity in the fight against apartheid, he came to be influenced by the writings of socialist thinkers who supported organizing across racial lines. He was also influenced by the nonviolent strategies of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was himself a resident of South Africa for more than 20 years, from 1893 to 1914.

Mandela and other political prisoners engaged in many political debates and discussion.  The prison on Robben Island, where Mandela stayed for 20 years, was sometimes called “University of Robben Island.”

Although he was sidelined from direct participation in the movement while in prison, Mandela became a symbol—both in South Africa and internationally—of the struggle against injustice. During his imprisonment on Robben Island,  the fight against apartheid continued. New organizations and leaders emerged to advance the cause, and thousands of average South Africans risked their lives to resist the brutal system.  A powerful international movement included  boycotts and bans of South African goods; protests, including massive civil disobedience; and an explosion of music and art demanding the end of apartheid and the freeing of Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners. 

Violence and instability grew within South Africa. The apartheid government faced increasing domestic and international pressure. In 1985, then President P.W. Botha offered to release Mandela from prison if he agreed to “unconditionally reject violence as a political weapon.” Mandela refused the offer. He wrote: “What freedom am I being offered while the organization of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts.”

Despite his recognition as a central figure in the fight against apartheid, Mandela has always been quick to note that he was not personally responsible for its overthrow. As he said upon his release from prison in 1990: “I stand here before you not as a prophet but as a humble servant of you, the people. Your tireless and heroic sacrifices have made it possible for me to be here today. I therefore place the remaining years of my life in your hands.” Mandela’s courage is inspiring and his story is dramatic, but he did not end apartheid alone. In South Africa and around the world, people were inspired by Mandela’s example. They recognized that there would never be freedom in South Africa unless many people took action. In South Africa, many died in the struggle for freedom.

Writs and provisions

The Constitution of India. | Library of Congress

Judiciary is one of the most powerful organs of Indian democracy. It has got the power to uphold the provisions laid down by the constitutions. In order to facilitate this, there are several provisions and one such provision is writs.

A Writ means a command of the Court to another person or authority by which such person/authority has to act or abstain from acting in a certain way. Thus, writs are a very essential part of the judicial power of the Courts.

In India, the supreme court and high courts can issue several writs according to the provisions of article 32 and article 226 accordingly. Further, the parliament can empower any other court to issue these writs. So far, no such provisions have been made.

The writs are borrowed from English law where they are known as ‘prerogative writs. They are so called in England as they were issued in the exercise of the prerogative of the king who has and is still, described as the ‘fountain of justice’.

Some Writs mentioned in the constitution are:

Habeas corpus

It is a Latin term which literally means ‘to have the body of’. It is an order issued by the court to a person who has detained another person, to produce the body of latter before it. The court then examines the legality and cause of the detention. It would set the detained person free, if the detention is found to be illegal. Thus, this writ is a bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary detention.

Mandamus

It literally means ‘we command’. It is a command issued by the court to a public official asking him to perform his official duties that he has failed or refused to perform. It can also be issued against any public body, a corporation, an inferior court, a tribunal or government for the same purpose.

Prohibition

Literally, it means ‘to forbid’. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it does not possess. Thus, unlike mandamus that directs activity, the prohibition directs inactivity. The writ of prohibition can be issued only against judicial and quasi-judicial authorities. It is not available against administrative authorities, legislative bodies and private individuals or bodies.

Certiorari

In the literal sense, it means ‘to be certified’ or ‘to be informed’. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal either to transfer a case pending with the latter to itself or to squash the order of the latter in a case. It is issued on the grounds of excess of jurisdiction or lack of jurisdiction or error of law. Thus, unlike prohibition, which is only preventive, certiorari is both preventive as well as curative. It is not available against administrative authorities, legislative bodies and private individuals or bodies

Quo warranto

In literal sense it means ‘by what authority or warrant’. It is issued by the court to enquire into the legality of claim of a person to a public office by a person. Unlike the other four writs, this can be sought by any interested person and not necessarily by the aggrieved person.

Writs and provisions

The Constitution of India. | Library of Congress

Judiciary is one of the most powerful organs of Indian democracy. It has got the power to uphold the provisions laid down by the constitutions. In order to facilitate this, there are several provisions and one such provision is writs.

A Writ means a command of the Court to another person or authority by which such person/authority has to act or abstain from acting in a certain way. Thus, writs are a very essential part of the judicial power of the Courts.

In India, the supreme court and high courts can issue several writs according to the provisions of article 32 and article 226 accordingly. Further, the parliament can empower any other court to issue these writs. So far, no such provisions have been made.

The writs are borrowed from English law where they are known as ‘prerogative writs. They are so called in England as they were issued in the exercise of the prerogative of the king who has and is still, described as the ‘fountain of justice’.

