The Shepherd’s Fort – Golconda Fort

Golconda fort is located at 10 km away from the Hyderabad city. It was constructed during 13th century, on a hill which was once the territory of Kakatiya Kings of Warangal in 1143 A.D.

Among the ruins of Golconda Fort lies a history of half a millennium. It remains a thing of beauty despite the destruction it has gone through. It is 3 miles in circumference, and the granite hill that it is built on is 390 feet high. The glorious Golkonda fort in Hyderabad has cannons, gateways, majestic halls, drawbridges, and more. It was first built in 1143 by a Kakatiya king, but the Qutub Shahi Dynasty and Bahmani Sultans fortified it between the 14th and 17th centuries. The Qutub Shahi kings ruled the area in the 16th and 17th centuries. One of the most pivotal rulers in the Deccan Plateau, the Qutub Shahi Dynasty at its peak ruled Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, parts of Tamil Nadu and half of Karnataka. As the magnificent Golconda fort was built, it was the capital of the dynasty from 1518 to 1591. The Muslim sultanate was then overthrown by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1687. He destroyed the fort but the mosques and Qutub Shahi tombs remained safe enough to be visited as a tourist place.

History of Golconda fort:
As per legends, a shepherd found an idol in the area (now known as Golkonda Fort). Soon after, Kakatiyan king was informed about the same, and he gave the order to build a mud fort around the idol. The fort’s name is “GollaKonda” which meant Shepherd’s hill in Telugu. (Golla means shepered and Konda means Hill, thus Shepherd’s Hill)

The Golkonda fort was erected in the year 1143 under the Kakatiya Dynasty. However, it rose to importance when it came under the rule of Qutub Shahi Dynasty during the 16th century, i.e. when Quli Qutub Shah declared his independence from the Bahmani Sultanate in 1518. The striking fort since then expanded from a mud fortress to a structure to having a 10 km outer wall. After a failed attempt in the year 1686, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb was finally able to opening the impregnable fort in 1687 after a long nine-month blockade.

Some Interesting Facts about Golconda fort:
1) The mud fort was rebuilt in iron and granite under Qutub Shahi kings.

2) The tombs of the Qutb Shahi rulers, mosques and the palaces are still standing tall.

3) The fort’s walls contain ventilators so that fresh air was available.

4) The fort consists of a secret underground path to one of the palaces that are located on the hill slope.

5) In the ancient times, the Golconda fort was a well-known trade centre for diamonds that were taken out from the rocks of the neighbouring hills. Moreover, the world-popular Kohinoor was found here.

6) This 800- year old fort is one of the architectural wonders of Hyderabad, the capital of Andhra Pradesh.

7) An interesting thing about the fort was that, if anyone clapped while standing at a certain point below the dome at the entrance, then its sound could be heard at the highest point of the hill-top, known as Bala Hissar. In the ancient times, people considered it a warning for the royals, if there was an attack. An amazing signalling device was in-built in the fort during the construction for important flow of information. The Golconda Fort is popular for its audio system.

8) The fort has 8 gates in the outer wall- the Fateh, Mecca, Bahmani, and Patancheru. In addition to Naya Qula Banjara, Moti, and Jamali.

9) The palaces, water supply system as well as the known ‘Rahban’ cannon, located within the fort are the prime attractions.

Animal Cruelty is a heinous crime which should be stop .

Animal Cruelty :
Simply put, animal cruelty harms animals, whether intentional or negligent. While certain activities such as animal cruelty are generally perceived as cruel, the specific actions that make up animal cruelty vary from person to person and from places to places or different countries. Many argue that docking a piglet’s tail without anesthesia is cruel, while others say it is common in meat production to prevent injuries later in the pig’s life. Animal cruelty defination is different in different areas due to countries laws.
Animal abuse is an pervasive problem which often is difficult to detect. No species or community is spared from experiencing animal cruelty and neglect. Understanding what animal cruelty means and what it doesn’t mean is one of the first steps to prevent it from happening again. Animals, whether it’s the food, cosmetics, entertainment, or pet industry, don’t deserve to suffer.

Is Animal Cruelty Illegal:
The legality of animal cruelty depends largely on where the activity takes place . For example, cruelty to farms and laboratory animals that is illegal in some countries may not be considered banned animal cruelty in some countries, due to differences in national law. In the United States, the best-known legislation to prevent animal cruelty excludes both livestock and laboratory animals from registration.

Animal cruelty in India:
Recently, cases of animal cruelty are increasing in India. The same began to discuss animal rights and the extent of legal protection that current law provides to animals. The problem is that most of these crimes are either unreported or face disappointing legal responses, as some of the 1960 Animal Cruelty Prevention Act and the Indian Criminal Code are obsolete.
SS Rithika an social activist in context to animal writes about common scenarios of animal cruelty and current laws, procedures, and court decisions dealing with animal cruelty in India. Rithika is also pushing for amendments to these laws to curb the rise in atrocities against animals.

