Suicide note is a document, not a mere goodbye or a mode of remembering, but one which has the potential to give access to the person’s inner thoughts and feelings even after they are long gone. From people who want their story to be told, often the person lives behind mentioning different people who might have affected their lives. Though the reasons can never be brought into a particular set but it can bring two sorts of people into the picture. One in a positive light and the other completely opposite. Most of the lost hopes varies from reacting to the feeling of burden on the relatives or close ones to giving up on repetitive trauma from a set of people or any one person specifically. Both the scenarios, however, bring in questions. The controversies regarding discourse on suicides in India is huge. The judicial system scrutinizes the action and grasps every loophole that could have had led the suicide. As suppose, could have abetted the suicide.
Abetment to suicide is a crime. Not namesake but one of the legal provisions as well. Section 306 of the Indian Penal Code criminalizes the offence. A person is considered guilty of abetment upon three instances. If he instigates the person, if he has been a part of the conspiracy behind it or if he has intentionally helped the victim to commit the act. And importantly, direct evidence is required against the accused to show the alleged crime. It definitely looks a two-way pavement until here but what lies beneath the surface are the eyes of the world around the suspect. The one in the middle of a mere mentioned name and a criminal- the one in middle of the trial.
A name mentioned in a suicide note includes the person as an accused under a non bailable offence where the person receives a summon or notice from the local police station. The investigation goes on and a charge sheet gets filed against the mentioned name. Post all of these, a trial stands before the court. This is a tedious and defaming process for any prudent person. And thus, gets abused more often than not. The process gets tamed every hour in India when a person uses different phrases as to ‘cut nerves’, ‘kill themselves’, ‘the police will take you’, ‘it will be your fault’, ‘you will be guilty forever’, in order to get something to which the other silently agrees because what lies on the other hand is unknown.
However, one does not need to worry about the process at any point of time if they are not guilty. Truth has prevailed for the entire history of manhood and if put forth in the investigation process shall as well help gain way out from the difficult times as such.
It is important to notice that most threats usually come to partners who look to end a relationship to which the co-partner cannot come to terms with. There stands no-win situation in a case like this. The level of uncertainty is huge and the loss could be unbearable.
The thin line between the law for actual abetment to the abuse of the law is not foreseeable. A person at the edge for the same should not misjudge the actual cry for help to the attention seekers. However, for a person who knew about the suicide and decided to not help the cause or did not make attempts to stop or discontinued the cause could become more than just regretful. They are probable criminals in the eyes of law.
It is true that once the threat turns the other way, there’s no turning back. However, one should always keep a few points in mind. First of all, a compassionate behavior with a person who we are no longer in terms with can go a long way. Next, professional advice should always be taken. One as it could save the person in question and also give you the green card of innocence even if mentioned in the note for any cause. It also gets very important to understand the habitual offenders and to take them seriously. The ridiculing of it being an everyday affair is not a healthy mentality. The repeated threats often bring in personal derangement which increases the risks. While one might consider obliging to all the demands put forward during such a crisis, it gets very important to involve very close and dear ones and let them to know about the threat.
The above-mentioned points are not just mere suggestions but also points out as “duty” in the law. The principle is evidentially prevalent in both civil and criminal matters. However, duty differs in different cases. From the perspective of duty in threatened suicide, if a help is promised in the form of care or companionship, it gets binding since there is an established duty of care. But the duty of care also depends on the type of relationship with the person at stake.
Summing up, the best way to get out of a situation is truth and actions which would leave no room for regret in the future. It is worth keeping in mind that, ‘to save another life, you must safeguard yours first’.
In India the Telecom Regulatory Authority of Indian is blocking the Airtel platinum speeds and Vodafone platinum speed plans for the users for the faster internet speeds and the priority network service for the customers. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India asked to the private telecom service providers such as Vodafone and Airtel as well as Idea to keep a pause on their prority plans that was launched in India recently. The authority of telecom questioned to them that the operators they that can give the full access of their high speed internet and service priority to the customers that will be paying for the premium plans in the whole county. TRAI wrote to the telecom opertators that to provide the full details of their priority plans to them and which are the plans that will provide the priority to the customers and how.
TRAI marked the questions to them that how the companies are giving up the interests from their regular subscribers, and telecom company operators are trying to take more money from the consumers just for the marketing strategy. They asked they can really give the priority to all the customers that are paying for the priority network to them and splitting cheaper cost plans and giving less internet speed and less priority to the regular customers. Airtel officials said that we are passionate about what we are delivering the best network and the services to the customers.
The TRAI replied back to the airtel and said not everytime it can be a best network at any places in the whole county. Currently, Airtel is delivering its best services to the customers by and said they are doing its best for making this connection the best in the county and giving the best services to the customers that are willing for the best network in the county. And recognized internationally for its speed, video quality and latency/ping. At the same time, we want to keep raising the bar for our postpaid customers in terms of services and overall experience.
Recently, Airtel announced that it would give more preference to the platinum mobile constumers who will pay Rupees 499 or above for postpaid connections on its 4G network. The platinum customers will be provided the priority of service and the quality of network and will get better experience and better speeds as compared to the normal users that are paying less for the same telecom operator airtel.
On the same end the Vodafone also stared its services for the priority services for its postpaid customers as the name REDX plans that will promise up to 50 percent of faster internet speed to the customers and other benefits to the customers and they will provide the best customer care support to their customers. The plan has filled with the TRAI for past eight months with the further modifications to the plan filled in May with some customers onboarding the plan as per the sources.
Vodafone officials said, Vodafone REDX plan offers a range benfits including unlimited data, calls, premium content for their customers.
Everyone is well aware of the situation the world is in right now. Things haven’t been pleasant since mid-march. But with almost four months in lockdown, people are bored and sick of staying indoors. No social gatherings, movies, restaurants, long drives and so on has made many restless and agitated.
The go out entertainment apart from social media and online games is the online streaming platforms like Netflix, Disney+Hotstar and Amazon Prime. But a period of four months is long enough to finish watching all the interesting television series and movies, especially when one has no other form of entertainment.
Like many other industries and sectors, this pandemic has affected the entertainment industry also. With shootings been suspended indefinitely and all the pending work like the post-production and dubbing have also come to a standstill.
