A Rainy Day in Summer

I don’t know about you, but I absolutely love the rain. This is especially true when I am indoors with the day to myself, with the ability to do whatever I please. Rain seems to make everything cozier and more magical.

You may consider being stuck inside horrific- but it doesn’t have to be that way! First, I suggest you to forget about that to do list. If you must go out in the rain don’t forget your lovely rainboots and fetching raincoats and the thought of putting on the kettle for tea when you return.

Instead of feeling as though you are stuck inside, look at the rain as a gentle encouragement to do all of the things for yourself that you would normally put off or set aside as not important. Allow the day to unfold with ease and enjoy the cleansing feeling that rain brings.

You can Even snuggle up with a good book. Pick up something you have been wanting to read but couldn’t find the time, or an old favorite. Try to avoid books you “have to” read and instead go for something you want to read. Curl up with your softest blanket and let yourself lost within the pages.

Often the temperature drops when it rains, so warm yourself up with a nice hot cup of tea. Sip it slowly and enjoy the moment.

It is amazing the variety of sounds that rain can make. Drip, drizzle, splash, splat, slush. Listen to how the rain you are experiencing sounds and capture it in a short poem. See if you can include other senses by describing the scent, feel, look, and taste of the rain. Feel free to use your imagination.

Another way to warm up the house and cheer yourself up with some comfort food. Choose an easy recipe that you already have all the ingredients for. Baking is also a wonderful way to make your home smell delicious and inviting.

Nothing lifts the gloom off a rainy day quite like hearing a friends voice. Discover what is new in each other’s lives and just chit chat for fun. Perhaps call someone that may need a little extra comfort today. I’m sure you will both hang up the phone smiling.

Put on music that beat reflects your mood at the moment and be absorbed by the sound. Let your body move in new and spontaneous ways to the music. It doesn’t have to be traditional dance music for you to get moving! Let the music move you in a way that feels most natural for you.

Watch a childhood movie. Choose one you haven’t seen in ages. Chances are there will be scenes and conversations in the movie that went right over your head when you were little! Perhaps you remember the movie differently. In any case, you will have fun rediscovering why you loved it.

How to identify a ‘Convent’ educated person?

A Convent educated person means someone who has studied among a community of nuns or sisters, and who are devoted and have a religious bend towards life. Most of the convent schools are divided into two basic categories – Methodists and Catholics. Methodists are the one devout follower of Jesus Christ and they believe that faith in Jesus Christ is necessary for salvation. In contrast, Catholics are the ones who believe that men can be ordained and they firmly believe that the Catholic Church was founded by Jesus Christ which is necessary for salvation.

Not delving further into the history of the origin of such schools, I would like to diversify towards some practices and behaviour which can provide an insight about the nature of a ‘Convent’ raised person. Most of these quirks are those which I have acquired over the years through experiences, considering the fact that I am a convent educated too. Below are some of the most notable illustrations:

  • Morning Prayer in Church. Convent schools cannot think of starting a day without a short, about 15 minutes prayer in the Church. Usually the prayer consists of a student or a teacher reading a verse or gospels, followed by singing from the hymnal and then saying the prayer and then taking a pledge. Such schools have a strong fascination for church and every celebration starts from within a church.
  • Nuns roaming on the campus. It is very normal for the students to see white-robbed nuns, with rosary beads either in their hands or wrapped around the neck, strolling on the campus. Usually they tend to be very strict, but at the same time they are the most helpful person on the earth.
  • Wearing short skirts, preferably at or above the knee level. Any convent educated person feel very comfortable wearing such western culture dress because they have spent almost one-third of their life wearing such kind of dresses. So the norm is that most convent educated students have to wear such knee length skirts as per the rules mentioned in the diary, shoes should be polished without any signs of shabbiness.
  • Extremely disciplined and punctual. Convent schools follow this idea of being present without any delay. In fact if you have any such friend and you ask them to meet at 6 PM, you will see them standing there, maybe at 5:59 PM. In fact, convent schools did not allow any student to leave the campus even during the lunch break and one more thing, it was mandatory for the students to bring their School Diary every day, otherwise they will be punished.
  • Moral Science class. It was one of the most exciting classes because usually the teachers used to say some fantastic stories and then used to illustrate the moral of the story. And another perspective is that, it was a scoring class and also a break from the monotony of all the other heavy classes.
  • School Fests. One very big attraction of convent schools is the mandatory organisation of fests and conclaves, both inter-school and intra-school. And it is fun because we get to meet the students of other schools which is a very big thing considering the nuns always used to be on us.
  • Grammar Nazi. One word of advice – Do not ever mispronounce or say a grammatically incorrect statement. Convent educated person tends to be a very big Grammar Nazi throughout one’s life.
  • Mandatory English. It’s very frightening for a student if he or she is being overheard of speaking in any language other than English, by any teacher or nun. Yes, it is mandatory for us to speak in English to survive a day in school.
  • Music. A day in a Convent School is not complete without a musical lesson, of any form. Most important thing is the Christmas Carol, which usually comprised of musical carols and singing songs from our beloved hymn books.

So these are some, but not exhaustive lists of quirks which one can easily be observed in a Convent educated person. The thing is we are not weird, but we seem to have a different take and perspective on this world.

Amen…

Source:

https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/convent-school-education-322890-2016-05-11

Self

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was a great patriotic Indian, if not the greatest. He was a man of an unbelievably great personality. He certainly does not need anyone like me praising him. Furthermore, his efforts for Indian independence are unparalleled. Most noteworthy, there would have been a significant delay in independence without him. Consequently, the British because of his pressure left India in 1947. In this essay on Mahatma Gandhi, we will see his contribution and legacy.

Contributions of Mahatma Gandhi

First of all, Mahatma Gandhi was a notable public figure. His role in social and political reform was instrumental. Above all, he rid the society of these social evils. Hence, many oppressed people felt great relief because of his efforts. Gandhi became a famous international figure because of these efforts. Furthermore, he became the topic of discussion in many international media outlets. Mahatma Gandhi made significant contributions to environmental sustainability. Most noteworthy, he said that each person should consume according to his needs. The main question that he raised was “How much should a person consume?”. Gandhi certainly put forward this question. Furthermore, this model of sustainability by Gandhi holds huge relevance in current India. This is because currently, India has a very high population. There has been the promotion of renewable energy and small scale irrigation systems. This was due to Gandhiji’s campaigns against excessive industrial development.

Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence is probably his most important contribution. This philosophy of non-violence is known as Ahimsa. Most noteworthy, Gandhiji’s aim was to seek independence without violence. He decided to quit the Non-cooperation movement after the Chauri-Chaura incident. This was due to the violence at the Chauri Chaura incident. Consequently, many became upset at this decision. However, Gandhi was relentless in his philosophy of Ahimsa.

Secularism is yet another contribution of Gandhi. His belief was that no religion should have a monopoly on the truth. Mahatma Gandhi certainly encouraged friendship between different religions.

Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi has influenced many international leaders around the world. His struggle certainly became an inspiration for leaders. Such leaders are Martin Luther King Jr., James Beve, and James Lawson. Furthermore, Gandhi influenced Nelson Mandela for his freedom struggle. Also, Lanza del Vasto came to India to live with Gandhi. The United Nations has greatly honored Mahatma Gandhi. UN has made 2nd October as “the International Day of Nonviolence.” Furthermore, many countries observe 30th January as School Day of Nonviolence and Peace. The awards given to Mahatma Gandhi are too many to discuss. Probably only a few nations remain which have not awarded Mahatma Gandhi.

In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi was one of the greatest political icons ever. Most noteworthy, Indians revere by describing him as the “father of the nation”. His name will certainly remain immortal for all generations.

Human Rights Violations

“We can disagree and still love each other unless your disagreement is rooted in my oppression and denial of my humanity and right to exist.”

James Baldwin

What are Human Rights?

We learn social and moral cues from our environment. No one teaches us norms, things that come “naturally” to us. However, the basic freedom that everyone needs can’t be left up to the general public. They need to be written down and strictly monitored. 

Human Rights are basic rights each person deserves and gets, to live, express, study freely, and more.

Towards the end of World War II, the UN and other organizations created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the Universal Constitution. 

There are 30 Rights given to each individual and they are entitled to them regardless of their sex, age, orientation, colour, or any other differential characteristic.

Why is Human Rights important?

Every person is unique and so is every culture, religion, and nationality. These differences and the human urge to control and dominate makes it hard to maintain human rights for everyone. So a list was of articles were made to ensure:

  • Everyone is treated with respect and given equal opportunities
  • Protects those vulnerable from exploitation
  • Give citizens the opportunity and support to stand against societal corruption and inequality
  • Encourage freedom of speech and expression
  • Provide an opportunity for education
  • Allows everyone to practice their religion or any other practice
  • Allow people to love, marry, and start a family with whomever.
  • Encourages equal work opportunities
  • Protects the environment
  • To protect the world from having another war.

Who governs the Human Rights? How to Protect Human Rights?

The UN has set up a lot of committees that govern Human Rights. 

  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
    • The OHCHR is most responsible for promoting and protecting human rights.
    • The High Commissioner of Human Rights regularly comments on Human Rights situations in the world and has the authority to investigate situations and issue reports on them.
  • Human Rights Council
    • Established in 2006, is the key independent UN intergovernmental body responsible for human rights.
  • Human Rights Treaty Bodies
    • Is the committee of independent experts that monitor implementation of the core International Human Rights Treaties.
  • Special Procedures
    • Experts working voluntarily, who examine, monitor and publicly report and advice on Human Rights
  • UNDG-HRM
    • UN Development Group’s Human Rights Mainstreaming Mechanism pushes the mainstreaming efforts within the UN.

Enforcing International Human Rights:

  • The International Bill of Human Rights
    • The first legal document protecting universal rights
  • Democracy
    • Democracy is the ultimate means of achieving the 3 pillars of the UN Charter, international peace and security, economic and social progress, and development. 
  • Security Council
    • Main duties involve dealing with grave human rights violations. 
  • Third Committee of the General Assembly
    • Examines a range of issues including human rights questions.
  • Other Bodies
    • Secretary-General, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Member States, The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues are a few other committees that work to maintain the UDHR’s promise of providing each individual all the Human Rights.

Retribution for Violations:    

Violating Human Rights not only weakens a country’s strength, but also affects an individual socially, emotionally, and economically. Human Rights are set in place to protest people, breaking them causes deep psychological trauma for years to come. African-Americans freed from slavery centuries ago, still are restricted and living lives fighting systematic racism each day.

In 1996, the International Criminal Court (ICC) was created to prosecute any human rights violator. “The ICC is authorized to try crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes, slavery, mass rape, torture, and racism.”

The ICC can prosecute any individual, group, or government out of power and sentence them to prison (in their state) or death.

Why hasn’t Human Rights bettered the World?

Countries that are Violating Human Rights:

Almost every country is violating at least 3 human rights. Below is a list of violations from a few countries.

Australia

  • Denying basic rights to Asylum seekers and Refugees
  • Exploiting Indigenous people
  • Unreliable cyber surveillance
  • Lacking support and rights for Disabled citizens
  • Forced labor in the form of the recent Modern Slavery Bill

Brazil

  • Horrifying Prison Conditions
  • Prisoners face torture, assault, and unfair punishments
  • High rates of Juvenile Detainees
  • Reporters being made political prisoners
  • Denying basic rights to Asylum seekers and Refugees

Cuba

  • Illegal detaining
  • Denied freedom of speech and expression
  • An increasing number of political prisoners
  • Horrifying prison conditions
  • Exploiting workers

Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Denied freedom of speech and expression
  • Frequent attacks on civilians
  • Corrupted justice system
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights
  • Disabled people being denied rights

El Salvador

  • Police Brutality
  • Horrifying Prison Conditions
  • Degrading prisoners and abusing them
  • Increasing gang violence
  • Women being denied basic rights and reproductive rights
  • Attacks on media

France

  • Flawed Asylum and Immigration Laws
  • Denying basic rights to Asylum seekers and Refugees
  • Flawed Child Protection services
  • Increased Sexual Assault and Rapes

Germany

  • Flawed Asylum and Immigration Laws
  • Denying basic rights to Asylum seekers and Refugees
  • Xenophobic culture
  • Illegal detaining
  • Corrupted Criminal Justice System