Law related to animal cruelty in India:
The Animal Cruelty Prevention Act of 1960 was amended in 1982. Under India’s newly amended 2011 Animal Welfare Act, animal abuse is a criminal offense with a fine of at least 10,000 rupees, a fine of up to 25,000 rupees for the first violation, or upto two years of imprisonment. For the second and subsequent violations, a fine of 50,000 rupees or more and imprisonment of 1 year or more upto 3 years or less. This amendment is currently awaiting approval by the Government of India. The 1962 law is the law currently in force. The maximum fine under the 1962 Act is 50 rupees (less than $ 1). Many organizations, including local SPCA, PF, A, Fosterdopt, etc., are actively involved in reporting cases of atrocities to police and assisting the general public in bringing perpetrators to justice. For this reason, there are many changes in the subcontinent.
Under IPC sections 428 and 429, causing mischief by killing or amputating an animal worth more than 10 rupees is a recognizable crime punishable by two years’ imprisonment, a fine, or both.

Some of the campaign toward animal cruelty:#NoMore50 , #RespectForAnimals , #FarmedAnimals etc.

Does printing more money solve the economic problems?

It is not a new thing for any economy to go through phases of economic problems and in certain cases falling short of actually putting those problems under control. These economic problems include inflation, unemployment, deflation and so on. No matter if it is a developing country or a developed one, both are equally subject to fall prey to such problems. While the economy goes through this period of uncertainty many people think that it is feasible to print more money to tackle the economic issues such as inflation, etc. But this is not a very feasible option in the reality.

The monetary decisions of any country is taken by the government of the respective country i.e., the government decides which denominations are printed and the design of bank notes and other security measures. It is the responsibility of the head bank of the country to follow the protocols while printing the money. There is always a limit that is set with respect to the printing of money. No country can singlehandedly print money in an unlimited manner whatsoever maybe the reason as more money leads to more economic issues.

Reasons why printing more money leads to more problems:

Whenever there is an increase in the supply of a certain good or commodity in the market with respect to its demand, the price of the commodity falls. This is also true in case of money. When there an uncalculated, increased production or printing of money, the money output gets divided within the entire population accordingly. Now each member of the society owns a greater amount of money. This leads to a fall in the value of money since everyone now has more money irrespective of the actual amount that they are supposed to have/ own. As the value of money falls, there is a rapid increase in the prices of the goods and commodities present in the market resulting in inflation i.e., an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. For example, in January 1921, a daily newspaper in Germany cost 0.30 marks. Less than two years later, in November 1922, the same newspaper cost 70,000,000 marks. All other prices in the economy rose by similar amounts. This inflation was a result of a three times rise in the quantity of money present in the economy which further led to fall in the value of money. This example clearly shows inflation not only depends on the production of goods and services but also depends on the value and quantity of money present in an economy. Inflation further gives rise to another economic problem i.e., unemployment. As the prices of the goods and commodities rise, people, especially the firms in certain cases fall short of adequate resources to continue with the production activities. This further leads to the decision of reducing the number of workers working at the firm or leads to the termination of the working periods of workers in the firm. When this occurs at an widespread and increased basis, it leads to unemployment on a mass scale and causes widespread economic disruption and gives rise to a state of unrest in the society.

To conclude the answer of the question asked, “does printing more money solve all the economic issues?” The answer is “NO”. Rather it leads to further disruption in the economy and gives rise to unprecedented social unrest. Thus the government puts a limit on the production of Money in each year and makes its decision after analyzing the every single data so that there is no place of such economic disruption in near future due to hasty and uncalculated decisions.

Korean wave in India.

The Korean wave has certainly seen a significant rise in India during the pandemic, and K-Drama and K-Pop are seeing massive demand from fans and new followers as well. In response to the growing popularity of the Korean wave in the country, many online and offline events are held to show people what they are consuming online. And these extend not only to K-Drama and K-Pop, but also to food, beauty and culture in general.
Korean singer PSY’s 2012 viral hit “Gangnam Style” may have started the Korean wave in India, but it certainly wasn’t the origin. The existence of K-POP in India dates back to the late 90’s when in Northeastern part in Manipur Bollywood films were not allowed to watch because law imposed by the Separatist group Revolutionary Peoples Front to make Manipur independent.Not so much offered, the locals turned to Korean content and it got it’s popularity from their on.

Increasing demand for Korean content is fueling competition between India’s Amazon Prime Video and Netflix. Amazon Prime Video is the first company to launch Parasite and Minari in the country. Hotstar, MX Player, Viki and Viu are also involved in the Korean wave effect. Discovery + launched the “Star vs Food” series featuring the Korea Tourism Organization (KTO) and K-POP idols to introduce Korean food to India. Some prominent dramas are: Crash Landing on You, Squid Games, Descendants of the Sun and many more more , the reason of these Korean content popularity is that as an audiance, Indian’s find Korean content relatable to them.

According to Hyun Woo, Kross Komix co-founder, president and CEO Thomas Kim predicts that South Korea’s webtoon, or digital comics, will be the next big thing.Kross Komics is India’s only webtoon platform launched in December 2019. In just about 1.5 years of operation, the app has been downloaded more than 4.5 million times, about half of which are women. “With the numerous webtoons in the romance / romantic comedy category and the world’s best-selling stories, this new format of content has become a very interesting alternative to the dramas and movies”.

