Category: Education

Career options after 12th class

One time will come we have choose our career. The decision is very important because whole life we will in that career only. So, we have to think carefully and take decision. In this blog, I am going to tell you the career option available after 12th class.

CAREER OPTIONS AFTER 12TH CLASS

Bachelor of Commerce(B.com)

 If a student is interested in commerce, then he should take b.com. Commerce is a popular course in India, many students take commerce in their high school only. There are many opportunities in commerce. The duration of this course is 3 years. The b.com degree is divided into 6 semesters including economics, corporate tax, company law, auditing, business management, etc. The average salary of a b.com graduate is 4 lakhs per annum.

Eligibility criteria

  1. Student should have passed class 12 with any stream.
  2. Student must secure at least 50 percent of the marks in 12 class.

               Top colleges for b.com

  1. Chandigarh University
  2. Loyola college
  3. Shri Ram college of commerce

Bachelor of Technology( B.tech )

If a student is interested in engineering, then he should go with b.tech. B.tech is also a popular course in India. The duration of this course is 4 years. The average salary of a b.tech graduate depends on your branch. There are many streams in b.tech like

  1. Computer science engineering.
  2. Electrical and Electronics engineering.
  3. Aeronautical engineering.
  4. Mechanical engineering.
  5. Civil engineering
  6. Electrical and communication engineering and many more.

        Eligibility criteria

  1. Students must have passed class 12 with physics, chemistry and mathematics(PCM) only.
  2. Student must have secured at least 60 percent of the marks in 12 class.

        Top colleges for b.tech

  1. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
  2. Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.
  3. National Institute of technology, Trichy.
  4. Indian Institute of Technology Madras
  5. Birla Institute of Technology, Pilani.

National Defense Academy(NDA)

Students who are interested in Defense and army side, should go with NDA. NDA imparts training to young cadets, who choose the Armed Forces as their career. The training equips the cadets with mental, moral and physical attributes required to cope with the challenges of the future battlefield. To join NDA student must write NDA entrance exam.

       Eligibility criteria for NDA entrance exam

  1. For Army wing, student should have passed or appearing in 12th class from a recognized board.
  2. For Navy or Airforce wing student should have passed or appearing class 12th with physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
  3. Only unmarried male candidates are eligible.
  4. Students appearing in class 11 are not eligible.
  5. Candidate’s nationality should be Indian.

Chartered Accountant (CA)

If you are interested in accounting and financial audits then you should go with CA. A Chartered Accountant is a professional practice of accounting, auditing, taxation, financial assessment for organization. The duration of the course is 5 years. The average salary of a charted accountant is 7 lakhs per annum. To join CA, you have to write a entrance exam called Common Proficiency Test (CPT). The exam is conducted twice in a year.

Eligibility criteria for CPT

  1. Students must have passed class 12 with a recognized board

Top colleges for CA

  1. Arihant Institute of Commerce and Management.
  2. Indian Institute of Finance and Management.
  3. Indian Institute of Cost Accountants of India

That’s all from my side. Hope you like it.

Database Management System: DBMS- InShort

What is a DBMS (Database Management System)?

Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving users’ data while considering appropriate security measures.In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store and retrieve data. DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their requirement.The DBMS manages incoming data, organizes it, and provides ways for the data to be modified or extracted by users or other programs.

DBMS Softwares

  • MySQL
  • PostgreSQL
  • Microsoft Access
  • SQL Server
  • FileMaker
  • Oracle
  • RDBMS
  • dBASE
  • Clipper
  • FoxPro.

Types of Database Models

  1. Hierarchical Database Model

Hierarchical database model resembles a tree structure, similar to a folder architecture in your computer system. The relationships between records are pre-defined in a one to one manner, between ‘parent and child’ nodes. They require the user to pass a hierarchy in order to access needed data. Due to limitations, such databases may be confined to specific uses.

2. Network Database Model

Network database models also have a hierarchical structure. However, instead of using a single-parent tree hierarchy, this model supports many to many relationships, as child tables can have more than one parent. 

3. Relational Database Model

A relational database is a digital database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. A software system used to maintain relational databases is a relational database management system (RDBMS). Many relational database systems have an option of using the SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and maintaining the database.

4. Object Oriented Database Model

Object-oriented databases, the information is represented as objects, with different types of relationships possible between two or more objects. Such databases use an object-oriented programming language for development.

Functions of DBMS

The DBMS performs several important functions that guarantee the integrity and consistency of data in the database. The current generation DBMS supports many functions, such as the following:

  • Stores the definitions of data and their relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary, any changes made are automatically recorded in the data dictionary.
  • Creates the complex structures required for data storage.
  • Transforms entered data to confirm to the data structures.
  • Creates a security system and enforces security within that system.
  • Allow multiple user access to the data within the computer network environment.
  • Performs backup and data recovery procedures to ensure data safety.
  • Promotes and enforces integrity rules to maintain data consistency.
  • Provides access to the data via utility programs and from programming languages interfaces.

