VACCINE TECHNOLOGY

BY DAKSHITA NAITHANI

ABSTRACT

The immune system is a system that operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week to keep assaults at bay and diseases at bay. The whole system is made up of organs, tissues, and a variety of cell types that work together to defend the body. Immune cells must be able to tell the difference between native and non-native cells and proteins. Microbial cells have antigens that serve as identifiers. Antigens can induce an immune response in the human body. Each species has its own set of characteristics. Vaccines function by inducing an antibody memory response in the body without producing illness. As a result, you build immunity without becoming sick. It must include at least one antigen from the target species to trigger a response.

INTRODUCTION TO VACCINE TECHNOLOGY

A vaccination, often known as an immunisation, is a biological substance that protects people from disease-causing microorganisms. They make advantage of our immune system’s built-in ability to fight infection.

They’re produced from the same pathogens that cause the disease. They have, however, been destroyed or reduced to the point that they are no longer a source of it. Certain medicines just contain a part of the microorganism.

This is why they work so well as medications. They don’t treat or cure diseases like conventional medications; instead, they prevent them. They deceive the immune system that it has been invaded by a real intruder. When real germs enter our bodies, the same thing happens, but you don’t become ill. If you ever come into touch with a pathogen, your immune system will remember it and eradicate it before it can damage you.

TYPES

Vaccines are made using a number of techniques. Various vaccine types need different techniques to development. Antigens can be used in a variety of ways, including:

These can be delivered by a needle injected into the human skin, or ingested orally or through the nasal route.

LIVE (CHICKEN POX AND MMR)

Attenuated vaccines can be made in a variety of ways. All methods involving the transmission of a virus to a non-human host result in a virus that can be recognised by the immune system but cannot replicate in humans. When given to a human, the resulting will not be able to proliferate sufficiently to cause disease, but it will protect the individual from infection in the future. Its protection outlasts that of a dead or inactivated vaccination in most cases.

INACTIVATED (POLIO VIRUS)

A pathogen is inactivated using heat or chemicals to create this sort of vaccination. Because destroyed viruses are unable to replicate, they cannot revert to a more virulent form capable of causing disease. They are, however, less effective than live vaccines and are more likely to require renewals in order to acquire long-term protection.

RECOMBINANT (HPV)

They have been genetically modified in a lab. This method may be used to duplicate a certain gene. The HPV vaccine may be tailored to protect against strains that cause cervical cancer.

SUBUNIT (INFLUENZA AND ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS) AND CONJUGATE VACCINES (HAVING ONLY PIECES OF THE PATHOGEN)

Subunit vaccines use only a fraction of a target pathogen to elicit a response. This can be accomplished by isolating and administering a specific pathogen protein as a stand-alone antigen.

Conjugate vaccines, like recombinant vaccines, are made up of two different components. The “piece” of microbe being supplied would not typically elicit a substantial reaction on its own, but the carrier protein would. The bacterium is not the sole cause of the disease, but when combined with a carrier protein, it can render a person resistant to subsequent infections.

TOXOIDS (DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS)

Some diseases are caused by a toxin produced by bacterium rather than by the bacterium themselves. Toxoids are inactivated toxoids that are used in vaccinations. Toxoids are classed as killed vaccines, although they are sometimes given their own category to emphasise the fact that they include an inactivated toxin.

DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION

Vaccine development is a lengthy process that involves both public and private parties and takes almost a decade. Millions of individuals receive them each year, and the most of them have been in use for decades. Before being included in a country’s vaccination programme, they must undergo extensive testing to ensure their safety. Each vaccine in development must first go through screenings and evaluations to determine which antigen should be utilised to elicit a reaction. This step is completed without the use of humans. Animals are used to assess the safety and disease-prevention potential of experimental vaccinations.

STAGE 1

It takes around 2-4 years to produce and necessitates some fundamental research. Antigens, whether natural or synthetic, are identified by scientists and may help in disease prevention or therapy. Antigens might be virus-like particles, attenuated viruses or bacteria, weakened bacterial toxins, or other pathogen-derived substances.