Some Writs mentioned in the constitution are:

Habeas corpus

It is a Latin term which literally means ‘to have the body of’. It is an order issued by the court to a person who has detained another person, to produce the body of latter before it. The court then examines the legality and cause of the detention. It would set the detained person free, if the detention is found to be illegal. Thus, this writ is a bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary detention.

Mandamus

It literally means ‘we command’. It is a command issued by the court to a public official asking him to perform his official duties that he has failed or refused to perform. It can also be issued against any public body, a corporation, an inferior court, a tribunal or government for the same purpose.

Prohibition

Literally, it means ‘to forbid’. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it does not possess. Thus, unlike mandamus that directs activity, the prohibition directs inactivity. The writ of prohibition can be issued only against judicial and quasi-judicial authorities. It is not available against administrative authorities, legislative bodies and private individuals or bodies.

Certiorari

In the literal sense, it means ‘to be certified’ or ‘to be informed’. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal either to transfer a case pending with the latter to itself or to squash the order of the latter in a case. It is issued on the grounds of excess of jurisdiction or lack of jurisdiction or error of law. Thus, unlike prohibition, which is only preventive, certiorari is both preventive as well as curative. It is not available against administrative authorities, legislative bodies and private individuals or bodies

Quo warranto

In literal sense it means ‘by what authority or warrant’. It is issued by the court to enquire into the legality of claim of a person to a public office by a person. Unlike the other four writs, this can be sought by any interested person and not necessarily by the aggrieved person.

How Mental Health Counseling help Gender Based Violence Survivor

Source: Alignable

Gender-based violence enormously impacts the mental health of a person. In this case, mental health counseling has a significant role to determine support to gender based violence survivors. Post-violence survivors possibly suffer with depression, anxiety and post traumatic stress disorder. Accurate role of mental healthcare prevents the increasing number of GBV; to reduce negative thoughts. Countries having Gender Based violence prevention based on rigid public health models that do not carry mental health components, though GBV must require concepts, competencies and standards of mental health to interdict the GBV. Inequality of gender, gender stereotypes & prejudice, difference of femininity and masculinity capabilities,  Upbringing in patriarchal society or mindset aggression, male ego are several elements increasing insensitivity and hideousness and intricate to control the GBV.

Source: Forbes Health

1) Mental health professionals well aware of how to help and support the survivors,  what are their emotional & psychological requirements in case of physical,verbal, sexual violences, anxiety and depression mental health professional (MHP) capable to encounter accordingly.

2) Counseling is a faithful forum where anyone can be vulnerable, survivors can find it easy to open up & release themselves emotionally in front of mental health Counselors. MHP can maintain solidarity to survivors, value their experience, understand their needs, ensure faith of confidentiality that no word will go out in fact each word will be taken into consideration.

3) In gender-based violence, survivors evidently confront the issue of acceptance and believing. Professionals competent enough to provide acceptance and build confidence in them

4) Survivors need emotional Support as  Counselors understand it  entrusts  emotional assistance.

5) Mental health counseling significantly helps survivors to uplift their lives by feeling confident that helps them to know about themselves and find sustainability on a financial level. Health professionals may support the idea of a high level of self awareness for themselves for more influential results.

6) Different Mental health counseling Programs and survey research increase the  efficiency and credibility of Counseling for survivors. Research determines the effectiveness of orientation of work,  concluding the conceptual results that enhance the relevance and reliability of surveys.

7) Mental health professionals help survivors to overcome feelings of unwantedness just by listening and understanding their outputs, that give them  sufficient emotional support.

8) Mental health counseling must be provided 24×7 through E – Governance and from NGOs online portals. Government initiatives become extremely important regarding gender Based violence, their women empowerment Policies must confirm the positive results on society that ultimately helps women socially.

9) Determining mental health counseling in rural areas is crucial because women, especially in marginalized communities, find it far more difficult to come out and express their needs because of social structure & norms. Mostly do not know what to do in such situations. At this time, mental health counselors untapped them & make them aware of their legal, social and political rights; moreover their human rights. 

10) Gender based violence survivors do not know what to do now at first, self doubt engraved in them strongly. Mental health professional advisory assistance supports them to better their condition by doing counseling sessions and penetrating positivity.

11) Cognitive behavioral therapy helpful to reduce mental health issues

12) Psychological counseling for survivors

13) Therapeutic counseling addresses issues like self blame, guilt trauma and much more.

14) Empower survivors to adopt adequate strategies to handle violence and protect themselves.

15) Crisis intervention, free legal, shelter care, supportive groups and psychotherapy to both prevent social isolation and social support.

16) Require sensitive the staff; sensitivity to the person and the problem

17) Maintain privacy and safety for clients.

