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Environmental Pollution – Types, Causes, Controls and Abatement Strategies

 Environment Pollution: Types, Causes, Effects:

Environmental Pollution is not a new phenomenon, yet it remains one of the greatest threats to the health and well-being of humanity and one of the major environmental causes of death and morbidity. For example, substances such as plastic materials, heavy metals, etc., once released into the atmosphere. By natural processes, it cannot be degraded and are harmful to living organisms. In environmental pollution, pollutants originate from a source, are transported by air or water, and are dumped into the soil by human beings.


The long-term impacts of pollution are still being felt despite global attention to the issue. Day by day, our atmosphere is becoming more and more polluted due to anthropogenic activities. It is usually due to the pollutants released into the air, water, soil, etc., through many human activities. Let us examine the different types of environmental pollution.

Environment Pollution: Introduction, Causes & Types

What is Environmental Pollution?

  • Environment Pollution is the addition of contaminants into the natural environment that causes detrimental effects to nature, natural resources and mankind.
  • Any unnatural and negative changes in all the dimensions like chemical, physical and biological characteristics of any component of the ecosystem i.e. air, water or soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life and property is called environmental pollution.

What is a Pollutant?

  • Any substance which causes harmful effects or uneasiness in the organisms, then that particular substance may be called as the pollutant.

The materials that cause pollution are of two types:

  1. Persistent pollutants: Those pollutants which remain consistent in the environment for a long period of time without any change in its original form are called persistent pollutants. For example pesticides, nuclear wastes, and plastics etc.
  2. Non-persistent pollutants: These pollutants are the opposite of persistent pollutant and break down in the simple form. If this process of breaking down is done by living organisms, then such pollutants are referred to as biodegradable pollutants.

From another perspective, pollutants can be classified as follows:

  1. Primary Pollutants: Primary pollutants are those which remain in the form in which they were added to the environment for ex. DDT, Plastic
  2. Secondary Pollutants: Secondary pollutants are formed due to interaction of primary pollutants amongst themselves viz. PAN by the interaction of NOx & Hydrocarbons.

According to their existence in nature:

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  1. Quantitative Pollutants: These substances are already present in the atmosphere but they become pollutant when their concentration level reaches to a particular level which is above a threshold limit.
  2. Qualitative Pollutants: These are man-made pollutants eg. Fungicides, herbicides etc.

According to origin:

  1. Man-made Pollutants
  2. Natural Pollutants

According to the nature of disposal:

  1. Biodegradable Pollutants
  2. Non-biodegradable Pollutants

Types of Environment Pollution:

AIR POLLUTION:

  • Air pollution is the presence of one or more disadvantageous content in such quantity and for such duration, as it is catastrophic, or tend to be catastrophic, to human health and welfare, animal or plant life.
  • It is the contaminants of air by the discharge of detrimental substances.

Some of the air pollutants, their sources, and effects:

Name of the pollutants

Sources

Health effects

Nitrogen oxides

Industries, vehicles and power plants

Problems in the lungs, respiratory systems and causes asthma and bronchitis.

Carbon monoxide

Emission and burning of fossil fuels

Severe headache, irritation to mucous membrane, unconsciousness and death.

Carbon dioxide

Burning of fossil fuels

Vision problem, severe headache and heart strain.

Suspended particulate matter

Vehicular emission and burning of fossil fuels.

Lung irritation reduces development of RBC and pulmonary malfunctioning.

Sulphur oxide

Industries and power plant

Irritation in eyes and throat, allergies, cough etc.

Smog

Industries and vehicular pollution

Respiratory and eye problems

Hydrocarbons

Burning of fossil fuels

Kidney problems, irritation in eyes, nose and throat, asthma, hypertension and carcinogenic effects on lungs.

Chlorofluorocarbons

Refrigerators, emission from jets

Depletion of ozone layer, global warming
  •  Other pollutants are cadmium, lead, mercury, silica, coal dust and particles and radioactive pollutants.

