Narmada Bachao Andolan

In 1985, Narmada bachao andolan became an Indian social ,and environmental movement. Narmada Bachao Andolan is the most powerful mass movement, started in 1985, against the construction of huge dam on the Narmada river. Narmada is the India’s largest west flowing river, which supports a large variety of people with distinguished culture and tradition ranging from the indigenous (tribal) people inhabited in the jungles here to the large number of rural population. The proposed Sardar Sarovar Dam and Narmada Sagar will displace more than 250,000 people. Narmada bachao andolan was led by native tribals, farmers environmentalists and Human Rights activist. Narmada bachao andolan was against and number of large Dam projects across the river Narmada, which to the states of Gujarat Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The big fight is over the resettlement or the rehabilitation of these people. The two proposals are already under construction, supported by US$550 million loan by the World Bank. There are plans to build over 3000 big and small dams along the river. This protest, to express the views against a large number of dams being contrasted near Narmada river, brought a large number of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists, and human rights activists together. The movement involved prominent celebrities and people went on hunger strikes to show their support for the cause. The decision is still pending, though the court initially ruled the decision in the Andolan’s favor, thereby effecting an immediate stoppage of work at the dam and directing the concerned states to first complete the rehabilitation and replacement process. Later the court allowed the construction to proceed.

It is a multi crore project that will generate a big revenue for the government. The Narmada Valley Development plan is the the most promised and most challenging plan in the history of India. The proponents are of the view that it will produce 1450 MW of electricity and pure drinking water to 40 million people covering thousand of villages and towns. Some of the dams have been already been completed such as Tawa and Bargi Dams. But the opponents says that this hydro project will devastate human lives and bio diversity by destroying thousand of acres of forests and agricultural land. On the other hand it will overall deprive thousands of people of their livelihood. They believe that the water and energy could be provided to the people through alternative technological means that would be ecologically beneficial.

Medha Patkar and Baba Amte together let a series of protests, some of which failed while the others achieved success. In September 1989, Amte led a 60,000-person anti-dam NBA rally in Harsud—a town of 20,000 people in Madhya Pradesh that faced submersion. In May 1990, a massive NBA five-daydharna (sit-in) at then-Prime Minister V. P. Singh’s residence in New Delhi forced the Prime Minister to agree to ‘‘reconsider’’ the project. In December 1990, Amte, along with 5,000 protestors, began the Narmada Jan Vikas Sangharsh Yatra (Narmada people’s progress struggle march), marching over a hundred kilometers from Amte’s headquarters near Barwani in Madhya Pradesh to Ferkuva on the Madhya Pradesh–Gujarat border. The government reacted by deploying the Gujarati police force and by bussing in thousands of governmentsupported pro-dam demonstrators from urban centers in Gujarat. Following the government’s announcement that rising waters from the dam would begin to submerge villages, domestic protest intensified and with it the resulting backlash from the state. On January 5, 1991, Amte began a ‘‘dharna [sit-in] unto death.’’

The most popular slogans of the NBA were Vikas Chahiye, vinash nahin! (‘‘We want development, not destruction’’) and Koi nahi hatega, bandh nahi banega! (‘‘No one will move, the dam will not be built’’).Led by one of the prominent leader Medha Patkar, it has now been turned into the International protest, gaining support from NGO’S all around the globe. Protestors are agitating the issue through the mass media, hunger strikes, massive marches, rallies and the through the on screen of several documentary films. Although they have been protesting peacefully, but they been harassed, arrested and beaten up by the police several times. The Narmada Bachao Andolan has been pressurizing the world bank to withdraw its loan from the project through media .The strong protests throughout the country not only made impact on the local people but has also influenced the several famous celebrities like film star Aamir Khan , who has made open efforts to support Narmada Bachao Andolan. He said he only want that those who have been rendered homeless should be given a roof. He pleaded to the common people to take part in the moment and come up with the best possible solutions. .

In october 2010 Supreme Court approved construction in decided that the height of the Dam to be raised 90m. This is much higher than 88m which anti Dam activist demanded but it is definitely lower than the proposed height of 130 m. As the World Bank withdrew its financing in 1933 the project is now largely financed by the state governments and market borrowings ,now the project is expected to be fully completed by 2025.