Haiti

  • Corrupted Criminal Justice System
  • Illiteracy
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights
  • Disabled people being denied rights
  • Child Labor
  • Illegal detaining
  • Exploiting workers

India

  • Increased violence against Dalits, Tribals, Muslims and other marginalized communities
  • Denied freedom of expression
  • Police brutality
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights
  • Disabled people being denied rights
  • Targeting political oppositions
  • Denied freedom of speech
  • High rates of Human trafficking
  • Corrupted Criminal Justice System
  • Child Labor
  • Illiteracy
  • Forced Prostitution and Begging
  • Increased Violence against women, LGBTQ and marginalized communities
  • Honour Killings
  • Denying Inter-Caste Marriages
  • Female Foeticide
  • Conservative Abortion Laws
  • Exploiting workers
  • Racist courts, hospitals, educational institutions, work places
  • Corruption
  • Poverty
  • Alarming rise in Sexual Assault and Rapes
  • Broken Healthcare System
  • Pollution
  • inconsistent access to food
  • Inconsistent access to sanitation
  • Regionalism, Casteism
  • Increasing addiction amongst the youth
  • domestic violence
  • Double Burden of Malnutrition

Japan

  • High rates of Death Penalty
  • Denied freedom of speech
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights
  • Disabled people being denied rights

Kenya

  • Government controlled Media
  • Open threats to oppositions
  • Lack of accountability for rape and sexual violence
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights

Libya

  • Armed Conflicts and War Crimes
  • Illegal Detaining
  • High rates of Death Penalty
  • Denied freedom of speech
  • Denied freedom to practice one’s religion 

Maldives

  • Targeting political oppositions
  • Denied freedom of expression
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights
  • High rates of Human trafficking

Nepal

  • Changing Criminal Codes
  • Exploiting migrant workers
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • Disabled people being denied rights
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights

Oman

  • Denied freedom of expression
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • Disabled people being denied rights
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights
  • Exploiting migrant workers

Peru

  • Police brutality
  • Denied freedom of expression
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • Disabled people being denied rights
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights

Qatar

  • Women being denied basic rights
  • Exploiting migrant workers
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights
  • Refugees being treated horribly

Russia

  • Opposing citizens are openly tortured to death
  • Denied freedom of speech
  • Denied freedom of web use
  • LGBTQ people denied basic rights
  • A high number of domestic violence cases

South Korea

  • Denied freedom of expression
  • Exploiting workers
  • Women being denied basic rights
  • LGBTQ people being denied basic rights

Tunisia

  • Inoperative Constitution and parliament
  • Denying freedom of expression
  • Women are denied basic rights
  • LGBTQ people are denied basic rights

United States of America

  • Unfair and Harsh Criminal Sentencing of marginalized communities
  • Police Brutality often leading to deaths
  • Increasing Hate Crimes
  • No Health Insurance
  • Many are denied education/employment-based on discriminatory grounds

Venezuela

  • Prosecuting political opponents and those who speak against the government
  • Dictator as the Country Head
  • Preventing peaceful protests
  • Humanitarian Crisis

Zimbabwe

  • Media is controlled by the government
  • Non-heterosexual relationships are a criminal offense
  • Right to health has been violated multiple times

What happens when a Country Violates Human Rights?

Enforcing Human Rights on an international level is difficult and often problematic. Many countries might be unwilling to cooperate. The Human Rights Council was set up in 2006 to promote and protect human rights and is the main committee that overlooks the workings. The UN has a screening process in place to filter out any breach ton human rights violations.

When the UN receives a complaint, it launches an investigation. The International Criminal Court carries out the criminal proceedings of human rights abuse. 

Why isn’t the UN and the ICC able to control Human Right Violations?

The UN has the right to intervene and fix any violations of Human Rights. The problem arises when the country in question refuses to let the UN intervene. The UN cannot carry out an investigation when the country denies consent. A debate may be held on the country’s human rights abuses. If neither the investigation, not the debate allows the UN to intervene, all the UN can do is pass a resolution condemning the country’s human rights abuse.

Unlike the UN, this court is authorized to extend legal opinions without consent from the offending country. 

The ICC may hold the authority to prosecute the North Korean Dictator. Where it lacks is the manpower force. Without support from the North Korean Police, the ICC cannot arrest the dictator. 

While International Law and Human Rights seem strong on paper, they continue to prove weak and unorganized in practice. Without complete support from a state, none of the rulings of the ICC nor the presence of the UN are of any use.

The International Criminal Court works independently from the UN and hols the authority to prosecute individuals or groups for crimes violating human rights. If the UN violates Human Rights, then the ICC, which operates separately from the UN and holds the right to call out the UN on their wrongdoings. However, without the support of manpower, the pronouncement has no merit.

Key to being Financially Independent in India

We all work right from graduating till retirement for five days a week -sometimes six days – only to spend what we have earned. In the midst of this daily hustle, how much time do we actually devote to plan for financial independence? Hardly any! Is financial independence a plan only for retirement? The answer is NO.

Photo by RODNAE Productions on Pexels.com

The first step towards financial independence is to not procrastinate it. A single drop of penny today will contribute to an ocean of financial resource. Then comes the below mentioned road map to a start of a great solo journey of life.

  • Financial planning – First, define clear and realistic financial goals like child’s education or a comfortable retired life. It is critical to factor in inflation while drawing up your financial plan. If you are planning your child’s education, you should be aware that a professional degree that costs Rs.4 lakhs today, is likely to cost around Rs.20 lakhs, 10 years from now.
  • Personal research – While a qualified financial planner can give you investment advice, the importance of doing your own research cannot be undermined. You can rely on credible websites to understand the pros and cons of each financial instrument.
  • Personalized financial plan – A common mistake is to opt for a particular plan simply because others are doing so. An investment plan must be customized according to personal factors such as your risk appetite, financial goals and life-stage needs.
  • Adequate time horizon – It is necessary to align the investment plan and the expected time frame for getting returns out of it. It is irrational to expect immediate returns from long term products like insurance, PPF etc.
  • Risk diversification – A smart investor would always ensure that the risk is distributed over a variety of instruments. A high risk instrument such as, an equity should ideally be balanced with a stable one such as bonds. Your investment portfolio should be a judicious mix of equity, debt, life insurance, real estate etc.
  • Planning for unforeseen events – Along with the current assessment of your future needs, risk of unexpected events must also be factored in. As a woman, it is crucial to be financially prepared to deal with unfortunate events like death, divorce etc.
  • Regularly track your investment – It is common to become complacent and expect the returns to flow in, once the investments are done. However, it is every investor`s responsibility to keep a tab on the performance of their portfolio.
  • Proper paperwork – There have been several instances where an investor is unable to claim returns from a bona fide investment simply because of misplaced or wrongly-filled documents. Proper documentation is a must to safeguard your investments. Also, ensure that someone other than yourself is fully aware of all your investments.
  • Securing your future: As a working member of the family, it is crucial for you to have adequate insurance to ensure that in your absence, your family does not go through any financial stress. Investing in a simple term insurance plan will ensure financial continuity.
  • Plan and execute – Last, but most important is to begin planning for all your financial needs from an early stage. The cost of postponement will weigh heavily on you in the later years when investing will become a compulsion rather than a choice.