Control measures:

  • Policy measures
  • Modification of industrial process and selection of suitable fuels and its utilization.
  • Collection of pollutants and convert it into less toxic forms by different methods.

Government initiatives:

  • National air quality monitoring programme (NAMP)
  • National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS)

WATER POLLUTION

  • Addition of certain substances such as organic, inorganic, biological and radiological to the water, which degrades the water quality and makes it unhealthy for use.
  • Water pollution is not only confined to surface water but also spread to groundwater, sea, and ocean.

Sources

Point sources: These are directly pointed towards the water bodies from the source of origin of pollution and are thus easy to regulate.

Non-point sources: These sources are related to many diffuse sources and are thus difficult to regulate.

Some of the sources are:

  • Industrial and community wastewater: Industries like mining, iron and steel, pharmaceuticals, food processing, soap and detergent and paper and pulp.
  • Agricultural sources, thermal pollution (discharge of hot water by thermal power plants cause deficiency of dissolved oxygen in water) and underground water pollution.
  • Marine pollution: river discharge, manmade pollution and oil spills etc.

Effects

  • An excessive amount of mercury in water can cause Minamata disease in humans and dropsy in fishes; Lead in large amount can cause dyslexia, Cadmium poisoning causes Itai – Itai disease, etc.
  • Polluted water has less amount of Dissolved oxygen (DO) content which is important for sensitive organisms, thereby eliminates sensitive organisms.
  • Excess of nitrate in drinking water is dangerous for infants and human health, excess fluoride cause neuromuscular disorder and teeth deformity, hardening of bones and painful joints.
  • Biological magnification and eutrophication.

Note: ‘Eu’ means healthy and ‘trophy’ means nutrition. The improvement of nutrients in water bodies causes eutrophication. Domestic waste discharge, agricultural waste, land drainage and industrial waste in a water body leads to a rapid increase in nutrients in a water body which initiates early ageing of water bodies.

Control measures

  • Usage of water should be minimized by changing the techniques involved.
  • Recycling and treatment of water should be used to the maximum extent possible.
  • The quantity of discharge of wastewater can be minimized.
  • Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers should be avoided.
  • Organic farming and efficient use of animal residues as fertilizers.

SOIL POLLUTION

  • Addition of unwanted substances to the soil which negatively affects physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and reduces its productivity is called soil pollution.
  • The factors which disturb the biological balance of the soil and deteriorate the quality, texture, and mineral content are called soil pollutants.
  • Use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, dumping of solid waste, deforestation, and pollution due to urbanization and other anthropogenic substances causes soil pollution.

Sources

  • Industrial waste: lead, cadmium, mercury, alkalies, organic substances, and chemicals.
  • Agricultural waste: fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and manures.
  • Discarded materials and radioactive elements and plastic bags.

Effects

  • Agriculture: It reduces soil fertility and thus crop yields; increase soil erosion and salinity.
  • Ecological imbalance and imbalance in flora and fauna further increases.
  • Problems in urban areas like clogging in drains, the release of gases, foul smells, and problems in wastewater management.
  • Release of radioactive rays, biomagnification and pollutant gases cause health problems.

Control measures

  • Afforestation, reforestation and use of organic farming.
  • Solid waste management and reduction of waste from the construction area.
  • Stop the use of plastic bags and use bags of degradable materials like paper and cloth.
  • Biomedical waste should be collected and incinerated in incinerators.