Applications of DBMS

  • Railway Reservation System
  • Library Management System
  • Banking
  • Universities and colleges
  • Credit card transactions
  • Social Media Sites
  • Telecommunications
  • Finance

Conclusion

Database implementation plan is essential for any organization that once to boost is sales or increase their customers experience, a good database implementation plan I supposed to have, all the factors and the significance value towards the organization, not forgetting the requirements that are needed. In my opinion, I could have recommended using a computerized, database management system. This is because it is faster to implement and also it requires less amount of time and finance to set up, the future of database lies on the power of the organization .and the funds that they can be able to set aside to implement new database management system.

Theory of Cultural Lag

Culture is a term that refers to a large and diverse set of mostly intangible aspects of social life. According to sociologists, culture consists of the values, beliefs, systems of language, communication, and practices that people share in common.

Culture is the speed and direction of social change .
It not only influences our social relationship ,it also influences technological inventions .

The complex combination of technology and social values produce conditions that encourage further technological change .
Cultural factors play a positive as well as negative role in bringing about technological change .
Cultural factors such as habits , customs , traditions , conversation , values etc. can resist technological changes or diversification of social values can contribute to technological inventions .


William F. Ogburn ,in his famous book , “Social change ” and his work Respect to Culture and Original Nature in 1922,
has formulated the hypothesis of ‘ cultural lag “.



Ogburn has divided culture into two parts namely :, material and non – material culture , and the difference between material culture and nonmaterial culture is known as cultural lag.
‘ Lag ‘, in its general term, denotes crippled movement .
Here culture means the faltering of one aspect of culture behind another .

In a more precise way , cultural lag occurs whenever there is an unequal rate of change between different parts of culture causing a gap between material and non-material culture.

By material culture Ogburn means civilization which includes tools , utensils , machines , dwelling , science ,means of transport and technology , in brief ,
‘ the whole apparatus of life “

By non – material culture he means just ‘ culture’ in its ordinary sense which includes beliefs , practices , customs , traditions , morals , values and institutions like family , morality , religion , education n,etc.

According to Ogburn , referred cultural Lag as “imbalance in the rate and speed of change between these two parts of culture “

Cultural lag is a theory and explanation that identifies and explains social problems to predict future problems in society that are caused because of the difference between the two cultures during social changes.


According to Ogburn , changes are quick to take place in the material culture . These in turn stimulate changes in the non- material culture which are slower to respond giving rise a gap or a lag between both cultures

Cultural Lag theory resonates with the ideas of Technological Determinism which assumes that technology has independent effects on society at large.
Cultural Lag creates problems for a society in a multitude of ways .

When new technologies are considered,
For example , the development in the field of industry requires a corresponding change in the system of education . The failure of education to cater to the needs of modern industrial development leads to the cultural lag .

Ogburn’s classic example of cultural lag was the period of adaptation when automobiles became faster and more efficient. It took some time for society to start building infrastructure and development of new, more efficient, vehicles. This is because people are not comfortable with change and it takes them a little time to adapt.



According to sociologists William F. Ogburn, cultural lag is a common societal phenomenon due to the tendency of material culture to evolve and change rapidly and while non-material culture tends to resist change and remain fixed for a far longer period of time.


This happens due to the fact that ideals and values are much harder to change than physical things are.
Non-Material culture tends to lag behind material culture due to the fact that it is easier to create a physical object that people will use than it is to create a system of beliefs or ideals that people will use and follow.

Ogburn lists
and discusses six general reasons

1. Scarcity of invention in the adaptive culture.
2. Mechanical obstacles to adaptive changes
3. The heterogeneity of society-The need for change in the adaptive
culture may be felt by only one class, whereas the change must be made
by society as a whole.
4. The closeness of contact with material culture
5. The connection of the adaptive culture with other parts of culture.
6. Group valuations.


Non-material culture tends to be very different because people from different backgrounds and areas in the world were raised on different ideals and beliefs that help shape society and culture .


For example , India opposed technological innovations and refused to accept and use many of the technological products during the early stages of British rule .
On the other hand , America welcomed almost all kinds of technical inventions.

Technology is the creation of man . Men are always moved by ideas , thoughts , values, beliefs , etc. These are elements of culture .
These elements sometimes decide and influence the direction in which technology undergoes change

But due to the opposing nature of non material culture, adaptation of new technology becomes rather difficult.