In this world of instant gratification, have patience and watch as your pot fills with money one sweat and hard work at a time. Kudos to being financially independent!

Human Resource strategies and Industrial Relation- case study

Abstract


A diversity of opinion exists about the definition, intellectual boundaries, and major premises of the
fields of human resources management (HRM) and industrial relations (IR). To help provide a
common frame of reference for discussion and debate on the symposium topic, I endeavor in this paper to flesh out a consensus position on these matters. The method used is largely historical. Based on a review of the origins and evolution of the two fields from the early 20th century to the present day, I
show that human resources (HR) up to the early 1960s was typically considered to be a subfield of IR.
In more recent years, however, HR has largely severed its links with IR and now is widely regarded as
a separate, sometimes competing and sometimes complementary field of study. In the last part of the
paper I use this historical analysis, together with a review of the literatures in the two fields and the
findings and conclusions of the other papers in this symposium, to identity both the commonalities and
differences that distinguish the two fields in terms of their approach to science building (research) and
problem solving.

Defining HR and IR


As described more fully in a moment, the fields of HRM and IR as both subject areas in
university curriculums and vocational areas of practice in the business world were born in
North America in the late 1910s to early 1920s. In the beginning a plethora of names were
used to describe this broad subject area. Names commonly encountered include employment
management, labor management, personnel management, personnel administration, labor
relations, industrial relations, industrial relations management, and employment relations.
The term ‘‘human resource management’’ was not used, as far as I can tell, but the more
general term ‘‘human resources’’ was already employed to connote the idea that the nation’s
labor input is embodied in human beings and represents a form of capital good that can be
augmented through various forms of private and public investment, such as education,
training, and public health programs (Commons, 1919, p. 129).During the 1920s certain of these terms gained ascendancy and others largely disappeared
and, at the same time, a consensus slowly emerged about their meaning and content. All of
these terms somehow dealt with work, employment, and relations between employers and
employees.

Commonalities and differences

Commonalities
Focus on employment and workplace issues.

Gives attention to management, unions, and government policy.

Recognizes the humanness of labor.

Seeks positive-sum solutions to labor problems.

Are largely applied, multidisciplinary fields.

Have normative blind spots.

Difference

HR emphasizes employer’s solution to labor problems; IR emphasizes workers’ and community’s solutions.

HR largely takes an ‘‘internal’’ perspective on employment problems/research; IR largely takes an
‘‘external’’ perspective.

HR’s primary goal is organizational effectiveness/efficiency; IR’s goal is a combination of organizational
effectiveness/efficiency and employee well-being.

HR takes a ‘‘instrumental’’ approach to promoting employee interests; IR treats employee interests as an largely
important independent end goal.

HR focuses on creating a unity of interest between employer and employees; IR focuses on mediating a conflict
of interest.

HR views management power as necessary for organizational effectiveness/efficiency; IR assumes management
power needs checks and balances.

HR assumes conflict not inevitable and can be minimized by management; IR sees conflict as inevitable and
requiring third-party intervention. HR sees management as primary contributor to positive employment outcomes and unions and government as
occasionally necessary but often burdensome constraints; IR also sees management as key contributor but only
if supplemented by strong unions and government legislation.

Conclusion


In the introduction to this essay I noted that a good deal of controversy and uncertainty exists
as to the definitions and intellectual domains of HR and IR as fields of study and how the two
fields relate to each other. Largely through an historical analysis of the two fields’ respective
origins and developments, I have tried to shed further light on these matters. My claim is that
HR and IR in North America both have common roots in the late 1910s and arose in
universities and the business world as a progressive reform movement aimed at increasing the
efficiency, justice, and humanity of the workplace. This progressive heritage still provides a
common ethos for people in the two fields, as exemplified by the continuing effort of
researchers and practitioners to craft better solutions to a host of employment-related problems.
The HR and IR fields are also distinguished, however, by numerous differences in their
approach to research and practice. When the fields were born in the late 1910s, three
alternative ‘‘solutions’’ (or strategies) to employment problems were advanced: the ‘‘employ-
er’s,’’ the ‘‘workers’,’’ and the ‘‘community’s.’’ HR and IR envision a role for all three, but
the emphasis differs. The HR field focuses on the ‘‘employer’s’’ solution of personnel/HRM,
makes increased organizational effectiveness the primary goal, and examines the role
management and HRM practices can play in this process. IR also considers organizational
effectiveness an important goal but emphasizes, in addition, the independent importance of
protecting and promoting the interests of employees. Hence, while IR views employers as an
important actor in the employment relationship, considerable attention is also given to the
workers’ solution of trade unions and collective bargaining and the community’s solution of
labor legislation and social insurance.

References

Arensberg, C., Barkin, S., Chalmers, W., Wilensky, H., Worthy, J., & Dennis, B. (Eds.) (1957). Research in
industrial human relations. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association.
Bakke, E. W. (1958). The human resource function. New Haven, CT: Yale Labor-Management Center, Yale
University. [Reprinted in part In: E. Wight Bakke, et al. (Eds.), (1960). Unions, management, and the public,
2nd ed. (pp. 173 – 177). New York: Harcourt Brace.].

