Day: July 17, 2021

Bond linking in the monomers

Polymers such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids are formed when monomers link in long chains. The different types of bonds provide structure and stability to biomolecules and make them functional. Proteins are formed from amino acids when the carboxyl group of an amino acid reacts with the amino group of the next amino acid and form a peptide bond. This bond is formed due to dehydration. Polysaccharides are formed when several monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond. This bond is also formed due to dehydration. The glycosidic bond connects carbohydrate molecules or a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate molecule. Nucleic acids are formed when a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a pentose sugar are linked to form a polynucleotide chain. Here, the three prime carbon atoms of one sugar of a nucleotide are linked to the five prime carbon atoms of the sugar of the succeeding nucleotide by a phosphate moiety. The phosphate and hydroxyl groups of sugar join to form an ester bond. The ester bonds formed by the phosphate group, between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent pentose sugar rings, are called phosphodiester bonds. This bond links three prime carbon atoms of one sugar molecule with the five prime carbon atoms of an adjacent sugar molecule. The phosphodiester bond forms the backbone of the DNA strands.
The B-form of the DNA exists as a double helix, where two strands of polynucleotides are anti-parallel, that is, one strand runs in three prime to five prime and the other strand runs in five prime to three prime directions. The backbone of the DNA is formed by a sugar-phosphate-sugar chain. The four bases found in the DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. Adenine on one strand base pairs with thymine on the other strand by a double bond. Similarly, cytosine on one strand base pairs with guanine on the other strand by a triple bond. One full 360o turn of the helical strand would involve ten base pairs. The distance along one turn is known as a pitch, which is thirty-four angstroms. The distance between two base pairs is three-point four angstroms.

Software Development through – RAD Model

What is RAD Model ?

Rapid application development (RAD) is an incremental software development process model that emphasizes an extremely short development cycle.
The RAD model is a ―high-speed adaptation of the linear sequential model in which rapid development is achieved by using component-based construction.

Situation When RAD Model is Useful:

RAD should be used when there is a need to create a system that can be required in 2-3 months of time.
It should be used if there‟s high availability of designers for modeling and the budget is high enough to afford their cost
enables a development team to create a ―fully functional system within very short time periods (e.g., 60 to 90 days).

Phases

1. Communication:

Communication phase is used to understand the requirements of the project.

2. Planning:

Planning is very essential because multiple project teams are working parallel in RAD model

3. Modeling:

a) Business modeling:

The information flow among business functions is represented.

b) Data modeling:

The information flow defined as part of the business modeling phase is refined into a set of data objects that are needed to support the business.

c) Process modeling:

The data objects defined in the data modeling phase are transformed to achieve the information flow necessary to implement a business function.

4. Construction:

RAD process model reuses the existing program components (when possible) or create reusable components (when necessary).

5. Deployment:

Modules developed by different RAD teams are integrated to develop final complete product.

Advantages


Faster implementation of Project
Parallel implementation
Increases re usability of components
Encourages customer feedback
Projects divided into small teams results into better implementation

Disadvantage


•Limited Time for system implementation results into inadequate analysis of project.
•Less time for testing.
•If user is unclear with the system project may fail.
•If developers and customers are not committed to the rapid model, the RAD project fails.
•Time is the major constraint in RAD.
•RAD has to be modularized in a proper way otherwise creates a lots of confusions and problems.
•In case of high performance requirement, RAD cannot be ideal model.

Conclusion

RAD Model is fast and is also based on Component Based Construction so, there is faster implementation of the project and increases re usability of the components. But also, if the user is unclear with the system the project may fail, this may lead to loss of time and cost.

Enjoying the journey

Imagine a difficult time in your life. All of us have a lot of situations that broke us. Now imagine your life without that situation. In some cases, you must be glad it happened because now you are in a good place.

But, if you are one of those people who are thinking that your life would be better if that situation did not take place. Think of the good times you had because of the bad situation.

We cannot always avoid bad situations from happening. But what we can do is enjoy our journey. I am not saying to start laughing when bad things happen but learn to embrace the journey. We are always so caught up in reaching the destination that we forget what the journey holds.

We get to learn a lot from the bad situations of our life. We become more self-aware of who we are. There are a few things that we cannot learn from school. Those things only our life experiences can teach us.