Some films which have successfully completed the post-production and waiting for theatre release were sitting on the idea of releasing the movie directly to the OTT platforms. Bollywood movie, GULABO SITABO, starring the superstar Amitabh Bachchan and Ayshmann Khurrana was the first to release directly in Amazon Prime. The theatre owners did not support this as they claimed they will suffer huge losses. But despite facing some flak and opposition the movie managed to release and garnered attention. This was a big-budget movie with certain expectations.
After the release of GULABO SITABO, other directors and producers also started thinking of following the same pattern and releasing their movie directly to OTT platforms. This was because the movie was welcomed and received well. So now we have a wide range of movies getting ready for release directly to OTT. The most anticipated ones are Akshay Kumar and Kiara Advani’s ‘Laxmi Bomb’; Ajay Devgn, Sonakshi Sinha and Sanjay Dutt’s ‘Bhuj: The Pride of India’; late actor Sushant Singh Rajput and Sanjana Sanghi and Saif Ali Khan’s ‘Dil Bechara’; Alia Bhatt, Aditya Roy Kapur, Sanjay Dutt and Pooja Bhatt’s ‘Sadak2’; Abhishek Bachchan’s ‘The Big Bull’; Kunal Khemu and Rashika Dugal’s ‘Lootcase’ and Vidyut Jammval’s ‘Khuda Haafiz’ among others. The OTT platform Disney+Hotstar is releasing these 7 big-ticket films starting from July 24.
Though the theatre owners will suffer quite a huge loss, releasing films online will help in entertaining the masses during these tough times. Also watching good movies at the comfort of one’s home with family is a good change. Though the theatre experience cannot be matched but this is the most we can wish for now.
There is an endless amount of problems around the globe now and taking some time off and just relaxing and sharing a good laugh with family while watching some good content will help keep us a little energetic and will definitely help in overcoming these unprecedented circumstances.
A small state situated in the western region of India with coastlines stretching along the Arabian Sea. Its lively nightlife, sandy beaches and world heritage architectural spots attract over 2 million international and domestic tourists every year. Its the only state in India that officially owns motorcycle taxis making the state rushed with two wheeler taxis where tourists can be worry free while asking a lift and actually paying a charge. Tourists can explore length and breadth of state without actually spending much into fuel and travel charges. Some of the oldest rocks in India are found in Goa between Molem and Anmod. Classified as Trondjemeitic Gneiss these rocks are over 3,600 million years old. Dudhsagar Falls which has a height of 310 m is one of the highest falls of India, is a place one must visit in a lifetime.
2) Leh-Ladakh
Pangong Tso
Geographically surrounded by Tibet Border in North to South east and Pakistan border in North west and Kashmir valley in the west section of Leh. Down south section of Ladakh called Zanskar range which is the North section of Himachal Pradesh. Connected by air from Delhi to Leh regular flights and national highway from Manali to Leh and Srinagar to Leh. A Biker’s paradise, Leh-Ladakh is a must visit place resembling heaven on earth.
3) Mahabalipuram
Krishna’s Butterball in Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
Mahabalipuram, also known as Mamallapuram, is a town in Chengalpattu district in the southeastern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, best known for the UNESCO World Heritage Site of 7th- and 8th-century Hindu Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram. [SOURCE WIKIPEDIA]
Monuments at Mahabalipuram
Shore Temple
Pancha Rathas
Arjuna’s Penance
Krishna’s Butter Ball
Are some of the places that shows marvellous architectural and construction technology of 7th Century India.
4) Jaisalmer
The Jaisalmer Fort
Jaisalmer, a City in the heart of the Thar Desert also known as the “Golden City,” is distinguished by its yellow sandstone architecture. Dominating the skyline is The Jaisalmer Fort, a sprawling hilltop citadel buttressed by 99 bastions. Behind its massive walls stand the ornate Maharaja’s Palace and intricately carved Jain temples.
If geology interests you, then Jaisalmer is where you need to journey. The Wood Fossil Park or Aakal is located about 15 kilometres away from the city. Here, one can discover and trace geologic tragedies that occurred in the Thar Desert 180 million years ago.
Akal Wood Fossil Park, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
The city of Jaisalmer also acts as the guard to western Rajasthan (and India’s) frontier. This ‘Golden City’ is located close to the Pakistan border and in close proximity to the Thar Desert. The city’s most prominent landmark is the Jaisalmer Fort, also called Sonar Qila (Golden Fort). Unlike most other forts in India, Jaisalmer Fort is not just a tourist attraction. It houses shops, hotels and ancient havelis (homes) where generations continue to live.
5) Mathura
Mathura Prem Mandir
Located in the western part of Uttar Pradesh, Mathura is a jumble of never-ending lanes teeming with folks, rickshaws and glittering shops. The city is dotted with magnificent temples, most of them dedicated to Lord Krishna, the city’s presiding deity and its first citizen. These temples depict various phases of Lord Krishna’s life, taking the devotees back to the divine era. Mathura is an important pilgrimage destination of the Hindus and is one of the seven sacred cities of India. Lord Krishna was born around 5000 years ago on this land as an 8th child to Mata Devaki and Vasudeva in the prison cell of the tyrant Kansa, Lord Krishna’s maternal uncle. The land is daubed with an enchanting culture, which is enough to capture your heart and touch your soul. Vrindavan is a holy town in Mathura and is the most significant pilgrimage site in Braj region, attracting around 500000 pilgrims every year. It is believed that Lord Krishna spent his childhood here. Even the dust of this holy place is said to be sacred and devotees are often seen smearing it on their forehead. It is believed that Vrindavan was lost over time, until the 16th century, when it was rediscovered by the saint from Nabadwip, Chaitanya, Mahaprabhu, who travelled to Vrindavan in 1515.
MAJOR ATTRACTIONS
Shri Krishna Janam Bhoomi Temple
Geeta Mandir
Shri Rangji Temple
Cheer Ghat
Dwarkadhish Temple
Goverdhan
Kansa Qila
Iskcon Temple
Prem Mandir
After the pandemic, it is a good to go place for relaxing your mind and to gain some spiritual calmness.
6) McLeodGanj
McLeod Ganj
Located in the Kangra district and at the suburbs of the town of Dharamshala, Mcleodganj, Himachal Pradesh is one of the most favourited tourist destinations of recent times. Mcleodganj is also sometimes referred to as the Little Lhasa because of being occupied by a lot of Tibetans who moved here after China’s invasion of their own homeland.It is also noteworthy that the exiled government of Tibet is also based in Mcleodganj.