Applying Pollution Control Technologies

Application of pollution control methods has demonstrated considerable effectiveness in controlling pollution problems – particularly those of a local character. Application of appropriate technologies is based on a systematic analysis of the source and nature of the emission or discharge in question, of its interaction with the ecosystem and the ambient pollution problem to be addressed, and the development of appropriate technologies to mitigate and monitor pollution impacts.
In their article on air pollution control, Dietrich Schwela and Berenice Goelzer explain the importance and implications of taking a comprehensive approach to assessment and control of point sources and non-point sources of air pollution. They also highlight the challenges – and opportunities – that are being addressed in countries that are undergoing rapid industrialization without having had a strong pollution control component accompanying earlier development.
Marion Wichman-Fiebig explains the methods that are applied to model air pollutant dispersion to determine and characterize the nature of pollution problems. This forms the basis for understanding the controls that are to be put into effect and for evaluating their effectiveness. As the understanding of potential impacts has deepened, appreciation of effects has expanded from the local to the regional to the global scale.
Hans-Ulrich Pfeffer and Peter Bruckmann provide an introduction to the equipment and methods that are used to monitor air quality so that potential pollution problems can be assessed and the effectiveness of control and prevention interventions can be evaluated.
John Elias provides an overview of the types of air pollution controls that can be applied and the issues that must be addressed in selecting appropriate pollution control management options.
The challenge of water pollution control is addressed by Herbert Preul in an article which explains the basis whereby the earth’s natural waters may become polluted from point, non-point and intermittent sources; the basis for regulating water pollution; and the different criteria that can be applied in determining control programmes. Preul explains the manner in which discharges are received in water bodies, and may be analysed and evaluated to assess and manage risks. Finally, an overview is provided of the techniques that are applied for large-scale wastewater treatment and water pollution control.
A case study provides a vivid example of how wastewater can be reused – a topic of considerable significance in the search for ways that environmental resources can be used effectively, especially in circumstances of scarcity. Alexander Donagi provides a summary of the approach that has been pursued for the treatment and groundwater recharge of municipal wastewater for a population of 1.5 million in Israel.
Comprehensive Waste Management
Under the pollution control perspective, waste is regarded as an undesirable by-product of the production process which is to be contained so as to ensure that soil, water and air resources are not contaminated beyond levels deemed to be acceptable. Lucien Maystre provides an overview of the issues that must be addressed in managing waste, providing a conceptual link to the increasingly important roles of recycling and pollution prevention.
In response to extensive evidence of the serious contamination associated with unrestricted management of waste, governments have established standards for acceptable practices for collection, handling and disposal to ensure environmental protection. Particular attention has been paid to the criteria for environmentally safe disposal through sanitary landfills, incineration and hazardous-waste treatment.
To avoid the potential environmental burden and costs associated with the disposal of waste and promote a more thorough stewardship of scarce resources, waste minimization and recycling have received growing attention. Niels Hahn and Poul Lauridsen provide a summary of the issues that are addressed in pursuing recycling as a preferred waste management strategy, and consider the potential worker exposure implications of this.
Shifting Emphasis to Pollution Prevention
End-of-pipe abatement risks transferring pollution from one medium to another, where it may either cause equally serious environmental problems, or even end up as an indirect source of pollution to the same medium. While not as expensive as remediation, end-of-pipe abatement can contribute significantly to the costs of production processes without contributing any value. It also typically is associated with regulatory regimes which add other sets of costs associated with enforcing compliance.
While the pollution control approach has achieved considerable success in producing short-term improvements for local pollution problems, it has been less effective in addressing cumulative problems that are increasingly recognized on regional (e.g., acid rain) or global (e.g., ozone depletion) levels.
The aim of a health-oriented environmental pollution control programme is to promote a better quality of life by reducing pollution to the lowest level possible. Environmental pollution control programmes and policies, whose implications and priorities vary from country to country, cover all aspects of pollution (air, water, land and so on) and involve coordination among areas such as industrial development, city planning, water resources development and transportation policies.
Thomas Tseng, Victor Shantora and Ian Smith provide a case study example of the multimedia impact that pollution has had on a vulnerable ecosystem subjected to many stresses – the North American Great Lakes. The limited effectiveness of the pollution control model in dealing with persistent toxins that dissipate through the environment is particularly examined. By focusing on the approach being pursued in one country and the implications that this has for international action, the implications for actions that address prevention as well as control are illustrated.
As environmental pollution control technologies have become more sophisticated and more expensive, there has been a growing interest in ways to incorporate prevention in the design of industrial processes – with the objective of eliminating harmful environmental effects while promoting the competitiveness of industries. Among the benefits of pollution prevention approaches, clean technologies and toxic use reduction is the potential for eliminating worker exposure to health risks.
David Bennett provides an overview of why pollution prevention is emerging as a preferred strategy and how it relates to other environmental management methods. This approach is central to implementing the shift to sustainable development which has been widely endorsed since the release of the United Nations Commission on Trade and Development in 1987 and reiterated at the Rio United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Conference in 1992.
The pollution prevention approach focuses directly on the use of processes, practices, materials and energy that avoid or minimize the creation of pollutants and wastes at source, and not on “add-on” abatement measures. While corporate commitment plays a critical role in the decision to pursue pollution prevention (see Bringer and Zoesel in Environmental policy), Bennett draws attention to the societal benefits in reducing risks to ecosystem and human health—and the health of workers in particular. He identifies principles that can be usefully applied in assessing opportunities for pursuing this approach.