STAGE 2

Using tissue or cell-culture techniques and animal testing, studies assess the candidate vaccine’s safety or ability to elicit an immune response. Animal topics include fish, monkeys, and mice. These studies give an idea of what to expect in terms of cellular responses in people. This period often lasts 1-2 years.

PHASE I TRIALS

The vaccine is administered to a small number of volunteers to determine its safety, confirm that it induces a reaction, and determine the optimum dosage. This round of testing is carried out on young, healthy adult participants. The goals are to determine the type and number of reactions generated by the candidate vaccine, as well as to assess the candidate vaccine’s safety.

PHASE II TRIALS

The vaccine is then given to several hundred participants to assess its safety and ability to elicit a response. Participants in this phase share the same traits as the vaccine’s intended recipients. Several studies are often undertaken during this phase to test various age groups and vaccination formulations. In most studies, a non-vaccinated group is included as a comparison group to check if the changes in the vaccinated group were due to chance or medicine.

PHASE III TRIALS

The goal is to assess vaccine safety in a large group of patients. Certain rare side effects may not have showed themselves in the low numbers of people tested in the first phase. Thousands of volunteers are given the vaccination compared to a similar number of individuals who did not receive the injection but received a comparator product to assess the vaccine’s efficacy against the illness. It is meant to protect against and to examine its safety in a much bigger group of people. To guarantee that the performance findings are applicable to a wide variety of persons, the bulk of phase three trials are conducted across various countries and different sites within a country.

PHASE IV TRIALS

Firms may conduct optional studies following the launch of a vaccine. The producer may do additional testing to determine the vaccine’s safety, efficacy, and other potential applications.

REVERSE VACCINOLOGY

Reverse vaccinology is the use of genetic information combined with technology to make vaccines without the use of microorganisms. It assists in the study of an organism’s genome for the purpose of identifying novel antigens and epitopes that may be utilised as prospective candidates. This method has been around for at least a decade. By unravelling the entire genomic sequence, it is possible to determine what molecules make up the genomic sequence. Without needing to grow the pathogen for a longer amount of time, candidate antigens can be discovered.

Reverse vaccinology has been used to create vaccines for meningococcal and staphylococcal diseases all over the world. Infections are caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which can be found on the skin or in the nose of even healthy persons. The bacteria Neisseria meningitidis causes a serious infection of the thin covering of the brain and spinal cord.

PRODUCTION QUALITY CONTROL AND COMMERCIALIZATION

Vaccines are biological compounds that are frequently hybridised and complex to understand. They are made through a succession of manufacturing and formulation steps, with the finished product often containing a large number of component items. As a result, unlike a tiny molecule medicine, the finished product is impossible to classify. This needs a highly controlled production system as well as a personnel capable of performing such processes on a continual basis. Control testing takes over two years and occupies more than half of the time in the subsequent manufacturing process.

 STEP 1- PRODUCTION

Following clinical trials, when a vaccine reaches the pre-approval stage, it is evaluated by the applicable regulatory authority for quality, safety requirements.

STEP -2 MAKING

Businesses will create development plans for a vaccine on their own. Once a vaccine is approved, production begins to pace up. The antigen has been rendered inactive. All of the components are mixed to make the final product. The entire process, from testing to manufacturing, can take a lengthy time to complete.

STEP- 3 PACKAGING

It is then bottled in glass vials and packed for safe cold storage and transportation once it is produced in bulk. It must be able to resist severe temperatures as well as the dangers associated with international shipping. As a result, glass is the most often used material for vials since it is robust and can keep its integrity under severe extrinsic factors.

 STEP- 4 STORAGE

When it is excessively hot or cold, it loses its effectiveness and may even become inert. Vaccinations can be destroyed or rendered dangerous to use if kept at the improper temperature. Most vaccinations must be kept chilled between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius, necessitating the use of specialist medical freezers.