It is on us whether we want to learn from those experiences or not. One thing that all of us should understand is that problems and difficult situations will come our way no matter what. That is what life is. But, it is on us to see what we learn from it.

For example: Imagine you got rejected in an interview that you really wanted. Now, are you going to cry and give up the idea of the job, or are you going to learn from your experience and go to your next interview more prepared?

We also face issues with our friends. Our friends don’t be there for us when we need them. Sometimes they break our trust. This also teaches us an important lesson in our life. It teaches us on how to be strong on our own. It teaches us that with or without people, we need to learn to be happy.

To reach our goal or our destination, we come across hurdles called experiences. They can be good or bad. But, we are supposed to enjoy these experiences because every experience teaches us something. As cliché as it sounds,  Everything happens for a reason.

People are so caught up in reaching their destination that they forget about the beautiful journey. They often forget to embrace their experiences and learn from them.

Do not be those people because “we can never relive the same moment again” Reading this quote for the first time scared me. But, it also made me want to live more moments and appreciate them while they last.

All that we are left with are memories. Think about your school life. Good or bad, I am sure it has moments you would always capture in your heart.

We are always looking forward to the next step of our life. We forget about the journey.

More than our destination it is our journey and experiences that made us into who we are today. So enjoy the journey while it lasts.

TEA CONNOISSEUR – ”HERBAL TEA” (1)

Unlike the major broad varieties of tea, Herbal teas are not true teas. They are not brewed from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. They are infused from dried fruits, flowers, spices or herbs. Hence, they are also called “tisanes”.

Herbal tea however is often considered a much better option due it the absence of caffeine. The polyphenols in herbal teas load them up with antioxidants that benefit our body in several ways. Antioxidants nurture a healthy lifestyle and gives us the boost of energy we need to get through a busy day.

Diving right into the types of herbal teas:

Chamomile tea is infused from dried Chamomile flowers. It contains Chamazulene, an aromatic chemical compound that possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antispasmodic properties. Camomile tea is often known for its calming properties as it smoothens the nervous system and promotes muscle relaxation. Soothes . It relaxes the uterus and decreases the production of prostaglandins. Chamomile tea helps eliminate and prevent dandruff, soothe scalp irritation and promote healthy hair.

Peppermint tea is infused from dried or fresh peppermint leaves. The menthol in peppermint provides the cooling properties and the minty scent. This tea provides a cooling sensation that possibly eases pain. Peppermint has various antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties that helps them fight cold, allergies and infections caused by a clogged sinus. It aids in digestion and soothes the stomach.

Rosehips tea is infused from the pseudo fruit of the rose plant, which gives it a delicate, floral flavour and a distinct tart aftertaste. The high levels of polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamin C and E, provides powerful antioxidant properties. The presence of tiloroside promotes fat-burning and weight-loss. The antioxidants in rosehip helps to protect the brain and boosts the formation of collagen that prevents skin from aging.

Ginger tea is infused from dried or fresh ginger. It has been used for medical purposes since the old times. Ginger contains nutrients like vitamin B3 and B6, iron, potassium, vitamin C, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc. It has volatile oils, which have anti-inflammatory properties similar to that of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is known to prevent the nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness. The vitamins, minerals and amino acids in ginger tea can help restore and improve blood circulation, which may help decrease the chance of cardiovascular problems. Ginger may prevent fat from depositing in the arteries, thus preventing heart attacks and stroke.

Lemongrass tea is infused from dried or fresh Lemongrass stem. Compounds like chlorogenic acid, isoorientin, and swertiajaponin promotes to its anti-inflammatory properties. According to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, smelling lemongrass may help people with anxiety. It increase haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count in the body. It soothens the symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) by preventing water retention in body that leads to bloating.

Do not forget to read more from the series 🙂

TEA CONNOISSEUR

TEA CONNOISSEUR – “HERBAL TEA”(2)

SECOND WIND

When we do vigorous activity , viz., participate in long distance races , or play football , hockey , etc., after some time we feel a sense of discomfort . We feel some problem while inhaling . We feel like stopping the activity immediately . But , if we make up our mind to continue that activity then we feel relaxed and comforted . We do not face any problem while intialing . This stage is termed as Second Wind . Discomfort , which we face in the beginning , includes the following symptoms .