Cultural Lag is a common societal phenomenon .
If the society is to maintain its equilibrium it has to seek ways and means of bridging this gap .

Hence, Ogburn concluded that , “the problem of adjustment in modern life is chiefly one of enabling the non +material aspects of culture to catch up , as it were ,with material aspects .”

Secrets of Area-51

Area-51 is a highly protected, secured and restricted part of the USA for many years. America didn’t accept that there is a place called Area-51 in their country until 2003. America didn’t reveal what actually happens inside that place. That place is highly protected from outside world. In September 20, 2019, a wierd thing happened in Area-51. People crowded in millions and protested against the government that Aliens should be protected from humans. They planned to get inside the Area-51 and see what was inside it. They said there should be aliens inside and humans were torturing the aliens and the people were going to save the aliens.

First of all, a funny Facebook event called ‘Storm Area-51’ was arranged to get into Area-51 and see what actually happens there. They believed that there were aliens inside Area-51.

What exactly is Area-51?

After World war1, the government of USA panned to test their weapons and bombs in a very big open place. They chose a desert called Nevada in the USA. They divided the desert into 30 areas each of square shape. In each area, they used to test specific weapon that they are preparing to use in World war 2. The advantage for the USA is that this place is located in the middle of a desert so that any nation can’t find that place and also even an American citizen has to travel many kilometres and cross high security to get into that place. So literary it was impossible for anyone to know what happens inside that place.

Even after the World war 2, there prevailed a cold war between the USA and Russia. The USA continued to test their weapons in that place and maintained their secretive nature. Among the areas from Area-1 to Area-30, there was Area-15. Near to Area-15, there was also a big lake initially. After the lake had gone dry, the government decided to build an underground place called Area-51 so that the inside of that area won’t be visible from outside. The interesting thing is, even when seeing from the top nothing will be visible except a flight landing strip. There are no road facility or train facility to go there. The only transport in and out is through flight.

People in the USA were gone mad to know what was inside Area-51. There was a hill called ‘Challenger cliff’ that was few kilometres far from Area-51. People tried to see Area-51 from the top of that hill. But no one knew what’s inside. They could see only the outside of it. Knowing this, the government made that hill as a restricted area. Nearly for a range of 30 kilometres around the Area-51, no one could enter there. The security was that high. Seeing that the government makes fights to go in and out of that area and keeping it that secured, people were curious to know what was inside. This continued for many years. The government keeps quiet about this till now.

We will continue this reading journey check “Secrets of Area-51 – Part2”. That’s our next blog.

Adaptive Radiation

The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called Adaptive Radiation.

Evolution of the Finches

During his journey Darwin went to Galapagos Islands. There he observed an amazing diversity of creatures. Small black birds later called Darwin’s Finches amazed him. He realised that there were varieties of finches in the same island.

From the original seed-eating features , many evolved on the island itself. From the original seed-eating features, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become insectivorous and vegetarian finches. This process is called adaptive radiation.

“The principle of adaptationism has been adopted so widely by Darwinians because it is such a heuristic methodology.”

“Adaptive radiation refers to the adaptation (via genetic mutation) of an organism which enables it to successfully spread, or radiate, into other environments.”

Adaptive radiation of marsupials

Darwin’s finches represent one of the best examples of this phenomenon. Another example if Australian marsupials. A number of marsupials, each different from the other evolved from an ancestral stock, but all within the Australian island continent.

When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area( representing different habitats) , one can call this convergent evolution.

Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation in evolving into varieties of such placental mammals each of which appears to be ‘similar’ to a corresponding marsupial.

“Speciation is the development of one of multiple new species in the evolutionary process, where the original species produces mutated forms which successfully survive in other environments due to these mutations.”

“Phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary steps a species has taken during the process of speciation.”

https://biologydictionary.net/adaptive-radiation/

https://www.sparknotes.com/biology/evolution/speciation/section3/

The Journalism and mass media

The Journalism and mass media is the  graduates work nationwide and worldwide at newspapers and magazines and in advertising, branding, broadcast news, social media, marketing, media research, photojournalism, publication design, public relations, radio, and other areas.

The Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information. It is also the product of these activities. Journalism can be distinguished from other activities and products by certain identifiable characteristics and practices.

There are five types,

  • investigative,
  • news,
  • reviews,
  • columns,
  • feature-writing.

The Rules Of Journalism

: Ask questions.

The  journalist’s greatest assets is their natural curiosity. Start with the famed five W’s (and one H), then ask some more. Asking “why?” is what gets you the good stuff.

: Dig for the story.

If you think you’ve got the whole story, dig around some more. The most fascinating parts of the story are often just under the surface.

: Master the language.