STEP-5 SHIPPING

They are transported out using particular equipment so as to maintain its integrity. Lorries deliver them from the airport to the warehouse cool room after supplies arrive in the market. New innovations have resulted in the development of portable devices that can keep vaccines cold for several days without the need of power.

QUALITY CONTROL

Once they are given out, authorities continuously check for – and assess the severity of – any potential side effects and responses from the recipients. Safety is a top priority, with frequent reviews and post-approval clinical trials reporting on its effectiveness and safety.

CAREER SCOPE

There are several prospects in vaccine research and development, clinical trials, vaccine manufacturing, and public distribution. These jobs are available at universities, companies, government laboratories and agencies, hospitals, and on the front lines of vaccine distribution all around the world. When different components of a project are handled by different groups at the same time in industry, greater teamwork is usually required, whereas a scientist in an academic lab may be a lone worker overseeing all parts of a project.

The balance between creative science and all of the business administration that comes with securing money, maintaining a budget, and overseeing other scientists or assistants is the most challenging aspect.

 Research allows scientists to work on a project that has the potential to have a direct influence on public health, whether it’s on a lab bench, a production line, or to support a clinical trial.

Culture and history : Hampi !!!

So today we will talk and know about UNESCO World Heritage Site. Hampi is famous for its ruins belonging to erstwhile medieval Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar. The temples of Hampi, it’s monolithic sculptures and monuments, attract the traveler because of their excellent workmanship. The Hindu style of architecture found at Hampi reflects the splendor of the Vijayanagar Empire. The rugged landscape adds to the historic ambiance of this site.

Location – Hampi is situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the eastern part of central Karnataka near the state border with Andhra Pradesh. It is 376 kilometers from Bengaluru, and 165 kilometers from Hubli, and 13 km from Hospet (Railway Station). It is located on top of the rugged terrain and is 467 m above sea level.

History – The first settlement in Hampi dates back to 1st Century AD and several Buddhist sites belonging to that time have been found nearby. Hampi was the capital of the mighty Vijayanagar Empire. Vijayanagar was one of the largest Hindu empires in India. Two brothers, Harihar and Bukka , founded it in 1336. Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529) was the greatest ruler and controlled almost all of peninsular India south of Tungabhadra River.

Town – The town of Hampi in the 14th century had a population of half a million people. Seven concentric lines of fortifications protected the city. It maintained a huge army to protect it from other kingdoms. Vijayanagar Empire flourished, as it controlled both cotton and spice trade routes of southern India. Medieval historians refer to Hampi as an important center of trade. However the glory was short – lived and the empire was destroyed in 1565.

Main attractions – Hampi is famous for Purandara Festival . This annual festival is held in January – February in the Vittal temple to celebrate the birth anniversary of the medieval poet – composer, Purandar. The best time to visit Hampi is from October to March. I hope by reading about Hampi you will like to visit this place once…!!!

Thank you… Keep reading…..

India’s brilliant performance at Paralympics 2020

It will be fair to say that Paralympics 2020 is India’s most extraordinary Paralympics ever. From 1968 to 2016, India won 12 medals at Paralympics, at Tokyo India have already secured 15 members and counting. 30th august will go down as golden day in history of Indian para sports as India claimed 5 medals in a single day. Let’s have a look at India’s journey at Paralympics till now,

Bhavina Patel created history as she won silver medal in women’s single table tennis C4. She won medal in her maiden Paralympics on august 29. Chinese paddler Ying Zhou ended her impressive run at the games in class 4 final with 0-3 win.

India’s next medal came from men’s high jump T47. India’s Nishad kumar clinched a silver medal in the event with an Asian record effort. The 21 year old cleared 2.06 m to win the silver and set an Asian record. He lost his right hand due to an accident at the age of 8.

Shooter Avani Lekhra made history as she became the first Indian woman to win a gold medal at the Paralympics as she won gold in women’s 10m air rifle shooting standing SH1. The 19 year old finished with a world record equaling total of 249.6, which is also a new Paralympic record. Also it was her maiden Paralympics.