Energy Performance Evaluation

Energy performance evaluation is a crucial aspect of building design and operation, aimed at assessing and optimizing a building’s energy consumption and efficiency. It involves using various tools, techniques, and simulations to analyze how a building uses energy for heating, cooling, lighting, and other systems. The goal is to identify opportunities for energy savings, make informed design decisions, and improve the overall sustainability of the building.

Here’s an overview of the steps involved in energy performance evaluation:
Data Collection: Gather information about the building’s design, construction, and systems. This includes architectural drawings, specifications of building components, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system details, lighting specifications, and occupancy patterns.
Energy Modeling: Create a computer-based energy model of the building using specialized software. This model simulates the building’s energy consumption based on factors such as its orientation, location, climate, insulation levels, and the performance characteristics of its systems and components.
Simulation: Run simulations using the energy model to predict how the building will perform under different conditions, such as varying outdoor temperatures, occupancy patterns, and lighting schedules. Simulations can help identify peak energy demand times, potential areas of energy waste, and opportunities for improvement.
Baseline Comparison: Compare the simulation results with a baseline scenario, which typically represents a standard or minimum energy efficiency requirement. This comparison helps gauge the effectiveness of energy-saving measures.
Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs): Identify and evaluate various energy-saving strategies and technologies that can be implemented to improve energy efficiency. These measures could include upgrading insulation, optimizing HVAC systems, using energy-efficient lighting, installing renewable energy sources (such as solar panels), and improving building envelope performance.
Sensitivity Analysis: Conduct sensitivity analyses to understand how changes in different parameters affect energy consumption. This helps prioritize which measures have the most significant impact on energy performance.
Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluate the costs associated with implementing energy conservation measures against the expected energy savings over the building’s lifespan. This analysis helps in making informed decisions about which measures are financially viable and provide the best return on investment.
Recommendations: Based on the simulation results, sensitivity analysis, and cost-benefit considerations, generate a set of recommendations for improving the building’s energy performance. These recommendations may vary depending on the project’s goals, budget, and timeline.
Monitoring and Verification: After implementing energy-saving measures, continue to monitor the building’s energy consumption to verify the actual performance and compare it to the predicted results. This step helps ensure that the building is achieving the intended energy savings.
Iterative Process: Energy performance evaluation is often an iterative process, with designers and engineers refining their strategies and simulations as the design progresses or as new data becomes available.
By conducting thorough energy performance evaluations, architects, engineers, and building owners can make informed decisions that result in more energy-efficient buildings, reduced operational costs, and a lower environmental impact.

What is Building Performance and Simulation

 When used appropriately, building performance simulation has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of the built environment, to improve indoor quality and productivity, as well as to facilitate future innovation and technological progress in construction. Since publication of the first edition of Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operation, the discussion has shifted from a focus on software features to a new agenda, which centres on the effectiveness of building performance simulation in building life cycle processes.

A new round of simulation tools puts the power of building-performance analysis—long the domain of engineers and energy consultants—into the hands of architects. 

Predicting a building’s post-occupancy performance early in the design process gives teams the greatest opportunities to optimize a project and understand which decisions will have a significant impact on carbon footprint. Generally speaking, tools that provide real-time feedback and order-of-magnitude comparisons are best suited for the conceptual and schematic design phases, given the rate of design changes. In later phases of the design process, accuracy takes precedence over immediacy as a building becomes more defined.