  1. Breathlessness
  2. Pain in chest
  3. Headache
  4. Pain in the muscles , which are involved in that activity
  5. Feeling of reduced physical coordination
  6. Diminished neuro- muscular coordination
  7. Feeling of dry throat

But , in spite of these symptoms of discomfort , we should continue the activity . Automatically , after sometime , discomfort will be no longer these . So the phenomenon of recovery from discomfort at early stage is known as second wind . All the symptoms are eliminated automatically . The stage of second wind comes to the beginners but the experienced athletes generally do not feel it . If they feel it , they feel it at low level . Second wind also depends upon the climatic conditions . It has been observed that in cold climate , athletes do not face this stage . It is only faced if activity is too much vigorous .

Changes in Our Body Due to Second Wind

During the stage of second wind some changes in our body occur which are stated below .

  1. Breathlessness Disappears : Breathlessness disappears after second wind . Rate of respiration become less . Supply of oxygen becomes normal . The accumulation of CO2 also become normal .
  2. Muscles become Normal : After the feeling of second wind , muscles become normal . There is no pain in the muscles . The swelling of muscles begins to diminish . The temperature of muscles increases .
  3. Change in Blood Circulation System : In the stage of second wind , the waste products like lactic acid , acid phosphate , uric acid , etc., accu

Religion in India

Being a part of a mixed economy , where politics tend to exploit the peace between different religions and so on …….. .

“India was the motherland of our race, and Sanskrit the mother of Europe’s languages: she was the mother of our philosophy; mother, through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics; mother, through the Buddha, of the ideals embodied in Christianity; mother, through the village community, of self-government and democracy. Mother India is in many ways the mother of us all.”

Will Durant, American historian

And now you want to know why I am being so dramatic over such things . Well , if you want to know than start reading the editorial .

Introduction

Indians say it is important to respect all religions, but major religious groups see little in common and want to live separately

More than 70 years after India became free from colonial rule, Indians generally feel their country has lived up to one of its post-independence ideals: a society where followers of many religions can live and practice freely.

Religion has historically influenced Indian society on a political, cultural and economic level. There is a sense of pride associated with the country’s rich religious history as the traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism all emerged out of India. Moreover, while a majority of people in India identify as Hindu (79.8%), the medley of religions that exist within the country continually impact contemporary society.

Census

The 2011 Indian census indicated that 79.8% of Indians identified as Hindu, 14.2% identified as Muslim and 2.3% identified as Christian. A further 1.7% of the population identified as Sikh, 0.7% identified as Buddhist and 0.37% identified as Jain. Due to the massive population size of India, religious minorities still represent a significant number of people. For example, although only 0.37% of India may identify with Jainism, that still equates to over 4 million people. While not all religions in India can be discussed in detail, the following provides an overview of the major religions in the country as well as sizable religions that originated in India.

Social beliefs

“India has two million gods and worships them all. In religion all other countries are paupers; India is the only millionaire.”

Mark Twain

Karma, Acceptance and Personal Choice . Many Indians tend to have a sense of acceptance towards one’s life position or a belief that, due to actions in one’s past life, good or bad personal circumstances are deserved. This attitude partly stems from religious ideas such as ‘karma’ (the idea that one’s actions will affect their current or future life) and ‘samsara’ (the cycle of rebirth).

The interplay of these social, cultural and religious factors allows people to be accepting of life events and trajectories. However, this is not to be interpreted as Indians being unwilling to take responsibility for life circumstances. Many often contemplate how their actions may impact their future and make decisions accordingly. Some of India’s youth are challenging a fatalistic perspective by asserting their free will to choose their vocation, spouse and other life factors. Indeed, as social mobility becomes more common, there is a growing belief that one can change their circumstances.

It’s Role

Religion plays a major role in the Indian way of life. Rituals, worship, and other religious activities are very prominent in an individual’s daily life; it is also a principal organizer of social life. The degree of religiosity varies amongst individuals; in recent decades, religious orthodoxy and observances have become less common in Indian society, particularly amongst young urban-dwellers. As of the politics , they play with religion , people’s belief and with their trust .

Link :

Portrayal of Mental Health in Media

Photo by Masha Raymers on Pexels.com

“Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.”