India’s medal favorite, two time gold winning javelin throw veteran Devendra jhajharia didn’t disappointed and clinched a silver in men’s javelin throw F46. 40 year old Devendra already India’s greatest Paralympian pulled off a new personal best throw of 64.35 m for silver. Sundar Singh Gurjar, another Indian secured third place with a best effort of 64.01 m in the same event.

24 year old Yogesh Kathuniya started India’s golden day in para sports history with a silver in Men’s discus throw F56. He sent the discus to the best distance of 44.38 m and clinch the silver.

30th august didn’t stopped producing amazing moments for Indians as Sumit Antil upgraded his own world record in the Men’s javelin throw F64 category with a throw of 68.55m to hand India second gold medal of Paralympics 2020. Singhraj added to India’s medal tally by winning bronze medal in the men’s 10 m air pistol shooting SH1. He started shooting only 4 years ago and it was his debut Paralympics.

Mariyappan Thangavelu and Sharad kumar secured silver and bronze for India in men’s high jump T42 on 31th august. Mariyappan cleared 1.86m while Sharad succeeded in clinching bronze with 1.83m jump. 18 year old Parveen kumar also won silver in T64 classification of men’s high jump with the best jump of 2.07m. It was his personal best performance and his first major medal.

Avani Lekhra added 12th medal to India’s medal tally as she won bronze in women’s 50m rifle three positions SH1. She also became India’s most successful women para-athlete as it was her second medal after winning gold in women’s 10m air rifle.

We can hope for more as many more events are yet to come. India’s para-athletes are on a dream run and we hope it doesn’t stop.

Mukesh Ambani guarantees a ‘Jio’ for energy change

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Reliance Industries Ltd administrator Mukesh Ambani on Friday revealed his arrangement to do a ‘Jio’ in energy change by delivering green hydrogen for under $1 per Kg, or generally Rs 73 at Friday’s dollar conversion scale, for quicker reception of the cleanest versatility arrangement accessible to the world now.

“Green hydrogen is zero-carbon energy. It is awesome and cleanest wellspring of energy, which can assume a crucial part on the planet’s decarbonisation designs,” India’s most extravagant man revealed to International Climate Summit 2021, adding Reliance will seek after the objective of first lessen the expense to underneath $2 per kg and eventually to under $1 in 10 years.

Ambani’s vision for green hydrogen has a natural ring to it. It can possibly disturb the portability and energy change showcases the manner in which Reliance did when it entered the telecom market with Jio, which diminished taxes and got buyers snared…

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BLESSING IN DISGUISE

BY DAKSHITA NAITHANI

The year 2020, as we all know, will be a major change in our life. It has also demonstrated the opposite side of existence. We continued to count things for the future, and when the pandemic struck, it reminded us of how unexpected life can be; different aspects of life were affected, and working conditions were significantly altered. There was a lot of misunderstanding in the education industry about how to teach pupils, how to start lessons, and so on. However, technology was the solution to all problems.

People have used mobile phones for social interactions and pleasure in the past, but they have now evolved into a source of information, and we can say that school has come within our grasp. This situation is very similar to one of the chapters in NCERT’s English course book for class 9 called “The fun they had,” in which two children from the future (2050) got their hands on a real hardcover book from their grandfather and were amused by the idea of a real school and school building where all the children of the same age group used to study together under one roof and thought that happiness was being together with their friends. Did the pupils in this circumstance realise that this narrative would become so relevant and genuine to them? Many parents used to refuse to let their children to use cell phones, but it has now become a necessity.

Although there are always two sides to a coin, sales of smart phones soared as a result of the epidemic, since every home needed one additional one for their children to attend courses. Technology has also played a significant role in education, and how we use it can have positive or negative consequences. Phones have evolved into more than simply a means of communication; they have also become a lifeline and an indispensible component of our lives in some manner. It was a struggle for teachers to not only teach their material but also to engage with their pupils throughout these testing periods. They’ve also learned to utilise technology in a variety of ways, including not just communicating but also using various digital classrooms, boards, and audio and visual teaching and learning methods. They were not only effective in speaking with pupils, but also with their guardians, and despite the challenges, they were able to establish an emotional bond with them.

