Category: Tech

Digital marketing

INTRODUCTION:-

Any marketing that uses electronic devices to convey promotional messaging and measure its impact. In practice, digital marketing typically refers to marketing campaigns that appear on a computer, phone, tablet, or other device. It can take many forms, including online video, display ads, and social media posts. Digital marketing is often compared to “traditional marketing” such as magazine ads, billboards, and direct mail. Oddly, television is usually lumped in with traditional marketing.
Did you know that more than 3 quarters of Americans go online on a daily basis? Not only that, but 43% go on more than once a day and 26% are online “almost constantly.” These figures are even higher among mobile internet users. 89% of Americans go online at least daily, and 31% are online almost constantly. As a marketer, it’s important to take advantage of the digital world with an online advertising presence, by building a brand, providing a great customer experience that also brings more potential customers and more, with a digital strategy

What is digital marketing?

Digital marketing, also called online marketing, is the promotion of brands to connect with potential customers using the internet and other forms of digital communication. This includes not only email, social media, and web-based advertising, but also text and multimedia messages as a marketing channel.
Essentially, if a marketing campaign involves digital communication, it’s digital marketing.

Inbound marketing versus digital marketing:-

Digital marketing and inbound marketing are easily confused, and for good reason. Digital marketing uses many of the same tools as inbound marketing—email and online content, to name a few. Both exist to capture the attention of prospects through the buyer’s journey and turn them into customers. But the 2 approaches take different views of the relationship between the tool and the goal.
Digital marketing considers how each individual tool can convert prospects. A brand’s digital marketing strategy may use multiple platforms or focus all of its efforts on 1 platform.
Inbound marketing is a holistic concept. It considers the goal first, then looks at the available tools to determine which will effectively reach target customers, and then at which stage of the sales funnel that should happen.
The most important thing to remember about digital marketing and inbound marketing is that as a marketing professional, you don’t have to choose between the 2. In fact, they work best together. Inbound marketing provides structure and purpose for effective digital marketing to digital marketing efforts, making sure that each digital marketing channel works toward a goal.

B2B versus B2C digital marketing:-

Digital marketing works for B2B as well as B2C companies, but best practices differ significantly between the 2.

  • B2B clients tend to have longer decision-making processes, and thus longer sales funnels. Relationship-building strategies work better for these clients, whereas B2C customers tend to respond better to short-term offers and messages.
  • B2B transactions are usually based on logic and evidence, which is what skilled B2B digital marketers present. B2C content is more likely to be emotionally-based, focusing on making the customer feel good about a purchase.
  • B2B decisions tend to need more than 1 person’s input. The marketing materials that best drive these decisions tend to be shareable and downloadable. B2C customers, on the other hand, favor one-on-one connections with a brand.
Of course, there are exceptions to every rule. A B2C company with a high-ticket product, such as a car or computer, might offer more informative and serious content. Your strategy always needs to be geared toward your own customer base, whether you’re B2B or B2C.

Types of digital marketing:-

What is Digital Marketing & Types of Digital Marketing (2021)

The 7 Types of Digital Marketing:-

INTRODUCTION:-

A group of men and women sitting around a conference room table working in their role as digital marketers.
Digital marketing can be broadly broken into 7 main categories including: Search Engine Optimization, Pay-per-Click, Social Media Marketing, Content Marketing, Email Marketing, Mobile Marketing, Marketing Analytics.
In the past decade, digital marketing has become a vital component in organizations’ overall marketing strategy. It allows companies to tailor messages to reach a specific audience, making it possible to market directly to people who are likely to be interested in their product. Digital marketing encompasses a wide variety of marketing tactics and technologies used to reach consumers online. Two academic team members from Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU) spoke about how digital marketing aligns with traditional tactics and shared information on some of the types of digital marketing in practice now.
A senior associate dean of business programs, Dr. Mark Hobson, said although digital marketing seems like a new world, in fact it is based in many of the principles familiar to traditional marketers and requires both foundational marketing knowledge and technical know-how.
Dr. Jessica Rogers, associate dean of marketing programs, said the two disciplines serve to connect with distinct groups of consumers. “… Traditional media is a great way to reach a broad consumer base, whereas digital media has the ability to reach very specific audiences,” she said “A key point is that depending on the target audience, some channels are more effective than others.”

Types of Digital Marketing:-

Rogers talked about some of the most popular types of digital marketing, providing a brief overview of each

1. Search Engine Optimization (SEO):-

The goal of SEO is to get a business to rank higher in Google search results, ultimately increasing search engine traffic to the business’s website. To accomplish this, SEO marketers research words and phrases consumers are using to search for information online, and use those terms in their own content. According to leading SEO software company Moz’s “Beginners Guide to SEO,” SEO encompasses many elements, from the words on your web pages to the way other sites link to you on the web to how your website is structured. An SEO specialist can make around $59,000, according to Salary.com.
So, what are some things that can improve a site’s SEO? It’s important to understand that one of the things that makes SEO challenging is that the answer to this question always depends on Google and its most current algorithm. Keeping that in mind, here are a few of the most important things for SEO strategists and marketers in general to understand about how SEO works today, from Moz’s Beginners Guide to SEO:
  • Content indexing – It is important to allow search engines to clearly “read” what your site content is, by doing things like adding alt text for images and text transcripts for video and audio content.
  • Good link structure – It is important that search engines can “crawl” your site structure to easily find all the content on your site. There are many things that an SEO specialist can do to properly format links, URLs, and sitemaps to make them most accessible to site crawlers.
  • Keywords and keyword targeting – Properly deploying your keywords – i.e. the search terms you want your site to be found for—in your content and headers is one of the fundamental building blocks of SEO. It is no longer good practice to “stuff” your content with as many keywords and keyword variations as possible. Writing high-quality content that uses keywords in the headers and a few times in the crawl-able page content is now considered better practice, and will make pages rank better in search results.

2. Pay-per-Click (PPC):-

A laptop screen showing the analytics behind a pay-per-click digital marketing campaign.