Speaking of Mcleodganj tourism, this quaint little town is some 3 km away from Dharamshala and is visited by thousands of tourists every year. People come here for various reasons like spirituality, volunteer programs, Himalayan experiences and adventures, and for much other sightseeing, photo and excursion opportunities in this religious small town cum hill station in the Himalayas.
This town is majorly famous for spiritual getaway and pilgrimage of Buddhists from around the globe. The 14th Dalai Lama of the Buddhists, Lama Tenzin Gyatso after his exile from tibet in 1960, settled in this town and formed government of tibet (in exile) into this beautiful town.
Apart from this, Mcleodganj is considered by many to be an adventurous hub, especially in terms of trekking in Mcleodganj. Home to one of the most beautiful, scenic and exciting treks of the country, the Triund Trek, Mcleodganj is the base camp for reaching the summit of the famous hill. Starting from Dharamkot in Mcleodganj, the 9 km trek leads the trekker through forests of Oak, Deodar, and Rhododendron before opening up to one of the best sceneries that you will find in the Himalayas.
7) Amritsar
Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
Sri Harmandir Sahib, also referred as Sri Darbar Sahib or Golden Temple located in Amritsar (Punjab), is the most sacred temple for Sikhs. This temple spreads Sikhism’s message of tolerance and acceptance through its architecture that has incorporated symbols from other religions.
Another mind soothing place to cure your post pandemic trauma and obtain some peace of mind. This temple is a marvellous combination of arts and faith with its beautiful architectural design.
8) Andaman & Nicobar
With a close to 5 Hour journey via Delhi to Andaman through air, travelling a distance of 2,481 Km, you are now at India’s Island paradise Andaman & Nicobar.
Long fabled among travellers for its mesmerising beaches, deep water wonders and primeval location in the middle of nowhere, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are still the ideal place to get away from it all. The archipelago has around 572 islands of which only 36 are open to the tourists. The island population is an interesting mix of south Indian and Southeast Asian settlers, as well as Negrito ethnic groups on some islands whose arrival here still has anthropologists baffled.
The island houses some rare creatures to its ecosystem– Spectacular Coral Reefs, The Biggest Crabs, Largest Turtles, the most vibrant fishes and butterflies.
Island’s Drone Photograph
The names Andaman and Nicobar are taken from Malay Language. As the great Tanjore inscription of AD 1050, the name Andaman is derived from Lord Hanuman’s name which pronouced in Malay as Handuman and the name nicobar seems to be an erroneous alternation of south Indian term ‘Nakkavaram’ (Land of the Naked).
The most widely spoken language on the islands is Bengali followed by Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam. If you’re aware of any of these languages it might turn into your favour, while exploring the 36 of 572 islands.
9) Hampi
stone crafted chariot at Hampi
Listed under UNESCO’s recognised world heritage sites, Hampi is now ruins of the Mighty Vijaynagara Empire. A place generally less visited by tourists is unknown to many. Should we blame at governments for not uplifting this traditional stone crafted city owning royal residences, temples, towers, roads, and statues, all spread over a massive area.
Another marvellous example of ‘How advanced were India’s ancestors’, from us! they were more technologically sound and had some genius geologists, engineers, architectures, meteorologists, physicists astronomers and many more.
musical pillars at Hampi
Here you’ll find an extraordinary architectural marvel having 56 melodic columns or the musical pillars amongst the most appealing structures of the Vittala Temple. These pillars create melodic sounds when tapped delicately. The most intriguing thing is that the columns are constructed using stones. The melodic mainstays of Vittala Temple are also called SAREGAMA pillars.
There is a typical misguided judgment that Hampi was built up by the Vijayanagara Empire. Nonetheless, the primary historical record of settlement in Hampi goes back to 1st Century. Evidence shows that the district of Hampi was under the governor of Ashokan Kingdom amid the third century BC. Therefore it is so hard to even imagine that how and with what sort of advanced technology this empire was built in the 1st century.
10) Pondicherry Auravilla
Auravilla, Pondicherry
Did you ever knew, there existed an entire universal town that has its own set of rules and it belongs to nobody but the humanity as a whole. An experimental town in viluppuram district mostly in Tamil Nadu and some parts in Puducherry. It was founded in 1968 by Mirra Alfassa (known as “the Mother”) and designed by architect Roger Anger.
The purpose of Auroville is to realise human unity. It wants to be a universal town where men and women of all countries are able to live in peace and progressive harmony above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities, Mirra Alfassa had said. The town has a total population of 3000 people from over 58 nations from worldwide.
The whole idea to build an ideal society, an ideal city where differences among humans are diminished close to zero. How much does it cost to stay at a guest house in Auroville? On average, a guest house in Auroville costs $19 (₹1400) per night (based on Booking.com prices).
Non-verbal communication is significant in the work environment since it influences the workplace. In a few regards, we can impart so a lot, if not more, non-verbally than we do with our expressed words.
Keep in touch
Build up eye to eye connection when addressing others. At the point when you look, it shows the other party that you’re keen on what he is stating. In the event that you should give an introduction at work, build up eye to eye connection with the crowd. It discloses to them that you are positive about what you are introducing.
Utilize Your Outward appearances
Your outward appearances pass on your feelings. Outward appearances are commonly general, which implies they pass on a similar message all inclusive. A scowling individual is generally vexed. Offer a grin when conversing with somebody, as long as it isn’t improper to the circumstance.
Be Circumspect of Individual Space
Focus on your closeness to other people. Various societies see nearness in different manners, so pay heed if the individual you’re speaking with is awkward.
Mind Your posture
Take a gander at your stance. Slumping shows that you are not intrigued by what an individual is stating. Your body development is additionally significant.
Know about Tones and Sounds
Your manner of speaking and the sounds you make can convey your contemplations to others without your in any event, talking. Talk delicately and serenely.
How I overcome the fear of public speaking
Try not to attempt to quiet down:
In astute examination, Harvard educator Alison Wood Streams requested that individuals give an open discourse on what might make them great associates. Uneasiness alert: they would be recorded and assessed by a panel. Over 90% of individuals said the best system was to quiet down. Be that as it may, it didn’t work.