Many parents lost their jobs as a result of industry losses and were obliged to shift their children from private to government schools, but many were pleased to do so because the curriculum is on par with top institutions. The government and teachers have made it a point to link each and every kid with them. Many teachers aided their students financially as well as academically. Many teachers have also attempted to offer phones or internet connections to their kids, demonstrating that humanity bears primary responsibility in any scenario.

The desire for change in school education emerges as a result of continual changes in society on psychological, social, and economic levels. As a result, we must constantly introduce and upgrade a framework. As you can see with the current pandemic, a lot of adjustments are required both during and after the crisis. With this in mind, the Delhi government began giving curriculum-based work sheets to children of all grades, as well as training their teachers.

Teachers’ ability and efficiency have been improved via the use of webinars and online seminars on a regular basis. Regular trainings were provided to demonstrate how to use Google products to make the teaching and learning process more engaging and beneficial. The government has also launched a number of applications, such as Chalklit and Diksha, to provide a platform for various trainings and to keep instructors informed about innovative ways of teaching and learning. It was remarkable that students continued to attend courses on a regular basis, whether they were in the same city or in their village; their desire to study grew day by day, and they began to respond positively.

Personality development!!

So today’s post is about you, about us. I mean about our personality , about our identity, our views , our behavior, etc. Personality development encompasses the dynamic construction and deconstruction of integrative characteristics that distinguish an individual in terms of interpersonal behavioral traits.

Indeed , personality development is ever -changing and subject to contextual factors and life altering experiences. Personality development is also dimensional in description and subjective in nature. The dominant viewpoint in personality psychology indicates that personality emerges early and continues to develop across one’s lifespan.

We all possess certain personality traits that set us apart from the rest. A mix of good and bad, these traits define how we respond to situations and people. Now I tell 13 personality development ‘tips’. I hope you will enjoy reading it and become the most terrific version of you.

13 ways of personality development :

  • Know you are incomparable – Know that you and the other person are unique and are just incomparable
  • Be kind to yourself – Self compassion brings positive traits in life.
  • Give space to imperfections – Find your peace amidst the world’s flaws even as you strive to make a change.
  • Be spontaneous – Spontaneity makes one to be fun around and be per cent aware in the present moment.
  • Be light in mind and heart – Be happy and don’t overthink and overanalyze yourself.
  • Stay enthusiastic – Enthusiasm is infectious and appealing so one must never give up enthusiasm.
  • Be a better communicator – A skillful communicator can win over people and adverse situations through his words.
  • Be warm and approachable – We all like people whom we can easily mingle and talk to. Be friendly and be ready to share and help.
  • Do things with style – Doing things with style adds zing to your personality. At the same time, stay relaxed.
  • Learn to let go – After you’re done with your task, let go of your attachment with the result.
  • Be a lion in the face of danger – Don’t give into pressure and face every challenge confidently.
  • Stay calm with the power of breath – Being calm strengthens one’s personality and your stress will diminish.
  • Remember you’re a proton! – A proton never lose its positivity, nor can you. Your inner core continues to radiate positivity.

That’s all for today hope you will like it!! Thank you…

SOME OF THE MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

1) ANXIETY DISORDERS

The word anxiety is derived from Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means uneasy or troubled mind. When a person feels nervous without any obvious reason for a long time and it affects the person daily life it is termed as Anxiety Disorder. There are many types of Anxiety Disorder let’s look at few;

– GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

Humans feels tension in their daily life it can be termed as a a good pressure as it compels us to face difficult situation in a systematic and planned manner like studying for exams or some responsibilities. But when this pressure becomes too intense and start to interfere with our daily routine it can be called as generalized anxiety disorder.

– PHOBIC DISORDER

The word phobia is derived from Phobos the name of a Greek god of fear. When an individual has an intense and irrational fear of some object or situation which they are not able to overcome it is termed as phobia; there are many types of phobia like fear of heights, fear of water , social phobia, etc.

2) DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

When a person experiences an extreme feeling of sadness as well as guilt due to some negative incidences or some other external factors for atleast two weeks it is called depressive disorder. People may experience suicidal thoughts, feeling of hopelessness, lack of sleep and many more.

3) BIPOLAR DISORDER

This is also called Manic depressive disorder. An individual experiences alternate phases of extreme sadness, hopelessness, stress at one time and extreme happiness, enthusiasm, and elation at other times. In some cases this conditions happens one after the other. Genetic factors, imbalance in neurotransmitter in brain, mainly norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine are found to be the main causative factors.

OZONE LAYER

Ozone layer depletion

Ozone is a form of oxygen (O3). In the stratosphere (Ozonosphere),ozone blocks out the sun’s ultraviolet rays and is a life saver.

Ozone as a natural sun block

The electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sun includes ultraviolet radiation, which is potentially harmful to most living things since it can damage DNA. The ozone layer screen out the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. Even 1% reduction in the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere causes a measurable increase in the ultraviolet radiation that reaches the earth surface. If there was a no ozone at all ,the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaches us would be catastrophically high. All living things would suffer radiation burns,unless they were underground, or in the sea.

In the stratosphere, small amount of ozone are constantly being made by the action of sunlight on oxygen. At the same time, ozone is being broken down by natural processes. The total amount of ozone usually stays constant because its formation and destruction occur at about the same rate. But unfortunately human activity has recently changed that natural balance. Some manufactured substances such as chloroflurocarbons and hydrochloroflurocarbons can destroy stratosphere ozone much faster than it is formed.

Ozone hole

Ozone loss was first detected in the stratosphere over the Antarctic. The part of the atmosphere where Ozone is most depleted is referred as ” Ozone hole” but it is not a real hole just a vast region of the upper atmosphere where there is less Ozone than elsewhere.

Ozone-poor air can spread out from the polar regions and move above others areas. In addition, direct Ozone less elsewhere is slowly increasing.

Ozone-poor air can spread out from the polar regions and move above other areas. In addition, direct Ozone depleted area is also slowly increasing.

Reason for Antarctic Ozone hole

Scientific observation prove that the ozone hole formed over Antarctic is due to compounds of chlorine and bromine formed in the atmosphere. Nearly all of the chlorine and half of the bromine in the stratosphere comes from the human activities. The chlorofluorocarbons released due to human activities get transported up into the upper stratosphere.

The most common ozone depleting substances (ODS) are chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) or freon gases,certain bromine compounds, nitrogen oxides and methyl bromide. These compounds are liberally released from air-conditioners,freezers,foam insulation, aerosol products, industrial solvents, fire extinguishers and pesticides.

Effects of ozone depletions

If the ozone is depleted more ultraviolet radiation (especially ultraviolet B (UVB) will reach the earth’s surface.

Effect on plants – will affect crop yield and forest productivity.

Effect on animals – will cause damage to fish larvae and other Small animals.

Effect on human health – results in non – melanoma skin cancer and melanoma ,acute erythemia(sun burn), ocular abnormalities, cataract,poor immune responses.

Preventing ozone depletion

1. CFC’s ( Chloro Fluoro Carbons) should be replaced by HCFC’s (Hydro Chloro Fluro Carbons). If over used could damage ozone, HFC’s ( Hydro Flouro Carbons), Hydrocarbons such as butane and propane ( but flammable and poisonous), Ammonia ( must be handled carefully), water and steam.