Pay-per-click refers to paid advertisements and promoted search engine results. This is a short-term form of digital marketing, meaning that once you are no longer paying, the ad no longer exists. Like SEO, PPC is a way to increase search traffic to a business online.
Pay-per-click can refer to the advertisements you see at the top and sides of a page of search results, the ads you see while browsing the web, ads before YouTube videos and in ads in mobile apps.
One of the other things that differentiates pay-per-click from SEO is that you only pay for the results. In a typical PPC model like a Google AdWords campaign, you will pay only when someone clicks on your ad and lands on your website. You can spend just about any amount of money on pay-per-click advertising. Some companies may see results from investing just a few hundred dollars, but plenty of large companies spend tens of thousands a month on pay-per-click.
How much it costs to run an ad or promote your search results will depend primarily on how much competition there is for your keywords. High competition keywords (i.e. keywords that many people are searching for and that many sites are trying to be found for) will be more expensive and lower competition terms will likely cost less.
When you set up a pay-per-click campaign, you will also be able to choose whether you want your ad or promoted results to be shown to users all over the world, or only within a specific geographic area. If you are marketing a brick-and-mortar business, this ability to tailor by location helps you not waste ad dollars serving ads to users who don’t live anywhere near your business, according to Google.

3. Social Media Marketing:-

A woman using her cell phone to track the results of a social media marketing campaign.

This includes everything a business does via social media channels. Just about everyone is familiar with social media, but marketers must approach social with an integrated and strategic approach. Social media marketing goes far beyond simply creating posts for social channels and responding to comments.
To be effective, efforts must be coordinated and consistent rather than an afterthought. To help keep posts consistent, there are many online tools available to automate and schedule social media posts, although marketers only should use automation as a tool, not a “set it and forget it” solution. Users will figure it out quickly if there is no real person behind the posts.
Social media marketers should not be in a silo separate from other marketing functions. Social marketers need to work with the company’s wider marketing team to coordinate their message across all platforms, online and off, so that every part of the brand is telling the same story.
A crucial part of social media marketing is analytics: Social media marketers must also be savvy at analyzing the performance of their posts, and creating strategies based on that data. Another reason for marketers to be consistently measuring and tracking their campaigns is that this data allows marketers to demonstrate to business leadership that their efforts are driving users to engage with the brand and eventually converting users into customers, therefore providing value to the company, according to Forbes contributor Jayson DeMers.
In other words, social media marketing is a lot more complicated than managing your personal Facebook or Twitter profile. It requires a blend of creative thinking and objective, data-driven strategy, and may be a great fit for professionals who enjoy blending these two disciplines. A social media analyst with a bachelor’s degree can earn about $63,841, according to Salary.com.

4. Content Marketing:-

A digital marketer working on a content marketing article on his laptop.

Content marketing uses storytelling and information sharing to increase brand awareness. Ultimately, the goal is to have the reader take an action towards becoming a customer, such as requesting more information, signing up for an email list, or making a purchase. “Content” can mean blog posts, resources like white papers and e-books, digital video, podcasts, and much more. In general, it should first and foremost provide value to the consumer, not just advertise the brand or try to make a sale. Content marketing is about building a sustainable, trusting relationship with your customers that can potentially lead to many sales over time, not just making a single transaction.
Content marketing works in symbiosis with other types of digital marketing: It is a way to incorporate SEO search terms into fresh website content, and the content created can be shared as social media posts and in email marketing publications. Looking at the analytics for your content marketing can tell you a lot about your customers: what are they looking for when they land on your site? What kinds of content make them stay on the site longer and keep looking around? What kinds make them lose interest and navigate away?
Unlike a method such as PPC, content marketing is a long-term strategy. Over time, marketers build up a library of content (text, video, podcasts etc.) that will continue to bring users to the site via search engines, according to Marketo, a marketing automation company. This content library also helps promote knowledge of your brand and increases your profile as a resource for information. And, if users are visiting your site for information, ideally they will remember you as an authority when it’s time to make a purchase.
Content marketing is a great avenue for people who enjoy writing and/or video and audio production. But as with digital marketing in general, it also calls for strong strategic and analytic skills.

5. Email Marketing:-

A cell phone displaying bar graphs associated with an email marketing campaign.

Even with the emergence of social media, mobile applications and other channels, email is still one of the most effective marketing techniques, Rogers said. It can be part of a content marketing strategy, providing value to consumers and over time convert an audience into customers. Email marketing pros not only know how to create compelling campaigns, they also understand optimal audience outreach and are skilled at analyzing customer interactions and data, and making strategic decisions based on that data, according to the American Marketing Association. 
Email marketing software can offer many different analytical measures, but two that marketers are always striving to improve are the open rate –the percentage of recipients who opened the email – and the click through rate – the number of recipients who opened the email and clicked on a link in the email. According to leading email marketing software company Constant Contact, there are many things marketers can do to make their emails more appealing to users and more likely to be opened. These include:
  • Create a Sense of Urgency – Writing email copy that lets your recipients know that time is running out to get a special deal or that there are only a limited number of the offer available, can increase the number of people clicking through to your website.
  • Personalize Your Email – Setting your emails and subject lines up to incorporate the recipient’s name is a proven way to increase open and click through rates. (A sample subject line: “Katie, a special offer just for you.”)
  • Let Recipients Set Their Preferences – Allowing users to specify how often they want to hear from you can help keep some of your email subscribers subscribed to your list and clicking on your emails.

6. Mobile Marketing:-

A group of digital marketer looking at a tablet displaying the results of a mobile marketing campaign.

This digital marketing type is this focused on reaching your target audience on their smart phone or tablet. Mobile marketing reaches people through text messages, social media, websites, email and mobile applications. Marketers can tailor offers or special content to a geographic location or time, such as when a customer walks into a store or enters an event.
ccording to a recent TechCrunch article, consumers in the United States now spend five hours a day on their phones. This represents a 20% increase from the fourth quarter of 2015. Users are also spending much more of their time in apps rather than on mobile browsers. In 2017, users are spending much more time with apps than watching television. 15% of that app time is spent with entertainment apps like Netflix and Hulu, 19% of it is spent on Facebook’s mobile app, 12% on other social and messaging apps, and 11% in gaming apps, according to the TechCrunch article.
Retail Dive reports that 45% of all shopping always or frequently involves a mobile device in some way, whether it’s used to do research, compare prices or make a purchase. For a majority of Millennials (defined the Pew Research Center as people born between 1981 and 1997), that number is 57%.
Marketers know that you need to take your message to where you customers are, and in 2019 it is very clear: your potential customers are on their phones.

7. Digital Marketing Skills:-

A laptop screen showing the analytics behind a digital marketing campaign.