National human Rights commission Report protection the Rights of LGBTQ community in Covid 19

  • No discrimination at health centre, healthcare professionals should be sensitised about it.
  • Skill development programmes
  • Online classes, provision of education without discrimination 
  • All different schemes should take into account of gender diversity and vulnerabilities of LGBTQ in terms of eligibility requirements like ID proofs, ensure transgender and interested covered in schemes.
  • Medico – legal case for survivors of domestic and sexual violence along with timely treatment, psycho- social support.
  • Access to health services at primary health centers, community health and quarantine centers.
  • Mental health treatment/therapies and counseling through all district and local hospitals and medical health centers during pandemic.

 Listen to and believe survivors because the perpetrator is only responsible for actions. Teach in schools what is to be men and make them aware of their emotional side. Call for responses and services require a mandate for solution. Understanding human values is extremely vital as men have a hard time to evaluate those values, learn the signs of abuse and how we can help and talk extensively and exclusively of gender based violence.

Anything that’s human is mentionable, and anything that is mentionable can be more manageable. When we can talk about our feelings, they become less overwhelming, less upsetting, and less scary.” — Fred Rogers

How Mental Health Counseling help Gender Based Violence Survivor

Source: Alignable

Gender-based violence enormously impacts the mental health of a person. In this case, mental health counseling has a significant role to determine support to gender based violence survivors. Post-violence survivors possibly suffer with depression, anxiety and post traumatic stress disorder. Accurate role of mental healthcare prevents the increasing number of GBV; to reduce negative thoughts. Countries having Gender Based violence prevention based on rigid public health models that do not carry mental health components, though GBV must require concepts, competencies and standards of mental health to interdict the GBV. Inequality of gender, gender stereotypes & prejudice, difference of femininity and masculinity capabilities,  Upbringing in patriarchal society or mindset aggression, male ego are several elements increasing insensitivity and hideousness and intricate to control the GBV.

Source: Forbes Health

1) Mental health professionals well aware of how to help and support the survivors,  what are their emotional & psychological requirements in case of physical,verbal, sexual violences, anxiety and depression mental health professional (MHP) capable to encounter accordingly.

2) Counseling is a faithful forum where anyone can be vulnerable, survivors can find it easy to open up & release themselves emotionally in front of mental health Counselors. MHP can maintain solidarity to survivors, value their experience, understand their needs, ensure faith of confidentiality that no word will go out in fact each word will be taken into consideration.

3) In gender-based violence, survivors evidently confront the issue of acceptance and believing. Professionals competent enough to provide acceptance and build confidence in them

4) Survivors need emotional Support as  Counselors understand it  entrusts  emotional assistance.

5) Mental health counseling significantly helps survivors to uplift their lives by feeling confident that helps them to know about themselves and find sustainability on a financial level. Health professionals may support the idea of a high level of self awareness for themselves for more influential results.

6) Different Mental health counseling Programs and survey research increase the  efficiency and credibility of Counseling for survivors. Research determines the effectiveness of orientation of work,  concluding the conceptual results that enhance the relevance and reliability of surveys.

7) Mental health professionals help survivors to overcome feelings of unwantedness just by listening and understanding their outputs, that give them  sufficient emotional support.

8) Mental health counseling must be provided 24×7 through E – Governance and from NGOs online portals. Government initiatives become extremely important regarding gender Based violence, their women empowerment Policies must confirm the positive results on society that ultimately helps women socially.

9) Determining mental health counseling in rural areas is crucial because women, especially in marginalized communities, find it far more difficult to come out and express their needs because of social structure & norms. Mostly do not know what to do in such situations. At this time, mental health counselors untapped them & make them aware of their legal, social and political rights; moreover their human rights. 

10) Gender based violence survivors do not know what to do now at first, self doubt engraved in them strongly. Mental health professional advisory assistance supports them to better their condition by doing counseling sessions and penetrating positivity.

11) Cognitive behavioral therapy helpful to reduce mental health issues

12) Psychological counseling for survivors

13) Therapeutic counseling addresses issues like self blame, guilt trauma and much more.

14) Empower survivors to adopt adequate strategies to handle violence and protect themselves.

15) Crisis intervention, free legal, shelter care, supportive groups and psychotherapy to both prevent social isolation and social support.

16) Require sensitive the staff; sensitivity to the person and the problem

17) Maintain privacy and safety for clients.

National human Rights commission Report protection the Rights of LGBTQ community in Covid 19

  • No discrimination at health centre, healthcare professionals should be sensitised about it.
  • Skill development programmes
  • Online classes, provision of education without discrimination 
  • All different schemes should take into account of gender diversity and vulnerabilities of LGBTQ in terms of eligibility requirements like ID proofs, ensure transgender and interested covered in schemes.
  • Medico – legal case for survivors of domestic and sexual violence along with timely treatment, psycho- social support.
  • Access to health services at primary health centers, community health and quarantine centers.
  • Mental health treatment/therapies and counseling through all district and local hospitals and medical health centers during pandemic.