Practice before a group of people:
At the point when I practiced my initial talks, I conveyed them solo. Exemplary examinations by the late Stanford analyst Robert Zajonc showed that the unimportant nearness of others raises our excitement. On the off chance that you practice alone, you won’t get an opportunity to conform to that excitement
Turn off the lights :
To diminish uneasiness during the discourse itself, I like to obscure the room. As appearances become less noticeable, my excitement drops. I as of late found that there’s a side advantage of diminish lighting: crowds chuckle more.
Handling rejections of life
Set aside some effort to process it as opposed to constraining a grin all over.
Attempting to constrain good faith or to push ahead when you are still in a passionate strife or somewhat stunned for the most part don’t work that well.
So first simply set aside a touch of effort to process the musings and emotions that emerge when you’ve been dismissed.
Concentrate on what you despite everything have in your life.
Set aside some effort for the contemplations that emerged.
Be that as it may, don’t stall out in abiding and in hauling yourself down into an expanse of self-uncertainty and pessimism.
Rather, move your concentration to what you in reality despite everything have in your life.
Say no to your inner critic.
At the point when you’ve confronted dismissal at that point it’s anything but difficult to begin pulverizing yourself and to drag yourself further somewhere around tuning in to your internal pundit.
The inward pundit is the voice that murmurs or automatons on in your psyche about how you’re not alluring enough, not shrewd or clever enough or maybe that you’re ineffective throughout everyday life.
Let it out to a companion or adored one.
Restraining the dismissal and this circumstance can cause it to feel and appear to be a great deal more terrible than it should be.
Allowing everything to all and talking it over with a companion, accomplice or relative can assist you with releasing your repressed feelings and to begin seeing the circumstance with clear and calm eyes.
Try not to believe it’s everything about you.
It’s anything but difficult to fall into the snare of speculation there is some kind of problem with you in the event that you for instance don’t get a subsequent date.
In any case, not all things are about you.
Be valuable and spotlight on what you can realize.
As I referenced above, not all things are about you on the off chance that you get dismissed. Also, getting dismissed is only a piece of an actual existence very much lived, of a real existence where you go outside of your usual range of familiarity.
As results of class 12th and 10th have been recently announced by CBSE for the year 2020, there has been a trail of pressure, judgement, stress and comparison flowing through the people of society. Examinations are conducted to test the theoretical knowledge, a person has gained throughout his schooling. It is true that people consider marks and percentages as a resemblance of a person’s skills and IQ but you need to know that all of it is just a myth not a fact.
It is the people who has made this phase of schooling so difficult for students that their mind is overpowered by thoughts of inferiority, shame and failure. Marks have never been given the authority to judge who a person is and what thoughts he behold.
The only criteria on the basis of which a student should ever judge himself is on the basis of his efforts. The only person who knows where he really stands and can judge himself and even conclude on being him a failure or a success is the student itself. Indian society has made ‘the result’ of a student, a criteria to forecast his future, a portfolio of his abilities and the prediction of his life. The students need to understand and seek what their peace really demands.
Ofcourse, the only concern which ever runs in the minds of the students regarding the result is about their parents, which is obvious but they really do need to understand that along with them, your own wellbeing should also concern you the same.
Who will ever value your marks more than your mental health?
Nobody right? Not even your parents. But still we keep on finding our faults and blaming ourselves rather than focusing and working on what’s still in your hands. I get it that it may take time for your parents to understand but they will. No parent ever want to see their child stressed and that too atleast not because of something their kid spent months working on.
You worked hard, you laid your efforts. You know this. Your family does. Who else matters? If you know the real you, your family knows about the dedication and efforts you put then why to prove this to somebody else? That somebody who didn’t even try to see the dedication in you but to criticize you for your performance? Who gave the right to the society to demoralise you even though you know that they know nothing about how it all happened.
Don’t ever let the negative thoughts of PEOPLE overpower YOUR mind.
Remember that no marks will ever, EVER value more than you, your peace, your well-being and your mental health. It’s okay if you lack somewhere. It’s okay even if you top. It’s okay if you are somewhere in the middle and it’s okay even if you have to do it again. Examinations, marks, results come and go every year. What stays with you is how you dealt with it and what you learnd from it. Did you work harder to smash the critics with the real you or you let them eat your mind? Did you pull yourself up and tell yourself that it is okay to fall because you know you will win or see it as the end to the journey?
It is just a result kiddo. It is just a result. In a few days, it will be faded and everyone will forget, even the topper will be forgotten. But you need to remember that there will be endless opportunities waiting for you and it will be you to decide how much to get out of it. The topper, the average and the fighters, all of them will be on the same platform as soon as they persue further education. Your fate will be in your hands.
No A+ guarantee the success in life nor a D concludes failure. It is our vision to see things. For some, their failure is the end, for some, it is the beginning. The beginning to something new, to something better.
Patriarchy, often perceived as a “culture” by the Indian society, strives to be protected at all costs, even if that means to strip off the “vulnerable”, of their basic human rights. All concepts that threaten this so-called culture, are categorised as “western concepts”, and are further refused to be acknowledged. Living in denial and refusing to acknowledge the problems, does not mean that they don’t prevail in the Indian Society. In fact, this means that a significant chunk of the society is not ready for the particular problem, but, that does not in any way, give them the right to disregard other people’s safety and security, just because their’s is intact. One such controversial concept is ‘Marital rape’, often perceived as an oxymoron. Although, ‘rape’ has been clearly defined by most of the criminal codes of almost every country recognised by the United Nations, yet the understanding is rather subjective varying on the culture and relationship of the accused and the victim. As Estelle B. Freedman points out in Redefining Rape,”At its core, rape a legal term that encompasses a malleable and culturally determined perception of the act…The meaning of rape is thus fluid”. One such factor is ‘marriage’, which supposedly rules out the possibility of forceful sexual conduct upon a wife, since a wedlock provides immunity to the husband, sociologically as well as on legal grounds in 10 nations of the world. Well, one of the most difficult challenge faced by people opposing marital rape, is the lack of acknowledgment of this sin. The surprising fact is that this is probably the only crime , where the victim does not recognise her violation of the rights, because control of a woman’s body is foundational to patriarchy. As British jurist, Lord Mathew Hale, states that,”The husband cannot be guilty of rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband, which she cannot retract.” This orthodox thinking is deep rooted in our society and is a shame to our so-called judicial progress, because if we see the section 375 of the Indian Penal Code,1872, although it defines rape, yet there is an exception in the statute which states, that, ’Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.’
