Covid-19 struck us without a warning and left all educational institutions scrambling to respond to its urgencies. It has also created a need to creatively deal with such unforeseen and once-in-a-century catastrophic events that are being called the ‘new normal’.
Educational institutions deserve appreciation for a quick response to the lockdown restrictions amid the pandemic. Their readiness has resulted in a wave of online classes for learners of every level, ranging from course subjects, co-curricular areas such as fine and performing arts to mental wellness and physical fitness.
Bullying by students, argumentative parents who often peep into classes, and distracted children — these are just some of the challenges teachers face during online classes.
While teachers in private schools primarily complain about online bullying by students during video calls, their government counterparts claim the biggest challenge is reaching students who belong to the economically weaker section.
Students are bored in their homes which often results in them doing mischievous activities for entertainment. They share links of online classes that are sent to them by their teachers. They also tend to create Zoom IDs in random, unidentifiable names and troll teachers. Some switch off their camera and call teachers by their names from these IDs, some use them to send memes to teachers.
Teachers also claim that student’s relatives use the link to log into the class and “see what the teacher looks like, what she teaches and how she speaks”.
As per foreign media reports, Singapore banned some video conferencing applications used for teaching after hackers posted obscene images during classes.
Students who bully teachers, relate it with being cool and laugh it out, in the process what they don’t realize is how much embarrassment the teacher must have felt.
However, with no clue yet on when institutes can reopen, teachers say they are trying their best to get past the hurdles which often means just ignoring undisciplined behavior.
University Grants Commission, UGC has directed all the varsities to start the classes for the new sessions from November 1 onwards, as per the revised academic calendar approved by UGC on Monday. The first-year classes for undergraduate and postgraduate courses can begin in November. The varsities have been asked to wrap up the admission schedule by October 30.
Union Education Minister, Dr Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank took to his official Twitter handle and made the important announcement. In his tweet, Dr Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank said, ‘In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Commission has accepted the Report of the Committee and approved the @ugc_india Guidelines on Academic Calendar for the First Year of Under-Graduate and Post-Graduate Students of the Universities for the Session 2020-21.’ He also shared the suggested UGC new academic calendar 2020.
According to the suggested calendar, the classes for first-year students oof UGC undergraduate courses and UGC postgraduate courses will start from November 1, 2020, and the exams will be held from March 8, 2021, to March 26, 2021. Earlier UGC had advised that the new academic session of 2020-2021 should begin in September. However, due to the rising number of COVID-19 cases in India, the UGC calendar has been revised. Here is a look at Dr Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank’s Twitter and important dates of the suggested UGC new academic calendar 2020.
To avoid financial hardship being faced by the parents due to lockdown and related factors, a full refund of fees will be made on account of all cancellation of admissions/ migration of students, up to 30.11.2020, for this very session as a special case.#UGCGuidelines — Dr. Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank (@DrRPNishank) September 22, 2020
In a separate tweet, the minister also noted that to avoid financial burden being faced by parents due to lockdown and related factors, a full refund will be made on account of all cancellation of admissions/ migration of students, up to 30 November.
Meanwhile, the Supreme Court on Tuesday asked the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) to declare the results of compartment exams as soon as possible and coordinate with the University Grants Commission (UGC) to enable around two lakh students passing out in these exams to apply in colleges in the current academic year.
Financial Modeling deals with the analysis of a company’s performance on applicable financial factors. The certification course of Financial Modeling mostly comes along with MS Excel training. It helps professionals to handle finance models applying Microsoft Excel. MBA students, Risk Analysts, Credit Analysts, professionals of project finance, business analysts, investment bankers and IT professionals are the ones who are eligible for this course.
Financial Modeling is widely used in investment banking, corporate banking, risk departments, etc. There is a wide range of opportunities and roles available after the completion of this course.
– Financial Analyst – Financial Manager – Business Analyst – Market Research Analyst
Why is excel modeling so important?
As a manager, a substantial portion of any MBA graduate’s role is decision – making. Managers are expected to understand complex business processes and provide inputs to the senior management to aid in the process of decision making. While studying these business aspects, managers face numerous challenges on how the different aspects of business are interacting with each other. If these interactions are organized in a structured manner, process understanding is simplified, leading to faster decisions.
Spreadsheet modeling helps in transforming the business decision making process into an organized structure. There are multiple variables that impact any business. Each variable can be individually introduced into the model and the impact of the variable in the overall decision making can be studied.
A financial model is simply a tool (generally built in Excel) to forecast a business’s financial future. It serves as one of the critical inputs for financial analysis and valuation. Knowing how to build an integrated 3-statement financial model and Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model is a must-have skill for professions like equity research, investment banking and private equity.
The Tiger Shroff song “Unbelievable” is out, and it has literally nothing new to offer. The romantic track has been sung by Shroff, with music and lyrics by Avitesh Shrivastava and DG Mayne, respectively. The music video has been helmed by Punit Malhotra, who had also directed Shroff in Student Of The Year 2.
The video sees Shroff trying to romance a woman, who ultimately falls for him. During this whole act, we also see the actor showing off some of his dance moves, which only slightly elevates the track from what it actually is — a mediocre piece of work.
Nothing about “Unbelievable” is novel. Tiger Shroff’s voice has been heavily auto-tuned, and the video has been partially shot in black-and-white for no good reason. There is no story, the music is derivative and the ‘Hinglish’ lyrics, even more so. The music video of “Unbelievable” has been produced by Big Bang Music and Dharma 2.0.
So I just got off reading this book & I can surely say, I’ve missed out a lot in my childhood, I guess. There’s this girl called Penny Porter, who I can much relate with. Quite of a private kind, 16-year-old schoolgirl, from Brighton, UK. A girl with fair skin, freckles on cheeks & frizzy auburn curls, which according to her were quite disliking features in her appearance. Her hobbies include photography & secretly crushing over the school’s heartthrob “Ollie”.
She’s kind of not-the-very-girly girl, has certain appearance insecurities, but on the contrary, prefers outfits of comfy & chill kinds. I would lie if I say I don’t love her. But most of all the part I could relate is she wrote blogs. Like a blog about herself, like a diary entry kinda stuff. Especially the kinds when she’s stuck in situations or facing a tough time to deal with. Gradually she had gained enough followers online, who she believed would help her cope with the situation.