As a journalist, language is your main tool. Read as much as you can and as often as you can, research odd words and archaic sayings, look at what’s behind etymology. Learn the patterns behind language and how to use them.

: Spelling matters.

Double-check if you aren’t sure about spelling or style (especially in the case of names), and read through messages and articles thoroughly before sending either.

#5: Know thy publication.

Before you pitch, know a publication’s style, editorial staff and content. Publications are usually more than happy to provide back-issues. If you can’t find writer’s guidelines, send a short introductory email requesting them.

#6: Contacts are your career.

Contacts (and your reputation with said contacts) are your entire career. Editors, sources and interviewees are all vital parts of the journalistic process. Without them, you’d be screwed.

#7: Once it’s off the record, keep it that way.

Trusted sources will tell you all sorts of juicy, fascinating, scandalous and personal things in your career as a journalist, often off the record. Shut up about it.

#8: Three is a golden number.

Mind the rule of threes: Have at least three reliable, corroborating sources for every fact; three interviewees for every article; and read through a piece at least three times before you sit down to change a comma – that’s at least.

#9: Rejection is opportunity.

Getting a story rejected means you’ve just opened up a line of communication with a new editor – congratulations. Pitch again. Rejection also gives you a chance to sell the story elsewhere: Sometimes rejection just means it’s not right for them

#10: Editors are teachers.

You can learn a hell of a lot from the experience of your editors, and when given the chance you should. They braved the journalistic battlefield before you, so you can trust their edits and advice. Usually, they’re right.

: Mind the word count.

Yes, you can do that in the assigned word count, and the editor will either make you add or cut if you don’t. Here, they always know better. (Remember this piece of key-advice from The Elements of Style and repeat it as your daily editing mantra: Omit unnecessary words.)

: Deadlines are holy.

Deadlines exist for a reason: Never skip out on a deadline unless you are incapacitated or dead. If you have to, let your editor know beforehand and have a damn good reason. Then, don’t do it again. Compare deadlines to menstrual cycles: If you skip one, you might just be stressed. If you skip several, you’re in trouble.

#13: Know the law.

Journalism can take you to some strange places. Make sure you know the law and what side of it you’re standing on at all times.

#14: Always do your research.

Make sure that your research is flawless and that you can always match which source gave which fact. Cross-reference, find first-hand information and do your background research before requesting, planning or conducting an interview.

#15: Have it outlined.

Have the skeleton of your idea outlined and ready by the time you pitch the idea. That way you have all the information ready, and it makes your job – and theirs – easier. Your outline should include the article’s proposed headline, the article’s sub-headers and sections (you can write down facts as key-words here) and who you will interview.

#16: Keep and file everything.

Keep prior notes, interviews, sources, tapes, the lot: You never know when you’ll need it, and you probably will.

#17: Guard your vices.

Many great journalists have been crippled or completely destroyed by their vices – and it can be almost anything: Overworking, coffee, manic exercising, painkillers or heavier drugs. Whatever yours is, keep it in check or risk your job.

#18: Burnout is a rabid, fanged monkey.

Burnout is a myth, until you’re there. It’s a mental and physical size of your writing engine, and if you don’t find your way to unwind you’ll get there a lot quicker.

The Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. … Broadcast media transmit information electronically via media such as films, radio, recorded music, or television.

The types of mass media include Newspapers, Radio, Television, Internet, Magazines and more,

…

  • What is Mass Media?
  • Journalism.
  • Social Media.
  • Films.
  • Television.
  • Radio.
  • Advertising.
  • Public Relations.
  • Books, Magazines, Newspapers and Journals.

RULES OF MASS MEDIA

  • The Privacy Act works to guarantee privacy to individuals and controls how personal information is used. Defamation in the written form (libel) or the spoken form (slander) is illegal in the United States.
  • Section 315 (Equal Time Rule) ensures that broadcast media cannot favor any one candidate over another by granting one more time than another. The Fairness Doctrine ensured that radio stations offered equal time to opposing viewpoints.
  • The Freedom of Information Act grants the public, including the news media, access to many government documents. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, established in 1998, extended existing copyright laws to encompass and protect information online.

DIFFUSION

The spreading out and mixing of a substance with another substance due to motion of its particles is called diffusion  It is based on motion of its particles and is fastest in gases and slowest in solids. The rate of diffusion increases on increasing temp. (kinetic energy increases giving faster motion to particles). Light gases diffuses faster than heavier ones. Egs- smell of food reaches us even at considerable distances, smell of perfume is spread all over the room,     spreading of ink in water on its own when put undisturbed for sometime, dissolving of oxgen and co2 in water for survival of aquatic plants and animals, disappearance of chalk from blackboard when leave uncleaned for 15 days.