Arguments generally used to justify the non existence of this crime in the IPC, are that there are other sections like domestic violence and cruelty that protect the wives from the oppression and dominance.“there are other provisions that safeguards the rights of a wife, like domestic violence which covers cruelty, so why do we need another law? So greedy, these ‘feminists’ have become!”. This shows us the biggest problem in not recognising marital rape as a form of rape ,that is, the society is ready to accept the husband as an offender of domestic violence, since the ‘anger issues’ are just unstoppable and ‘he is a man’, but are not ready to accuse the husband of rape of his own wife.Such beliefs are imbedded in notions such as the idea that a woman’s sexuality is a commodity that can be owned by her father or husband, the belief that what happens between husband and wife in the bedroom is a private matter, that a man is entitled to sexual relations with his wife, and that a wife should consensually engage in sex with her husband, thus making rape “unnecessary.”
The ways in which marital rape is condoned varies cross-culturally. In India, Supreme court ruled in February 2015, that marital rape is not a crime.A government minister then told the parliament, that it could not be criminalised in India, since “marriages are sacrosanct”.(BBC News,2015). Like, in United States of America, although it is a criminal offence, yet a significant amount of attitudinal surveys show that Americans regard the rape of a wife far less than a similar assault by an acquaintance or a stranger. “Marital rape is a western concept, it is not possible in the Indian Society”, as stated by Maneka Gandhi, minister of women and child development, Ironical? It’s a crying shame, that people still have to be convinced, that there is ‘no difference’ between rape and marital rape. A wedlock, does not take away the bodily rights of a woman, she is still an individual and her rights must be protected. This mindset cannot be changed solely by judicial activism, but by educating men and women, and making them sensitive towards each others sentiments.
One of the ignored reason of the exclusion of this crime, is the anthropological aspect of research. As Gabriella Torres points out in her book, ’Marital Rape: Consent, Marriage, and Social Change in Global Context’, that first and foremost, this issue is not been given the level of public importance that it deserves. The arguments for keeping the exemption have included, first, keeping the marital relationship private, second, protecting husbands from vindictive wives, third, because it is nearly impossible to prove, and fourthly because a charge of rape would discourage reconciliation between husband and wife.
The reason for the less public attention given by the people to this inhuman and heinous act is that, the society is so blinded with culture and customs, that now the customs are not according to the behaviour of the people, but the behaviour is according to the culture and customs. This is where anthropologists come into power, since the society has nicely, adapted the crime to the custom, it’s important to understand what the culture or customary practice originally stated.There can be two possible scenarios, that is, one, culture does not state to violate any right, then society’s mindset can be changed with the right information regarding their culture and second possible scenario is, if the culture succumbs to the violent and dominant ideology and even after reading the accounts of the victim, the dominance of the culture has a possibility, then it is high time we make a choice between ‘Culture or Consent’.
‘It’s not who you think you are, it is who you think you are not that holds your back.’
Sometimes the greatest strength lies beneath the tree we look upon for the shade. A beam of light hits the dark when it is at its peak in order to shine the brightest. Amidst this chaotic life, we often lose the balance of our lives. Most of the time, it is a loss. Some loses something, other lose themselves. No matter how many of us shall accept it but the fact is everyone has gone through something bad in their life, a little worse or the worst of worst but every experience has some lessons and learnings in it.
The hardships and hapiness in one’s life forms a curvy road but with full of joy, sorrow, pain, healings and love.
When we are struck in the middle of the road, so full yet so lone, we long for a wanderer to give a ride to this lone traveller. But little do we ever think who can this wanderer be?
We often get puzzled searching for the solution that we forgot to search for the places never touched. When we search for help from other , we forget that there exist the greatest helper for you, the one who has never left your side, the one who has always been there for you. The one who is non judgemental, truest of all and the honest of all and that person is YOU.
You hold the greatest strength of yourself. You are the person who has the power to pop yourself out from this aching and hurting mud.
When life throws you in an ocean of changes and hardships, make sure you come out surfing through it.
There is something that winds of change teaches you, something different yet comforting, something which gifts you a moment to adore yourself. Something which gives you the strength and time to analyse and introspect yourself. The changes in the circumstances not always be regarding heartbreaks but sometimes it is about feeling yourself and seeing yourself grow with those changes. Whether it be travelling alone, being distant, thinking, observing or even starring. Each one of it gives you a chance to witness evey side of yourself. Giving time to yourself, to feel alive and to actually let the butterflies of you to fly in the endless, enormous sky is what you need sometimes.
The comfort created by you to solicit your own soul inside out is the most needed essential of life. Whenever you spend time with yourself, you see the mind knocking the door or the heart and talking their way out. It feels alive when you give time to yourself and see what you are willing to seek in others in your OWNSELF. You create, live, feel and cherish every second you have been gifted to live. When you unlock the doors to yourself, you unlock the door to happiness and solicity. When a person stops looking for love in other’s eyes, he searches for it in his own. That’s exactly when you uncover life and discover the greatest strength and that is solely you.
It is me who runs the mind. If I let him think dark, I am the one who own the power to convert in all into light.
When you ponder the vibes of yourself, you will know exactly how to deal with the obstructions and hurdles that awaits you. To look upon yourself as the shoulder you need, to have your own back when you fall , to gift yourself smile when your heart feels low are the ways of strength coming to you. Once, when you accompany your heart with the support of your mind, you feel stronger and better ultimately conquering the world and acing the way of life.
It is the victory you win, it is the milestone you achieve. Sometimes it is necessary to fall down so you know that you have yourself to pull you up. You are your strength because you are the one who has been through it all, all alone. If you have made it till yet, just don’t stop to get yourself back to the way you were, happy and carefree.
For the part which is broken of you, ought to be fixed by you because nothing can destroy the strength that is born from inside.
How many of you are a priority of yourself? A few right? Yep ofcourse how would you ever be able to put yourself first when all you have done throughout your life is to keep your loved ones ahead.