To many, the term depression is either a light-hearted substitute for sadness or simply a taboo. To most, admitting one has depression is asking to be put in a mental house. To the ones that are affected, depression creates perpetual sadness which might even become the cause of their death. Depression has taken over the lives of many, though most fail to reveal this. Signs of depression include extreme lack of social interaction, significant weight loss, extreme cases of Insomnia, self-harm, uncontrolled emotions, recurrent suicidal thoughts, etc. It is believed that the present social atmosphere is a huge factor as it often termed as ‘the plague of the 21st century’.

Scientifically, depression can be mapped with the change of various neurons and bio-chemical substances that are released in our system, namely: Serotonin, Dopamine and Norepinephrine. Any imbalance in their level can affect our emotions adversely. Stress and tension can also contribute a lot to this. At times, they can also be hereditary or genetic. Other factors for depression includes, Abuse, serious illness, conflicts, loss, substance abuse, etc.

It is often very hard to implement change in a society, to make people believe that their previous beliefs are not entirely right and are to be changed. To do so, a great power of influence is required. Such power can be obtained through media. To quote Malcolm X “Media is the most powerful entity on earth… Because they control the minds of the masses.” So how can this power be put to good use?

The current mainstream media has taken an initiative in bringing about awareness in the society. Various movies, book and television series have portrayed the intensity of growing depression among youth. For instance; ‘Thirteen Reasons Why’ is a book by Jay Asher that revolves around the reasons why Hannah Baker (A teenager) committed suicide. It emphasizes on how people turned a blind eye to her silent pleas and how that ultimately cost an innocent life. This book was later turned into a hit Netflix series that gained a lot of attention upon its release. Not only was it critically acclaimed, it also helped in giving courage to youngsters around the world to speak up.

Movies such as Anomalisa, World’s greatest dad, cake, Sylvia, Little Miss Sunshine, and various other movies have cast light upon depression and the different forms that it manifests in to different human beings. The Indian film industry also features movies that focus on these issues.

YouTube, being one of the most powerful social media platform has not failed short of showing its side of depression. Famous YouTubers like Kiera Rose, Daniel Howell, Jacksgap, Savannah Brown, John Green, Connor Franta and Lilly Singh etc have shared their personal struggle against depression and social anxiety. They have taken the liberty of portraying the raw side of depression that are often wrongly romanticized in the mainstream media. Lily Singh, a YouTuber turned Business Woman has written down her journey of starting out a video to make others laugh (despite fighting off depression herself) in her book ‘How to be a Bawse’. YouTube also carries various channels that are created just for the purpose of sharing experiences on various form of depression.

Internet also offers other platforms like blogs, websites and social media networking sites that allows healthy interactions and provides information centres. Online therapy sessions and websites have been created to support forums where the affected can reach out. Various celebrities have taken action in ensuring the lifeline supports through social media. For instance, ‘The Live Love Laugh Foundation’ is a mental health initiative taken up by the famous Bollywood actress, Deepika Padukone that illustrates the symptoms and form of depression to create awareness among the Indian youth.

Mental health is a very serious issue that must be tended to at the right time. The world cannot afford to lose another Chester Bennington or another Avicii. Depression is real and it is about time we removed the stigma against it. Spread the word, tame the taboo and lend a helping hand to anyone who is hurting.

Breaking The Chain Of Patriarchy

We live in a society where our everyday behaviours, thoughts and emotions are shaped by the patriarchal notions, that prevails in the structure of the society. A woman at every stage of her life, in fact even before her birth, was being subjected to the evils of the male-dominated society. Patriarchy is unique, as this oppression is prevalent globally but still many of its aspects are undermined by the society or remain hidden in the structure such that it was noticed by none, even man of the women who are subjected to it fails to notice. In Indian society, in particular, the patriarchal norms and values are also a result of caste and religious inequalities that haunts the society. The most familiar example is the restriction of women entry into Sabarimala Temple in Kerala.

Normalisation of Patriarchy

The transmission of patriarchal values and ideas from one generation to another occurs in the socialisation process. Socialisation is the process of internalising the norms and ideologies of society. During and at the end of the process, the individuals, be it men or women adjusts to the group or the society from which they socialised, and learns to behave in a manner as approved by the society.  This socialisation process forms the basis for the normalisation of patriarchy in society. So, any attempt for a social change that is sustainable and egalitarian, should start from the socialisation process.