I want to paint you

“… I want to paint you.”

She was surprised, sure enough. But she was also curious. Her face concealed nothing, and that was what fascinated me. As she walked through the gallery, each piece evoked something unique from inside her, and she did not bother to mask it.

Anyone could read the critique in her face, if they took the time. It is an artist’s dream – to clearly see the emotions we inspire with our work.Many had passed by my work since the showing began, pausing for a moment, offering a quick word of praise. I didn’t approach them. But, when she came to my painting, she lingered.

At first, she kept a sort of distance, taking in the portrait from optimum perspective.Then, she moved closer. Closer, still.

Narrowing her eyes, following the strokes of brush that formed arms and legs, and the arch of the neck. But, instead of smiling, like the others, she was disturbed. There was a distinct anxiety resting in her eyes. And that anxiety shattered me faster than any editorial the local paper had ever dished out. Editorials can be shredded with triumphant pleasure. But in the slight furrow of her brow, and the downward tug of her lips, this woman single handedly brought my heartbeat to a most uncomfortable rhythm. It was this distinct discomfort that pulled me from my place of observation and motivated me to speak.

“Something wrong?” I asked. I startled her, but she smiled and returned her attention to the portrait.“I was just looking at this dancer,” she replied.“Yes, but you seemed… upset?” I ventured. “What is it about the dancer?”

She darted her eyes at me for a moment, but only long enough to decide to continue our conversation.“It’s just, I feel sorry for her,” she explained.“Sorry?” I wasn’t sure what to think, really. “Why?”

“Because, I think she is lonely.”

That threw me off guard. I was accustomed to the usual praise.

“Beautiful.”

“Profound!”

“Truly, one of a kind.”

It grew tiresome in a way, but it was comfortably expected. The local venues were always thrilled with my offerings, but over time, my enthusiasm was reduced to contempt. When my secretary had first booked this showing for my latest piece, I almost threw my coffee at her. I was exhausted with the weekend shows at The Courtyard. True, they had conjured a good deal of business as of late, but I felt no satisfaction at the end of the day. All I could hope for were a few simple remarks, no real conversation.

No true appreciation.I had little expectation for this showing. My most recent work was a portrait of a ballet dancer. A studio had commissioned it, but agreed to let me display it at the show before delivery. It was simple in concept, but stood out amid the offerings of that particular show. Amid the bulky sculptures and spattering of interpretive study, my dancer’s clean lines were in stark contrast. Dark strokes outlined her body against white canvas, highlighting her single color.A pale violet tutu.“Please, what makes you say that?” I pressed herThis time, she turned to face me, surely intending to end our discussion, or perhaps threaten to call security. I had to save myself quickly.“Forgive me, it’s just, I am Stephen Erik,” I said. Her eyes widened, right on cue. “You mean, you’re the–”“Yes, I’m the one responsible for this… sad little dancer,” I replied, through somewhat gritted teeth.Sad. Sad was not the word I had imagined when bringing this piece to life. There was a soft laugh mingled with her smile, and I thought I saw a faint blush in her cheeks.“It’s wonderful to meet you, Mister Erik. I always hope to see something of yours here at the gallery, and I’ve never been disappointed.”At this, I felt I was able to breathe again. “And, you are?” I prodded.“Grace.”“Well now, Grace, please, indulge me? Why do you say the dancer is lonely?”For a moment, she hesitated, and I almost regretted revealing my identity as the artist. I’ve discovered that nice people are often afraid to offend the creator of the work. Perhaps they think we mix our own blood into the paint, or clay, or watercolors. I have never had such an attachment, although others surely have. More than spared feelings, I always craved true reaction. And, happily for me, Grace could not taper her true impressions.“She holds herself tightly. Like no one else has ever held her before,” she told me.I looked again at the portrait.

Yes, her arms were crossed over her chest, and her feet tightly planted in fifth position. I had sketched her hands myself, and yet, I had not quite noticed how tightly her fingers grasped. Or, perhaps I had done this.Perhaps I had subconsciously slipped my own hands into those of the dancer.“That’s quite an observation,” I replied. “Is that all?”“No,” she admitted. “The color. Purple. It’s such a lonely color.”I chuckled a little. “As opposed to, shall we say, yellow?”Her eyes darted back to me, wholly unamused. “Yellow can be lonely, too.”“Oh, really? How so? Tell me this philosophy of yellow,” I implored.“Yellow is a friendly color. It has lots of friends. Lots of people flock to yellow, because it smiles so much. And then, when yellow cries, they don’t know what to do. Because yellow is the one who smiles. So they just wait. Maybe they hand yellow some tissues or something. But it’s not what yellow really needs. So yellow is lonely, too,” she replied.