Digital marketers support the wider marketing team and the strategic goals of the whole company by rolling out marketing strategies in the online environment, Hobson said. Digital marketers strive to be a voice for the customer and how they want to interact with a brand digitally, Rogers said. “(Marketers) strategically approach the brand’s channels to maximize investments, drive traffic and conversions, as well as manage integrated digital content,” she said.
The need to be where the customers are at all times means that digital marketers have a significant responsibility to be attuned to changes in technology, social media and software.
Technology changes quickly; the hot social media app of today may be all but abandoned by next year, but many of the foundational principles of marketing remain the same.
Today, many employers are requiring experience in Google Analytics, Google and Facebook Ads, HubSpot and Hootsuite, according to Rogers. In a master’s in digital marketing program, you’ll learn the foundations of tools such as these, exploring and applying them through coursework. They are also looking for candidates who are proficient in Adobe Creative Suites and have a working knowledge of SEO and keyword research.
However, some important pieces of the marketing puzzle have not changed since the days when companies primarily advertised in print, radio and TV. All marketers need strong communication skills and a strong basis in marketing principles.
Employers include these soft skills with the technology-related proficiencies in job posting requirements, according to Rogers. 
“A basic tenant of marketing is communicating a marketing message to a target audience,” she said. “… Not only must we communicate with our teammates, but we must be able to communicate to customers, executives and more. These folks are our target audience and without strong communication skills, messages will not be received in the way in which we intended.”
Since digital marketing is a rapidly changing space and it is imperative for companies to stay up to date on new and emerging strategies, Hobson said. There are many ways that companies do this, some of which are the responsibility of digital marketers and some of which is done by other departments.
“Staying ahead of the competition has never been more important,” Rogers said. “The landscape for businesses is changing so rapidly, that is has become a key strategy to include looking to the competition to help inform your own digital strategy.”

Reference Links:-

https://mailchimp.com/marketing-glossary/digital-marketing/

https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/2017/11/types-of-digital-marketing

MIMO

MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is a wireless communications antenna technique that employs multiple antennas at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver).

The same data is broadcast by many antennas along the same route in the same bandwidth in a MIMO system. As a result, each signal travels a different path to the receiving antenna, resulting in more dependable data. The number of sending and receiving antennas also affects the data rate.

It’s a radio communications technology, also known as RF technology.

The new MIMO wireless technology is used in Wi-Fi, LTE (Long Term Evolution), and many other radios, wireless, and RF technologies to deliver higher connection capacity and spectrum efficiency, as well as better link stability.

To reduce mistakes and increase data speed, the antennas at either end of the communications circuit are merged. MIMO is one of many smart antenna technologies, the others being MISO (multiple input, single output) and SIMO (single input, multiple output) (single input, multiple output).

Why we are using MIMO?

A single antenna is used at the source in traditional wireless communications, and another single antenna is used at the destination. This can lead to issues with multipath effects in some situations. When an electromagnetic field (EM field) collides with obstacles like hills, canyons, buildings, and utility lines, the wavefronts disperse and take many pathways to reach their target. Fading, cut-out (cliff effect), and intermittent reception are all difficulties caused by the late arrival of dispersed sections of the signal (picket fencing).

It can slow down data transmission and increase the frequency of mistakes in digital communications systems like wireless Internet. The use of two or more antennas at the source and destination, as well as the transmission of multiple signals (one for each antenna), overcomes the problems caused by multipath wave propagation and can even take advantage of it.

Advantages of MIMO

  • Improved Signal Strength: Because MIMO systems use bounced and reflected RF signals, they give better signal strength even when there is no clear line-of-site.
  • Higher Throughput: A higher throughput enables higher quality and quantity of video to be transmitted across the network.
  • Improved Video or Audio Quality: Using several data streams reduces the number of lost data packets, resulting in improved video or audio quality.
  • Increasing Data Rate: The increased number of antennas enables a higher number of routes to be utilized, allowing for considerably more data to be delivered in a shorter amount of time.
  • Increasing Basic Link Signal-to-Noise Ratio: One of the major advantages of MIMO systems is that they may be utilized to increase the entire system’s signal-to-noise ratio. This may be pushed to a new level with the usage of massive MIMO.

Disadvantages of MIMO

  • Higher Level of Signal Processing: At the transmitter and receiver end, the system needs a higher amount of signal processing.
  • Battery Limitation: The increased power consumption is due to the hardware resources. Due to the execution of complex and computationally demanding signal processing algorithms, the battery drains faster. MIMO-based devices’ battery life is reduced as a result.
  • Costly: Due to extra hardware and complex software requirements, MIMO-based systems are more expensive than single antenna-based systems.

[GUIDE] How to install the Windows 11 Insider Build.

At a virtual event on 24 June 2021, Microsoft unveiled “the next generation of Windows”, Windows 11. It is the successor of the Windows 10 May 2021 update (also known as version 21H1), and it came out with big improvements and key features like:-

  • A new, more Mac-like interface.
  • Integrated Android apps.
  • Microsoft Teams integration.
  • Widgets.
  • Snap Groups and better multitasking.

Today I am going to show you how to install the Insider Build of Windows 11, but before check out the minimum system requirments to run Windows 11 on Microsoft’s official website.

Before Installing –

Back up any file that you would deem essential somewhere safe (e.g USB drive, Cloud storage, etc…). Download the ISO then get a USB drive minimum of 8GB or more and create a bootable USB drive. Next, go into the BIOS and follow these steps:-

Enable TPM-

If INTEL, you need to enable PTT (TPM)

BIOS> Security> Intel Platform Trust Technology> Enable> Save and Exit.

IF AMD, You need to enable fTPM (TPM)

BIOS> Advanced> CPU Configuration> AMD fTPM Switch> Enable> Save and Exit.

Disable Compatiblity Support Module (CSM) and turn Secure Boot OFF (on few motherboard).

NOTE- TPM 2.0 is required but in some cases, it ran in TPM 1.2. Make sure to check your TPM version and enter BIOS and enable your TPM settings.

Steps for installing Windows

  1. ISO method

Connect your bootable USB and turn on your PC, press F8 (or ESC, F1, F11 depending on your motherboard) to go into the boot menu select your USB drive and it’ll take you to WIndows installation.

Click on “Install now”
Click on “I don’t have a product key”
Select the edition of Windows you would like to install and click Next and Click on “I agree on terms and condition” and again click Next.
Now, click on “Custon: Install Windows Only (advanced)”.
Click on “New” to make new partiton or select the partition you want and click on “Next”.
Now, wait for the installation to complete (don’t turn your PC off during the process). It will “Restart” several times and will come to the Setup screen.
Now Select your Region, Time and Date, Username, Password, Preference, and complete the setup.
Windows 11 Insider build

After completing the setup you’re good to go. Enjoy the latest Windows on your PC.