Well, without any doubt, that’s one of the most beautiful gestures for our loved ones. But seldom do we often forget to nurture and cherish ourselves in between the rush of seeking love from others. You, yes you, my lovely reader! You are no less than a miracle. The way you radiate smiles and comfy vibes to the people around you is exactly what they seek for. Okay, well can you do me a favor? Just close one of your eyes and read this. Now flaunt your teeth. Yes, perfect see you are almost there! Now flaunt it a little more, see, see it changing into a precious smile of yours, making your cheeks happier.
This person in you, smiling right now is the person you wish to see with yourself throughout right? The happy little kiddo who longs to smile the happiest but is trapped by the thoughts and doubts over self. It happens that we get conscious of ourselves and often get triggered negatively by some of the things said by people to us. When being poked for acting childishly or laughing louder or even not sitting properly or just being a kid while playing with a baby, you might feel yourself bounded and think that you should act your age right? But let me tell you, there is nothing in this world that can tell you how to act. It is about the things you feel the happiest doing. It is about what puts on a smile on your face when everybody let you down. It is about how you recreate your mischives in this busy running life.
It is how you live life. It is about how you feel alive. It is about being yourself. It is about loving yourself.
Remember this, It is always okay to be YOU. Living a life without regrets is way better living a life with restrictions i.e living a life of your choice is always happier than living the one through the minds of others.
We often come across experiences in our lives that compells us to feel harsh and foul about ourselves. There comes a time when all you feel for yourself is hatred and blame yourself for all the deeds you have done. In the haphazard of life, you let the sadness and despair of you conquer the reality of you. We seek for faults we never commited. We push ourselves into that zone where there is nobody to pull you out. Even after knowing this, we do this because we just don’t know how to deal with all of it.
I want you to know that It is okay. It is okay to commit mistakes, it is okay to feel things, it is okay to let yourself go through it. But what not okay is to let yourself be consumed by all of it. When we give thousands of chances for improvement to others for their endless mistakes then why not one to yourself? Even when you feel it yourself that how guilty you are for each of your bad deeds and knowing that you are working on it. Still why do we stop ourselves from letting ourselves out from the dark? Because you think you don’t deserve to be healed? Or maybe you feel it is all the punishment for your deeds? Just know that it is never wrong to go and love yourself.
You are a person to be loved. You are somebody who needs to be cherished for all the beauty you hold. There are flaws in everybody. What matters is how you embrace and flaunt your flaws. What matters is how you heal your scars and shine from within. What matters is how you accept the way you are and step ahead towards your growth. What matters is how you create a piece of art from those broken pieces of yours.
You are beautiful when you act as a child because that is the kid within you living your childhood again. You are beautiful when you laugh the hardest because that is how the happiest you look likes. You are beautiful just the way you are because that’s how you have mended all your pieces together to form this masterpiece.
Art is what runs in the veins of you. You are a miracle so glorious that not everybody has the vision to adore it. A beauty not everyone can understand. But see here you are, here I am who knows how vulnerable you are. How sensitive and lovely you are and how much love and care you need. If you know it all now, just be the person to love yourself endlessly and cherish every scar and sight of you. It is always okay to live the life you wished to live. It is always okay to be in love with yourself. It is always okay to put yourself first.
It is always okay to treat yourself the way you dreamt of treating your loved ones. It is okay, it is all okay for the time you love yourself.
Information Technology has been playing a vital role in the future development of financial sectors and the way of doing business in an emerging economy like India, Bangladesh etc. Increased use of smart mobile services and internet as a new distribution channel for business transactions and international trading requires more attention towards e-commerce security for reducing the fraudulent activities. The advancement of Information and Communication technology has brought a lot of changes in all spheres of daily life of human being. E-commerce has a lot of benefits and many acts which hurts the small businesses or business aspects. This study predicts some challenges in an emerging economy.
What is E-Commerce ?
E-commerce means buying and selling of goods over electronic and digital platforms. Thete have been many allegations that big e-commerce are responsible to harm healthy competition in the market. Economies of scale and advancement of logistical companies has helped e-commerce companies to ship goods to anywhere.
Why E-commerce?
With the increasing diffusion of ICTs, more specifically the Internet, the global business community is rapidly moving towards Business-to Business (B2B) e-Commerce. The buyers gain a clear advantage when the Internet gives them access to the global market, by which they can compare prices across regions, find out whether prices vary by order fragmentation and get awareness about substitute products. Due to transparency of the market, customer can compare the services of various e-commerce sites easily. For instant, in case of e-commerce the competitors are one click away from customer. If clients are not happy with the products, prices or services offered by a particular e-commerce site, they are able to change much more easily than in the physical. From the Sellers’ point of view, they don’t need to have physical existence of shop.
E-commerce Hegemony ?
Recently The competition commission of India ordered a probe into alleged competition law violations by Flipkart Amazon over allegations that the e-commerce major promoted and gave discounts to preferred sellers, entered into exclusive partnerships with smartphone brands and abused their dominant position.
Flipkart Amazon is good provider by online marketplace for selling goods in India. Flipkart and Amazon is a wholesaler which is in the business of seeking the good to reseller.
Section 4 of the competition act 2002 is very important as we know completion act is not against possessing dominant position in the market but is objects abusing such dominant position. Section 4 of this act deals with abuse of dominant position.
Dominant position in a market means positions of strength enjoyed by any enterprise in relevant market. Like any enterprise operate independently of competitive forces prevailing in the relevant market Affects it’s competitors or consumers or relevant market in its favor. Recent example of abuse of power should be Amazon Flipkart how they give heavy discounts to customer directly pick-up the good from company that hits the shopkeeper or small enterprises.
Conclusion
As e-commerce industry is emerging sector with high potential of growth govt has to introduce some policies to promote healthy competition in this industry. Govt has to anticipate current loophole in regulations and amend it is such a way that instead of harming msme sector. The e-commerce industry will be a leader with popularity in electronic business world in the upcoming years. The e-commerce revolution has fundamentally changed the business of transaction by giving new opportunities and breaking borders easily. In India, it has strongly impacted the traditional business system and changing the life of people by making it easier. While it gives benefits to customer and seller, e-commerce gives challenges to traditional business for competitive position. Developing countries face many obstacles that affect the successful implementation of e-commerce with the help of comparing with developed country. When the internet cost will be low then the e-commerce will flourish easily and will make many of traditional business to run out of their business. Convenience is one of the benefits that customer gets from the e-commerce and thus increasing customer satisfaction. This is due to customer can place a purchase an order from anywhere with internet connection. E-commerce business provider should give importance on every customer by giving smooth service and many options for payment and have more functions available online. Other benefits are expanded product offerings and expanded geographic reach. But e-commerce business faces a lot of challenges in flourishing their business.