“Even surrounded by people who love them.”I was silent for a long while. I didn’t really know what to say. So much thought, so much perception into a color that rarely graced the edge of my palette. “And… purple?”She took a breath. “I think purple holds all of its feelings inside itself, until it is alone. And then, it cries. But nobody sees.”At that moment, I knew.

I wanted to paint this

International Nurses Day 2022: A Few Facts

On this International Nurses Day on 12 May, I offer my salute to all Nurses including Florence Nightingale as when I was born (a little more than 65 years ago) in addition to others a nurse took care of me to take a breath in this world. So, I have huge regard for all medical staff as my father completed his MBBS in the early 1950s rendered his selfless service to human beings in general and the poor in particular.

This year like the earlier two years because of the awful impact of COVID19, people of the world irrespective of rich or poor, caste, creed, religion, language, etc., have been observing the services rendered by the nurses along with other medical staff. Even a few nurses have passed away while nursing the patients and many have been infected with the coronavirus.

Anyway, every year 12 May is celebrated as International Nurses Day in commemoration of the birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale. It may be mentioned here that Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 in a wealthy and well-connected British family at the Villa Colombia. She was a British social reformer and statistician, and the founder of contemporary nursing. Moreover, she was a great human being and had feelings for sufferers, and for this reason, she came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organized to care for wounded soldiers.

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) has announced the new theme for International Nurses Day (IND) 2022: Nurses: A Voice to Lead – Invest in nursing and respect rights to secure global health, focusing on the need to protect, support, and invest in the nursing profession to strengthen health systems around the world. According to the publication, “Nurses: A Voice to Lead Invest in nursing and respect rights to secure global health” by the INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (2022)

The benefits of protecting the safety of nurses include the following:

• Reduced hospital-acquired infections

• Greater productivity, increased job satisfaction, and improved retention of nurses

• Improved workplace health and safety, which improves patient safety and patient outcomes

• Supporting stronger and more resilient health systems

• Reduction in workplace induced injury and illnesses and improved health and wellbeing

• Improved return on investment.

Also, it is evident from the publication that “WHO estimates that from January 2020 to May 2021 at least 180,000 health and care workers died as a result of COVID-19 (WHO 2021b). These deaths are a terrible tragedy. In addition to the human toll, the ever-expanding ripple effect is the growing and irreplaceable gap in the health workforce leading the world’s pandemic response”.

The President International Council of Nurses Dr. Pamela Cipriano said: “Nurses have suffered tremendously throughout the pandemic. They have been unnecessarily exposed to the virus, faced attacks from the public, suffered from extreme workloads, and continue to be underpaid and undervalued. If governments continue to put off investing in the health workforce, it will be to the detriment of health systems everywhere. There is no health without a healthy workforce!

‘The International Nurses Day case studies that we have been collecting portray the incredible work of nurses, and our IND theme for 2022 will continue to promote nursing work and fight for nurses’ rights to a safe working environment, decent wages, and full participation in decision-making.”

Florence Nightingale although has passed away on 13 August 1910 but will remain alive in the hearts and memories of millions in the world for her humanitarian service.

International Nurses Day 2022: A Few Facts

The benefits of protecting the safety of nurses include the following:

• Reduced hospital-acquired infections

• Greater productivity, increased job satisfaction, and improved retention of nurses

• Improved workplace health and safety, which improves patient safety and patient outcomes

• Supporting stronger and more resilient health systems

• Reduction in workplace induced injury and illnesses and improved health and wellbeing

• Improved return on investment.

Florence Nightingale although has passed away on 13 August 1910 but will remain alive in the hearts and memories of millions in the world for her humanitarian service.

Indian Economy after independence

Indian economy at the time of Independence was in crucial state. This situation occurred due to the British Colonialism. After independence the Government changed plan for economic growth. The area of attention was shifted from agriculture to industry.