Reward system In Organisation- Gasco industrial oil company.Case Study

Abstract

This paper looks at the influence of the reward and evaluation systems in GASCO industrial oil company. The paper introduced general information of the important of the reward and evaluation in company success. Moreover, how the policy of the workforce should be designed in the company for employee to understand it. GASCO designed an effective reward and evaluation system for their employee will be presented in this paper. Finally it will present some errors that obstacle the employee from getting the good performance during the evaluation process.

Introduction

Evaluation and reward system is the most important element of any organization to success and achieving the goals. The mangers of any organization private or public should consider that the employee is the power of the work, so they need effective system to motivate them to continue working in the organization. The system of evaluation and reward are different among the companies .There are a competition between the companies to create an effective system to attract a new employee to join them.

The successful evaluation and reward system should meet the employees’ need, so each organization should consider that in their planning. The important needs that employees are looking for it in the organization are safety, fair evaluation system, good environment and good amount of salary and bonds. GASCO one of the government companies that create a good planned system of evaluations and rewards which will demonstrate in this paper. Sometimes even a success evolution system has many errors that might oppose the effective of it, so the mangers should find solution for any of these difficulties.

Brief History of Gasco

Abu Dhabi Gas Industries ltd (GASCO) is one of the gas companies in AbuDhabi in the UAE. The company is managed by Mohammed Sahoo Al Suwaidi. It was established in 1978 which following the directive of late His Highness Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nayhan. It was a partnership Company between Abu Dhabi National oil company (ADNOC) with the majority part of % 68, Shell and Total with %15 and Partex of 2%.GASCO is operating company which responsible for producing natural gases and associated gases from onshore oil production. ADNOC was completely owned GASCO in April 2001 and gave the whole responsibilities of controlling and operating the gases in Asab Plant. Now days GASCO become the largest operating gas in the world and the biggest and important oil industrial project in the UAE. There are four deserts plant that under control of GASCO, they are Asab, Bab, Bu Hasa and Habsan. All the GASCO’S four dessert transfer the gases that produced to a Ruwais Plant for continuing the process of the gases disruptions. Moreover, the product of gases which is producing from GASCO Plants are Methan (C1), ethane (C2), propane (C3), butane (C4), pentane plus (C5 plus) and produced liquid sulphur.

The GASCO’s vision is to be the most innovative and respected supplier of Gas and Hydrocarbons in the UAE. Also this vision focuses on main principles which include honesty, integrity, and respect for people with particular focus on health, safety and environment. The GASCO’s was directed by the manger Mr. Mohamed who realized to make the main goals clear for everyone who wants to join it. GASCO’s vision faced many challenging to implement it such as cultural change, changing in the workforce, and the industrial development, so he started to build a strong vision of GASCO from inside the company and focuses on the employee. He puts a strong strategy to lead the company to achieve the goals and become the most important company in the UAE. This strategy was consisted many procedures. First it was focused on team leadership and trained the employees by organizing a strategic and leadership workshop to develop their weakness and strength their performance. Second, focus on developing the customer service by improving the skills and capacities of the entire workforce which will support the stuff, technicians, operators, engineers and supervisors. Moreover, the workshops of customer service that will arrange by the company are focused on main concept which understand others and listen up. Finally, understanding the business and capacities of the entire workforce which will support the stuff, technicians, operators, engineers and supervisors. Moreover, the workshops of customer service that will arrange by the company are focused on main concept which understand others and listen up. Finally, understanding the business and operational environment in the workforce, so every employee according to his positions should understand important concept like engineers should be familiar with hydrocarbon chain. Also the financial managers should be familiar with finance operations and how the reward system works in the company. All these steps enhance the company performance and enable the company to be one of the most oil industries in the UAE.

Employee policy

GASCO is like any company that give an opportunity for qualified people to join working the in the company. The most important aim of GASCO is achieving strategic goal by giving opportunity for their employee to utilize their talent and abilities in attractive environment. The employee policy is set in clearly written and available for all employees to motivate, make the work environment attractive and more efficient. Human Resource is the most assets for every organization and responsible for setting the employee’s policy and se the system for evaluate or reward them. Also it supplied the manger with a good plan for improving the employee skill to strength them and keep record of their progress. HR’s policies are include conditions of the work, vacations and leaves of absence, salary administration ,allowances, rewards , evaluations development and health insurance.

Reward System

Reward system in the company is playing an important role to motivate the employees. Reward in business filed refer to a producers, rules and benefits that employee get for their works like salaries, allowances and health insurances. GASCO treat their employees fairly, honestly and providing them with healthy and safety environment in the workforce. The reward system in the company is very clear for every employee and written in clear way in the annual book for employee to let them understand how they will reward according to their job. GASCO’s reward system had many objectives and designed which are maintain a competitive salary level with comparable employers in the region, reward individual employees according to their performance in the work and refer the earning to the job and know differences in skills level.

The policy of salaries depends on the grade level of the employee’s position and the grade structure consists of 20 grades. The policy of company to pay equality and competitive salaries to attract, motivate qualified employee. Moreover, that will lead employee feel satisfy and fairly. The employee gets their salaried according to their performance and contribution toward the company success. There are two formal salary scales in GASCO one for UAE national and the second one for expatriates. It structures composed of two components basic salary and supplement allowances that depended on the employee’s grade level. In addition, there is a range of the salary that allows employee’s salary to progress over period depending on their performance, implement and achieving the company’s objective. There are other benefits that employee can have it like car allowances, housing allowances, educational assistance for their children and health insurance.

Errors of the evaluation system in the company

The manger in any company should be qualified and understand how to assess their employee. Sometimes there some errors that might happen during evaluating performance.

Recent Effect

This case might happen when the supervisor assess employee on the recent performance job instead of asses him according to his performance over longer period.

Contrast Errors

This error might happen when a supervisor start to assess the employee against each other’s instead of comparing them according to slandered performance. This way will confuse the employee of understand the requirements of the jobs and how they achieve the objectives or not.

Ratting Patterns

This error might happen when the supervisor tend to rate all employee with the narrow range and everyone looks average. This is not effective because he should identify the weak and strong performing employee.

Conclusion

It was clear that how the reward and evaluation systems influence the company achievements. The mangers play the important role to set an effective policy of his company and how he can realize the employee stratifications. GASCO has a good reward system that motivate and interactive any qualified employee to join them. Also it was set a clear evolution procures that will help their employee to develop their skill and perform in a high slandered. All that understanding of the employee needs and how they motivate and feel fairly in workplace will help the company to success and be the most important company like GASCO’s achievement.