One who believed herself to be a total walking disaster to perfect moments, and her fate or she, were no behind to prove it right. Her life in the very initial half was full of guilts and embarrassment. But one thing, that stayed constant was her fire brigade to all the wildfires in her life was her BFF “Elliot”.
Yet another lesson she learns in this journey is how to outgrow her childhood school best friend “Megan.” It’s sometimes okay to feel irritated & not the same way once you used to feel in the past. If smth or someone tends to hurt you, or cause you to disrupt your mental stability, or affects you in any way. It’s normal to leave that person. For, every one of us, is a subject to change in some or other phase of life & once or more. Each one of us is evolving in our best forms possible, to support ourselves for betterment. It may or may not bring out a positive effect on everyone out there. But, that’s ok sometimes. It doesn’t matter!
All of us make a circle of friends in this journey, of life. Some might dive thru you, even after all phases of changes you face & others might lose you in this ocean as you continuously hit a string of waves. Some might stay as per your expectations, others might leave out of the blue. I hope you just learn to stay contended with what & whom, you have beside you & cherish them moreover. Because life is too short my friend, don’t forget to appreciate all you are blessed with.
Back to the point now! And of course, at last, “Noah.” Penny’s ‘inciting incident’ right from New York, USA! Who happens to be a YouTube sensation too. A hopeless romantic & genuine guy, who leaves no stones unturned. Taking every opportunity he can, to make her feel special. And for very certain reasons, she has to look the best. All those dark-messy hair, chiseled cheekbones, fair, dark-eyed & all flattering ROCK-GOD-tastic features. A guy with a gloomy past, who finally finds his escape in her. And on the contrary, who makes Penny realize the concept of ‘self – love’ & most importantly makes her accept the way she is.
Moreover, who’s also in a relationship with “Leah Brown”, a chart-topper artist which she realizes later. This turns to call for a lot of turbulence in both their lives. But as we all know of romantic drama novels, will this will settle down too? Or will they break apart because of a couple of misunderstandings?
Another thing that grabbed my emotions was the part that, no matter what she always has her family’s back. Of course, the family is highly supportive unlike reality, like w most of us proly, but the thing is what really matters is how one reacts to a certain situation. And most definitely, I’m very impressed by the whole of her family. Not that I’m comparing, but I like the plot, whole of it.
This was yet another teenage romance novels, but TBH it was my first from a foreign author. Or moreover, I might say an English vlogger. For long I’ve been sticking to Indian authors only. Not that am a bookworm or so. But it’s just that I read very occasionally & of very cliché romantic kinds.
This might not be a perfect book review, but I just highlighted my moments of interest here. To me, books are a source of improving my vocab. & at times escape from the real world. But this particular novel, that I’ve been reading past a week now. The story happens to be so engrossing & mesmerizing, it happened to hover on my mind throughout the day. I absolutely loved it, except for the cliché ending. But that’s ok! What’s a romance novel without cliché terminations, right?
I could relate myself to the protagonist up to most extents.Another thing that I love about Penny, was her optimistic thoughts even when she was buried deep under troubles. Would like to highlight a certain part here. On her very last blog she says, ” Do smth that adds happiness to the world, & if you think it doesn’t, just quit performing it.” So my fellow mates, the next time you do something, I will be glad to know if you did this too & so will I. ‘Cause you never know what battles people are fighting through every day, adding pain to them & sins in your bucket does no good to either. So let’s focus on making this world a better place by sharing happiness.
So this was my blog about ‘Girl Online‘. If you did like this review & felt amused as much as I did while framing this review out, don’t forget to check out this spectacular novel ‘Girl Online‘ by Zoe Sugg in that case. I can guarantee you will be amazed by the twists & the hint of humour if you are bored this lockdown.
The formal definition of programming language is “A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output”. In simple words, as we humans have different languages like Hindi, English, Tamil etc to communicate with each other, what if a human has to communicate with a computer? The language that enables us to communicate with a computer is known as Programming language. All computers speak in binary a series of 1 and 0.
If all the computers speak in binary, then why do we code using English alphabet? The answer to this question introduces two new terms, Compiler and interpreter.
Compiler
A compiler is a tool which is used to convert the text of a programming language (called source code) into machine code. It’s the compiler that converts the High Level Language(HLL) to Low Level Language(LLL). What are HLL and LLL?
High Level Language A High Level language is a programming language that enables a programmer or user to write programs/codes in a way such that they are easier to read, write and understand. Such languages are considered as HLL because they are closer to Humal Languages and farther from Machine Languages. Example: C, C++, Java, Python etc.
Low Level Languages Low level programming language is basically a thing that is close to the hardware you are running your code on. A low level language is a type of programming language that contains basic instructions recognized by a computer. Low level code is often cryptic and not human readable.
Two common types of low level programming languages are Assembly language and Machine language.
Assembly Language Assembly language is one step closer to high level language than Machine language. It includes commands such as MOV(move), ADD(add), and SUB(subtract). These commands perform basic operations moving values into memory registers and performing calculations. Assembly language can be converted into Machine language using Assembler.
It’s very hard to understand as low level languages are not human readable.
Machine language Machine language or machine code is the lowest level of computer languages. It contains binary code, often generated by compiling high-level source code for a specific processor. Most developers never need to edit or even look at macine code. Only programmers who build software compilers and operating systems need to view machine code. The basic Hello World program in machine language will be more worst than that of assembly language.
So what does the compiler go through to convert HLL to LLL? There are 6 phases in a compiler. Each of this phase help in converting the high-level programming language to machine code.
These are all the 6 phases that a compiler go through to convert high level language to a machine code.
Interpreter Interpreter is a tool that executes instructions written in high level language. This simply means that an interpreter directly executes a HLL code without converting it into machine code. The compiled programs usually run faster and give precised results than interpreted programs.
Hope this article provides you some basic information about programming languages.
Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance. Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention.
Network automation is the process of automating the configuring, managing, testing, deploying, and operating of physical and virtual devices within a network. With everyday network tasks and functions automated and repetitive processes controlled and managed automatically, network service availability improves. It is the process of using software to automate network and security provisioning and management in order to continuously maximize network efficiency and functionality.
Automation is still green, but when it begins to mature, network admins and engineers will not even need to log into any router or firewall equipment. Of course, automation will not replace human intelligence (our jobs). With the proper automation tool, we will be able to do thousands of tasks per day, something that probably took months before. Automation will give us more time to think about network architecture, design, and plan for its capacity.