The growth of public enterprise generate employment and reduce poverty. In 1991, a revolution came into place in terms of liberalization, privatization and globalization that shaped the face of Indian economy. The Indian have the lowest per capital income and also the lowest consumption in the world.

The low income level consequent into low saving and thus small or no investment which end with low capital formation. Therefore, the dangerous cycle of poverty running in the country. The First Five Year Plan stated that the Indian economy remained more or less stagnant during colonial regime, because the basic conditions of economy was continuously remain the same.

The impact of modern industrialism in the later half of the 19^th century was emerged through import of machine made goods from abroad that impact adversely on the traditional pattern of economic life, however unable to create the spark for Development. The conditioning of state led to decline of productivity especially those engaged in agriculture, the adverse effects. The consequence was a continuously increasing of employment. Hence, there could be no economic progress.

At the time of Independence 80% of population living in rural areas were engaged in agriculture for subsistence purposes; using traditional low productive technique for agriculture. The underdevelopment of Indian economy is reflected in it’s unbalanced occupational structure. Illiteracy was 84% , Communicable disease were widespread due to the absence of a good public health services, mortality rate was very high.

Agricultural activity contributed nearly 50% to Indian’s National Income. Mines, factories and small craftsmen work contributed only one – sixth, even lower than the numbers for trade, transport and communication. After independence, the government concern in the sphere of economic policy was to control persistent and severe inflationary pressure and to alleviate shortage of essential food items, which was increased by the partition of the country.

The industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 stamped as fundamental departure from earlier policy of laissez faire. Finally, the concept of planning Development programme under the auspices of the central government, was accepted and the planning commission was set up in March 1950 to make an assessment of the material capital and human resources of the country and to formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of the countries resources.

India embarked upon the programme of planned economic development of the country with the formulation of first year plan that covered the period of 1951 – 1956. The second plan that followed was form 1956 – 1961 and third plan from 1961 to 1966. The other plans followed there after. The Eleventh Five Year Plan has been launched from 2007 – 2012; Twelfth Five year Plan was started from 2013 – 2014.

The first five year plan provided an inclusive general analysis the nature of the country’s Developmental problem and various options for mobilising resources and achieving Development with more equal distribution. There was special emphasis on the role of mass mobilization of idle rural labour and land reform. The plan optimistically project that saving and investment as a proportion of National Income would rise from an estimated 5 – 6% in the early 1950 to 20% by 1968 – 69.

S Chakravarti had mentioned some shortcomings of Indian economy. Such as

• The basis cause of development was seen as being an acute deficiency of material capital, which prevented the introduction of more productive technologies.

• The limitation on the speed of capital accumulation was seen to lie in the low capacity to save.

• It was assumed that domestic capacity to save and raised by means of suitable fiscal and monetary policies. There were structural limitations preventing conversion of saving into productive investment.

• The inequality in income distribution was considered to a bad thing, a precipitate transformation of the ownership of productive assets was held to be detrimental to the maximization of production and savings.

• Agriculture was subject to secular diminishing returns, industrialization would allow surplus labour currently under employed in agriculture to be more productively employed in industry.

Indian Economy after independence

S Chakravarti had mentioned some shortcomings of Indian economy. Such as

• The basis cause of development was seen as being an acute deficiency of material capital, which prevented the introduction of more productive technologies.

• The limitation on the speed of capital accumulation was seen to lie in the low capacity to save.

• Agriculture was subject to secular diminishing returns, industrialization would allow surplus labour currently under employed in agriculture to be more productively employed in industry.

Paternity leave- a necessity India needs.

In India women are given the paid maternity leave from 12 weeks to 26 weeks for working women under the new maternity benefit (Amendment) Act 2017 ,which was passed by the Rajya Sabha in the year August 2016,has now also been approved by the Lok Sabha in the same year ,March 2017.

Women are given maternity leave but what about men, the father of the new born, don’t they need any leave? Do they not wish to be with their new born and be helpful to their families, they too have responsibility towards their family right? Many parents have raised their concern regarding not getting leaves during their child birth and this is actually a growing concern ,if women can get maternity leave then even the father’s should also get their paternity leave .