It is acronym which stands for Lesbian ,Gay ,Bisexual, Trans, Queer. The “LGB” in this term refers to sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is defined as an often enduring pattern of emotional, romantic and/or sexual attractions
LESBIAN:-
A woman whose enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attraction is to other women. Some lesbians may prefer to identify as gay or as gay women.
GAY:-
The adjective used to describe people whose enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attractions are to people of the same sex. Sometimes lesbian is the preferred term for women.
BISEXUAL:-
A person who has the capacity to form enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attractions to those of the same gender or to those of another gender. People may experience this attraction in differing ways and degrees over their lifetime. Bisexual people need not have had specific sexual experiences to be bisexual. In fact, they need not have had any sexual experience at all to identify as bisexual.
TRANSGENDER:-
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. People under the transgender umbrella may describe themselves using one or more of a wide variety of terms— including transgender. Many transgender people are prescribed hormones by their doctors to bring their bodies into alignment with their gender identity. Some undergo surgery as well. But not all transgender people can or will take those steps, and a transgender identity is not dependent upon physical appearance or medical procedures.
QUEER:-
An adjective used by some people, particularly younger people, whose sexual orientation is not exclusively heterosexual. Typically, for those who identify as queer, the terms lesbian, gay, and bisexual are perceived to be too limiting and/or fraught with cultural connotations they feel don’t apply to them. Some people may use queer, or more commonly gender queer, to describe their gender identity and/or gender expression. Once considered a pejorative term, queer has been reclaimed by some LGBT people to describe themselves. However, it is not a universally accepted term even within the LGBT community.
The LGBT pride flag was designed by San Francisco artist Gilbert Baker in 1978, was originally compromised of 8 stripes that each had a different meaning such as hot pink for sex, red for life, orange for healing, yellow for sunlight, green for nature, turquoise for art, indigo for harmony, and violet for spirit.
They could experience love in a very different way the way we do. In India because there is very less awareness it takes a lot of time to these people themselves to realize their sexuality.
Humans are beautiful creatures. Everyone starves for love and deserves love unconditionally. LGBTQ community fighting for their own fundamental rights is disgraceful and we should help them, respect them and stand for them. We should definitely introduce a topic in books for students in junior classes just like animal reproduction so that they can understand themselves, others and their sexualities. That will help them to get their due respect and not make situations awkward for them and others.
A community is a group of individuals connected to each other by one or more attributes. When we demonstrate more understanding and tolerance towards others, we are making a positive contribution towards the collective consciousness. LGBT ( Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) is one of the communities which face intolerance from the larger society for being different. LGBT activists state that, LGBT community-building as a counterbalance to heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, sexualism, and conformist pressures that exist in the larger society. The major issue they face from a larger society is the lack of acceptance.
Most LGBT people remain fearing discrimination from their families, who might see homosexuality as shameful. Discrimination is still present in rural areas, where LGBT people often face rejection from their families and forced opposite-sex marriages. A significant share of LGBT adults report shows that they have been treated unfairly because of their sexual orientation or gender identity, through experiences ranging from poor service in restaurants and hotels to threats and physical attacks. Some prejudice mind thinks that LGBT people are odd and very different. Being an L, G, B or T is neither a problem nor is it a choice. Saying that it’s wrong for people to have sexual preferences that differ from the norm is false. I would say, it’s still the fact that people are getting killed for their sexual orientation or gender identity because of the narrow-minded people around us. If men and women have the right to live in this society with respect, then why not a person who belongs to LGBT can live in this society with respect. Instead of trying to discriminate people based on religion, sex, age, caste, physical appearance, disability, family status, gender identity, gender expression, generation, genetic characteristics, colour, sex characteristics, race etc., it is appropriate to consider them as humans.
If everyone on the world shows some kind of tolerance towards each other, there would be a lot more peace than there is in the world’s current state. I believe that the major issues in our world are due to the different ideologies and people’s inability to accept the unique viewpoints of other races, culture or religions.
They are humans.
They have a heart and a mind of their own. So they are capable of feeling an emotion and also deciding what they want for themselves.
It isnt a separate community, they are one among us. So, they are as normal as other humans around us.
Such brave souls they are, courageous enough to break the so called rules of the society and shower their love on whoever they wish to be with.
Most importantly, these are the people who truly love themselves, because if they didn’t they would have shut their mouth and accepted what society imposed on them.
Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, Text, and apps, or online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. It can include sharing personal or private information about someone else causing embarrassment or humiliation. Some cyberbullying crosses the line into unlawful or criminal behavior.
The most common places where cyberbullying occurs are:
Social Media, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat
Text messaging and messaging apps on mobile or tablet devices
Instant messaging, direct messaging, and online chatting over the internet
Online forums, chat rooms, and message boards, such as Reddit
Email
Online gaming communities
Different Types of Cyber Bullying
Parents and educators should be aware of the different types of cyberbullying, so they can adopt measures to prevent and confront it. Common forms of cyberbullying include:
Doxing – publishing revealing personal information about an individual online, for purposes of humiliating, defaming, or harassing the victim
Harassment – posting hurtful, threatening, or intimidating messages online, or sending them directly to someone, with the intention of harming that person
Impersonation – creating fake accounts or gaining access to a person’s real social media accounts and posting things to damage the victim’s reputation
Cyberstalking – tracking and monitoring a person’s online activity, and using the internet to stalk or harass an individual
How to Prevent Cyber Bullying?
As cyberbullying becomes more prevalent, it is increasingly important for parents and educators to take steps to prevent it. Here are some tips for adults to prevent cyberbullying:
1. Be aware of your child’s online activities
Children should not be allowed to browse the internet freely. Parents and teachers should monitor the sites that the children use and be cognizant of the apps they download and digital media they consume. Children should have their screen time limited, and be encouraged to engage more in offline activities
2. Watch for the following signs of cyberbullying in children:
Refusal to allow you to see what they are doing online
Avoidance of discussing what they are doing online
Sudden, unexplained increase or decrease in online activity
Deactivating social media accounts
Emotional responses (including sadness, anger, happiness) linked to their device usage
Adults should also teach children to recognize and be aware of the signs of cyber bullying themselves. Children are often less aware of cyber bullying than adults. Make sure your children are aware of what cyber bullying is, and teach them that how to deal with it.