Post installation tweaks

  • Install drivers related to your PC.
  • Join the Windows Insider Program via Settings > Windows Update > Windows Insider Program.
  • Check for Windows Update.

2. Upgrade Method

Installing windows 11 via the Windows Insider development ring:

  • Go to Settings > Privacy > Diagnostics & feedback and check that option instead of “Basic” to “Full”.
  • Now to join the Insider Program, go into Settings > Update & Security > Windows Insider Program and click on “Get Started”, then follow the prompt and select “Pick your Insider settings” and choose “Dev Channel”, now click confirm and reboot you PC.
  • Now check for Windows Update and install “Windows 11 Insider Preview 10.0.22000.51 (co_release)”
  • Follow the Post Installation Tweaks and you’re good to go.

WARNING! As this is the Insider Build it can contain some bugs and cons and may not be ideal for a daily driver for many users.

Top five technologies

AI-as-a-service

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most transformative tech evolutions of our times. As I highlighted in my book ‘Artificial Intelligence in Practice’, most companies have started to explore how they can use AI to improve the customer experience and to streamline their business operations. This will continue in 2020, and while people will increasingly become used to working alongside AIs, designing and deploying our own AI-based systems will remain an expensive proposition for most businesses. For this reason, much of the AI applications will continue to be done through providers of as-a-service platforms, which allow us to simply feed in our own data and pay for the algorithms or compute resources as we use them. Currently, these platforms, provided by the likes of Amazon, Google, and Microsoft, tend to be somewhat broad in scope, with (often expensive) custom-engineering required to apply them to the specific tasks an organization may require. During 2020, we will see wider adoption and a growing pool of providers that are likely to start offering more tailored applications and services for specific or specialized tasks. This will mean no company will have any excuses left not to use AI.


5G data networks

The 5th generation of mobile internet connectivity is going to give us super-fast download and upload speeds as well as more stable connections. While 5G mobile data networks became available for the first time in 2019, they were mostly still expensive and limited to functioning in confined areas or major cities. 2020 is likely to be the year when 5G really starts to fly, with more affordable data plans as well as greatly improved coverage, meaning that everyone can join in the fun.Super-fast data networks will not only give us the ability to stream movies and music at higher quality when we’re on the move. The greatly increased speeds mean that mobile networks will become more usable even than the wired networks running into our homes and businesses. Companies must consider the business implications of having super-fast and stable internet access anywhere. The increased bandwidth will enable machines, robots, and autonomous vehicles to collect and transfer more data than ever, leading to advances in the area of the iot and smart machinery.


Autonomous Driving

While we still aren’t at the stage where we can expect to routinely travel in, or even see, autonomous vehicles in 2020, they will undoubtedly continue to generate a significant amount of excitement.
Tesla chief Elon Musk has said he expects his company to create a truly “complete” autonomous vehicle by this year, and the number of vehicles capable of operating with a lesser degree of autonomy – such as automated braking and lane-changing – will become an increasingly common sight. In addition to this, other in-car systems not directly connected to driving, such as security and entertainment functions – will become increasingly automated and reliant on data capture and analytics.It won’t just be cars, of course – trucking and shipping are becoming more autonomous, and breakthroughs in this space are likely to continue to hit the headlines throughout 2020.With the maturing of autonomous driving technology, we will also increasingly hear about the measures that will be taken by regulators, legislators, and authorities. Changes to laws, existing infrastructure, and social attitudes are all likely to be required before autonomous driving becomes a practical reality for most of us. During 2020, it’s likely we will start to see the debate around autonomous driving spread outside of the tech world, as more and more people come round to the idea that the question is not “if,” but “when,” it will become a reality.


Personalized and predictive medicine Technology is currently transforming healthcare at an unprecedented rate. Our ability to capture data from wearable devices such as smartwatches will give us the ability to increasingly predict and treat health issues in people even before they experience any symptoms. When it comes to treatment, we will see much more personalized approaches. This is also referred to as precision medicine which allows doctors to more precisely prescribe medicines and apply treatments, thanks to a data-driven understanding of how effective they are likely to be for a specific patient.Although not a new idea, thanks to recent breakthroughs in technology, especially in the fields of genomics and AI, it is giving us a greater understanding of how different people’s bodies are better or worse equipped to fight off specific diseases, as well as how they are likely to react to different types of medication or treatment. Throughout 2020 we will see new applications of predictive healthcare and the introduction of more personalized and effective treatments to ensure better outcomes for individual patients.

Computer Vision

In computer terms, “vision” involves systems that are able to identify items, places, objects or people from visual images – those collected by a camera or sensor. It’s this technology that allows your smartphone camera to recognize which part of the image it’s capturing is a face, and powers technology such as Google Image Search.As we move through 2020, we’re going to see computer vision equipped tools and technology rolled out for an ever-increasing number of uses. It’s fundamental to the way autonomous cars will “see” and navigate their way around danger. Production lines will employ computer vision cameras to watch for defective products or equipment failures, and security cameras will be able to alert us to anything out of the ordinary, without requiring 24/7 monitoring.Computer vision is also enabling face recognition, which we will hear a lot about in 2020. We have already seen how useful the technology is in controlling access to our smartphones in the case of Apple’s FaceID and how Dubai airport uses it to provide a smoother customer journey. However, as the use cases will grow in 2020, we will also have more debates about limiting the use of this technology because of its potential to erode privacy and enable ‘Big Brother’-like state control.

The Conspiracy of “Bulbs”

Do you know for how long a light bulb can last? 1000 hours, 1500 hours, 3000 hours? What if I say there is an light bulb lasted for more than 120 year and still counting, you will definitely say are you kidding me?, mine doesn’t last for more than 1000 hours. Or you may ask which machine has manufactured it? But what if I say it is hand made. Read on full article to know why life span of light bulbs are made to decrease by some giant light bulb manufacturers…

In Livermore Fire station 6 there is a light bulb active from more than 120 years hand made. The light doesn’t have a switch but it has battery back an a power generator. The bulb is never switched off as by cooling and heating up again there act stress on filament which decreases the life span of bulb.

When everyone is trying to make a filament they failed the filament burned with contact of oxygen, so in 1840s Warren De La Rue told to put the filament in vacuum so if there is no contact of oxygen and no burn. In 1879 Thomas Edison invented a perfect light bulb by making filament of carbon, from then onwards everyone tried different filament to increase the life span and then come up with tungsten. And in 1920s the life of bulbs were at peak lasting from 2000 hours to 2500 hours normally.