 Listen to and believe survivors because the perpetrator is only responsible for actions. Teach in schools what is to be men and make them aware of their emotional side. Call for responses and services require a mandate for solution. Understanding human values is extremely vital as men have a hard time to evaluate those values, learn the signs of abuse and how we can help and talk extensively and exclusively of gender based violence.

Anything that’s human is mentionable, and anything that is mentionable can be more manageable. When we can talk about our feelings, they become less overwhelming, less upsetting, and less scary.” — Fred Rogers

How can Mental Health Counseling help Gender Based Violence Survivor

Mental health professionals well aware of how to help and support the survivors,  what are their emotional & psychological requirements in case of physical,verbal, sexual violences, anxiety and depression mental health professional (MHP) capable to encounter accordingly.

 2) Counseling is a faithful forum where anyone can be vulnerable, survivors can find it easy to open up & release themselves emotionally in front of mental health Counselors. MHP can maintain solidarity to survivors, value their experience, understand their needs, ensure faith of confidentiality that no word will go out in fact each word will be taken into consideration.

 3) In gender-based violence, survivors evidently confront the issue of acceptance and believing. Professionals competent enough to provide acceptance and build confidence in them

 4) Survivors need emotional Support as  Counselors understand it  entrusts  emotional assistance.

 5) Mental health counseling significantly helps survivors to uplift their lives by feeling confident that helps them to know about themselves and find sustainability on a financial level. Health professionals may support the idea of high level of self awareness for themselves for more influential results.

 6) Different Mental health counseling Programs and survey research increase the  efficiency and credibility of Counseling for survivors. Research determines the effectiveness of orientation of work,  concluding the conceptual results that enhance the relevance and reliability of surveys.

 7) Mental health professionals help survivors to overcome feelings of unwantedness just by listening and understanding their outputs, that give them  sufficient emotional support.

 8) Mental health counseling must be provided 24×7 through E – Governance and from NGOs online portals. Government initiatives become extremely important regarding gender Based violence, their women empowerment Policies must confirm the positive results on society that ultimately helps women socially.

 9) Determining mental health counseling in rural areas is crucial because women, especially in marginalized communities, find it far more difficult to come out and express their needs because of social structure & norms. Mostly do not know what to do in such situations. At this time, mental health counselors untapped them & make them aware of their legal, social and political rights; moreover their human rights. 

 10) Gender based violence survivors do not know what to do now at first, self doubt engraved in them strongly. Mental health professional advisory assistance supports them to better their condition by doing counseling sessions and penetrating positivity.

How can Mental Health Counseling help Gender Based Violence Survivor

Mental health professionals well aware of how to help and support the survivors,  what are their emotional & psychological requirements in case of physical,verbal, sexual violences, anxiety and depression mental health professional (MHP) capable to encounter accordingly.

 2) Counseling is a faithful forum where anyone can be vulnerable, survivors can find it easy to open up & release themselves emotionally in front of mental health Counselors. MHP can maintain solidarity to survivors, value their experience, understand their needs, ensure faith of confidentiality that no word will go out in fact each word will be taken into consideration.

 3) In gender-based violence, survivors evidently confront the issue of acceptance and believing. Professionals competent enough to provide acceptance and build confidence in them

 4) Survivors need emotional Support as  Counselors understand it  entrusts  emotional assistance.

 5) Mental health counseling significantly helps survivors to uplift their lives by feeling confident that helps them to know about themselves and find sustainability on a financial level. Health professionals may support the idea of high level of self awareness for themselves for more influential results.

 6) Different Mental health counseling Programs and survey research increase the  efficiency and credibility of Counseling for survivors. Research determines the effectiveness of orientation of work,  concluding the conceptual results that enhance the relevance and reliability of surveys.

 7) Mental health professionals help survivors to overcome feelings of unwantedness just by listening and understanding their outputs, that give them  sufficient emotional support.

 8) Mental health counseling must be provided 24×7 through E – Governance and from NGOs online portals. Government initiatives become extremely important regarding gender Based violence, their women empowerment Policies must confirm the positive results on society that ultimately helps women socially.

 9) Determining mental health counseling in rural areas is crucial because women, especially in marginalized communities, find it far more difficult to come out and express their needs because of social structure & norms. Mostly do not know what to do in such situations. At this time, mental health counselors untapped them & make them aware of their legal, social and political rights; moreover their human rights. 

 10) Gender based violence survivors do not know what to do now at first, self doubt engraved in them strongly. Mental health professional advisory assistance supports them to better their condition by doing counseling sessions and penetrating positivity.

Career planning?

Hello , salaam, namaste !