The common unit of measuring temperature is degree celsius and the SI unit of measuring temperature is Kelvin
0 degree = 273 kelvin / kelvin scale temp. = celsius scale temp. + 273
melting point of ice = 0 degree /273k and boiling point of water is 100 degrees/ 373k.

Change of state from one form to other can be done by- 1.Changing the temperature 2.Changing the pressure. Effect of change in temperature : The process of changing solid to liquid by heating is called melting/ fusion. The temp. at which this happen at atmospheric pressure is called melting point of that substance. This happens due to weakening of attraction forces due to high kinetic energy in particles.

The process in which a liquid substances changes into gas rapidly on heating is called boiling. The temp. at which this takes place at atm pressure is called its boiling point. The process of changing a gas to a liquid by cooling is called condensation. This happens as gas looses its kinetic energy and particles come closer. When liquid changes to solid by cooling it is called freezing.

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION: The latent heat of fusion of a solid is quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1kg of solid to liquid without any change in temperature. It is 3.34*10^5 joules per kg. Heat energy is used up in changing the state by overcoming the force of attraction between the particles so the temp. remain the same even after supply of energy, further heating increases the kinetic energy rising temp. Ice at o degree is more effective in cooling than water at same temp. as for melting each kg of ice takes latent heat from substance whereas water do not have any such latent heat. When solid melts it absorbs heat from liquid also when liquid freeze to form a solid an equal amount of heat is given out.

Latent heat of vaporization: It is the quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1 kg of liquid to vapors/gas without change in temp. The temp. don’t rises due to overcoming force of attraction. When water changes to steam it absorbs latent heat, when steam condenses to form water an equal amount of latent heat is given out therefore burns caused by steam is much severe than boiling water as steam contains more heat than water.

Sublimation- the changing of solid directly into vapors on heating and gas on solid by cooling; substances = ammonium chloride, iodine, camphor, naphthalene ,etc. solid co2(dry ice) sublimes to form liquid co2.

Effect of change of pressure- Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and lowering temp. Dry ice is extremely cold substance it is used as deep freeze to keep food and ice cream cold. Solid co2 changes to Gas by decrease in pressure and higher atmospheric temp. So it is always kept under high pressure.

Features Of OOP

Benefits Of OOP

  • OOP guarantees more reliability of data
  • OOP ensuring better maintainability
  • Modularity for easier troubleshooting
  • Reuse of code through inheritance
  • Flexibility through polymorphism
  • Effective problem solving
  • It also provides better readability
  • It is easier to visualize real–world objects
  • Software complexity can be easily managed
  • It simplifies the tasks of writing and debugging
  • It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects
  • Object oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large systems

Applications Of OOP

  • Real Time Systems
  • Object Oriented Database
  • AI and Expert Systems
  • Decision Support System
  • Hyper Text and Hypermedia
  • Office Automation System
  • CAM/CAD systems
  • Simulation and modeling
  • Neural networks and parallel programming

OOP Languages

Bhagat Singh – A True Revolutionary

Where do you see yourself at the age of 23? Or What have you achieved in life if you’ve already crossed 23? I guess some of us must be studying or must be doing some job, etc. But very few of us must be willing to die for our nation. It is difficult to sacrifice our lives at such a stage where our lives have just begun. But not in the case of Bhagat Singh. Bhagat Singh didn’t even think once before sacrificing his life.

He left his house for Kanpur at a very young age when his parents tried to get him married. He didn’t want to get married in slave India. After leaving the house, he joined Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. He planned to kill Superintendent of Police James Scott but instead, he killed John Saunders, Assistant Superintendent of Police, and he had to flee Lahore to escape the death penalty.

In 1929, Bhagat Singh and his associate bombed the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi to protest the implementation of Public Safety Bills. He surrendered himself to promote their cause.
After the arrest, he went on a hunger strike in prison, and on 23 March 1931, he was hung to death.

His death inspired the youth of the nation to fight for the nation’s freedom. He became more popular after his death amongst Indians. The whole country faced mixed emotions on his death and Indians were filled with courage. It is also said that his photograph was on same in every city of the country. His work hard reached every corner of the nation. He is truly a hero who still resides in the heart of every Indian.

Pleasure Of Reading

Reading has numerous focal points. It gives us delight, increments our information and hones our judgment skills. Within the words of Francis Bacon, “Reading maketh a full man; conference a prepared man and composing a correct man.” By perusing, one gets to be a total man. One creates a comprehensive identity. One obtains information and intelligence. Books extend our viewpoint on men and things. By perusing great books, we procure respectable propensities.