Best Network Automation Tools and Software of 2020:
Here are some of the best network automation tools, some are free, and others are paid :
Solarwinds Network Automation Manager(NAM) –
Solarwinds Network Automation Manager (NAM) is an integrated network automation tool designed for highly scalable or enterprise networks. It provides full automation and management from a unified web-based console. (NAM) includes components of various network automation tools and operations management software for all your network deployments.
It includes some features of the Network Performance Monitor (NPM), Netflow Traffic Analyzer (NTA), User Device Tracker (UDT), Network Configuration Manager (NCM), IP Address Manager (IPAM), VoIP & Network Quality Manager (VNQM), and SolarWinds High Availability. The network engineer can configure certain network automation functions on NAM and let the tool monitor the availability, faults, and performance for all nodes and paths in your network.
Its key features include : analysing traffic and bandwidth and find hogs, monitoring and backing-up network devices automatically, deploying network configurations in bulk, automatic subnet discovery and IP scanning and monitoring network performance.
ManageEngine Network Configuration Manager (NCM) by ManageEngine is one of the most comprehensive software for network configuration, change, and compliance management. It supports multi-vendor networks with products from Cisco, NetGear, Fortinet, Juniper, HP, and more.
NCM can help you automate the management of the entire lifecycle of network device configurations. You can automate daily monotonous configuration tasks in bulk. Instead of going one by one, which generally would take a long time, you can apply a new configuration or changes to multiple devices. You can also schedule automatic configuration backups that might be useful in case of rollbacks.
Its key features include : automating new or edit configuration in bulk, network automation using Configlets, configuration backups, configuration change notifications and rollback actions.
Ansible (Tower) –
Ansible by RedHat, the simple automation framework, is definitely at the core of a lot of new networking DevOp solutions. It automates the configuration of servers and provides native support for legacy and open network infrastructure. Ansible is an open-source project built by the community. It is available for Linux/Unix-like OS and Windows.
To automatically configure servers, Ansible uses playbooks, which are ordered units of scripts (written in YAML) that define how a server should work and behave through the Ansible automation tool.
Ansible Tower is the enterprise web-based GUI tool that makes Ansible easy to use. The software is designed to be the central platform for all automation tasks. Ansible Tower helps network teams manage complex deployments.
Its key features include : leveraging the current network CLI commands to automate over 45 different networking vendors, between switches, routers, load balancers, and firewalls, provide automation for software-based controllers (SDN), automate interconnection of hybrid and multi-clouds.
Netmiko –
Netmiko is an open-source Python library based on the Paramiko SSH library. It allows easier management and connection of network devices through SSH. Netmiko improves the library of Paramiko by including support to a wide range of networking vendors and platforms, such as Arista EOS, Cisco ASA, HP Comware7, Juniper Junos, Linux, and more. The tool simplifies and automates the logging to a network device through SSH and executes commands.
Its key features include : establishing an SSH connection to network devices, execute “show” commands and retrieve the results, execute configuration commands, it supports a wide range of vendors and platforms.
NAPALM–
NAPALM (Network Automation and Programmability Abstraction Layer with Multivendor support) is a Python library that can interact with different network devices via a unified API. The software is cross-platform and open-source. It uses different technologies to connect to the network devices, execute configurations, and retrieves the output data. It can support different networking operating systems such as Arista EOS, Cisco IOS, Cisco IOS-XR, Cisco NX-OS, and Juniper JunOS.
Its key features include : connecting to single or multiple devices, executing commands automatically, replace, merge, and compare configurations, discarding or rollbacks configuration, retrieving and audit information.
Truesight Network Automation –
Truesight formerly known as BladeLogic, is now part of the BMC product portfolio. Truesight is an APM with AIOps (Artificial Intelligence Operations) capabilities. It is designed to improve the performance and security of hybrid-cloud environments at a cost-efficient price. TrueSight provides scalable and automated network configuration management capabilities. The software gives full control of the entire configuration across the network, from systems, routers, and firewalls. It can also be programmed to automatically keep track of changes in configuration and apply rollback in case of failure.
Its key features include : service-aware analytics, auto-scans and auto-backups, automatic audits and security compliance checks, patch and image update automation, capacity optimization.
Apstra OS–
Apstra OS (AOS) is referred to as a self-operating network, which automates the lifecycle of leaf-spine network switching. AOS supports multiple switches hardware vendors (Cisco, Juniper, Arista, and more) and operating systems (EOS, Junos, NX-OS, and more).
Apstra comes with a single console to automate your network. It decouples the network (software) from the underlying physical and virtual infrastructure. It works at the management plan to control switches or other devices through their open APIs.
ApstraOS ensures that network elements such as protocols, design, cabling, etc. work continuously. With AOS, you can create, edit, or remove leaf-spine devices, instantly across different network vendors. AOS also comes with closed-loop real-time validation and advanced data analytics.
Its key features include : automated L3 design and deployment with intra-rack virtual networks, operational analytics. Intent-Based Analytics (IBA), built-in Telemetry, NSX-T and vSphere Integration.
NetBrain Automation–
NetBrain is an adaptive network automation platform. It uses a single-pane-of-glass that shows all network data through mapping and visualization. The software also comes with a powerful search engine that allows you to look through all your network elements.
NetBrain performs an in-depth automatic network discovery to collect data from all network devices. It decodes multi-vendor networks and builds a digital representation of the network. The software creates a dynamic map to be used as a UI to all devices and to configure automation tasks. The software improves the device map experience by adding CLI automation and data from third-party network vendors through API.
Its key features include : automaticing network device inventorying, single-pane-of-glass and dynamic maps, viewing device’s CLI at the map-level, automating workflows with Executable Runbooks.
It is really a matter of profound grief that the legendary Kesavananda Bharati whose plea to the Apex Court is considered the “real reason” behind the much acclaimed “basic structure” doctrine propounded in 1973 which clipped the widest power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and simultaneously gave judiciary the authority to review any amendment because of which the case is also known by his name passed away on the morning of September 6 at his ashram named Sri Edneer Mutt in Kerala’s Kasaragod district. He was suffering from breathing and heart ailments and was 79 years of age. He was the head of Jagadguru Shankaracharya Samsthanam Mutt which belongs to the Shankaracharya tradition. The Mutt is believed to have been established by Totakacharya who is one of the four disciples of Adi Shankaracharya.