But at these time the sales were at least for the bulb manufacturers for example OSRAM sold 63 million bulbs in 1923, and in 1924 only 28 million. So the giant manufacturers of that come with a meeting. In 1924 at Geneva, Switzerland before christmas the giants Philips, International General Electric, Tokyo Electric, OSRAM from Germany, UK Associated Electric(AEI) formed a cartel named Phoebus Cartel after the name of Greek God of light.

They agreed to decrease the life of bulbs to 1000 hours, the same way engineer discovered to increase, they told their engineers to decrease the life of bulbs. But, due to lack of trust they agreed to send bulbs from every factory to a lab for test. If the bulb lasts for 1000 hours is fine, but if it lasts more than 3000 hours then there is a fine of 200 Swiss Francs for every 1000 bulbs sold.

There again one question of will every manufacturer will follow or not? So they divided the area of sales. They were successful in there plan. The life of light bulbs decreased and there increased tremendously. They sold with same price to increase the profit.

-Sales – life of bubs

The cartel was made to last till 1955 but it ended in 1930s. However there were allegations on cartel, but they said that cartel in established for improvements in the bulb. The screw thread in bulbs are introduced by them.

The light bulb of Livermore is made before the formation of cartel that’s why it is there.

These is not the end of this case as there is still this type of work is going on.

In 2003 the video of Casey Neistat was gone viral as he tried to protest against apple. Apple launched IPod having non removable memory which lasts only for 18 months, and after that you have to give 250$ to refurbish it. So there was a case in court against this which Apple settled outside court.

Leonardo Da Vinci’s Human Powered Helicopter Becomes Reality

Leonardo Da Vinci's Aerial Screw

It would be hard to call Leonardo Da Vinci anything other than a man ahead of his time.  Between 1452 and 1519, Leonardo did just about everything. He is most famous today for his skills as a painter, where he painted some small works- like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. His sketches of man were the most anatomically correct to date (The Vitruvian Man). He was also a famed sculptor, musician, architect, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, writer mathematician, engineer and inventor. He conceptualized things far beyond his time, including concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull for ships, a tank and, most interesting to those of us in the aviation industry, a helicopter.

Over 420 years before the first helicopter was built, Leonardo Da Vinci sketched out what he called the Aerial Screw. This aerial screw was a man powered helicopter that required four men to spin cranks fast enough to generate enough lift to get off the ground.

Now, fast forward to 1980, 461 years after Leonardo passed away.  The American Helicopter Society sought to finally see the first human powered helicopter take flight. To win the prize money, which started at $10,000, the helicopter needed to reach at least 3 meters in the air (9.8 feet) for 60 seconds while being stable enough to have the center of the helicopter stay within a 10 x 10 meter box (32.8 x 32.8 feet). It would take 9 years from then before the first human powered helicopter even got off the ground when students at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo got their human powered helicopter 8 inches off the ground for all of 7.1 seconds. In the next 20 years, not much progress would be made so the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation pledged additional prize money to try to see if that would inspire more innovation.

Sure enough, it did. Two teams, one from the University of Maryland and the other AeroVelo, were locked in a tight race to win. The university of Maryland got their man powered helicopter to fly for 65 seconds but it only reached 8 ft (about 1.8 feet short of where they needed to be) in August of 2012.

Finally, this July in Toronto, Aerovelo took the $250,000 in prize money with this flight:

While we don’t expect to see these Atlas human-powered helicopter’s flying around a city near you soon, this was a remarkable achievement. Congratulations to the Aerovelo team! And, over 480 years later, Leonardo Da Vinci’s vision of a human powered helicopter came to fruition.

All About Windows 11

On 24th June 2021, the much awaited Windows 11 was launched by Microsoft. Microsoft launched there next generation of windows after 6 years. In this blog, we are going to discuss the features of Windows 11, Who can all upgrade to Windows 11? Hardware requirements for windows 11 upgrade. Here starts the blog

FEATURES OF WINDOWS 11

Android apps

You can easily download android apps in Windows 11. All the android apps are stored in New Microsoft store via Amazon’s app store. There are nearly 5,00,000 apps available in Amazon app store, including Netflix, Pinterest, Uber, Disney plus. All you need to create a amazon app store account. There are many free and paid apps are available in it. Every app in the google play store is not available in the amazon app store.

Microsoft Teams

Windows 11 has an inbuilt Microsoft video chat teams platforms. Making it easier for the users to access. With this, you can easily chat and talk to your friends in your contacts. You can also connect with your friends who uses Other windows, Mac, Linux and android. You can teams in your windows 11.

GIVES YOU BEST EXPERIENCE FOR GAMING

If you are a gamer, then window 11 is for you. Millions of people daily play games in windows. Windows 11 will give you the best experience ever, it supports all pc games, you can play games with high graphics. Windows 11 level unlocks the potential of the system’s hardware. With Xbox game pass now, gamers can get access to 100 plus newly added games.

NEW INTERFACE

Windows 11 has a clean, shadow and round cornered interface with a redesigned start menu which eliminates the tiles on the right side of the screen.

NEW SECURITY FEATURES IN WINDOWS 11

  1. Trusted Platform Module – A TPM is one of the most prominent feature in windows 11. TPM is a chip that secures the confidential data like user credentials, passwords, keys etc. This helps you to protect your data from any other hackers or some malware.
  2. No passwords for Windows 11 – Are you confused right, but it is true. Now windows 11 is using strong authentication methods like face lock, fingerprints and biometrics making the window 11 very secure.
  3. Secured core pcs – Now there is a double layer protection for your pc. They are twice more resistant to the malware and viruses.

BETTER VIRTUAL DESKTOP SUPPORT

Now, Windows 11 will support virtual desktop set up just like MacOS.

EASIER TRANSITION FROM MONITOR TO LAPTOP

The new OS include features like Snap Groups and Snap Layout, Collection of apps that you are using available at taskbar. You can easily switch and minimized the apps just like the macOS. They can also let you unplug and plug easily from the monitor without losing them.

WHO CAN ALL UPGRADE TO WINDOWS 11?

Microsoft is now making Window 11 available free upgrade to all windows 10, windows 7, windows 8 and windows 8.1.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR WINDOW 11 UPGRADE

  1. RAM: 4GB or greater.
  2. Storage: 64 bits or greater storage to install windows 11.
  3. Processor: 1 Gigahertz(GHz).
  4. Graphic cards: DirectX 12 with WDDM`2.0 driver.
  5. System firmware: UEFI, Secure Boot capable.
  6. Display: high definition(720p) display, 8 bits per color channel.