So how is your career planning going on? Is everything going according to your plan or did you even plan your career or not ? If not, then when are you going to? what about promotion ,bonus or salary? – same regular typical ,annoying and boring questions right asked by many of our near and dear and even far ones right?

I know , I know how it feels ,even I passed from that stage ,sorry I’m still in that stage ,so yeah I know how irritating and annoying those questions feel and how those questions even make us feel guilty about our career planning.

As a student I felt and even do feel that career planning is the most important part of my education ,but the thing was I used to be always confused about what to choose, in my +1 and +2 should I choose the stream which I like or should I play safe and choose stream which is offering more number of opportunities. ok somehow I played safe and choose a stream, but later again after choosing the stream find the exams which you have to take in order to get a good college and after joining the college struggle or say competition to find a good decent job ,so this is it ?

For a good decent job or further studies you have to start planning from 5-6 years before ,and if the plan goes well then there you have you job and if not then a back up plan and all this to enjoy good ,peaceful life, so much of planning and execution right, I know but what can we do ,this thing feels so important in one’s life specially if you are from a brown household .

If you ask me I would tell that career planning is important if you really want good career and growth in career and start doing this from early stage like in your tenth standard mostly and research about what options do you have and take opinions and advices from people of that field and get to know about their work their other opportunities .

One advice from my side is choose the stream you like ,follow your passion but also play safe and try to grab as many opportunities as possible and I can definately tell that people who work with their heart ,follow their passion and choose what they like are much more happy than people who just choose the stream because of the opportunities they are offering.

”Find out what you like doing best, and get someone to pay you for doing it.”

-Katharine Whitehorn

Career planning?

Hello , salaam, namaste !

So how is your career planning going on? Is everything going according to your plan or did you even plan your career or not ? If not, then when are you going to? what about promotion ,bonus or salary? – same regular typical ,annoying and boring questions right asked by many of our near and dear and even far ones right?

I know , I know how it feels ,even I passed from that stage ,sorry I’m still in that stage ,so yeah I know how irritating and annoying those questions feel and how those questions even make us feel guilty about our career planning.

As a student I felt and even do feel that career planning is the most important part of my education ,but the thing was I used to be always confused about what to choose, in my +1 and +2 should I choose the stream which I like or should I play safe and choose stream which is offering more number of opportunities. ok somehow I played safe and choose a stream, but later again after choosing the stream find the exams which you have to take in order to get a good college and after joining the college struggle or say competition to find a good decent job ,so this is it ?

For a good decent job or further studies you have to start planning from 5-6 years before ,and if the plan goes well then there you have you job and if not then a back up plan and all this to enjoy good ,peaceful life, so much of planning and execution right, I know but what can we do ,this thing feels so important in one’s life specially if you are from a brown household .

If you ask me I would tell that career planning is important if you really want good career and growth in career and start doing this from early stage like in your tenth standard mostly and research about what options do you have and take opinions and advices from people of that field and get to know about their work their other opportunities .

One advice from my side is choose the stream you like ,follow your passion but also play safe and try to grab as many opportunities as possible and I can definately tell that people who work with their heart ,follow their passion and choose what they like are much more happy than people who just choose the stream because of the opportunities they are offering.

”Find out what you like doing best, and get someone to pay you for doing it.”

-Katharine Whitehorn

District Administration and Competency of Government

Source: Kahoot

The district is the geographical unit where the complete instrument of administration can be traced. It is the cutting edge level of administration that policies are transformed into action. The success or failure of policies are dependent on the efficiency of District Administration.

It is impossible for union government to manage entire nation in one unit so it is important to distribute the power into different units. Every state is divided into a number of administrative sub centres to needs of the people in the areas comprised in small areas.

According to Willoughby, field administrative organization falls under either of the patterns of areas including territorial, functional or unitary and multiple areas. These areas organized in horizontally , vertically and hierarchically. The office incharge of the area is the head, the head of all other specialized units at that level are his subordinates.

All communication from the field station to the head office and back are routed through him and he has a responsibility for the acts of all other departmental heads. The position is very different in a multiple or functional form of organization, where different division or branches of the headquarters office have their equitable field establishment at different areas and maintain direct contact with them. There is no coordinating or integrating authority at the area level, each service or agency is treated as an independent entity unrelated to other services the line of authority runs direct by from it’s headquarter office.

Luther Gulick described three patterns of field organization as all finger, short Arms long fingers and long Arms short finger. All fingers agencies are controlled by the headquarters office directly. Short arms long fingers patterns, agencies are controlled by the division, they communicate with control field officers in their respective areas.

Long Arms short fingers pattern geographical sub division, to these sub division are located in the central office itself each with an extensive staff and they communicate with the central field office in three respective areas. These districts split into tehsils/Taluks, headed by tehsildars, tehsil lies the pargana/revenue circle under the charge of revenue inspector then primary unit, village official is the patwari or Lekhpal or village accountant.