Launching of One Plus Nord in India

Vaishali Singh (Cheenu Singh Rathore)

One Plus are launching their another smartphone called One Plus Nord today in India on July 21st 2020 at 7:30 PM IST.

The expected price of this smartphone will be around ₹ 34,900

The key specifications of the phone are:

The phone comes in 3 variants 6 GB + 128 GB, 8GB + 256 GB and 12 GB + 256 GB, the entry level price for this mobile is expected to be around ₹ 25,999. The phone will come with 3 colour variants one is Nordic White, second is Arctic Blue, and another one is Amber Red. The back of the One Plus Nord will reportedly flaunt a frosted glass panel, like the previously launched OnePlus 7T.

The OnePlus Nord will come equipped with a Type-C port and will draw power from a 4,200 mAh battery unit powered by a 30W fast-charger. It is well-established that the OnePlus Nord will flaunt a 90Hz refresh rate AMOLED display with dual punch hole housing a 32MP + 8MP selfie camera setup. As far as the rear camera is concerned, we are expecting the OnePlus Nord to boast a quad-lens camera setup featuring 48MP + 8MP + 2MP + 2MP hardware. The OnePlus Nord will use the Adreno 620 GPU to handle graphics.

Features:

  • Octa core (2.4 GHz, Single Core + 2.2 GHz, Single core + 1.8 GHz, Hexa Core)
  • Snapdragon 765G
  • 12 GB RAM

Display:

  • 6.44 inches (16.36 cm)
  • 409 PPI, Fluid AMOLED
  • 90 Hz Refresh Rate

Camera:

  • 48 + 8 + 5 + 2 MP Quad Primary Cameras
  • LED Flash
  • 32 MP + 8 MP Dual Front Cameras

Battery:

  • 4115 mAh
  • Warp Charging
  • USB Type-C Port

Android system:

Android 10 Oxygen OS

More rain mean flood and meager rainfall is drought in India: causes and solutions

India is a vast country where almost every year, many regions face drought, others flood while a very few get sufficient rainfall. Most parts of peninsular, central and northwest India regions most prone to periodic drought, receive less than 1,000 mm of rainfall.

The states falling within the periphery of “India Flood Prone Areas” are West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Assam, Bihar, Gujrat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. The intense monsoon rains from southwest causes rivers like Brahmaputra, Ganga, Yamuna etc. to swell their banks, which in turn floods the adjacent areas. Thus, few regions face heavy rainfall causing flood while others face meager rainfall resulting in drought.  

The principal cause of drought may be attributed to the erratic behavior of the monsoon. The southwest monsoon, or ‘summer monsoon’ as it is called, has a stranglehold on agriculture, the Indian economy and, consequently, the livelihoods of a vast majority of the rural populace. The southwest monsoon denotes the rainfall received between the months of June and September and accounts for around 74% of the country’s rainfall.

In 2011, more than 60 people died and 4 million were affected by flooding in eastern India. India, being a peninsular country and surrounded by the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, is quite prone to flood. As per the Geological Survey of India , the major flood prone areas of India cover almost 12.5% area of the country. Every year, flood, the most common disaster in India causes immense loss to the country’s property and lives.

Several traditional measures to control floods have been tried so far like building embankments to control the flow of river and constructing reservoirs to ensure release of water at a controlled rate. However experience has shown that these structural measures to control floods are negated by large scale deforestation that has taken place over the years in several parts of the country. Advancement in construction technology has also has had a negative impact on flood control as large scale construction activities have started to take place on the flood plains. Economic factors become more important and those who support the construction activity on the flood plain turn a blind eye to the disastrous impact it can have on the environment.   

It has also been argued by some environmentalists that in order to control floods, the level of water in the reservoir of the dam should be kept at minimum level. However in order to generate hydro-electricity and bring more agricultural area under irrigation, the level of the water in the reservoir is kept high which leads to flooding in the upstream areas. Thus the measure that is often touted as a solution to the flood woes itself becomes a cause of it.

For instance, 2010 Delhi floods were caused by the release of water in Hathnikund Barrage in Haryana. Release of water was essential as storage above capacity may cause flash floods aggravating the crisis. Such projects are also necessary for irrigation and drinking water supply.

Hence it is high time for the government to look for ecological measures that can help in the management of floods on a durable, long-term basis. Afforestation of the flood plains must be encouraged as trees not only absorb rainfall water but also obstruct its flow to the rivers. Those living in flood plains for these activities should have an efficient early warning mechanism that ensures their evacuation before the calamity strikes. With the advancement in space technology that India has achieved, remote-sensing should be effectively used for prediction of rainfall and floods. It is only with these comprehensive and holistic measures that an efficient management of floods can be ensured in India with least damage to life and property.   

Drought prone area should be made less vulnerable to drought associated problems through soil moisture conservation measures, water harvesting practices, the minimization of evaporation losses, and the development of the ground water potential and the transfer of surface water from surplus areas where feasible and appropriate. Pastures, forestry, or other modes of development, which are relatively less water demanding should be encouraged. Moreover, rainwater harvesting, micro-irrigation and modern irrigation facilities must be applied. In planning water resource development projects, the needs of drought-prone area should be given priority.

Thus, different regions of the country face drought and flood according to the geographical and climatic conditions and therefore, control measures should also be applied accordingly. Since no one can control the vagaries of monsoon, control and mitigation apparatus must be strengthened to minimize the effect of floods and droughts.

Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan launches PNB’s campaign to distribute face masks & sanitizers

Union Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan launched Punjab National Bank’s campaign to distribute face masks and sanitizers to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in New Delhi today.

S.S. Mallikarjuna Rao, MD and CEO, and other senior officials of PNB were also present. 

Expressing his gratitude to PNB for taking this responsibility when the whole world is suffering from COVID19, Dr Harsh Vardhan said, he is happy that PNB is supporting the efforts of the Government in fight against this Pandemic.

He said, steps like donation in PM Cares fund and organising CSR activities for distribution of masks and sanitizers have been taken by the Bank.

He said, use of masks and good hand hygiene promote COVID appropriate behaviour and this is the best ‘social vaccine’ people currently have against the disease.

The Bank is distributing such material in 662 districts throughout the country.