Primary and Secondary Socialisation

Socialisation occurs at two levels – primary and secondary.

In primary socialization, a child accepts and learns a set of norms, values, attitudes. For example, if a child sees his or her mother expressing hatred towards anybody, the child may think this behaviour is acceptable and could continue to practice hatred towards others.

In secondary socialization, the child learns what is the appropriate behaviour as a member of a smaller group in a larger society. Secondary socialization takes place outside the home. The children and adults learn how to act in an appropriate way in a situation. Schools require very different behaviour from the home, and children must act according to new rules.

The Chain of Transmission

So, the social institutions involving in the process of socialisation- both primary and secondary-should undergo a radical change from the present, in their approaches of socialising the new generation. Socialisation by any of these institutions is influenced by the patriarchal values of the society. Identifying the patriarchal values and norms in these institutions and replacing them with egalitarian value will break the transmission chain that helps in carry patriarchy across generations.

Let us see with some examples,

The key social institution in the primary socialisation process is the Family. The behaviour of the parents has a great influence on the child. In Indian society, there is a notion that males are breadwinners and women are homemakers, which itself is a result of the patriarchal norms. So, any child witnessing his/her father going to job and mother doing. Thus, the occupational segregation that we see in the labour market has its root in the Family. During this, the child ability to think critically about such a notion is not developed. Hence the child accepts this uncritically. This is a vicious cycle – the socialisation process leads to an unequal labour market, the unequal labour market again has its worst effects on the socialisation process.

Even the toys are given to the girls and boys during their childhood also has their effects. Often the boy child was given a bike or car toy, whereas the girl child was given a barbie doll-like toys. Over time this will give a superiority notion to the boy child, against the other gender as possessing a bike or car was often seen in terms of the status of a family in our society and is often associated with boys.

Schools are important secondary social institutions. The present arrangement in schools and colleges is such that the patriarchal notions went unnoticed and hence normalised. Even women who are subjected to this, often accept this as a legible one. Let us look at this with a simple example

Even today many school books of lower classes contain a picture of a family where the father was depicted as going to a job and the mother was doing household chores. Here comes the coincidence of the primary and secondary socialisation. As mentioned above a child sees the same kind of situation as in the book, in his/her home. This makes the child believes that this is how society operates.

But a big relief is that there are men and women who, over the years become aware of this pattern of socialisation and absolves themselves from the clutches of the patriarchal norms of the society and are being gender-neutral.

Breaking the chain

Redefining the socialisation process will be the solution.

Primary Socialisation: Make your child believe that the world is for everyone through your actions. A working male in a household, cooking for some time with his wife or helping her in her work will make a great difference to the child. This develops a sense in the child that no job is restricted to no one and no one is restricted from doing any job.

Secondary Socialisation: Making the words and pictures in the school books of lower classes gender-neutral, helps a lot. Say a picture of a family can be shown as a father and mother doing household chores together. This will make the child thinks that why the family shown in the book and his/her own family was totally different (in the case of a household where the father goes to job and mother do household chores).

The selection process in any kinds of posts in schools or colleges should not be based on gender. This makes every student (boy/girl/another gender) work together under the leadership of another student (boy/girl/another gender).

Thus, a permanent social change is in the hands of future generations.

I am not sure whether the youths and students are the future of India. But every youth will be a parent in the future. So, the responsibility of these youths/parents should be to make their child, being men or women, not to act as men or women.

MH-60R SEAHAWK- from US to India

MH-60R, the world’s most advanced maritime helicopter was inducted to Indian navy by the US navy today. This is yet another sign of strengthening India-US defence relationship.

The ceremony procuring the first two MH-60R multi role helicopters was held at the Naval Air Station North Island or NAS North Island, San Diego on Friday. It was attended by India’s ambassador to the US Taranjit Singh Sandhu.

The Indian navy is procuring 24 helicopters in total for $2.4 billion. Ambassador Sandhu noted in his tweet that the trade has expanded to over 20 billion dollars in the past couple of years. “India US friendship is touching skies”, he tweeted.

There are over 300 Seahawks in service worldwide including US, Danish, Australian and Saudi Arabian navies. It was introduced in US navy in 2006. The procurement of 24 Seahawks was cleared by the fence ministry on August 25, 2018.