2. Production, use and emission of ozone-depleting chemicals should be controlled.

3. Recycling of these chemicals should be increased.

4. Servicing of refrigerators and air-conditioners should be regulated.

5. Refrigerants should be recaptured and used .

6. Adopt protection measures from sun’s radiation.

Productive Expenditure vs. Unproductive Expenditure in WB: A Glimpse

 For the welfare of the people the Union Government or State Government has to incur expenditures. The expenditures are important for the development of an economy. There are two types of expenditures incurred by the Government – one is Productive and other one is unproductive. In general productive expenditures increase productive capacity in the economy and bring income to the government. Some examples are expenditure on infrastructure development, public enterprises or development of agriculture etc. which increase productive capacity in the economy and bring income to the government. On the other hand, unproductive expenditures means which do not create any productive asset or can bring income or returns to the nation. As examples few are interest payment, donations to clubs, and allowances to religious leaders etc. Unproductive expenditures arise because of many factors, including uncertainties, the lack of a well-trained civil service, inadequate checks and balances in the political and budgetary process, and corruption. In this article, few cases are presented with supporting data about the unproductive expenditures in West Bengal.  

  In West Bengal unemployment is serious now. The data collected from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) speaks the truth. In January 2016 West Bengal had an unemployment rate of 9.0 percent against the all India average of 8.7 percent. In May 2021, the unemployment rate in the State was 19.3 percent against the all India average of 11.9 percent. And in the month of June 2021 the same (unemployment rate) in West Bengal was 22.1 percent against all India average of 9.2 percent (unemploymentinindia.cmie.com). On the other hand the State Government has been spending more and more on unproductive expenditures. The Government of West Bengal had given more than Rs 1,300 crore to various clubs across the State which is purely an example of unproductive expenditure; of course, it may fetch an easy vote. “In 2012, one year after coming to power, the State Government had given an amount of Rs. 2,00,000 to 26,000 clubs across the State. Since then, these clubs have received grants worth Rs. 1,00,000 every three years” (NEWS Click, 14 Mar 2020). In the month of August 2021, a very unfortunate incident took place in West Bengal. The teachers who are great assets to the society were dealt badly by the concerned authority as sequel five women teachers consumed poison as suicide attempt. Why teachers were badly treated in a State which is considered as ‘Culturally advanced’. Another example of unproductive expenditure is allowances to the religious leaders. Recent case of unproductive expenditure is the launching of Lakshmi Bhandar Scheme. The Scheme provides basic income support to the female heads of the family. Through this scheme, the Government is going to provide Rs 500 per month to general category families and Rs 1000 per month to SC/ST families.

With so many unproductive expenditures involving huge amounts of money, I am worried about the future of West Bengal in the economic front as with the huge unemployment rate both in absolute number and relative terms the people of the State may suffer from law and order issues in the near future.

Review of the book: The Boy, the mole, the fox and the Horse

 

Review
of the book: The Boy, the mole, the fox and the Horse

“I’m
so small”, said the mole.

“Yes”,
said the boy, “but you make a huge difference.”

 

This beautiful book “The Boy, the mole, the fox and
the Horse” written by Charlie Mackery, comprises of beautiful quotes which
according to me can help anyone to look life from a positive and a beautiful
perspective.

According to me, the best part of the book was that it
could be read by anyone, whether a 7-year-old boy or an 88-year-old grandma!
Even those people like me who are not fond of reading, it is meant for them too
and I would recommend everyone to give it a shot!

 Another interesting
thing about the book is that for those people like me and the author as well
who are not fond of reading books because books are lengthy or some of us like
author who needs pictures, this book has it all which makes even more fun to
read!

 

Summary of the book

The book unfolds the sweet and simple story of friendship
between the four main protagonists: The Boy, the mole, the fox and the Horse.

If one talks about the protagonists, one can observe
that the boy is lonely and is full of curiosity. He asks a lot of questions
about himself, his friends (the mole, the fox and the Horse) and about life.

                                                                

The mole according to me was the wisest person among
their group who was a die-hard fan of cake!

                                                             

The horse was a kind friend who was always there for
his friends. He too had a beautiful way of looking life and encouraged the boy
to do the same whenever the boy felt sad and hopeless about himself.


                                                               


The fox is a silent friend and wary as according to
the author he has been hurt by life.

The author mentions in his introduction that the boy
was lonely when the mole first surfaces. Both of them spend their time in wild.
In their wanderings, they meet fox who as mentioned above who was silent most
of the time, but towards the end of the story he too begins to warm up and
express himself more.