Constitution of India did not mentioned the term ‘district’ excluding Article 233 mentioned in term of ‘district judge’s. The 73th and 74th Amendment Act of 1992 including the term district at several places under Part IX and IX A dealt with panchayat and muncipalities respectively.

 

District Administration is the total management of public affairs, within this unit. DA is that portion of Public Administration which functions within the territorial limits of a district as explained by S S khera who is prominent figure in describing District Administration.

District as a unit of administration has a long history from the time of Medieval times. District called Sarkar and headed by Karori faujdar under the direct control of subedar. District administration and the office of district collector existence during the of British East India Company.

After independence the office of the District collector suffered in order to maintain status and authority due to expansion of governmental activities and emerged as Panchayati Raj, replacement of ICS into IAS, influence of pressure Group and Growth of Commissionerate system.

The programme are executed under the supervision direction and leadership of the collector. Development had a top down approach where people brought under the umbrella of one or in other development Programme. District collector’s main responsibility was identification of beneficiary in the development activities. District collector regulate the development.

The task of good District Collector is the ability to work with all people. This requires good human resource management, strategic thinking and financial management. Village Panchayat refer to the councils of the local government of India, look after the administrative affairs of the rural regions. The local government of India are self sufficient and self enabled units that work under the State Government of India. The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act 1992 attach with development of city and village councils in India. Local government have regular elections, fixed five year term and review and augmentation of finance by the State Finance commission.

 

District Administration and Competency of Government

Source: Kahoot

The district is the geographical unit where the complete instrument of administration can be traced. It is the cutting edge level of administration that policies are transformed into action. The success or failure of policies are dependent on the efficiency of District Administration.

It is impossible for union government to manage entire nation in one unit so it is important to distribute the power into different units. Every state is divided into a number of administrative sub centres to needs of the people in the areas comprised in small areas.

According to Willoughby, field administrative organization falls under either of the patterns of areas including territorial, functional or unitary and multiple areas. These areas organized in horizontally , vertically and hierarchically. The office incharge of the area is the head, the head of all other specialized units at that level are his subordinates.

All communication from the field station to the head office and back are routed through him and he has a responsibility for the acts of all other departmental heads. The position is very different in a multiple or functional form of organization, where different division or branches of the headquarters office have their equitable field establishment at different areas and maintain direct contact with them. There is no coordinating or integrating authority at the area level, each service or agency is treated as an independent entity unrelated to other services the line of authority runs direct by from it’s headquarter office.

Luther Gulick described three patterns of field organization as all finger, short Arms long fingers and long Arms short finger. All fingers agencies are controlled by the headquarters office directly. Short arms long fingers patterns, agencies are controlled by the division, they communicate with control field officers in their respective areas.

Long Arms short fingers pattern geographical sub division, to these sub division are located in the central office itself each with an extensive staff and they communicate with the central field office in three respective areas. These districts split into tehsils/Taluks, headed by tehsildars, tehsil lies the pargana/revenue circle under the charge of revenue inspector then primary unit, village official is the patwari or Lekhpal or village accountant.

Constitution of India did not mentioned the term ‘district’ excluding Article 233 mentioned in term of ‘district judge’s. The 73th and 74th Amendment Act of 1992 including the term district at several places under Part IX and IX A dealt with panchayat and muncipalities respectively.

 

District Administration is the total management of public affairs, within this unit. DA is that portion of Public Administration which functions within the territorial limits of a district as explained by S S khera who is prominent figure in describing District Administration.

District as a unit of administration has a long history from the time of Medieval times. District called Sarkar and headed by Karori faujdar under the direct control of subedar. District administration and the office of district collector existence during the of British East India Company.

After independence the office of the District collector suffered in order to maintain status and authority due to expansion of governmental activities and emerged as Panchayati Raj, replacement of ICS into IAS, influence of pressure Group and Growth of Commissionerate system.

The programme are executed under the supervision direction and leadership of the collector. Development had a top down approach where people brought under the umbrella of one or in other development Programme. District collector’s main responsibility was identification of beneficiary in the development activities. District collector regulate the development.

The task of good District Collector is the ability to work with all people. This requires good human resource management, strategic thinking and financial management. Village Panchayat refer to the councils of the local government of India, look after the administrative affairs of the rural regions. The local government of India are self sufficient and self enabled units that work under the State Government of India. The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act 1992 attach with development of city and village councils in India. Local government have regular elections, fixed five year term and review and augmentation of finance by the State Finance commission.