In the past, designers seeking performance-analysis software had to sacrifice accuracy for ease of use. High-end simulation engines, such as DOE-2.2 and EnergyPlus, required a lot of detailed information and time to compute—two things that are in short supply in the early design phases. Recognizing these constraints, several software companies have developed tools and plug-ins that integrate almost seamlessly into existing BIM software and facilitate early-and-often checks on building performance. Below are five such products to consider for your next project.

Vabi Software provides a suite of apps for calculating and visualizing a project’s environmental, financial, and programmatic performance. The Thermal Comfort Optimizer calculates ideal heating and cooling set points for each room in a building, while the Daylight Ratio Evaluator calculates the amount of daylight a space is receiving and highlights rooms that do not meet requirements. The Energy Assessor, which is forthcoming, estimates the project’s monthly and yearly energy use and costs.

Results from all of the developer’s apps are summarized on a single interface, Vabi’s building performance dashboard, which tallies an overall score based on each criteria for a project. While Vabi Apps do not provide as much detail as some of the other products listed here, their affordability and ease of use are a plus.

Green Building Studio (GBS) is available as a standalone cloud-based service or as part of Revit’s add-on Energy Analysis tools. Using the DOE-2.2 analysis engine, this service provides a very detailed analysis and, as a cloud service, runs quickly on Autodesk’s servers.

Ordinarily, the DOE-2.2 engine requires a thorough description of a building’s envelope and mechanical systems. However, GBS makes assumptions for many of these parameters using ASHRAE standards, allowing architects to focus on the design areas that have the most significance on the building’s overall energy footprint without getting bogged down in technical details. In addition to calculating energy consumption, electricity use, and annual carbon emissions, GBS also estimates the building’s Energy Star score, points for glazing factor and water credits for the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED rating system, and solar energy potential.

One downside to the cloud-based approach is that the analysis is provided in a report format rather than interactively in the model itself. However, the GBS report viewer does allow for side-by-side comparisons of simulation results.

Green Building Studio estimates a project's heating and cooling loads.
Michael KilkellyGreen Building Studio estimates a project’s heating and cooling loads.
Green Building Studio breaks down several building performance metrics.
Michael KilkellyGreen Building Studio breaks down several building performance metrics.

What is Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)

The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) set minimum energy performance standards for commercial buildings. Under section 14 (p) of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Central Government has powers to prescribe ECBC for non-residential buildings, having connected load of 100 KW and above or a contract demand of 120 KVA and above or recommended built-up area of 1000 sqm and above. or building complex for efficient use of energy and its conservation. The state governments have the flexibility to modify ECBC to suit local or regional needs. Energy performance standards for the following building systems will be included in the ECBC:

  1. Building Envelope
  2. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
  3. Lighting
  4. Service Water Heating
  5. Electric Power and Distribution

The salient features of the ECBC for the Composite Climate Zone are as under:

1. Building Envelope:

ECBC compliant design strategy for a building is as under:
Heat/Moisture Losses Walls Roof Window
Minimize Conduction Losses Use insulation with low U-value Use insulation with low U-value Use material with low U-factor
Minimize Convection Losses & Moisture Penetration Reduce air leakage & use vapor barrier Reduce air leakage & use vapor Barrier Use prefabricated windows and seal the joints between windows and walls.
Roof Requirement:
Climate Zone Hospitals, Hotels, Call Centres, (24-hours) Other Building types (Daytime)
Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/sq.m-0 C) Minimum R-value of insulation alone (W/sq.m-0 C) Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/sq.m-0 C) Minimum R-value of insulation alone (W/sq.m-0 C)
Composite U-0.261 R-3.5 U-0.409 R-2.1
Wall Requirement:
Climate Zone Hospitals, Hotels, Call Centres, (24-hours) Other Building types (Daytime)
Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/sq.m-0 C) Minimum R-value of insulation alone (W/sq.m-0 C) Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/sq.m-0 C) Minimum R-value of insulation alone (W/sq.m-0 C)
Composite U-0.440 R-2.10 U-0.440 R-2.10