The maternity leave policy was started back then in 1961,the Maternity benefits act ,by which women got different benefits, facilities and perks, but what about the father , there was nothing sort of paternity leave, and in a country like India where family is considered utmost important , its necessary to provide both maternity and paternity leave.

In 1991 the central government ,under the central civil services (leave) rule 551(A) introduced some provisions for paternity leave like a central government male employee can take leave up to 15 days to take care of child and wife with less than two children.

Paternity leave is sanctioned for the government employees, but there is no law that mandates private sectors when it comes to paternity leave. Therefore, it is decision made by by the individual companies themselves.

Its important for all the sectors to grant these type of leaves , therefore Three years ago in 2017, After the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act happened, there was a new bill proposed, known as The Paternity Benefit Bill. Rajeev Satav, an MP from Maharashtra, stood up for the benefits of fathers of newborn babies.

The Objective of the Bill is “Child care is the joint responsibility of both parents. They must devote time to the newborn to ensure its proper well-being,” said Congress MP Mr. Rajeev Satav.

This new bill states that all workers, both in unorganized and private sectors, should get paternity leave of fifteen days, which is also extendable up to three months. One of the most important features is that it emphasized the equal parental benefits for mothers and fathers. The paternity leave will also allow the mother to get some much-needed support from their husbands and the fathers of their children, both during and after childbirth.

Currently, the Central employees who fall under the All India and Central Civil Services Rules, are all allowed to take a paid fifteen-day paternity leave. This puts India in the top fourteen countries with the highest maternity leave. By providing fifteen days of paid paternity leave to all sectors, India will among the top thirteen countries that provide the highest paternity leave, alongside other benefits.

It is high time the idea of Parental became commonplace so that it can well resonate with the needs of working families today.

One of our Indian cricketer and former captain Mr. Kohli took paternity leave and it was a national news ,even Mark Zuckerberg and Prince William took paternity leave ,but why did this become such a big news only in India

There should be no discrimination says the society ,but what about granting paternity leave ,when women can get maternity leave ,then even the father of child has right to get leave and share responsibilities with mother and support her during and after child birth. The new born needs both of the parents ,its a joint responsibility and they must devote their time to the new born to ensure proper well being .So I think paternity leave should be granted to everyone either government or private sector employee.

Paternity leave- a necessity India needs.

It is high time the idea of Parental became commonplace so that it can well resonate with the needs of working families today.

Colorful case of hydrogen

Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula H2. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless,[8] non-toxic, and highly combustible. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter.

In the era of sustainability, Hydrogen could contribute significantly. It is considered as the fuel for future. It could be used in nuclear fusion and other innovative ideas which could be a game changer in current scenario.

Realizing the role of hydrogen, it has been classified into different categories based on color. They are:

Green hydrogen

Green hydrogen is hydrogen produced by splitting water by electrolysis. This produces only hydrogen and oxygen. We can use the hydrogen and vent the oxygen to the atmosphere with no negative impact. To achieve the electrolysis we need electricity, we need power.

Blue hydrogen

Blue hydrogen is touted as a low-carbon fuel that is used for generating electricity, heating buildings, and powering cars, trains, trucks etc. It is produced by separating natural gas into hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2). Blue hydrogen is often touted as a low-carbon fuel for generating electricity and storing energy, powering cars, trucks and trains and heating buildings.

Grey hydrogen

Grey Hydrogen is hydrogen produced using fossil fuels such as natural gas. Unfortunately, this accounts from roughly 95% of the hydrogen produced in the world today. Most of the hydrogen produced today is gray hydrogen. It is relatively inexpensive and commonly used in the chemical industry to make fertilizer and for refining oil.

Black or brown hydrogen

Black or brown hydrogen is produced from coal. The black and brown colors refer to the type bituminous (black) and lignite (brown) coal. The gasification of coal is a method used to produce hydrogen. It’s considered the least environmentally friendly, creating as much carbon dioxide as burning the source fuel would have in the first place. For every tons of brown hydrogen produced, around 10-12 tons of CO2 are produced.

Turquoise hydrogen

Turquoise hydrogen is made using a process called methane pyrolysis to produce hydrogen and solid carbon. In the future, turquoise hydrogen may be valued as a low-emission hydrogen, dependent on the thermal process being powered with renewable energy and the carbon being permanently stored or used.