 

NITI Aayog

NITI Aayog is a government of India policy Think tank established in 2015 after dissolving the planning commission. “Nithi” means policy and “Aayog” means commission. It will seek to provide a critical directional and strategic input into the development process. It will emerge as a “think tank” that will provide central and state government with relevant strategic and technical advice across the spectrum of key elements of policy. It will also put an end to slow and delayed implementation of policy, by nurturing better inter ministry and inter state coordination. It develops a shared vision of national development priorities and promote cooperative federalism, recognizing that strong states make strong nation.

Structure of NITI Aayog:

-Prime minister as chairperson

-Governing council comprising the chief ministers of all states and union territories with legislatures and lieutenant governors of all other UTs.

-Regional council will be formed to address specific issues impacting specific states or a region.

-Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as special invitees nominated by prime minister.

-Full time organizational framework comprising: Vice chairperson, two full time members, two part time members, ex officio members and chief executive officer

-Secretariat

Objectives of NITI Aayog

-An administration paradigm in which government is the enabler.

-Progress from food security to focus on a mix of agricultural production

-Ensure that India is an active player in the global commons.

-Ensure that the middleclass remains engaged and its potential is fully realized

-Leverage India’s pool of human resource

-Incorporate the significant geo economic and geo political strength of non-resident Indian community.

-Use urbanization as an opportunity to create a wholesome and secure habitat through the use of modern technology

-Use technology to reduce opacity and potential for failures in governance.

Functions of NITI Aayog

-Cooperative and competitive federalism

It enables to have active participation of states in the formulation of national policy

-Shared national agenda

Evolve a shared vision of national development, priorities and strategies with the active involvement of states

-State’s best friend at the center

Support states in addressing their own challenges, building on strengths and comparative advantage

-Decentralized planning

Restructure the planning process into a bottom-up model

-Vision and scenario planning

Design medium and long-term strategic framework across all sectors.  Identify critical gaps and harness untapped potentialities.

-Domain strategies

Build a repository of specialized domain expertise to assist central and state government.

-Network of expertise

Inculcate mainstream external ideas and expertise into government policies

-Knowledge and innovation hub

It aims to be an accumulator as well as disseminator of research and best practices on good governance

-Harmonization

Facilitate harmonization of actions across different layers of government through communication and coordination

-Conflict resolution

Provide a platform for mutual resolution of inter sectoral, inter departmental, inter state as well as center state issues.

-Coordinating interface with the world

Be the nodal point for strategically harnessing global expertise and resources from multilateral platforms

-Internal consultancy

Offer an inter consultancy function to central and state governments on policy and program design

-Capacity building

Enable capacity building and technology upgradation across government

-Monitoring and evaluation

Monitor the implementation of policies and programs and evaluate their impact through tracking for performance and evaluation.

NITI Aayog

NITI Aayog is a government of India policy Think tank established in 2015 after dissolving the planning commission. “Nithi” means policy and “Aayog” means commission. It will seek to provide a critical directional and strategic input into the development process. It will emerge as a “think tank” that will provide central and state government with relevant strategic and technical advice across the spectrum of key elements of policy. It will also put an end to slow and delayed implementation of policy, by nurturing better inter ministry and inter state coordination. It develops a shared vision of national development priorities and promote cooperative federalism, recognizing that strong states make strong nation.

Structure of NITI Aayog:

-Prime minister as chairperson

-Governing council comprising the chief ministers of all states and union territories with legislatures and lieutenant governors of all other UTs.

-Regional council will be formed to address specific issues impacting specific states or a region.

-Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as special invitees nominated by prime minister.

-Full time organizational framework comprising: Vice chairperson, two full time members, two part time members, ex officio members and chief executive officer

-Secretariat

Objectives of NITI Aayog

-An administration paradigm in which government is the enabler.

-Progress from food security to focus on a mix of agricultural production

-Ensure that India is an active player in the global commons.

-Ensure that the middleclass remains engaged and its potential is fully realized

-Leverage India’s pool of human resource

-Incorporate the significant geo economic and geo political strength of non-resident Indian community.

-Use urbanization as an opportunity to create a wholesome and secure habitat through the use of modern technology

-Use technology to reduce opacity and potential for failures in governance.

Functions of NITI Aayog

-Cooperative and competitive federalism

It enables to have active participation of states in the formulation of national policy

-Shared national agenda

Evolve a shared vision of national development, priorities and strategies with the active involvement of states

-State’s best friend at the center

Support states in addressing their own challenges, building on strengths and comparative advantage

-Decentralized planning

Restructure the planning process into a bottom-up model

-Vision and scenario planning

Design medium and long-term strategic framework across all sectors.  Identify critical gaps and harness untapped potentialities.

-Domain strategies

Build a repository of specialized domain expertise to assist central and state government.

-Network of expertise

Inculcate mainstream external ideas and expertise into government policies

-Knowledge and innovation hub

It aims to be an accumulator as well as disseminator of research and best practices on good governance

-Harmonization

Facilitate harmonization of actions across different layers of government through communication and coordination

-Conflict resolution

Provide a platform for mutual resolution of inter sectoral, inter departmental, inter state as well as center state issues.