As grief poured in from all over as soon as news regarding his demise spread, a Kerala High Court lawyer Raghul Sudheesh who had visited the Mutt in 2011 to meet him laid bare his feelings by saying that, “Bharati was revered as a God-like figure. He treated everyone with much affection and care. My stay at the Mutt afforded me the opportunity to experience his hospitality and affection.”
It would be instructive to mention here that Bharati was a Carnatic and Hindustani vocalist and wrote many devotional songs and plays and was also a patron of Kannada art and culture. His Mutt manages many educational institutions. It also runs a Veda Pathasala which imparted lessons in Advaitha and Vedic lessons to many students. In 2018, Bharati was honoured with the Justice VR Krishna Iyer award which made everyone feel proud of him! Very rightly so!
To put things in perspective, he was the petitioner in the leading case titled His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadgalvaru and Ors. Vs. State of Kerala and others AIR 1973 SC 1461 : (1961) 4 SCC 225 popularly known as “Fundamental Rights” case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the basic structure of the Constitution is inviolable and cannot be amended by Parliament. Kesavananada was the Chief of the Kerala Mutt. He filed a writ application under Article 32 of the Constitution.
It must be mentioned here that the Apex Court held in this case that there is no wrong in treating the Preamble as a part of the Constitution. The Court held that Parliament cannot while amending the Constitution, destroy the basic structure of the Constitution. The Apex Court in this case overruled its decision in Golak Nath v. State of Punjab AIR 1967 SC 1643, and held that Parliament has power to amend the Constitution including the provisions relating to the Fundamental Right but has no power to amend the basic structure of the Constitution. It also clarified that a constitutional amendment is not law within the meaning of Article 13.
When a question arose in this case for the relationship among Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy, the Supreme Court held that they are part of the same constitutional scheme and form a part of the Constitution. They are complementary and supplementary to each other and are closely related. The Apex Court also upheld the validity of all the three Constitutional amendments – 24th, 25th and 29th which were under challenge.
It cannot be lightly dismissed that the petition of Kesavananda Bharati was heard by a 13-member Bench which is the largest-ever Bench in the history of the Supreme Court till now! The historic case till now remains the longest heard before the Apex Court. It was heard for 68 working days between October 31, 1972 and March 23, 1973.
Be it noted, the Supreme Court then had 16 Judges and yet the then Chief Justice SM Sikri had constituted a 13-Judge Bench which is the largest-ever till date. The judgment was pronounced on April 24, 1973. It was historic also because 11 of the 13 Judges wrote separate judgments.
It must be borne in mind that by a wafer thin majority of 7:6, the Apex Court ruled that the party in office with its brute majority in Parliament could not amend the basic features of the Constitution which famously came to be known as the ‘basic structure doctrine’ and it is followed till date. Those thirteen Judges consisted of Chief Justice SM Sikri, JM Shelat, KS Hegde, AN Grover, AN Ray, P Jagmohan Reddy, DG Palekar, HR Khanna, KK Mathew, MH Beg, SN Dwivedi, AK Mukherjee and YV Chandrachud. JM Shelat and AN Grover, JJ and KS Hegde and AK Mukherjea, JJ delivered judgments jointly. The judgment was written in 595 pages.
Needless to say, Kesavananda Bharati had challenged the Kerala’s state government two land reform Acts meant to restrict the management of religious properties. It was on March 21, 1970 that Bharati had moved the Apex Court challenging the Kerala government’s takeover of land owned by the mutt as per the land reforms Act of 1969. It may be recalled that following the enactment of the law, the Mutt had lost its property and was struggling for financial resources.
As it had turned out, the veteran barrister MK Nambiar who was the father of KK Venugopal who is currently the Attorney General of India had introduced Kesavananda to jurist Nani Palkhivala and he had helped Kesavananda to file the petition in the Apex Court. In his petition, Kesavananda had sought enforcement of rights guaranteed under Article 25 (Right to practice and propagate religion), Article 26 (Right to manage religious affairs), Article 14 (Right to equality), Article 19(1)(f) (Freedom to acquire property) and Article 31 (Compulsory acquisition of property). He had prayed that provisions of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 (Act 1 of 1964) as amended by the Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act 1969 (Act 35 of 1969) be declared unconstitutional, ultra vires and void.
No doubt, this Kesavananda Bharati case had become a watershed moment in the constitutional jurisprudence of the country and it shall always be remembered in the days to come! The then PM late Mrs Indira Gandhi was so miffed at this judgment that she made sure that those Judges who had decided against the government would not be able to become the Chief Justice of the top court. Sanjay Hegde who is a senior Supreme Court lawyer very rightly pointed out that, “Kesavananda doctrine swung against the government by the narrowest of majorities of 7:6 with Justice HR Khanna signing against the government in favour of the doctrine. It foreshadowed the coming of the Emergency because soon after the judgment, Justices KS Hegde, AN Grover and JM Shelat were superseded for the post of Chief Justice of India and Justice AN Ray who was junior to them was appointed to the post.”
As we all know, Justice KS Hegde, Justice AN Grover and Justice JM Shelat had ruled against the government due to which they were superseded while Justice AN Ray had favoured the government and so he was promoted. This certainly tarnished severely the image of the government and posed a big question mark on the independence of the judiciary most seriously for the first time ever which cannot be ever forgotten!
Truth be told, even though Kesavananda Bharati may have lost the landmark case just like a battle is lost but seen in hindsight, he has still won the war as his case became the most landmark case which shall always be written in golden letters in the pages of history! It is true that the Apex Court in this landmark case endorsed the power of the government to amend any part of the Constitution but a rider was also simultaneously added in the words that “It should not infringe upon the basic structure of the Constitution.” In other words, this clearly implies that Parliament could not do as it pleases with the Constitution by amending whatever it wanted to amend.
Interestingly enough, the Apex Court in this notable case did not give any exhaustive list of what would constitute the basic structure of the Constitution. This was left open-ended. This truly enhanced the power of the Apex Court to intervene anywhere in any such case where it felt that the basic structure of the Constitution was being challenged. This also explains why it is so fondly remembered always!