Purple hydrogen

Nuclear-produced hydrogen can also be referred to as purple hydrogen or red hydrogen. In addition, the very high temperatures from nuclear reactors could be used in other hydrogen productions by producing steam for more efficient electrolysis or fossil gas-based steam methane reforming.

Pink hydrogen

Pink hydrogen is generated through electrolysis powered by nuclear energy. Nuclear-produced hydrogen can also be referred to as purple hydrogen or red hydrogen. The Saudi royal and politician said that women are particularly pleased to see progress being made in this industry.

White hydrogen

White hydrogen is a naturally-occurring geological hydrogen found in underground deposits and created through fracking. There are no strategies to exploit this hydrogen at present.

Colorful case of hydrogen

Realizing the role of hydrogen, it has been classified into different categories based on color. They are:

Green hydrogen

Blue hydrogen

Grey hydrogen

Black or brown hydrogen

Turquoise hydrogen

Purple hydrogen

Pink hydrogen

White hydrogen

White hydrogen is a naturally-occurring geological hydrogen found in underground deposits and created through fracking. There are no strategies to exploit this hydrogen at present.

5 hobbies to develop this summer

Getting bored in the summer heat? Or you simply want to catch a break from a monotonous life? Well, its summer time and there is no better season to pick up some new hobbies and skills to add to the feathers in your cap. Here are 5 things you can do this summer to feel productive-

Learn to swim

Swimming is a very handy skill and you are never too old to learn to swim. It’s great if you already know to swim too, take a dip in the pool and refine those strokes. Swimming keeps one physically fit, healthy and energised. It also tones your muscles and give you that tan you’ve been wanting.

2.Learn a foreign language

It could be the tongue native to a country you hope to visit someday or a language you’ve always wanted to learn just because you find it so beautiful. Learning the basics of a new language makes the world feel a little smaller, and numerous studies have indicated that being bilingual can give your brain a boost. There are so many free apps and videos that you can refer to at least get some basics of a language.

3.Make your own jewellery

Arts and crafts have always been at the tip-top of popular summer hobbies but have you tried making your own jewellery yet? Capture your own design aesthetic in wearable pieces that you can make from the comfort of your own home. Make them for yourself, gift them to a friend, sell them on Etsy… the possibilities are endless. There are some awesome kits, books, and Youtube videos (essential techniques, supplies to purchase, and of course, hacks) that will make getting started a whole lot easier. Redecorate your room with it or spruce up your collection of gems with some DIY jewellery making.

4. Develop a green thumb

Summertime is the perfect time for gardening: there’s loads of sunlight and the right temperature to grow an entire range of vegetables like tomatoes and cucumbers, or even some herbs and flowers. Gardening can be a nice, rewarding hobby to take up in the summertime. Starting a garden can be an intimidating task but thankfully, there are plenty of resources out there to help you get your green thumb on.

5. Go Camping

Camping is a favourite pastime for many during the summer days and can also be very inexpensive . This is a fantastic low-cost hobby for adventure and nature lovers who want to disconnect from the Wi-Fi and real around a campfire. However, you shouldn’t set out without preparation, so go through this guide to make sure you’re well-prepared! It is a fun way to meet up for some outdoor time with friends and loved ones! It doesn’t have to been in the complete wilderness , just set a tent in your back yard and gaze at those stars.

5 hobbies to develop this summer

Learn to swim

2.Learn a foreign language

3.Make your own jewellery

4. Develop a green thumb

5. Go Camping

How Development Administration introducing socio economic transformation

The nectar of development administration is to bring changes through integration, organized and properly directed governmental action. The Administrative shift concern towards development objectives the researchers and practitioners of Public Administration forced to conceptualize the developmental conditions and to bridge the gap in administrative theory.

The term development administration was first coined in UL Goswami an Indian scholar’s article entitled ‘The structure of development administration in india’ published in 1955. George Gant, an american scholar is regarded as the father of development administration, Edward Weidner, Riggs , Ferrel Heady were major contributor to this field.