-Coordinating interface with the world

Be the nodal point for strategically harnessing global expertise and resources from multilateral platforms

-Internal consultancy

Offer an inter consultancy function to central and state governments on policy and program design

-Capacity building

Enable capacity building and technology upgradation across government

-Monitoring and evaluation

Monitor the implementation of policies and programs and evaluate their impact through tracking for performance and evaluation.

Stages in the evolution of a business

Indian economy: Business optimism in India at near 8-year high: Report - The Economic Times

Business refers to the Organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial or professional activities. Business activities have existed since ancient ages and over the period it has evolved according to the changes in its environment. Earlier it was limited to mere exchange of goods in return for other and then with the change in conditions it has reached to a stage where people could buy a good or avail a service from a seller who is miles apart even without face-to-face interface.

            In the era of globalization, the scope of a business is very large. There are several examples of businesses growing into huge enterprises from a small virtual venture which even lacked a physical existence in its early stages. Similar to the steps of a ladder, there are several stages like local business, regional business, national business, international business and global business.

Local business

Local business is the first stage of a business enterprise and it exists in the limits of a locality. A local area comprises of surrounding neighborhoods, adjacent areas where native community  lives. The local economy is the most primitive form of economy. It existed since ages. It focuses on a particular locality and acts according to the culture and traditions of the society. The customer base of a local business is very limited as its area of operation is only that locality.

Regional business

Regional business concentrates on different regions of a nation. A region is a unit on earth’s surface that has unifying and defining characteristics. It focuses on a regional area and provides a variety of commodities. It is a business between different areas within a country. Credit sales play an important role in this business. It helps in developing better quality infrastructure and transportation facilities

National business

National business is one that operates within the borders of a particular country. It has a business and customer base across a nation and understands the culture of the country. Since a national business has more locations than a local or regional business, it can be more competitive with its pricing. A nation is an organized political union of its member states.

International business

International business is business among different nations. Nations satisfy each other’s needs by supplying their surpluses and in return brings home the scanty resources. International means It means interaction between two or more nations. It is used as an analog to the word foreign.

Global business

It is a business which operates worldwide. It is the pinnacle of any business enterprise. Global means means entire Earth and not just one or two nations. It is synonymous to universal and worldwide. It has a wider scope than international business.

The basic idea to be imbibed from this topic is that no business becomes huge overnight. Just like human beings, a business also takes time to grow. Not all local businesses emerge out as global giants. Only those firms which could identify the changes in the environment and could act accordingly would be able to reach its pinnacle.

Stages in the evolution of a business

Indian economy: Business optimism in India at near 8-year high: Report - The Economic Times

Business refers to the Organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial or professional activities. Business activities have existed since ancient ages and over the period it has evolved according to the changes in its environment. Earlier it was limited to mere exchange of goods in return for other and then with the change in conditions it has reached to a stage where people could buy a good or avail a service from a seller who is miles apart even without face-to-face interface.

            In the era of globalization, the scope of a business is very large. There are several examples of businesses growing into huge enterprises from a small virtual venture which even lacked a physical existence in its early stages. Similar to the steps of a ladder, there are several stages like local business, regional business, national business, international business and global business.

Local business

Local business is the first stage of a business enterprise and it exists in the limits of a locality. A local area comprises of surrounding neighborhoods, adjacent areas where native community  lives. The local economy is the most primitive form of economy. It existed since ages. It focuses on a particular locality and acts according to the culture and traditions of the society. The customer base of a local business is very limited as its area of operation is only that locality.

Regional business

Regional business concentrates on different regions of a nation. A region is a unit on earth’s surface that has unifying and defining characteristics. It focuses on a regional area and provides a variety of commodities. It is a business between different areas within a country. Credit sales play an important role in this business. It helps in developing better quality infrastructure and transportation facilities

National business

National business is one that operates within the borders of a particular country. It has a business and customer base across a nation and understands the culture of the country. Since a national business has more locations than a local or regional business, it can be more competitive with its pricing. A nation is an organized political union of its member states.

International business

International business is business among different nations. Nations satisfy each other’s needs by supplying their surpluses and in return brings home the scanty resources. International means It means interaction between two or more nations. It is used as an analog to the word foreign.

Global business

It is a business which operates worldwide. It is the pinnacle of any business enterprise. Global means means entire Earth and not just one or two nations. It is synonymous to universal and worldwide. It has a wider scope than international business.

The basic idea to be imbibed from this topic is that no business becomes huge overnight. Just like human beings, a business also takes time to grow. Not all local businesses emerge out as global giants. Only those firms which could identify the changes in the environment and could act accordingly would be able to reach its pinnacle.