Reading could be a source of incredible joy. It gives us a sense of fulfillment. It gives peace of intellect. Of course, as it were an individual who has created the propensity of perusing can procure all the benefits of perusing. In this manner, everybody ought to create a regular habit of perusing. When we are within the hold of dissatisfaction and lose hope, as it was perusing of great books can give us peace of intellect and a beam of hope for the long term. Books motivate us to work difficult to attain victory in life.

Reading creates our inactive qualities. Fair as nourishment is essential for our body, perusing is vital for our intellect. Perusing is valuable as it were in the event that we perused great books. As it were great books can lead to a respectable and fruitful career in life. Terrible books ruin our character. It is said that in the event that riches are misplaced, nothing is misplaced, in the event that wellbeing is misplaced, something is misplaced, but on the off chance that character is misplaced, everything is misplaced. We ought to, hence, not acknowledge any awful book indeed for careless reading.

Concurring to Bacon, a few books are to be tasted, others to be gulped and a few to be chewed and processed. A great book ought to, hence, be chewed and processed so that it encompasses an enduring impact on our life. For case, perusing the Gita clears out a deep-rooted impact on our intellect. It educates us on the logic of life. It instructs us on ethical quality. It explains to us the Law of Karma, which implies that we procure what we sow; our great activities alone will entitle us to a put in paradise. It admonishes us to do our obligation and not bother approximately its result.

The choice of books depends on one’s taste or inclination. Youthful boys and young ladies ordinarily like to examine cheap sentimental or outstanding books. Perusing these books no question gives them an exciting encounter. But it does not offer assistance to them in their ponders. It does not move forward their career. Perusing such books is, hence, a sheer squander of time.

Shockingly, there’s no one to direct the understudies as to what sort of books they should study. It’ll be within the intrigued of understudies in case they examined as it were those books, magazines, and periodicals which increment their information of current, national and worldwide issues. They ought to too examine memoirs of incredible men like Mahatma Gandhi, Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, etc. They should also ponder the sacrosanct books of different religions just like the Vedas, Upanishads, the Gita, Quran, Book of scriptures, Granth Sahib, etc.

Perusing for joy is very distinctive from perusing for a course or call. When we examined anything beneath compulsion, we don’t appreciate it. But when we perused for joy, we appreciate apart. But, anything is our rationale, we ought to not examine each and each book that comes in our way. We ought to be specific. We ought to partition the chaff from the grain. We should select the finest books.

The propensity of perusing ought to be created from childhood itself so that when the children develop up, they are very learned and can be successful in life. Books are no question our best companions. They never let us down.

Within the present day age, there’s an incredible headway in printing innovation. Hence, an expansive number of universal and national daily papers are printed day by day. Handfuls of universal and national magazines are moreover printed. Essentially magazines and periodicals which increment our common information almost science and current undertakings are too published. These daily papers and magazines incredibly improve the information of youthful men and ladies. Hence, the understudy must examine these daily papers and magazines. On the off chance that he cannot purchase these, he can go to a few libraries and examined the same. This will not as it were increment his information but moreover, create a propensity of perusing them.

Subhash Chandra Bose-an unsung hero

Subhash Chandra Bose was a great Indian nationalist. People even today know him by love for his country. This true Indian man was born on the 23rd of January in 1897. Most noteworthy, he fought with bravery against the British rule. Subhash Chandra Bose was certainly a revolutionary freedom fighter.

Contribution of Subhash Chandra Bose in the Indian Independence

The participation of Subhash Chandra Bose took place with the Civil Disobedience Movement. This is how Subhash Chandra Bose became part of the Indian Independence movement. He became a member of the Indian National Congress (INC). Also, in 1939 he became the party president. However, this was for a short time only because of his resignation from this post.

The British put Subhash Chandra Bose under house arrest. This was because of his opposition to British rule. However, due to his cleverness, he secretly left the country in 1941. He then went to Europe to seek help against the British. Most noteworthy, he sought the help of Russians and Germans against the British.

Subhash Chandra Bose went to Japan in 1943. This was because the Japanese gave their agreement to his appeal for help. In Japan Subhash Chandra Bose began the formation of the Indian National Army. Most noteworthy, he did the formation of a provisional government. The axis powers during the Second World War certainly recognized this provisional government.

The Indian National Army attacked the North-eastern parts of India. Furthermore, this attack took place under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose. Also, the INA was successful in capturing a few portions. Unfortunately, there was the surrender of INA due to weather and Japanese policies. However, Bose made his Refusal to surrender clear. He escaped on a plane but this plane most probably crashed. Due to this, Subhash Chandra Bose died on 18 August 1945.