To put it succinctly, Chief Justice SM Sikri considered the following features as to constitute the basic structure:
1. Supremacy of the Constitution
2. Republican and Democratic forms of Government
3. Secular character of the Constitution
4. Separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary
Justice JM Shelat and Justice AN Grover held that the basic structure was not a vague concept. They maintained that the basic features could only be illustrative and could not be catalogued. They considered the following features to constitute the basic structure:
1. The Supremacy of the Constitution
2. Republican and Democratic form of Government and Sovereignty of the country
3. Secular and Federal character of the Constitution
4. Demarcation of power between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary
5. The dignity of the individual secured by the various freedoms and basic rights in Part III and the mandate to build a Welfare State contained in Part IV
6. The Unity and the Integrity of the Nation.
Justice KS Hegde and Justice AK Mukherjee attributed the following as basic features:
1. Sovereignty of India
2. The Democratic character of our polity
3. The Unity of the country
4. The essential features of the individual freedoms secured to the citizens.
5. The mandate to build a Welfare State and egalitarian society.
But they also said that these limitations are only illustrative and not exhaustive.
Justice P Jagmohan Reddy observed that the mere fact that the essential elements constituting the basic structure could not be enumerated exhaustively was no ground to deny their existence. In his view, a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic, Parliamentary Democracy and the three organs of the State constituted the basic structure.
Justice Khanna by way of example held that the democratic government could not be changed into dictatorship or hereditary monarchy nor the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha be abolished. Likewise, the secular character of the State could not be done away with. But the right to property was not the basic structure or framework of the Constitution.
Needless to say, this has been used on many occasions by the Apex Court in many cases to strike down the respective Constitutional amendments that the Supreme Court felt had violated the basic structure of the Constitution. This alone explains why none other than Upendra Baxi who is an eminent jurist and a Professor of Law in University of Warwick and former Vice Chancellor of Universities of South Gujarat and Delhi very rightly terms in his enlightening and enriching editorial titled “A constant irritant to power” in ‘The Indian Express’ dated September 16, 2020 this ‘Kesavananda Bharati’ case in the opening para itself as “I call the judgment the second most important text after the Constitution of India.” Very rightly so!
The Apex Court also made it clear in this case that the power to amend under Article 368 does not include the power to completely abrogate Constitution and replace it by an entirely new Constitution. It would certainly not be an exaggeration to say most vocally that “This case is the mother of all cases and the true protector of our Constitution as it severely restricts the power of the Government to tamper with the basic features of the Constitution!” Kesavananda Bharati may have died physically but what he has done by his case by being the petitioner will forever be remembered by all those having even a basic understanding of the Constitution. No denying it!
We all,at some point of our life may have experienced nightmares. But what exactly is the sole cause of nightmares…..?
Nightmares are usually disturbing, scary and are remembered unlike the normal dreams we have. Nightmares are even more common in children. But many adults experience nightmares as well. They are vividly realistic. And what do I mean by ‘vivid’ ? Something which is actually entwined with your thoughts,or any past occurrences experienced before.
Photo by Craig Adderley
When can one possibly get nightmares?
Nightmares are usually experienced by one during a period of something called the REM sleep. Humans are the only animals or mammals which are able to sleep on their back.Also,we humans have the ability to sleep in complete unconsciousness. Meaning we can sleep without any further complications. Mind you not every animal has the ability to do that .In fact the phenomenon is quite rare. Now,the REM sleep. REM basically means Rapid Eye Movement. It is the one of the 4 stages of sleeping. This is usually the period when we get our dreams. So if you sleep,suppose at 10:00 pm,then the REM sleep ,i.e your dreams are experienced around 3 to 5 am. So…why don’t we move during our sleep? Actually we do. We do move during our sleep, but when your sleep period enters the REM sleeps, two enzymes or chemicals,namely GABA, and glycine make our body ‘slow down’. And what am I implying by this term? Basically,when you sleep,your body is not particularly working,and even if it did,it would be due to your dreams. To save this energy,rather than wasting them on just some stupid movements,your body makes the organs to slow down a bit. Including your muscles, respiration etc. One can also say that your body is ‘temporarily’ paralysed. But this can also be traumatic because then,one might experience something called ‘sleep paralysis’. What is sleep paralysis? It is a condition where your brain or your eyes are conscious, but your body is still in the stage of REM sleep. And why should this be a problem? People who have experienced sleep paralysis describe it with something like, ‘ A person sitting on your chest and clamping your mouth with the worst nightmares in front of you’. What does the above statement mean? You see,suppose you are in the period of REM sleep,your body paralysed,which also includes your lungs,i.e your breathing levels are a bit slower and steadier than usual. In fact,there is a disorder,where people tend to forget breathing in their sleep,resulting in choking and even death in some cases. Anyways,now that you are conscious,your breathing still continues to have the result of the REM sleep. Which makes you feel like you are choking. People recommend that curling your toes has visibly lessened the discomfort,but that only limits till the first or the second stage of sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis can last as short as 10 minutes and as long as 2 hours as well. This often results in post traumatic conditions and one may even develop a fear to sleep.
Okay,back to our concept of nightmares. Nightmares are a consequence of higher levels of metabolism. 1.Metabolism(metabolism is basically a process where your food is converted into energy (ATP). What may be the possible reason for this to happen? Well, remember the times when you have a craving for some night snacks? That may be one of the most common reasons for metabolism levels to be higher. When this happens,your brain waves get triggered and ultimately resulting in nightmares.
2.One of the reasons for nightmares can also be extreme stress and depression. 3.Intake of certain supplements could also be the reason for such circumstances. For example, medications of poor pressure, antidepressants etc.
Photo by Pedro Figueras
4. Nightmares can also be a result of certain sleep disorders like insomnia(inability to sleep,often resulting in dozing in some embarrassing positions..)
5. Anxiety can also be the cause of nightmare
6. People with trauma may also find themselves in similar situations.
7. Nightmares often include your worst fears,like falling of the cliff being the most common.
These can be some of the reasons which may cause nightmares. Again,not the word ‘may’. These are some of the known reasons but they mostly depend upon our bodily conditions and our brain cells.Nightmares can usually be prevented or avoided by planning a committed and efficient diet plan also keeping in mind to not eat snacks constantly. Because this might not turn out to be that good for your liver which has to metabolize the food constantly. Also,try to keep yourself in a calm state. Oh yes,it’s not gonna be as easy as it sounds. But let’s just give it a try? Please?