I hope you like this blog, if you like it kindly like and rate it. It really gives me motivation. Thank You.

INTERNSHIPS

The internship is the main source for a college student to improve and prove his/her knowledge.

Every college student has composed placements and off compose placements.

At the time of placements in a different company, we have to submit our Resume. That resume gives our real appearance to interview. If we have done any internships and any skill development that will help for our desired company placements.

Lets more about internships

Internships is the training and real-time project to the confidence of our skills for real-world understanding

 The internship is an opportunity offered by an employer to potential employees, as an intern, to work at a firm for a fixed period of time. Interns are usually likes undergraduates or students, and most internships period last between a month and three months. … An internship can be either paid or voluntary.

Which internships we have done?

Internships are based on your desired knowledge, department and day by day improved courses

Things to consider when choosing an internship

  • Which sector are you interested? …
  • What will be your responsibilities? …
  • What will you will get ? …
  • Where you have to do? …
  • What’s the environment like is it comfortable ? …
  • Will you get the opportunity to more network? …
  • What are the skills will you learn? …
  • What are your qualifications for ?

Let specific directions for your internships

There are some websites for internships that may have offline and online internships :

  • Linkedin
  • Glassdoor
  • Google
  • Internshala
  • Internship.com
  • Internmatch.com
  • Youturn
  • Idealist
  • Global Experience
  • Coolworks

Go for these websites you will find “updated(your name) version.0”

Wannacry Cyber Attack

What was the cyber attack?

The WannaCry ransomware attack was a worldwide cyber attack in May 2017 by the WannaCry ransomware. It propagated through EternalBlue, an exploit developed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) for older Windows systems. WannaCry is a ransomware cryptoworm, which targeted computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system by encrypting data and demanding ransom payments in the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The worm is also known as WannaCrypt, Wana Decrypt0r 2.0, WanaCrypt0r 2.0, and Wanna Decryptor. It is considered a network worm because it also includes a transport mechanism to automatically spread itself. This transport code scans for vulnerable systems, then uses the EternalBlue exploit to gain access, and the Double Pulsar tool to install and execute a copy of itself. WannaCry versions 0, 1, and 2 were created using Microsoft Visual C++.

When did it happen?

The attack began on Friday, 12 May 2017, with evidence pointing to an initial infection in Asia at 07:44 UTC. Within a day the code was reported to have infected more than 230,000 computers in over 150 countries. Officially the initial outbreak was from 12 May 2017 to 15 May 2017. Organizations that had not installed Microsoft’s security update from April 2017 were affected by the attack.

How did it happen?

The vulnerability WannaCry exploits lies in the Windows implementation of the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. The SMB protocol helps various nodes on a network communicate, and Microsoft’s implementation could be tricked by specially crafted packets into executing arbitrary code. It is believed that the U.S. National Security Agency discovered this vulnerability and, rather than reporting it to the infosec community, developed code to exploit it, called EternalBlue. This exploit was in turn stolen by a hacking group known as the Shadow Brokers, who released it obfuscated in a seemingly political Medium post on April 8, 2017. Microsoft itself had discovered the vulnerability a month prior and had released a patch, but many systems remained vulnerable, and WannaCry, which used EternalBlue to infect computers, began spreading rapidly on May 12. In the wake of the outbreak, Microsoft slammed the U.S. government for not having shared its knowledge of the vulnerability sooner.

Who did it?

The US and UK governments have said North Korea was responsible for the WannaCry malware attack affecting hospitals, businesses and banks across the world in May 2017. Ironically, it was allegedly developed as a cyber-attack exploit by the US National Security Agency. Although they were reported to have known of the tool’s vulnerabilities, the NSA didn’t bring it to Microsoft’s attention until the hacker group called Shadow Brokers leaked EternalBlue to an obscure website. Further analysis of the attack by companies such as Symantec revealed links to the Lazarus group who in turn have been linked to North Korea although the attack does not bear the hallmarks of a nation-state campaign.

Which security services were violated?

WannaCry spread using an exploit called EternalBlue, created by—and subsequently stolen from—the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). EternalBlue enabled attackers to discover vulnerable computers on the target network. WannaCry also leveraged an NSA backdoor called DoublePulsar to install WannaCry on the networkThe WannaCry ransomware attack hit around 230,000 computers globally .A third of NHS hospital trusts were affected by the attack. Terrifyingly ambulances were reportedly rerouted, leaving people in need of urgent care in need. It was estimated to cost the NHS a whopping £92 million after 19,000 appointments were canceled as a result of the attack. As the ransomware spread beyond Europe, computer systems in 150 countries were crippled. The WannaCry ransomware attack had a substantial financial impact worldwide. It is estimated this cybercrime caused $4 billion in losses across the globe.

Affected organizations

  • Andhra Pradesh Police, India
  • Automobile Dacia, Romania
  • Boeing Commercial Airplanes
  • Cambrian College, Canada
  • Hitachi
  • Honda
  • Instituto Nacional de Salud, Colombia
  • Portugal Telecom
  • Pulse FM
  • Renault
  • Russian Railways
  • University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
  • Vivo, Brazil

Bose-EinsteinCondensate The 5th Matter

QuantumPhaseTransition.svg

In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter (also called the fifth state of matter) which is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum mechanical phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent macroscopically. A BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density (about one-hundred-thousandth (1/100,000) the density of normal air) to ultra-low temperatures.

This state was first predicted, generally, in 1924–1925 by Albert Einstein following and crediting a pioneering paper by Satyendra Nath Bose on the new field now known as quantum statistics.

This transition to BEC occurs below a critical temperature, which for a uniform three-dimensional gas consisting of non-interacting particles with no apparent internal degrees of freedom is given by:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {c}}=\left({\frac {n}{\zeta (3/2)}}\right)^{2/3}{\frac {2\pi \hbar ^{2}}{mk_{\rm {B}}}}\approx 3.3125\ {\frac {\hbar ^{2}n^{2/3}}{mk_{\rm {B}}}}}{\displaystyle T_{\rm {c}}=\left({\frac {n}{\zeta (3/2)}}\right)^{2/3}{\frac {2\pi \hbar ^{2}}{mk_{\rm {B}}}}\approx 3.3125\ {\frac {\hbar ^{2}n^{2/3}}{mk_{\rm {B}}}}}

where:

{\displaystyle \,T_{\rm {c}}}is the critical temperature,
\,nthe particle density,
\,mthe mass per boson,
\hbar the reduced Planck constant,
{\displaystyle \,k_{\rm {B}}}the Boltzmann constant and
\,\zeta the Riemann zeta function; {\displaystyle \,\zeta (3/2)\approx 2.6124.}\,\zeta(3/2)\approx 2.6124. 