Conceptual thinking in this area is notably available in the writing of a group of American experts on comparative administration such as Merle Fainsod, Montgomery and Diamant. The writing of these scholars not just talk about foundation not Development Administration but also contributed greatly to its formulation and growth. Emergence of concept of developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America due to the liquidation of colonialism and imperialism. Extensive american economic and technicalassistance plans to newly emerged developing countries. Developmental schemes in the developing countries through multilateral technical aid and financial assistance and established Comparative Administration Group.

After the World War Second, countries became politically independent, they have been facing political problem, they have been confronting immense problem if poverty, illiteracy, poor health, low agricultural productivity, lack of industrial development and socio political instability. The immediate action before these countries is to bring about socio economic transformation and nation building through change.

In order to achieve the objectives, the developing countries have under taken various Departmental activities in the economic and the social sphere of society. The term Development Administration is used to refer to the directly government led effort to intervene in the process of socio economic transformation.

The new administration required for the government in both quantitatively and qualitatively difference from the traditional administration. Development Administration is a concept that aim to strengthen the structure and function of developing countries in post world War II.

Objectives of Development Administration are conclude the innovative strategies for the development. Development Administration emphasis on development at the grassroot level. Development has to be need oriented and require self reliant process. It stress on social development and human capital as a major resource. Development has to be viewed not merely as a technological problem but found ideological ground.

Profound and rapid change in order to establish a distriction in social order. Recognizing and highlighting the unity, effective and efficient use of scarce resources. Creation of a politics administration environment which is oriented towards securing basic needs of the population. Freedom of administrative machinery to express its values and beliefs without fear or favour on programmes and projects.

The capacity of an administrative system to take decisions in order to meet the increasing demands coming from the environment with objective of achieving larger political and socio economic goals. Specialization and division of tasks and in the professionalism is personnel. Increase in administrative capability and capacity. A pattern increasing effectiveness in the optimum utilization of available resources and increase the Governance capability and capacity. Modernising the bureaucracy by external inducement and transfer of technology and training is necessary.

Development Administration of developing nation’s is rooted in the field as most of the developmental activities take place at field level. Emphasis on decentralization of authority which enables the different field units. Administration encompasses contribution from cultural anthropology and sociology. A wider perspective than the conventional approach based on organizational reforms. Development administration lays emphasis on self reliance and participation of people in the development activities. It stresses decentralized, responsive and accountable management of Developmental plans, policies and programmes.

How Development Administration introducing socio economic transformation

The Anti-Apartheid Movement

Apartheid means separateness. Apartheid was a system of legal racial segregation enforced by the South African National Party government between 1948 and 1994. This system created a society of enormous repression for black South Africans. Apartheid was characterized by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation’s minority white population. According to this system of social stratification, white citizens had the highest status, followed by Indians and Coloureds, then black Africans. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day.

The anti-apartheid movement was the first successful transnational social movement in the era of globalization. The movement began after a massive turnout by rural Afrikaners gave Rev. Daniel Malan’s Nationalist Party a majority of five seats in the whites-only Parliament of the Union of South Africa on May 26, 1948. The Nationalists won on a racist platform that played on white fears of the “black threat” and promised to establish strict “apartheid” or separate development policies to counter it. British Anglican archbishop Trevor Huddleston was a leader in the campaign against apartheid, an official system of discrimination against non-whites in South Africa. His efforts helped bring that struggle to the world’s attention

What is unique about the anti-apartheid movement is the extent of support it received from individuals, governments and organizations on all continents. Few social movements in history have garnered anywhere near the international support that was mobilized against the racist apartheid regime in South Africa. Although national liberation and Marxism might both be considered as successful, trans-national social movements, neither of these had the global support that the anti-apartheid movement garnered.

There were two main aspects of the anti-apartheid movement: the internal campaign to destabilize the racist apartheid regime in South Africa, and the external campaign for political, economic, and cultural sanctions. At the heart of the movement was the struggle of black Africans to end white supremacy in South Africa. This internal movement was both a catalyst for actions at the international level and the critical link that gave coherence to the movement as a whole. The external effort can be divided into two fronts: (1) regional efforts to provide military bases, material, and diplomatic support for liberation movements; and (2) the diaspora movement, which focused on seeking international sanctions against the regime and providing direct aid to the liberation movements.The internal struggle within South Africa was the core of the movement, and it served as a catalyst for regional and international support movements. This effort emerged to oppose apartheid legislation imposed after the all-white election of 1948.