During their adventures in the Spring field, they
encounter horse as well who was gentlest friend among the group.

As one continues to read the adventures of the four friends,
the most beautiful thing that anyone could observe that all of them are different
and have their own strengths, weaknesses and fears. All four of them don’t
judge each other, help each other and motivate each other to look at a positive
and a beautiful way of living life whenever one of them feels lonely, sad, hurt
or unloved.

                                                         

They teach  each  other how to love themselves and treat life
with a little more kindness and embrace it with more love.

                                                               

For example: There was a scene wherein the boy was fearful that his friends would not accept him for who he was. The wise mole had an exceptional answer.

                                                                   



Finally, I would
strongly recommend everyone to read this beautiful book and like me , embark on
the beautiful journey with the four protagonists! As one can say action speaks
louder than the words, or a picture can represent thousand words, according to
me, in this book , only two or three lines can show you a whole new way of
living life!

 

Happy
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DEMERITS OF SOCIAL MEDIAS

Instead of holding such huge advantages, social media is deemed to be one of the most dangerous elements of society. If the usage of social media is not controlled, it can commence to grave outcomes. It is dangerous because it penetrates your isolation like never before.

The oversharing incident on social media delivers children a victim for predators and hackers. It also directs to cyberbullying which attacks any personality significantly.Therefore, the status distribution on social media principally by minors must be observed at all times.

Next up is the addition of social media which is very common among the youth. This obsession hinders the educational performance of a student as they spend more time on social media instead of reading. People who are obsessed with Social media also generate communal cracks. False news is published with the application of it, which destroys the mind of peace-loving civilians.

MERITS OF SOCIAL MEDIAS

When we see the positive features of social media, we find many benefits. The most notable being a magnificent source of education. All the knowledge one wants is just a snap away. Learners can teach themselves on different topics using social media.

Furthermore, live talks are now achievable because of this medium. You can visit a lecture occurring in America while you are seated here in India. Moreover, as larger the people are distancing themselves from publications, they are getting dependent on social media for stories.

You are constantly refreshed on the latest happenings of the environment through it.A person grows more socially informed of the matters of the world. Also, it reinforces bonds with your cherished ones. Distance is not a limitation anymore with the help of social media. For a case, you can quickly interact with your friends and relatives abroad.

Most importantly, it further provides a comprehensive platform for young aspiring artists to showcase their skills for free. You can perceive great possibilities for a job through social media too. Another advantage serves companies who want to promote their trademarks. Social media has converted a hub for promotion and proposes you great shots for combining with the customer.

TECHNOLOGY

There is a number of very good software that can be used to supplement the class curriculum. The programs make available to students quizzes, tests, activities and study questions that could help the students continue with the learning process when they are out of the classroom.Today, technology has been incorporated into a good number of curriculum even those that do not belong to the technology and computer classes.

Students make use of computers to come up with presentations and also make use of the internet to carry out research on a variety of topics for their essays and papers.Students also get to know how to use the technology available in the world today through the tech and computer classes. This gives the guarantee that following their graduation, the students will not have any difficulties with using technology when they are out there in the work place, which might serve to make them more competitive compared to an individual who has no access to a certain software or technology in school.

With the continuing advances in the technological world, students are getting improved access to such educational opportunities. Every time something ‘better’ and ‘new’ is brought into the market, the price of the existing technology is decreased which makes it much more accessible in the educational setting even to those schools that might not have a lot of financial resources available to them.Technology has greatly grown to the point that it is also available today to assist those kids who are yet to begin school. There are a number of educational systems and video games for the small children that assist them in getting ready for school and in a number of situations also give them a head start on their education.

There are a number of people who are of the opinion that technology ‘spoils’ children. For instance as opposed to sitting down and getting to know how to count, they will opt to get a calculator. Despite the fact that there are people who are making these arguments, technology still remains to be a very vital component of the society we live in today.

By introducing it into our schools and classrooms, we will ensure that the students are equipped with much better tools and knowledge to make their transition from school to the work place a very easy one.