He said, India has substantially progressed from just one lab equipped to test for the novel virus in National Institute of Virology, Pune in January to about 1268 labs as of now.

He also added that the country will have the capacity to test one million people within the next 10 to 12 weeks.

Dr. Harsh Vardhan also expressed his confidence that the country will tide over the crisis.

He said, India has effectively handled many diseases in the country like smallpox  and  addressed the challenge of AIDS, Nipah virus, Swine Flu and Zika.

He added that India has one of the lowest Case Fatality Rate in the world.

Consumer Protection Act, 2019 comes into force

The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 came into force yesterday. Briefing the media about the new law through a video conference in New Delhi yesterday, Consumer Affairs Minister Ram Vilas Paswan said that this new Act will empower consumers and help them in protecting their rights through its various notified Rules and provisions.

He said the Act includes establishment of the Central Consumer Protection Authority, CCPA to promote, protect and enforce the rights of consumers. The CCPA will be empowered to conduct investigations into violations of consumer rights and institute complaints or prosecution, order recall of unsafe goods and services, order discontinuance of unfair trade practices and misleading advertisements, impose penalties on manufacturers or endorsers or publishers of misleading advertisements. Mr Paswan said, the rules for prevention of unfair trade practice by e-commerce platforms will also be covered under this Act. The gazette notification for establishment of the Central Consumer Protection Authority and rules for prevention of unfair trade practice in e-commerce are under publication.

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan 2020 admissions begins, 20 July 2020

Vaishali Singh (Cheenu Singh Rathore)

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) has started the online registration process of the admission in Class 1st for academic session 2020-21 on it’s official website kvsangathan.nic.in Check the procedure down below to apply, it contains the direct link, important instructions, lists of the documents and everything which is required for the admission.

  • Step 1: Visit the official website at kvsangathan.nic.in
  • Step 2: Click on the admission link
  • Step 3: Now, read though the details and documents required for the admission process
  • Step 4: Click on the registration link
  • Step 5: Upload all the documents and click on submit
  • Step 6: Now, download all the documents and keep a copy This is how you can apply.

The online registration for Class 1 will close on August 7 at 7pm. The registration for class 2 onwards has also started on July 20 and will close on July 25 at 4 pm if vacancies exist (in offline mode).

The first provisionally selected students list for class 1 will be released on August 11th 2020, the second list will be out on August 24th 2020 while the third list will be out on August 26th 2020 (if seats remain vacant).

Declaration of provisional select list of candidates as per priority service category for unreserved seats, if any (keeping the left over reserved seats blocked) will be done from August 27th 2020 to  August 29th 2020.

The registration for class II onwards (Except Class 11th) will take place from July 20th 2020 to July 25th 2020 (Offline mode). 

Declaration of list of Class II onwards will be done at July 29th 2020 at 4:00 PM. Admission for class 2 onwards students will take place from July 30th 2020 to August 7th 2020.

For KV students: Registration for admission in Class 11th will be done within a week of class 10th result declaration.

Admission list for class 11th will be declared within 1 week of registration.

Non-KV students availability of vacancies, display of admission list & admissions in Class 11th registration will be done after the admission of KV students in Class 10th.

According to the official schedule, last date of admission for all classes including class 11th is September 15 2020.

Note:

  1. If any of the dates happen to be a public holiday the next working day will be treated as opening/closing date.
  2. The studies of Class 1 will commence from 15th September 2020 either online or regular depending upon improvement in COVID-19 situation.
  3. Presently around 198 Kendriya Vidyalaya across the country are being used as Isolation Centre or Quarantine Center by Central/State Government due to pandemic COVID-19. These KVs will be functional for regular classes only after lifting of lockdown.

Source: embibe

RK Singh inaugurates India’s first public EV charging plaza in New Delhi

Minister for Power, New and Renewable Energy, RK Singh  inaugurated India’s first public EV (Electric Vehicle) charging plaza at Chelmsford Club in New Delhi yesterday. Speaking on the occasion, Mr Singh said, the EV charging plaza is a new avenue for making e-mobility ubiquitous and convenient in India. He said such innovative initiatives are imperative for the creation of a robust e-mobility ecosystem in the country.

Energy Efficiency Services Limited    EESL is spearheading the EV ecosystem development in India by undertaking demand aggregation for procuring EVs and identifying innovative business models for implementation of Public Charging Station. EESL in collaboration with NDMC has established the public EV Charging Plaza in Central Delhi.  It is the first of its kind in India. The plaza will host 5 Electric Vehicle Chargers of different specifications.

The Minister also launched Retrofit of Air-conditioning to improve Indoor Air Quality for Safety and Efficiency (RAISE) national programme.

Madhya Pradesh Governor Lalji Tandon passes away; President, PM express grief

Madhya Pradesh Governor Lalji Tandon passed away this morning. His son Ashutosh Tandon informed him about his father’s demise on twitter. Mr Lalji Tandon was admitted to a hospital in Lucknow last month. A veteran BJP leader, Lalji Tandon was a former MP from Lucknow and former Cabinet Minister in the state government.

His son and Cabinet Minister in Uttar Pradesh Government Ashutosh Tandon said that his last rites will be performed while following the Covid Guidelines in Lucknow  this evening. He requested everyone to pay homage to the leader while remaining at home.

Uttar Pradesh Government has  announced three day state mourning. Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath expressed heartfelt condolences over the demise of Lalji Tandon.

President Ram Nath Kovind today said the nation has lost a legendary leader in the passing away of Madhya Pradesh Governor Lal Ji Tandon. In a tweet, the President said Tandon combined cultural sophistication of Lucknow and acumen of a national stalwart. Stating that he deeply mourns the death, Mr Kovind extended condolences to his family and friends.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has expressed grief at the demise of Madhya Pradesh Governor Lalji Tandon. In a tweet, Mr Modi said he will be remembered for his untiring efforts to serve society. He said Lalji Tandon played a key role in strengthening the BJP in Uttar Pradesh and made a mark as an effective administrator who always gave importance to public welfare.

The Prime Minister said Lalji Tandon was well-versed with constitutional matters  and enjoyed a long and close association with former Prime Minister  Atal Bihari Vajpayee.  He extended his condolences to the family and well-wishers of Lalji Tandon.