What a newly discovered thing I have come across, Paper Bag day which is celebrated on the 12th of June, but did we really knew about this? We people only celebrate Valentine’s Day because that is the only day in the whole year which is very important to us. I am not saying that start celebrating paper bag day but at least give some importance to these things also. Stop using plastic bags, use jute bags or cloth bags, whats the harm in it.
History of Paper Bag
For many years jute bags were used, they were the primary method of moving goods across the British Empire but on the other hand paper bags were more portable and cost-effective and soon it became the leading material for portable bags along the trade route. American inventor, Fracis Wolle invented the first paper bag machine in 1852 and “The Mother of the Grocery Bag”– Margaret E. Knight designed the square, the flat bottomed and the machine that can fold in into a bag and paste them.
Advantages of using Paper Bags
1.Paper bag day is celebrated inorder to save the climate from harmful things, it is celebrated to create an awareness in the society so that we can switch to paper bags from plastic bags.
2. Paper bags are biodegradable, reusable and recyclable.
3. As for stray animals plastic bags are more harmful and suffocating, paper bags pose lesser chances of suffocation.
4. Paper bags are inexpensive and can be composted at home and they are also easy to handle.
5. It helps to conserve natural resources.
So from today stop using plastic bags, use paper or cloth bags to save your Mother Earth and to save yourself from more natural calamities. We are already facing so many things, so why not take an initiative from today and make things better.
Also known as NRS –is a survey regarding the quality of circulation of a newspaper.
Quality of circulation means the profile of the readers to whom a newspaper is circulated. This includes age group, income, area of circulation, socio-economic factors etc. National Readership Survey (NRS) report supplements ABC (Audit Bureau of circulation) report which deals mainly with quantity of circulation.
NRS is conducted by the National Readership Studies Council (NRSC). NRSC was established by Audit Bureau of Circulation in 1994 to undertake print media readership survey on a regular basis. The establishment of NRSC had the official support of the Advertising Agencies Association of India (AAAI) and Indian Newspaper Society (INS). NRSC was established to satisfy the emerging need of all sectors especially the advertisers which the ABC was not able to. NRSC conducted its first project in 1995.
The primary objective of National Readership Survey is to provide data that can be used as a basis for buying and selling of advertising space in the print media. Additionally, it also provides media users with the data on comparative exposure levels to other major mass media such as television, cinema, radio and even the internet. (Comparative exposure means comparison with newspaper).
This the basic information areas covered by NRS are- like Readership estimates for various selected publications, does duplication between publications, viewership of television- exposure to cable and satellite channels, frequency/intensity of viewing, listenership of radio, viewership of cinema, exposure to internet, intermedia duplication and also various lifestyle parameters.
I am starting this article by quoting two lines from Bloomberg, (11/7/2020), “A treaty that earned Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed a Nobel Peace Prize in 2019 is failing to meet the expectations of neighboring Eritrea”. “Two years after the signing of the Peace Agreement, Ethiopian troops continue to be present in our sovereign territories”.
For the benefit of readers few lines about Eritrea may be stated as I was in Eritrea as senior faculty (teaching job) from 2005 (February) to 2007 (January) and observed both Ethiopia and Eritrea had awful relation as a sequel under United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (popularly kwon as UNMEE), Indian army was posted as peace –keeper. Every year 26 January and 15 August our army used to celebrate by inviting all Indians with sweets, followed by lunch. I remember in 2/3 occasions, I visited our army camp for simple treatment and was treated well with free medicines also with tea and snacks. I also observed unity among diversity in Indian army camp as army personnel for their prayers constructed (temporary structure) temple, mosque, church and gurdwara side by side.
Eritrea, located in the horn of Africa i.e. in north-east Africa, lies in between 12º and 18º North latitude and 36º and 44 º East longitudes. The country is having more than 1000 Kilometers of coastal line along the Red Sea with about 350 off shore islands. Besides Red Sea, which is located east and northeast side of Eritrea; it shares boundaries with Sudan in the North and West and Ethiopia and Djibouti in the South. The name Eritrea has been derived from the ancient Greek word ‘Red’ named after ‘Erythrean Sea’ i.e., Red Sea. It is pertinent to mention that the Red Sea is the saltiest sea of all the seas that connect to the ocean without even one river meeting the sea. A hypothesis about the origins of the Red Sea’s name is that it contains cyanobacteria called Trichodesmium erythraeum, which turns the normally blue-green water a reddish-brown. Not only I, my wife (Jagaddhatri) and son (Tushar Subhra) were charmed to see the beauty of Red sea in 2006. Total Area of Eritrea is 117,600 square kilometers with estimated total population (2014) 63.80 lakh and density of population was 51.8 persons per square kilometers (2014).
Up to 16 September 2018 both Eritrea and Ethiopia had awful relation. Border skirmish was regular events while I was there. Unfortunately, conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia erupted in May 1998, as a result of border dispute. The Secretary-General of Security Council immediately contacted the leaders of the countries, urging restraint and offering assistance in resolving the conflict peacefully. Despite all efforts, the fighting erupted again on 12 May 2000 and unfortunately 100,000 people died during the time of conflict. Anyway on 17 September 2018 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, peace agreement by Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki was signed and thus long drawn conflict was over.
Although about peace, Bloomberg and other news channels stated some issues between the two countries, hope good sense will prevail so that no conflict takes place as any conflict, war, brawl etc., causes loss of human lives, destruction of assets and thus hinders development.
The following books and websites have been consulted while writing the article-
Chatterjee, Shankar (2008)“Islamic Republic of Iran & Eritrea: A Glimpse”, Published by Serials Publications, New Delhi (ISBN no. 978-81-8387-120-4)
Chatterjee, Shankar (2018)“Pleasing Experience in Magnificent Countries” Renu Publishers, New Delhi, (ISBN No. 978-93-85502-93-4)
Eduindex 
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