“In 2020, the blockade caused by Covid-19 is said to be one of the reason to the popularity and acceptance of Korean culture in India through dramas available on multiple video streaming platforms and the different Korean music band whose craze is extraordinary. South Korea’s food exports hit a record high, boosted by social media posts from Asian celebrities and the popularity of the movie like “Parasite” and drama like”Crash Landing on You”. The widespread of k-pop, k-movies, and k-drama has evolved into a fan culture, especially among the urban youth of the country. Following k-pop music and movies, K-Food and cooking have undergone a major makeover to reach the larger Indian market. K-cuisine is all the rage, especially on social media, in the form of food challenges like Mukbang, “said Hwang Il-young, director of the Korean Culture Center India .

The Korean wave, the growing global popularity of Korean culture, swept India a few years ago, but exploded during a pandemic. Supported by the OTT platform, which has a large investment in Korean programs, the number of people who started watching K-Drama and listening to K-Pop has skyrocketed. Recently, the language learning app Duolingo surveyed 1,013 people in 10 cities in India and found that Korean is the fastest growing language in India. It was the 7th most popular language for Indians in 2020, but it has risen to the 5th in 2021 and will continue to rise. Duolingo’s 2021 audio report attributed this primarily to the release of Squid Game in 2021.

CC- ETtech

Soon to be launched in India-“5G”-

In the silver jubilee celebrations of telecom regulatory, PM Narendra Modi said that 5G testbed is an important step for reliance in direction of critical & modern technologies.

It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new industries.

The Department of Telecommunications (DOT) has confirmed that 5G services will be launched in India this year.

Broadly speaking, 5G is used across three main types of connected services, including enhanced mobile broadband, communication, and the massive lot. A defining capability of 5G is that it is designed for forward compatibility the ability to flexibly support future services that are unknown today. Enhanced mobile Broadband addition to making our smartphones better, 5G mobile technology can usher in new immersive experiences such as VR and AR with faster, more uniform data rates, lower latency, and lower cost-per-bit.Mission-critical communications 5G can enable new services that can transform industries with ultra-reliable, available, low-latency links like remote control of critical infrastructure, vehicles, and medical procedures.

wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new industries.

High Speed works faster on mobile phones and other devices when compared to 4G and 4G LTE. It allows users to download movies, videos, and music in seconds as opposed to minutes. The network has 20 Gbps speed enabling organizations to use the same for services such as automation, advanced web conferencing, etc. A recent survey says that consumers who used 5G saved nearly 23 hours per day in the downloading process.2. Low Latency has low latency when compared to 4G that will support new applications such as Al, IoT, and virtual reality efficiently. Not only that, it enables mobile phone users to open a webpage and browse things without any hassles. Another thing is it gives ways to access the internet anytime when looking for some important information Increased capacity. Increased capacity

It has the capacity to deliver up to 100 times more capacity than 4G. It allows companies to switch between cellular and Wi-Fi wireless strategies that will help a lot to experience better performance. Apart from that, it provides methods to access the internet with high efficiency. More Bandwidth of the main advantages of 5G is that it increases more bandwidth that will help transfer the data as soon as possible. Furthermore, mobile phone users can ensure a faster connection with more bandwidth after choosing a 5G network.5. Powering innovation↑5G technology is the perfect choice for connecting with a whole range of different devices including drones and sensors.

The government need to take precautions while launching 5G because it also gives harmful impact on animas and radiation in the environment.

What is Limnology?- Check Important Features

The term ‘Limnology’ is the study of inland water bodies and different aspects. It has arrived from the Ancient Greek word ‘Limne’ which means lakes or ponds. Limnologists are freshwater ecologists, Physical, Chemical, and Engineering Limnologists who all participate in this branch of Science. Unlike Limnology, Oceanography is the study of Oceans. Limnology covers Lakes, ponds, reservoirs, streams, and rivers whereas Oceanography covers the open sea.

François-Alphonse Forel (1841-1912), a Swiss scientist, established the field of limnology with his studies of Lake Geneva. Forel is considered the “founder of limnology.” the Limnological Society of America.
Another major figure in limnology is George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991), a British-American zoologist who is known for his studies of freshwater lakes and considered the “father of modern limnology.” He was born and educated in England, but gained fame at Yale University, where he joined the faculty in 1928. His illustrious career at Yale lasted for forty-three years, and he became a US citizen in 1941.

The following are the organizations of Study of Limnology:-

Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
Australian Society for Limnology
European Society of Limnology and Oceanography
German Society of Limnology Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Italian Association for Oceanology and Limnology (AIOL)
The Japanese Society of Limnology
Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL)
Brazilian Society of Limnology
New Zealand freshwater Sciences society
Southern African Society of Aquatic Scientists
Society of Wetland Scientists Retrieved November 12, 2007.

The following are the Journals:-

Limnology and Oceanography Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Journal of Coastal Research Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Freshwater Biology Retrieved November 12, 2007.
River Research and Applications Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Advances in Limnology
Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology
Journal of Limnology
Limnologica

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