<td data-th="Maximum SHGC WWR 0.25

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<td data-th="Maximum SHGC 40% < WWR 0.20

<td data-th="Maximum SHGC WWR Minimum VLT

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<td data-th="Maximum SHGC WWR 0.16

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Glazing requirements:
Climate Maximum U-factor Maximum SHGC WWR < 40% Maximum SHGC 40% < WWR <60%
Composite 3.3
Composite 3.3
Minimum Visible Light Transmittance
Window –Wall-Ratio
<30%
31%-40%
41%-50%
51%-60%
Defaults for Unrated Vertical Fenestration (Overall Assembly including the Sash and Frame)
Clear Glass Tinted Glass
Frame Type Glazing Type U- Factor(W/m2-0C) SHGC VLT U-Factor SHGC VLT
All frame types Single Glazing 7.1 0.82 0.76 7.1 0.70 0.58
Wood, vinyl, of fiberglass frame Double Glazing 3.3 0.59 0.64 3.4 0.42 0.39
Metel and other frame type Double Glazing 5.1 0.68 0.66 5.1 0.50 0.40
Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients for Composite Climate (under review)
Daytime Occupancy 24- Hour Occupancy
U – Factor SHGC U – Factor SHGC
Mass Walls 6.01 – 13.85 –
Curtain Walls, Other 15.72 – 20.48 –
Roofs 11.93 – 24.67 –
North Windows -1.75 40.65 -4.56 58.15
Non-North Windows -1.25 54.51 0.68 86.57
Skylights -96.35 311.71 -294.66 918.77
Comfort requirements and Physical manifestations in Buildings of Composite Climate Zone
Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation
Reduce Heat Gain in Summer and Reduce Heat Loss in Winter
Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building. Use of trees as wind barriers
Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation and wall insulation
Increase thermal capacity (Time lag) Thicker walls
Increase buffer spaces Air locks/Balconies
Decrease air exchange rate Weather stripping
Increase shading Walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs, fins and trees
Increase surface reflectivity Pale color, glazed china mosaic tiles, etc.
Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with lower SHGC and provide shading for windows. Minimize glazing in East and West
Promote Heat Loss in Summer/Monsoon
Increase air exchange rate ( Ventilation) Courtyards/wind towers/ arrangement of openings
Increase humidity levels in dry summer Trees and water ponds for evaporative cooling
Decrease humidity in monsoon Dehumidifiers/ desiccant cooling

Source:- Nayak and Prajapati (2206), Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings.

2. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC):

i) Minimum Efficiency for Chillers:
Equipment Class Minimum COP Minimum IPLV Test Standard
Air Cooled Chiller <530KW (<150 tons) 2.90 3.16 ARI 550/590-1998
Air Cooled Chiller>=530KW(>=150 tons) 3.05 3.32 ARI 550/590-1998
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller <530KW(<150 tons) 5.80 6.09 ARI 550/590-1998
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller >=530KW and =150 tons and <300 tons) 5.80 6.17
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller >=1050KW(>=300 tons) 6.30 6.61 ARI 550/590-1998
Reciprocating Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller all sizes 4.20 5.05
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller <530KW(<150 tons) 4.70 5.49 ARI550/590-1998
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller>=530 and =150 and <300 tons) 5.40 6.17
R Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller>=1050KW(>=300 tons) 5.75 6.43 ARI 550/590-1998

ii) Unitary Air

Conditioning Equipment:
Equipment Class Minimum COP Minimum IPLV Test Standard
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner >=19 and =5.4 and <11 tons) 3.08 ARI 210/240
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner >=40 to =11 to <20 tons) 3.08 ARI 340/360
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner >=70KW(>=20 tons) 2.93 2.99 ARI 340/360
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner<19KW(<5.4 tons) 4.10 ARI 210/240
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner>=19 and =5.4 and <11 tons) 4.10 +++ ARI 210/240
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner>==11 tons) 3.22 3.02 ARI 210/240