Nelson Mandela’s contribution

The man we know behind this movement is Nelson Mandela. Under apartheid, the South African population was divided into four distinct racial groups: white (including Afrikaners, who speak a Germanic language called Afrikaans), black, colored, and Indian. Strict residential, economic, and social segregation was enforced on the basis of these racial categories. Non-whites were not allowed to vote in national election. Moreover, apartheid saw the institution of the “homeland system,” in which the government sought to establish separate states for members of each of the country’s many black ethnic groups. This often involved the forced removal of families from their original homes to the newly-created “bantustans” (or ethnic states). In other cases, it meant breaking up interracial and inter-ethnic families. While non-whites were confined to squalid ghettoes with few decent educational and employment opportunities, whites were afforded the basic privileges of life in a democracy.

In a 1955 article, Nelson Mandela—then a leading activist in the growing fight against apartheid—described the horrors of the system and the brutal means by which it was enforced:The breaking up of African homes and families and the forcible separation of children from mothers, the harsh treatment meted out to African prisoners, and the forcible detention of Africans in farm colonies for spurious statutory offenses are a few examples of the actual workings of the hideous and pernicious doctrines of racial inequality. To these can be added scores of thousands of foul misdeeds committed against the people by the government: the denial to the non-European people of the elementary rights of free citizenship; the expropriation of the people from their lands and homes to assuage the insatiable appetites of European land barons and industrialists; the flogging and calculated murder of African laborers by European farmers in the countryside for being “cheeky to the baas”; the vicious manner in which African workers are beaten up by the police and flung into jails when they down tools to win their demands; the fostering of contempt and hatred for non-Europeans; the fanning of racial prejudice between whites and non-whites, between the various non-white groups; the splitting of Africans into small hostile tribal units; the instigation of one group or tribe against another; the banning of active workers from the people`s organizations, and their confinement into certain areas.

Because of the injustices it perpetuated, the apartheid system gave rise to a broad resistance movement. The primary organization leading the struggle against apartheid was the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was founded in 1913 in response to the oppression of non-white South Africans at the hands of the white ruling class. In 1943, Nelson Mandela—then a law student—joined the ANC and co-founded its youth division, the ANCYL. Mandela and other young activists had begun to advocate for a mass campaign of agitation against apartheid. In 1949, the ANCYL gained control of the ANC and a year later Mandela was elected national president of the ANCYL. Around this time, Mandela’s political outlook began to shift: while he had previously opposed cross-racial unity in the fight against apartheid, he came to be influenced by the writings of socialist thinkers who supported organizing across racial lines. He was also influenced by the nonviolent strategies of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was himself a resident of South Africa for more than 20 years, from 1893 to 1914.

Mandela and other political prisoners engaged in many political debates and discussion. The prison on Robben Island, where Mandela stayed for 20 years, was sometimes called “University of Robben Island.”

Although he was sidelined from direct participation in the movement while in prison, Mandela became a symbol—both in South Africa and internationally—of the struggle against injustice. During his imprisonment on Robben Island, the fight against apartheid continued. New organizations and leaders emerged to advance the cause, and thousands of average South Africans risked their lives to resist the brutal system. A powerful international movement included boycotts and bans of South African goods; protests, including massive civil disobedience; and an explosion of music and art demanding the end of apartheid and the freeing of Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners.

Violence and instability grew within South Africa. The apartheid government faced increasing domestic and international pressure. In 1985, then President P.W. Botha offered to release Mandela from prison if he agreed to “unconditionally reject violence as a political weapon.” Mandela refused the offer. He wrote: “What freedom am I being offered while the organization of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts.”

Despite his recognition as a central figure in the fight against apartheid, Mandela has always been quick to note that he was not personally responsible for its overthrow. As he said upon his release from prison in 1990: “I stand here before you not as a prophet but as a humble servant of you, the people. Your tireless and heroic sacrifices have made it possible for me to be here today. I therefore place the remaining years of my life in your hands.” Mandela’s courage is inspiring and his story is dramatic, but he did not end apartheid alone. In South Africa and around the world, people were inspired by Mandela’s example. They recognized that there would never be freedom in South Africa unless many people took action. In South Africa, many died in the struggle for freedom.

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Nelson Mandela’s contribution

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