Interactions shift the value and the corrections can be calculated by mean-field theory. This formula is derived from finding the gas degeneracy in the Bose gas using Bose–Einstein statistics.

Superfluidity of BEC and Landau criterion

The phenomena of superfluidity of a Bose gas and superconductivity of a strongly-correlated Fermi gas (a gas of Cooper pairs) are tightly connected to Bose–Einstein condensation. Under corresponding conditions, below the temperature of phase transition, these phenomena were observed in helium-4 and different classes of superconductors. In this sense, the superconductivity is often called the superfluidity of Fermi gas. In the simplest form, the origin of superfluidity can be seen from the weakly interacting bosons model.

TACHYON A PARTICLE THAT HELPS US TO TIME TRAVEL…

Tachyon, hypothetical subatomic particle whose velocity always exceeds that of light. The existence of the tachyon, though not experimentally established, appears consistent with the theory of relativity, which was originally thought to apply only to particles traveling at or less than the speed of light. Just as an ordinary particle such as an electron can exist only at speeds less than that of light, so a tachyon could exist only at speeds above that of light, at which point its mass would be real and positive. Upon losing energy, a tachyon would accelerate; the faster it traveled, the less energy it would have.

The name ‘tachyon’ (from the Greek ‘tachys,’ meaning swift) was coined by the late Gerald Feinberg of Columbia University. Tachyons have never been found in experiments as real particles traveling through the vacuum, but we predict theoretically that tachyon-like objects exist as faster-than-light ‘quasiparticles’ moving through laser-like media. (That is, they exist as particle-like excitations, similar to other quasiparticles called phonons and polaritons that are found in solids. ‘Laser-like media’ is a technical term referring to those media that have inverted atomic populations, the conditions prevailing inside a laser.)

an experiment at Berkeley to detect tachyon-like quasiparticles. There are strong scientific reasons to believe that such quasiparticles really exist, because Maxwell’s equations, when coupled to inverted atomic media, lead inexorably to tachyon-like solutions.

“Quantum optical effects can produce a different kind of ‘faster than light’ effect (see “Faster than light?” by R. Y. Chiao, P. G. Kwiat, and A. M. Steinberg in Scientific American, August 1993). There are actually two different kinds of ‘faster-than-light’ effects that we have found in quantum optics experiments. (The tachyon-like quasiparticle in inverted media described above is yet a third kind of faster-than-light effect.)

“First, we have discovered that photons which tunnel through a quantum barrier can apparently travel faster than light (see “Measurement of the Single-Photon Tunneling Time” by A. M. Steinberg, P. G. Kwiat, and R. Y. Chiao, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 71, page 708; 1993). Because of the uncertainty principle, the photon has a small but very real chance of appearing suddenly on the far side of the barrier, through a quantum effect (the ‘tunnel effect’) which would seem impossible according to classical physics. The tunnel effect is so fast that it seems to occur faster than light.

“Second, we have found an effect related to the famous Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen phenomenon, in which two distantly separated photons can apparently influence one anothers’ behaviors at two distantly separated detectors (see “High-Visibility Interference in a Bell-Inequality Experiment for Energy and Time,” by P. G. Kwiat, A. M. Steinberg, and R. Y. Chiao, Physical Review A, Vol. 47, page R2472; 1993). This effect was first predicted theoretically by Prof. J. D. Franson of Johns Hopkins University. We have found experimentally that twin photons emitted from a common source (a down-conversion crystal) behave in a correlated fashion when they arrive at two distant interferometers. This phenomenon can be described as a ‘faster-than-light influence’ of one photon upon its twin. Because of the intrinsic randomness of quantum phenomena, however, one cannot control whether a given photon tunnels or not, nor can one control whether a given photon is transmitted or not at the final beam splitter. Hence it is impossible to send true signals in faster-than-light communications.

Pin on The Laws of Relativity

Precautions to Reduce Exposure of Mobile Phone Radiation

If you are concerned about your exposure to RF radiation, you may take the following steps to decrease it:

  • Choosing a phone with a low specific absorption rate (SAR), which refers to how much RF radiation is absorbed by human tissues.
  • Being careful of claims that protective equipment or “shields” may minimize RF radiation exposure; there is no proof that these devices function. In reality, they can increase RF radiation since the phone will immediately boost its RF output to counteract the shield’s effects and provide the greatest possible connectivity.
  • Carry your phone away from your body. Manufacturers of mobile phones cannot guarantee that the quantity of radiation you are exposed to is safe.
  • While driving, do not chat on the phone or text. This raises the chances of a car accident. When walking or doing other activities, use caution when talking on the phone or texting. Injuries caused by “Distracted Walking” are also on the rise.
  • If you want to see a movie on your phone or tablet, download it first and then watch it in airplane mode to minimize unwanted radiation exposure.
  • Keep an eye on the strength of your signal (i.e. how many bars you have). Y our phone has to work harder and it will emit more radiation if the mobile signal is weaker. It is preferable to use your smartphone after you have a stronger signal.
  • Avoid making phone calls when in a car, elevator, train, or bus. Because the phone has to work harder to get a signal through metal, the power level rises.
  • Make use of your landline phone. Use your landline instead of your cell phone if you have one at home or at work.
  • When you’re not using your phone, turn it off or set it on airplane mode. It’s tough, but not impossible, to follow. You may turn it off or put it on airplane mode whenever you don’t need constant data access for a few hours. As much as feasible, do it. It’s something you can do before going to bed.
  • When chatting on the phone, it is preferable to utilize a hands-free speaker or earbuds. Make it a habit to do so. Remove your earbuds once you’ve finished speaking. Keep your phone 1-2 cm away from your ear if you don’t want to utilize hands-free. Bluetooth should not be used.
  • To reduce the amount of radiation you are exposed to when sleeping, turn off your phone. Also, keep your phone away from your head, such as beneath your pillow. Radiation is reduced by 95% when you keep your phone 20 inches away from you.
  • The skulls of children are thinner than those of adults. Radiation has the potential to infiltrate their brains and cause additional harm. To avoid further problems, limit your children’s screen usage completely.
  • Don’t chat on the phone while it’s charging since the quantity of radiation it emits is ten times higher at that time.
  • When your phone’s battery is low, avoid using it. When your phone’s battery is low, avoid using it since the radiation level rises.