In Hindu tradition Triveni Sangam is the “confluence” of three rivers (Ganga, Yamuna and Sarasvati). The point of confluence is a sacred place for Hindus, with a bath here said to flush away all of one’s sins and free one from the cycle of rebirth.
Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj (Prayag), has the confluence of three rivers — the Ganges , the Yamuna and the Sarasvati (it is invisible, because according to Hindu mythology it flows underground). The two rivers maintain their visible identity and can be identified by their different colours. The water of the Ganges is clear, while that of the Yamuna is greenish in colour.
A place of religious importance and the site for historic Kumbh Mela held every 12 years, over the years it has also been the site of immersion of ashes of several national leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi in 1948.
The auspiciousness of the confluence of two rivers is referred to in the Rigveda, which says, “Those who bathe at the place where the two rivers flow together, rise up to heaven”.
Ganges River
The Ganges or Ganga, is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The 2,704 km river originates from the Gangotri Glacier of western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of India and Bangladesh, eventually emptying into the Bay of Bengal.The Ganges is a lifeline to millions who live along its course. It is a sacred river and worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism. It has been important historically; many former provincial or imperial capitals (such as Prayagraj, Dhaka, Baharampur, Bikrampur, Kampilya, Kannauj, Kara, Kashi, Kolkata, Murshidabad, Munger, Patliputra, and Sonargaon) have been located on its banks.
The Ganges is threatened by severe pollution. This poses a danger not only to humans but also to animals; the Ganges is home to approximately 140 species of fish and 90 species of amphibians. The river also contains reptiles and mammals, including critically endangered species such as the Gharial and South Asian river dolphin. The levels of fecal coliform bacteria from human waste in the river near Varanasi are more than a hundred times the Indian government’s official limit. The Ganga Action Plan, an environmental initiative to clean up the river, has been considered a failure which is variously attributed to corruption, a lack of will in the government, poor technical expertise, environmental planning and a lack of support from the native religious authorities.
Yamuna River
The Yamuna, is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganga and the longest tributary in India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of 6,387 metres on the southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in Uttarakhand, it travels a total length of 1,376 kilometres and has a drainage system of 366,223 square kilometres, 40.2% of the entire Ganga Basin. It merges with the Ganga at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, which is a site of the Kumbh Mela, a Hindu festival held every 12 years.
It crosses several states: Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, passing by Uttarakhand and later Delhi, and meeting its tributaries on the way, including Tons, Chambal, its longest tributary which has its own large basin, followed by Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken. From Uttarakhand, the river flows into the state of Himachal Pradesh. After passing Paonta Sahib, Yamuna flows along the boundary of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and after exiting Haryana it continues to flow till it merges with the river Ganga at Sangam or Prayag in Allahbad (Uttar Pradesh). It helps create the highly fertile alluvial Yamuna-Ganga Doab region between itself and the Ganga in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna’s waters. With an annual flow of about 10,000 cubic billion metres (cbm; 8.1 billion acre⋅ft) and usage of 4,400 cbm (of which irrigation constitutes 96 percent), the river accounts for more than 70 percent of Delhi’s water supply. Like the Ganga, the Yamuna is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as the goddess Yamuna. In Hindu mythology she is the daughter of the Sun Deva, Surya, and the sister of Yama, the Deva of Death, hence also known as Yami. According to popular legends, bathing in its sacred waters frees one from the torments of death.
Sarasvati River
The Sarasvati River is one of the rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda and later Vedic and post-Vedic texts. It plays an important role in the Vedic religion, appearing in all but the fourth book of the Rigveda. The goddess Sarasvati was originally a personification of this river, but later developed an independent identity. The Sarasvati is also considered by Hindus to exist in a metaphysical form, in which it formed a confluence with the sacred rivers Ganges and Yamuna, at the Triveni Sangam.According to Michael Witzel, superimposed on the Vedic Sarasvati river is the heavenly river Milky Way, which is seen as “a road to immortality and heavenly after-life.” Rigvedic and later Vedic texts have been used to propose identification with present-day rivers, or ancient riverbeds. The Nadistuti hymn in the Rigveda (10.75) mentions the Sarasvati between the Yamuna in the east and the Sutlej in the west. Later Vedic texts like the Tandya and Jaiminiya Brahmanas, as well as the Mahabharata, mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert.
Since the late 19th-century, scholars have identified the Vedic Saraswati river as the Ghaggar-Hakra River system, which flows through northwestern India and eastern Pakistan, between the Yamuna and the Sutlej. Satellite images have pointed to the more significant river once following the course of the present day Ghaggar River. Scholars have observed that major Indus Valley Civilization sites at Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Banawali and Rakhigarhi (Haryana), Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat) also lay along this course. However, identification of the Vedic Sarasvati with the Ghaggar-Hakra system is problematic, since the Sarasvati is not only mentioned separately in the Rig Veda, but is described as having dried up by the time of the composition of the later Vedas and Hindu epics. In the words of Annette Wilke, the Sarasvati had been reduced to a “small, sorry trickle in the desert”, by the time that the Vedic people migrated into north-west India.
Intern at Hariyali Foundation In Collaboration with Educational News
The basic life skills like speaking and writing are told to a kid by the parents and the school too so that the student should not get into any type of difficulty in Academics in future. Not all but only few kids get it wholly along with a blend of etiquettes, manners and healthy interpersonal skills.
Even at present not only teenagers and youngsters, some middle aged people too don’t really know whether they are really educated or not. Those who are just knowledgeable might be getting confused in these words. Let’s make it more clear and simple.
Knowledge is simply the process of acquiring facts and information through a teacher in a school or a tuition teacher and learning skills along with the information written in books. By Going to a school a kid can become a knowledgeable person in future but he cannot become an educated man.
Oops, getting heavier and blur to understand! Let’s now remove the curtain from what does it mean by education and being educated.