3. Lighting:

i) Lighting Power Requirement: Table 7.3.1 Interior Lighting Power-Building Area Method
Building Area Type LPD (W/sq.m) Building Area Type LPD (W/sq.m)
Automotive facility 9.7 Multifamily 7.5
Convention Center 12.9 Museum 11.8
Court House 12.9 Office 10.8
Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure 14.0 Parking Garage 3.2
Dinging: Cafeteria/Fast Food 15.1 Performing Arts Theater 17.2
Table 7.3.2 Interior Lighting Power –Space Function Method
Space Function LPD (W/sq.m) Space Function LPD (W/sq.m)
Lobby 14.0 Hospital
For Hotel 11.8 Emergency 29.1
For Performing Arts Theater 35.5 Recovery 8.6
For Motion Picture Theater 11.8 Nurse Station 10.8
ii) Exterior Building Lighting Power:
Exterior Lighting Applications Power Limits
Building entrance (with canopy) 13 W/m2 (1.3 W / ft2) of canopied are
Building entrance (without canopy) 90 W/lin m (30 W/lin f) of door width
Building exit 60 W/lin m (20 W/lin f) of door width
Building facades 2 W/m2 (0.2 W/ ft2) of vertical facade area
iii) Interior Lighting Power – Space Function Method:
Space Function LPD (W/m2) Space Function LPD (W/m2)
Office-enclosed 11.8 For Reading Area 12.9
Office- open plan 11.8 Hospital
Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose 14.0 For Emergency 29.1
Classroom/Lecture Training 15.1 For Recovery 8.6
Lobby 14.0 For Nurse Station 10.8
For Hotel 11.8 For Exam Treatment 16.1
For Performing Arts Theater 35.5 For Pharmacy 12.9
For Motion Picture Theater 11.8 For patient Room 7.5
Audience/Seating Area* 9.7 For Operating Room 23.7
For Gymnasium 4.3 For Nursery 6.5
For Convention Center 7.5 For Medical 23.7
Audience/Seating Area* 9.7 For Operating Room 15.1
Atrium –first three floors 6.5 For Low Bay (<8m celling) 12.9
Atrium-each additional floor 2.2 For High Bay (>8m ceiling) 18.3
Lounge/Recreation* 12.9 For Detailed Manufacturing 22.6
For Hospital 8.6 For Equipment Room 12.9
Dining Area* 9.7 For Control Room 5.4
For Hotel 14.0 Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms 11.8
For Motel 12.9 Dormitory- Living Quarters 11.8
For Bar Lounge/Leisure Dining 15.1 Museum
For Family Dining 22.6 For General Exhibition 10.8
Food Preparation 12.9 For Restoration 18.3
Laboratory 15.1 Bank office- Banking Activity Area 16.1
Restrooms 9.7 Retail
Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 6.5 For Sales Area 18.3
Corridor/Transition* 5.4 For Mall Concourse 18.3
For Hospital 10.8 Sports Arena
For Manufacturing Facility 5.4 For Ring Sports Area 29.1
Stairs-active 6.5 For Court Sports Area 24.8
Active Storage* 8.6 For Indoor Field Area 15.1
For Hospital 9.7 Warehouse
Inactive Storage* 3.2 For Fine Material Storage 15.1
For Museum 8.6 For Medium /Bulky Material Storage 9.7
Electrical /Mechanical Facility 16.1 Parking Garage- Garage Area 2.2
Workshop 20.5 Transportation
Convention Center- Exhibit Space 14.0 For Airport- Concourse 6.5
Library For Air/Train/Bus- Baggage Area 10.8
For Card File & Cataloging 11.8 For Ticket Counter Terminal 16.1
For Stacks 18.3

4. Service Water Heating:

Mandatory Requirements

a) Solar water heater or heat recovery for at least 20% of the design capacity

Minimum efficiency for service water heating equipment

Piping insulation

What is Green Building

Green building refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.