Home Minister Amit Shah has expressed sadness at the demise of Madhya Pradesh Governor Lalji Tandon. In a tweet, Mr Shah said Tandon’s entire life was devoted to public service and he played an important role in the expansion of the organisation in Uttar Pradesh. He said, as a public servant, Lalji Tandon has left a deep impression on Indian politics and his death is an irreparable loss.

Union Minister Rajnath Singh has expressed pain at the demise of Madhya Pradesh Governor Lalji Tandon. In a tweet, the Minister said Lalji Tandon’s long public life had been devoted to the service of the public. Mr Singh said Lalji Tandon, who was affable and well liked by party workers, has left a distinct mark in his work. He said people of Uttar Pradesh still appreciate the development works done by him.

Union Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has expressed grief at the passing away of Madhya Pradesh Governor Lalji Tandon. In a tweet, Ms Sitharaman said Lalji Tandon was closely associated with former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. She said his insights on governance were sharp and subtle.

Information and Broadcasting Minister Prakash Javadekar has expressed sadness at the passing away of Madhya Pradesh Governor Lalji Tandon. In a tweet, the Minister said Lalji Tandon was an exemplary man who fully stood by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Mr Javadekar said he always kept his party first.

Aryabhata – Father Of Indian Mathematics

World renowned name, Aryabhata, is the biggest innovative and intellectual thinker.  Aryabhata was the first great scientist, astronomer and mathematician of ancient India. With his landmark contribution in number world he make India world famous. His greatest achievements include finding a solution for the indeterminate algebraic equation of the first degree and determining the value of Pi correct to four decimal places. He simplified the astronomical information needed for religious rituals.

Aryabhata, was born during a period when Indian civilization reached its intellectual peak. Though Aryabhata’s year of birth is clearly mentioned in ‘Aryabhatiya’ and it mentions that he was born in 476 CE. Aryabhata provides no information about his place of birth and it remains a matter of argument amongst the scholars. It is believed that he was born in Patliputra in Magadha, modern Patna in Bihar. Many other disagree with it and consider Kerala as his birth place and he lived in Magadha  in the dying years of the Gupta empires, the time which is known  as the golden age of India. No authentic information is available about the chronological history of Aryabhatta’s life, such as his parentage, education and other aspects of personal life. It is only from the writings of Bhaskara I, who describes Aryabhata as asmakiya, “one belonging to the asmaka country.

Hindu astronomer, Aryabhata studied in Nalanda University near Kusumaputra, which is now in Patna. He chose teaching as his career in mathematics and astronomy field. He was also called as Kulapati, which means ‘Head of the University’, so it was assumed that Aryabhata was the head of Nalanda University. Aryabhata earned great fame as a teacher of astronomy. He was referred as Acharya (Professor) and Sarva- Siddhanta Guru by Bhaskara I (one of his student).

Aryabhata work is recognized as a masterpiece. His most famous work ‘Aryabhatiya’ that it was composed 3,600 years (499 CE) into the Kali Yuga, when he was 23 years old.  The Aryabhatiya presented a number of innovations in mathematics and astronomy in verse form, which were influential for many centuries. Its entire text consists of 108 verses, plus an introductory 13, the whole being divided into four padas or chapters.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam quoted,” Aryabhatta expounded heliocentric theory before Copernicus”

Aryabhata, his first love was astronomy. Devotee of Lord Brahma, Aryabhata, also approached science initially from a religious angle. But his passion was to investigate the truth of nature and understand the theory of creator. The Brahma School of Astronomy was the most ancient school of Hindu astronomy and Aryabhata probably felt drawn to it because the astronomers of Kusumpura where he lived were followers of that school.

Aryabhata was the first astronomer to make an attempt at measuring the earth’s circumference accurately. Aryabhata’s computation of Earth’s perimeter is as 24,835 miles, which was only 0.2% smaller than the actual value of 24,902 miles. He illustrated that the Earth is round and days and nights are caused because the Earth rotates around its axis.

Earlier according to the Hindu Mythology it was believed that solar and lunar eclipses occur because “Rahu” gobbled up the moon and the sun. Aryabhata goes against the prevailing orthodox notions. Aryabhata correctly explains the causes of eclipses of the sun and moon. He states that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Aryabhata’s system of astronomy was called the audAyaka system. Considered in modern English units of time, Aryabhata calculated the sidereal rotation (the rotation of the earth referenced the fixed stars) as 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds where as the modern value is 23:56:4.091. His value for the length of the year at 365 days 6 hours 12 minutes 30 seconds is remarkably close to the true value which is about 365 days 6 hours. In Hinduism, Hindu Punchanga (calendar) is based on his calculations.

The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic , algebra , plane trigonometry, and spherical trigonometry. It also contains continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums-of-power series, and atable of sines.Aryabhatiya was translated into latin in the 13th century. In his old age he wrote ‘Arya -siddhanta’.

India’s great mathematician, Aryabhata stands first in the line of brilliant mathematician of classical Indian mathematics. He gave a new dimension to astronomy, mathematical rules and propositions.One of his most important legacies is his accurate knowledge of the value of Pi.

Pi is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle’s circumference to its diameter; this is the same value as the ratio of a circle’s area to the square of its radius. p is approximately equal to 3.14159 in the usual decimal positional notation. Many formulae from mathematics, science, and engineering involve p, which makes it one of the most important mathematical constants.

His contributions in Mathematics field are magnificent and very precious. The place-value system, first seen in the 3rd century Bakhshali Manuscript, was clearly in place in his work. According to French mathematician Georges Ifrah ‘Zero’ was implicit in Aryabhata’s place value system.

Aryabhata has mentioned methods to find out square roots and cube roots. It’s believed that he also formulated tables in math’s, which later called as the “Tables of Sine”. He is the first mathematician to use letters of the alphabet to denote unknown quantities His method to find solution for quadratic equations is, ax (sq.) – by (sq.) = c, also recognized world-wide.

In acknowledgement to Aryabhata contributions in Astronomy and Mathematics, India’s first satellite was named “ARYABHATA”.  It was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar using a Cosmos-3M launch vehicle. It was built by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics.

Bhaskara quoted that, “Aryabhata is the master who, after reaching the furthest shores and plumbing the inmost depths of the sea of ultimate knowledge of mathematics, kinematics and spherics, handed over the three sciences to the learned world.”