Ideology of Subhash Chandra Bose

First of all, Subhash Chandra Bose strongly supported the complete independence of India. In contrast, the Congress Committee initially wanted independence in phases, through Dominion status. Furthermore, Bose was elected president of Congress for two consecutive terms. But due to his ideological conflicts with Gandhi and Congress, Bose took resignation. Bose was against Mahatma Gandhi’s approach of non-violence. Subhash Chandra Bose was a supporter of violent resistance.

Subhash Chandra Bose saw 2nd World War as a great opportunity. He saw this as an opportunity to take advantage of British weakness. Also, he went to USSR, Germany, and Japan to seek help. He led the INA to the fight against the British.
Subhash Chandra Bose was a strong believer in Bhagwat Gita. It was his belief that Bhagwat Gita was a great source of inspiration for the fight against the British. He also held Swami Vivekananda’s teachings in high-esteem.

In conclusion, Subhash Chandra Bose is an unforgettable national hero. He had tremendous love for his country. Furthermore, this great personality sacrificed his whole life for the country.

Some beautiful quotes-II

“The soul of religion is one but encased in a multitude of forms. Wise men will ignore the outward crust and see the same soul living inside a variety of crusts.”– Mahatma Gandhi

“At the bottom of all tributes paid to democracy is the little man and woman, walking into a little booth, with that little pencil, making a little cross on paper- no amount of rhetoric or voluminous discussion can possibly diminish the overwhelming importance of the point.”– Winston Churchill

“Literacy in itself is no education. Literacy is not the end of education or even the beginning. By education I mean an all round drawing out of the best in the child and man- body, mind and spirit.” -Mahatma Gandhi

“Deliberation and debate is the way you stir the sole of our democracy.“- Jesse Jackson

“Freedom is not a matter of political decisions or new constitutions…. it is of the mind and heart and if the mind narrows itself and is befogged and heart is full of bitterness and hatred, then freedom is absent.”– Jawahar Lal Nehru 

“India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition. Our most valuable and most constructive materials in the history of man are treasured of India only.” – Mark Twain 

“An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.“- Benjamin Franklin

“You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time but you cannot fool all the people all the time.” -Abraham Lincoln 

“Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains; you have a world to win.” -Karl Marx

“I alone cannot change the world but I can cast a stone alone across the waters to create many ripples.” -Mother Teresa

“Just as a country cannot be ruled by another country, a class cannot be ruled by another class.” -BR Ambedkar

“It is impossible to think about the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is impossible for a bird to fly on only one wing.“- Swami Vivekananda

Longest running light bulb since 1901: The case of Planned Obsolescence

Centennial Light is the longest-running electric light bulb on record. It has been running continuously since 1901 and it has never been switched off. It is located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, California. The ordinary dim light bulb looks like any other bulb and there is also a camera that live-streams the light bulb onto the internet.

Link for the official website and live webcam of the light bulb.

http://www.centennialbulb.org/photos.htm

It was manufactured in the late 1890s by the Shelby Electric Company, of Ohio, using a design by the French-American inventor Adolphe Chaillet. It has operated for over 100 years with very few interruptions. In 2011, it passed a milestone: One million hours of near-continuous operation. In 2015 it was recognized by Guinness World Records as the world’s longest-burning bulb.

The 60-watt bulb uses a carbon filament. One of the reasons for its longevity is that it seems to have an incredibly durable vacuum seal. There have been some researches done on bulbs manufactured by Shelby Electric Company of that era. But no one really exactly knows how these eternal bulbs were made as they were experimenting with various but the company was experimenting with a variety of designs at the time.

The electric model was quite different when first homes in The U.S had electricity. The servicing was the responsibility of the electric companies and customers would purchase entire electrical systems manufactured by a regional electricity supplier. The companies would also take care of the installation and servicing of any burned out electric bulbs would be replaced for free.

It made more logic for the suppliers to manufacture bulbs that would last longer and would burn out as least as possible. But this business model was later replaced and homeowners were responsible to change the light bulbs. It was soon realized that it would be more profitable to make cheaper bulbs that burned out faster. Since the mid-1900s goods were manufactured with a pre-determined expiry date aimed at forcing consumers into repeat purchases. This phenomenon has only been exacerbated in recent years. This can also be called planned obsolescence.

In 1924, the life span of the light bulbs was at least 2,500 hours. Phoebus cartel was formed in 1925 in Geneva. It comprised of the major incandescent light bulbs manufacturers at that time: Osram, General Electric, Associated Electrical Industries, and Philips. The cartel had directed their engineers to cut the life of the bulbs to 1,000 hours, which the engineers did by adjusting voltage and current. The cartel was intended to operate for 30 years but it was starting to fall apart in the early 1930s after General Electric patents expired and as the cartel faced competition from non-member manufactures from other regions. The cartel ceased its operations after the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

Planned obsolescence is a very critical area it does not only decrease the lifespan of the good but as a consequence, it is also wasteful. It is not sustainable for the environment and the main focus of this practice is to maximize profits. It also reminds us that technological innovations are often not accessible in favor of corporate greed.