Education is a wider concept; it’s like an enlightening experience in a person’s life. Some children are blessed to have parents and teachers too who educate them by telling them the basic values to be followed in life. The way how to talk an elder person, how to speak in such way that the elder person’s respect must not reduces, how to behave with friends and family socially, what to say to a boy or girl, why to share things, how to help the needy people how to understand someone else’s feelings, how to empathize with people and many more things are covered under this single word ‘education’
A person can be illiterate but he or she can be educated whereas a knowledgeable person, who is a post graduate from a reputed institute, doesn’t mean that he or she is educated in true sense. People from a very long time have been using the words knowledge and education together but there’s a big hidden difference in both of these words. In these evolving times, human values and etiquettes are actually lost somewhere in between the figures showing growth, GDP, profits, revenue, etc. Children, when they grow up, mistreat their parents and elders and send them to old aged homes. A brother kills the other brother just because of a piece of land or some countable notes. A student misbehaves with a teacher who implants all the knowledge and facts in his brain. A boy speaks ill words to a girl and throws acid on her face to destroy her beauty who simply just not accepted his proposal. A group of young lads troubles the old man who carries his household stuff purchased from his limited pension. A person steals a scooter standing with a key in market. A son who not at all replies to his parent’s questions. A daughter who thinks her mother is so old fashioned to be taken to a party nearby.
Actually, the basic problem is how the child grows up. What is being told him, what is the environment he encounters, when he is appreciated, for what he is appreciated and a lot more incidents and people shape a person into a well developed human being with good etiquettes, habits and hence good demeanor.
Therefore, it is equally important for the parents, schools and people who are around a child.
Getting him learn how to respect others, how to appreciate others, how to talk to people, how to behave in public is all that is needed for a better world with good sensible souls. If parents and people ignore the importance of inculcation of good habits in the children, then not only the children’s’ life get hampered but an individual raised differently will also became for the society and his family too.
That is why it was rightly mentioned on a page named ‘kalam_se_kaleje_tak’ on Instagram that – “You can be very knowledgeable but that doesn’t mean you are educated in true sense”.
Recently, the statement “I am a feminist” has become synonymous to the statement “I hate men.” The mere idea of feminism is being misconstrued as the idea of hating men. It’s become a widely spread belief that feminism represents the idea of switching the power structure so that men are on the bottom and women are on the top; however, this is a common misconception.
The correct word choice for a man-hater is a “misandrist’ and not a feminist. The correct word choice for a man-hater is a misandrist. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, misandry is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against men or boys. Misandry can manifest itself in numerous ways, including sexual discrimination, denigration of men, violence against men, and sexual objectification of men. The belief in a matriarchal structure like this is the true ideology for those who wish to completely switch the power structure.
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social equality of sexes.
This includes seeking to establish educational and professional opportunities for women that are equal to those for men. This doesn’t mean that feminists wish to switch the power structure, but instead that the ideology behind feminism is to disassemble the patriarchal structure.
The patriarchal structure doesn’t necessarily mean that a man will benefit from all situations. It’s harmful to both men and women. It does refer to the idea that women should have husbands to take care of them, that women are overly emotional, and that women are the primary caretakers of a family, but it also refers to the idea that a man cannot show emotion, cannot be sexually assaulted or abused, and cannot take care of children as well as a woman can.
Many seem to think that feminism is a movement driven by anger and aggression. A true feminist would say that the movement is actually driven by emotion and determination. Hatred is not something a feminist wants; hatred is not included in the definition.
Feminists are branded with a horrible reputation that simply isn’t fair. The term “feminazi” and other ones like it have become increasingly popular, and it’s absolutely astounding that one would compare a group fighting for equality to a group that contributed to the mass murder of millions of people.
In the eyes of an anti-feminist, a “feminazi” represents the entire community; it defines feminists as evil, angry, over-the-top. Is it fair to, first of all, stereotype and misuse the concept of feminism? And second, compare its members to some of the cruelest people in history?
Again, feminists fight for equal opportunities, rights, pay, and expectations for all genders. Feminism was built on the construct of the main gender oppression, which is why it is a majority female space. Men would be just as adamant about gender equality if the roles were reversed.
The ultimate goal of a feminist mandate is to uproot the violent system of patriarchy. In advancement of that goal, feminists have done extensive work and research to investigate social norms and to expose them for how detrimental they are for our societies, including men.
It was through feminism that we started to question the notion of masculinity and how we constructed it in such a rigid fashion that created emotionally stunted men and, in worse case scenario, violence perpetrators that are incapable of resolving conflict in a healthy way.
Feminism has, at the very base of it, advocated that it’s okay for men to cry. Even further, it was feminist activists that fought for men’s right to paternity leaves and for men to be more involved in the lives of their children and their domestic affairs.
It is our duty to understand that just because misandrists tag themselves as feminist doesn’t mean that they are. The false understandings about feminism should be put an end to.
Feminists want equity and equality for women not because we are women but because we are humans.
Water is a priceless gift of nature. Water is essential for survival. Without food, we can stay hungry for many days, but it is impossible to survive without water. Water is the need of every living being. Not only humans, plants, animals, and birds also cannot survive without water. Without water, the entire vegetation will disappear. What would happen if there was no water? Without water, there would be no crops, no fruits, no vegetables, no weeds, nothing. What happens around? nothing, No creature survives.
Earth does not produce grains, animals do not provide milk without mother-in-law, we do not get milk to drink. Water is of two types – one saline and the other sweet. Drinking water is sweet. The seawater is salty and salty. That water does not work for drinking. The water that keeps flowing gets rotten, it stinks. Many types of insects in that water? The pandemic spreads due to the mosquitoes and mosquitoes. We also should not let water stand around our homes. This will keep our neighborhood clean and we will be healthy.
We should save water. Water should not be wasted. Water should be used sparingly. The water tap should not be allowed to run in vain. Summer requires more water. Do not wash your vehicles with water and clean them with a soaked cloth. Water should not be used casually. Due to the increasing population, water usage has also started increasing. To build houses, to drink. For bathing. dresses. Water is needed to wash dishes, so we should save water.
Water should be boiled and drunk during rainy days. Boiling water and drinking it kills the germs present in it. In this way, stomach diseases can be avoided. Lack of water on the earth. is. The earth is warming day by day. The glaciers are melting, due to which there is a scarcity of water in the rivers as the Ganges originates from the Gangotri glacier. It is melting due to strong sunlight and heat. The day is not far when the river Ganges will dry up. The North and South Pole ice is melting. Due to this, the water of the sea will increase and the cities around it will be burnt in the sea. Water has many benefits.