Internships

It’s always better to start early, and gain as much experience.

Internships have always  been difficult while juggling University where it is required to show up everyday and attend almost all your classes. But the competition these days are cut throat and nothing promising could ever come your way — if you think you could just breeze through lives. 

Being respectful that not all situations that every single one of us face are conducive for us to start investing our time for any sort of extra-curricular, but you also need to stop excusing yourself and being lethargic, it won’t ever help you. 

You are supposedly at the prime of your age, if you keep up the act that have bailed you away from serious commitment, then you are just downplaying your life. You’d never need to blame it on other’s past action or even current actions, even though you could be right to blame them; it doesn’t help, you’ll just spiral out with your thought, and give power to someone else, that’s a big no-no. 

Moving on, let’s ask oneself what they are interested in, and even with what is currently their educational qualification, are you comfortable trying new things? And if you could see yourself trying everything out just once, give yourself a pat in the back and get on your devices, reach out to people and start applying for positions and trainings that could help you. 

The more you get exposed to different working conditions is better, you get street-smart for starters, but you also learn what it takes to strive and exist in the market, you learn interpersonal skills and even brush up your communication skills which wouldn’t have happened within your little friends clique. 

Thus actively participating in such activities without being nagged by someone would be beneficial for you and improve you, more than anything else.. it could also help proof people that you’re serious with what you’re doing and are capable enough to look after yourself.

The pandemic with all its flaws have provided to accommodate work-from-home internship opportunities to many, which takes off a big load from us, and we can engage in multiple activities at a given time with just a switch of your device screens/windows/slides. 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The Google  every knows about  Google, it  gives us access to almost all information by typing what you want to know into the search bar. There are some interesting secrets you can have enjoy.

Then why are u waitimg just go with my steps ,

Go with,you have  type the phrase “Do a barrel roll”  into the search bar of Google and press enter, the entire page spin around once.

Second is a fun trick if you like Chuck Norris jokes. If you type in ‘Find Chuck Norris’ and click ‘I’m feeling lucky’, you will get a little message from Google about being careful what you search for.

Next, and this is one of my favourites, try typing ‘Google Gravity’ into the search bar on Google and pressing search. It will cause the entire page to fall into pieces. Although sometimes this doesn’t work, if you search it and click the first result on the page, it will take you back to the homepage which will then fall. The best part is that you can still search for things even after it has taken effect. It will, however, cause all of the results to fall from the sky and crash down on top of the already fallen homepage.

Finally, my favourite. Type ‘Zerg Rush’ into the search bar and hit enter. This will cause many ‘o’s to appear from all directions! But beware, they are not your friends. You must hover over each of the ‘o’s with your cursor and click like crazy. Soon they will vanish. Attempt this at your own peril, you have been warned.

So there you have it, a few cool things to do with Google when you’re bored. Of course, there are far more tricks to do with Google, but you can always find them by, you know, googling it. A little extra for reading this far: if you leave the search bar blank and click ‘I’m Feeling Lucky’, you’ll be shown all of the Google doodles that have ever been used on special dates.

Here are way more tricks you can do on google.

Do a Barrel Roll. Search for “do a barrel roll” without the quotes, and hold onto your desk for dear life. …

“As I rained blows upon him, I realized there had to be another way!” It’s a Festivus MIIIRACLE! …

Zerg Rush. …

Blink HTML. …

Party Like It’s 1998. …

Recently Discovered Letter Written by Albert Einstein Discusses Link Between Physics and Biology – Seven Decades Before Evidence Emerges

Albert Einstein Portrait

Previously Unknown Letter Reveals Einstein’s Thinking on Bees, Birds and Physics

The 1949 letter by the physicist and Nobel laureate discusses bees, birds, and whether new physics principles could come from studying animal senses.

It’s a position still being realized within physics to this day, with a growing body of research and understanding of how animals such as birds and bees find their way around.

Now a study led by RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia, discusses how recent discoveries in migratory birds back up Einstein’s thinking 72 years ago.

The previously unpublished letter was shared with researchers by Judith Davys — Einstein had addressed it to her late husband, radar researcher Glyn Davys.

RMIT’s Associate Professor Adrian Dyer has published significant studies into bees and is the lead author of the new paper on Einstein’s letter, published in the Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

Letter by Albert Einstein, validated by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where Einstein bequeathed his notes, letters and records. Credit: Dyer et al. 2021, J Comp Physiol A / The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Dyer said the letter shows how Einstein envisaged new discoveries could come from studying animals.

“Seven decades after Einstein proposed new physics might come from animal sensory perception, we’re seeing discoveries that push our understanding about navigation and the fundamental principles of physics,” he said.

The letter also proves Einstein met with Nobel laureate Karl von Frisch, who was a leading bee and animal sensory researcher.

In April 1949, von Frisch presented his research on how honeybees navigate more effectively using the polarization patterns of light scattered from the sky.

The day after Einstein attended von Frisch’s lecture, the two researchers shared a private meeting.

Although this meeting wasn’t formally documented, the recently discovered letter from Einstein provides insight into what they might have talked about.

“It is thinkable that the investigation of the behavior of migratory birds and carrier pigeons may someday lead to the understanding of some physical process which is not yet known,” Einstein wrote.

Professor Andrew Greentree, a theoretical physicist at RMIT, said Einstein also suggested that for bees to extend our knowledge of physics, new types of behavior would need to be observed.

“Remarkably, it is clear through his writing that Einstein envisaged new discoveries could come from studying animals’ behaviors,” Greentree said.

More than 70 years since Einstein sent his letter, research is revealing the secrets of how migratory birds navigate while flying thousands of kilometers to arrive at a precise destination.

In 2008, research on thrushes fitted with radio transmitters showed, for the first time, that these birds use a form of magnetic compass as their primary orientation guide during flight.

One theory for the origin of magnetic sense in birds is the use of quantum randomness and entanglement. Both of these physics concepts were first proposed by Einstein.

Reference: “Einstein, von Frisch and the honeybee: a historical letter comes to light” by Adrian G. Dyer, Andrew D. Greentree, Jair E. Garcia, Elinya L. Dyer, Scarlett R. Howard and Friedrich G. Barth, 10 May 2021, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.
DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01490-6

The letter to Glyn Davys shows the openness of Einstein’s mind to novel possibilities observed in nature and the evidence that he took an interest in von Frish and his bee research.