References:

Kang Yatze

Kang Yatze or Kang Yatse (elevation 6,496 metres (21,312 ft)) is a mountain located at the end of the Markha Valley in the Himalayas in Ladakh. It is located in the Hemis National Park, not long away from the capital Leh.

The mountain has two summits. The true eastern summit is higher at 6,400 m but requires an extremely technical traverse across a knife-edge ridge for the mountaineers wishing to conquer it. The lower western peak (Kang Yatze II) is easier and more frequently climbed, although it is lower at about 6270m.

Kang Yatze II

The lower peak is mainly done from mid-June till September end. There are two approach routes to this peak. One is from Chilling and trekking through the Markha Valley, passing the villages of Skyu, Markha and Hankar. There is another approach that starts from the village of Shang-Sumdo and steeply climbs up the Markha Gorge passing by the campsite of Chyuskirmo, Lartsa and then climbing the Gongmaru La(Pass), a 5130 meter high pass to reach Nimaling. This peak is easier compared to the main lower western peak and does not require any technical mountaineering skills. From the very top, distant peaks of East Karakoram ranges are visible on a clear day.

Kang Yatze I

Kang Yatze I or the Eastern summit requires an intermediate Camp to be set up. The climb to Camp 1 is a short one but over a steep scree and cliffs zone. There is an alternative route following the Glacier where Camp 1 can be set as well. From Camp 1, the climb gets technical. The last 500 meters of the peak is very steep and mandatory fixed ropes.

https://www.bikatadventures.com/Home/Itinerary/Kang-Yatse-II-Trek

LIBRARIES: A BOON TO THE SOCIETY

THE HARD COPY OF LIBRARY

According to WIKIPEDIA, “A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are easily accessible for use and not just for display purposes. It is responsible for housing updated information in order to meet the user’s needs on a daily basis. A Library provides physical (hard copies documents) or digital access (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location or a virtual space, or both. A library’s collection can include printed materials and other physical resources in many formats such as DVDs, CDs and Cassette as well as access to information, music or other content held on bibliographic databases.”

IMPORTANCE OF LIBRARIES TO MAN

Libraries are said to be the storehouse of culture. If a man is to be known by the company he keeps, society is to be known by the number of good libraries it has. Man’s craving for knowledge is eternal. He wants to know more; he wants to enjoy more. But he cannot always move about for various reasons. He goes to a library and reads books of his choice. Libraries preserve books of various types, old and new. There are also periodicals and daily papers to meet the demands of the people. In all ages, libraries have been considered to be the best medium of public instructions.

The doors of library are exposed to everyone for rewarding the requirement for information. They are run by the government, schools, colleges, and universities. The society members of the neighbouring locality can visit these libraries to boost their information and complete their research.

TYPES OF LIBRARIES

There are different types of libraries, such as public libraries, circulating libraries, private or personal libraries. Of these, public libraries are most important. These are financed either by Government or by public institutions. All readers are allowed to read here. These libraries have two sections-lending and reference. Books are lent out to those who deposit money. Others are allowed to sit a id read books during the period, these are kept open. As libraries spread education, the Government of India have taken up a scheme to establish rural libraries for the benefit of rural people. They sanction annual grants to these libraries in cash or kind. In these libraries, books are stocked to suit the half-literate people of villages.

A FRIEND IN NEED

Government-managed libraries are well equipped and well manned. Only technical men are employed here to help the readers. Quite a large number of scholars, students and members of the public daily attend such libraries for reading and making notes. There are public libraries organised by public institutions. These libraries cater to the needs of a large number of people living in particular localities. Students of schools and colleges also utilise these libraries and derive benefit from them. But these libraries are in bad shape. Government grants to these libraries are not adequate. Public-spirited men now-a-days, are rare. Development of libraries is an important task of a welfare Government. Common people and students get opportunities to read in these libraries. In our country where the percentage of illiteracy is high, these libraries help in expanding the facilities for reading. Public libraries and rural libraries do a lot of good to the localities where they are established. Now the Government has established primary unit libraries, town libraries etc. The Government gives regular grants for the purchase of books and equipment. But still the grants are not adequate. However, they help the public libraries to satisfy the needs and aspirations of the local people.

CONCLUSIONS

So, if we can see deeply a library Builds and helps to connect Community, it Provide Access to the full range of information resources needed to live, learn, govern, and work. It Promote Literacy to both children and adults. It Protect Your Rights to read and offers freedom of information gathering and sharing. People becomes innovative and smart in the company of library, which enhances creation and collaboration.