Water not only quenches our thirst, but electricity is also produced from it. Large dams are being stopped on the rivers to prevent water from which electricity is produced. That water is used for cultivation by canals. The stagnant water behind the dam is being converted into lakes in which fish are reared. If we consume water today only then our future will be safe. By saving water in the present, we can secure our future. We have to save every drop of water for the well being of the country, only then our future will be safe.
Oceans are found on 78% of the earth, which contains salty water but it is not fit to drink. Potable water is called sweet water or sweet water. Out of the total water present on earth, only 2.7 percent of water is potable.
Water is very important for humans. A man can live for 7 days without eating, but without drinking water, he will die in 3 days. We all feel thirsty and use water to quench thirst. To stay healthy a person should consume at least 2 to 3 liters of water per day. When there is no water when you are thirsty, you feel great discomfort. This shows the importance of water.
In order to prevent the infection of corona and prevent it to a certain level, all the countrymen are following the lock-down nowadays. Due to this type of lock-down, we are imprisoned in homes. All external activities have stopped in a way. This contrasting situation has affected our psychological aspect the most. If you talk to your neighbours, friends and distant relatives, you will find that they are all going through the same mental state – fear of boredom and survival.
When I say boredom, it simply means that we have nothing new to do. This is because we are not at home of our own free will, we have to stay for a long time without any plan and only when we have nothing new, we call our mood boredom in psychological language.
Let us understand the psychological reasons behind this. Most of us are accustomed to live life in a certain pattern. For example our daily behaviour, our jobs, our social responsibilities, shopping time and walking etc. In this way, our daily behaviour becomes the product of our fixed life pattern and whenever this pattern changes against our will, it has a direct effect on our behaviour and this is exactly the situation that we are facing right now.The second important thing is the possibility of a crisis in our existence at present. Today this apprehension has made a large population stressed. In this context, I would like to say that it seems that this virus has reached very close to our brain and the most contribution to this is the exaggerated news and analysis that we are seeing or hearing all the days and our mood accordingly is being made. We are forgetting why we are taking stress even when we are taking all precautions and are healthy. This is because we are creating this tension ourselves.
In this context, I recall a story by the Russian writer ‘Anton Chekhov’ – ‘The Bet’. The story is based on the condition of a lawyer and a banker. As the story opens, a banker misses the opportunity for a bet he made fifteen years ago. At the party they were hosting that day, all the guests got involved in the discussion of capital punishment. The banker saw it as more humane than life imprisonment, while a young lawyer disagreed, stating that he would choose life in prison rather than death. They agreed to a condition. If the lawyer can spend fifteen years in total isolation, the banker will pay him two million rubles. The lawyer has no direct contact with any other person, but he could communicate with the outside world and note down whatever he wishes.
Confined in a guest room on the banker’s property, the lawyer first experiences loneliness and depression but eventually begins to read and study in a wide range of subjects. As he takes advantage of the solitude to be educated and amuses himself in various ways over the years, the banker’s fortunes begin to wane. He realizes that if he loses, paying by stakes will go bankrupt. In the early hours of the day when the fifteen-year period is about to expire, the banker resolves to kill the lawyer, and one night goes to kill him but a note written by the lawyer on the table shows that he has chosen to relinquish the condition, knowing that material things are transitory and have the value of divine salvation more than money. The watchman then reports that the lawyer has gone out from the window and escaped with the property at stake. To prevent the spread of rumours, the banker locked the note in his vault.
Just today, this story can become an inspiration for us. First of all, for this time period, you need to move away from your fixed life pattern and make new work plans, such as spending personal time with parents and children. This will be a great experience for you. You can engage yourselves creatively by creating new projects for children. Every new task will fill you with a new kind of energy and yes, above all, it is time to make a harmony with nature, because at this time due to lack of human activities, nature is in its purest form, so the open air in the morning of your courtyard Go, see the beauty of the flowers of the garden. There was no time before in your fixed life pattern for this. Then your existence will never put you in crisis, but you will feel connected with your presence.
While the Novel coronavirus has caused a lot to the economy , the revival and growth of the Indian economy is the need of the hour. The government is trying it’s ways to revive the economy and get it back to the position it was in or even better than that. The Urban sector has been affected drastically and would take much longer to get back to normal. The Rural India on the other hand has been progressing positively in the recent times and also benefiting by the pandemic. This therefore, contributes to the Indian economy and will help it to move ahead.
While liquidity is today one of the biggest obstacles for the revival of business, we may find that even if credit is available, the problems of labour, high cost, social distancing and unstable demand discourages the business firms to restart their work . But, In Rural India the spread of the virus is least and also the lockdown risk is minimal ,so it is naturally easier to have physical distancing and outdoor work. The Rural India is in its raw form and can be manufactured to become the best possible product. The Urban India is already an existing product that needs improvement and upgradation.
In the lockdown period the demand for dairy products and vegetables was still the same. Even if the restaraunts did not make a demand for vegetables then too the supply of vegetables for the ordinary people continued and it was the most bought thing in the lockdown . Agriculture continued even in the lockdown period. So, while most of the other industries—automotive, textiles, real estate—have shut down, the farm industry has not, despite low support from a policy context. A farmer never will have to face a shortage of demand since the importance of food and food products will never end. Even if people don’t buy clothes they will buy vegetables. The negligence would cost much but if some important steps are taken Rural Economy would prove to be the best ever decision one could take .
MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT (NREGA) – This scheme should be expanded and liberalised. The farmers must get a security in their jobs and not be completely wage labourers.
Finance farmers directly – It is absolutely critical that the government delivers finance directly to the farmers through the primary agricultural co-operative societies, commercial banks, a special line of credit, and Kisan credit cards. This would accelerate the credit and increase investments through savings from income.
Exports- The Indian Economy has been confined to exports in only secondary and tertiary sector. But, primary sector has been laid back. Although India has gained alot in it’s food supply chain and it must encourage the export of food products thus leading an encouragement in the agricultural sector.
The policy implementation has to be in its best position – Only talking about the policies will be of no help, what is important is it’s implementation that holistically improves the Rural sector . It is important to create credit and gain from it for the benefit of the economy as a whole.
While agriculture is certainly the primary engine of the rural economy, we also need to look at non-farm sectors like handlooms, handicrafts, and rural SMEs to unlock the full potential of employment and income generation.
Therefore, there is a great need for Research and Development. For something to reach heights it is important to strengthen its roots. And India was always an agrarian economy and if you strengthen its roots its branches will be spread widely.
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