Features

Skirosky Aircraft developed the MH-60R Seahawk multi-mission helicopter also known as “Romeo”, inorder to replace the US Navy’s SR-60 & SH-60 helicopter fleet.

The MH-60R features a spacious cabin to fit 4 flight crew and five passengers. Dimensions of cabin are 3.2m long, 1.3 m high and 1.8 m wide. The helicopter is equipped with digital open architecture, night vision, mass memory data storage, flight management computer and operations software.

The helicopter can be armed with Mk 54 lightweight torepodoes for ASW missions. A number of weapons can be carried including eight Hellfire antisurface missiles and .50 calibre guns for ASuW missions.

The MH-60R is tolerant against small arms fore and medium calibre high-explosive projectiles. The energy absorbing landing gear offers increased survivability in the battlefield.

The 24 procured helicopters would be modified with several India-unique equipment and weapons.

“The induction of these helicopters would enhance the Indian Navy’s three dimensional capabilities…. Inorder to exploit these porent helicopters the first batch of Indian crew is presently undergoing training in the US” said the spokesperson

Law Against Rape and Prevention of Rape

Law Against Rape:-

The Indian law prior to the Nirbhaya Incident took into account only acts of penile-vaginal intercourse within the definition of rape and forcible acts of penetration of vagina, mouth, urethra or anus through penis or an inanimate object did not fall within the definition of rape. Many rapists were not prosecuted because there was no law to punish such acts. In 2013, the definition was expanded to consider rape as any acts like penetration by penis, or any other object or any part of body to any extent, into the vagina, mouth, urethra or anus of a woman or making her to do so with another person or applying of mouth to sexual organs without the consent or will of the woman constitutes the offence of rape.

Section 53A of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Indian law lays down certain provisions for medical examination of the accused. Section 164A of the Code of Criminal Procedure deals with the medical examination of the victim.

The revised statutes of 2013 Indian law, in section 376A, mandates minimum punishment in certain cases. For instance, if the sexual assault inflicts an injury which causes death or causes the victim to be in a persistent vegetative state, then the convicted rapist must be sentenced to rigorous imprisonment of at least twenty years and up to the remainder of the natural life or with a death penalty. As well, in May 2013, the Supreme Court of India held that the two-finger test on a rape victim violates her right to privacy, and asked the Delhi government to provide better medical procedures to confirm sexual assault.

The Indian Penal Code, Section 377, is the only section that criminalizes all acts of non-consensual carnal intercourse, ncluding male-on-male rape. This section penalizes both consensual and forced sodomywith 10 years minimum to life imprisonment. The Delhi HC stated that Section 377 of Indian Penal Code will continue to govern non-consensual penile, non-vaginal sex and penile non-vaginal sex involving minors. The section can be evoked to punish sodomites, pedophiles and zoophiles.

The rape definition in Section 375 of Indian Penal Code does not include rape in which males are the victims. The Indian government in 2012 decided to change the definition of “rape” as forcible penetration to include male victims, but was criticized on the grounds that this would further harm the interests of female rape victims.

Prevention of Rape:-

On the Street

  • Travel in well-lit, well-travelled areas.
  • If possible, walk in pairs.
  • Walk facing traffic.
  • Plan your route ahead of time.
  • Walk assertively and maintain a sharp awareness of your surroundings.
  • If you sense you are being followed, immediately cross to the opposite side of the street and head for the nearest open business or occupied dwelling.

In a Social Situation

  • When first meeting a new friend, exchange phone numbers, not addresses.
  • Keep someone apprised of your whereabouts when dating a man for the first time.
  • It is a good idea to refrain from going to bars and clubs alone. However, should you choose to do so, have your own transportation available, and use it.
  • Don’t allow alcohol or drugs to cloud your common sense.
  • If a man persists in asking for your phone number, and you feel it would cause a problem should you refuse, or give him a fake number.
  • Know what your personal social standards are and stick to them. Don’t allow your judgment to be overruled by an aggressive pursuer.

Passive Self Defense

  • Talking your way out of a situation.
  • Telling the rapist you’re pregnant, menstruating, or afflicted with a communicable disease can be an effective ploy.
  • Faking submission and waiting for an appropriate opportunity to make an escape.

Active Self Defense

  • If you choose to fight, fight effectively. A half-hearted attempt at resistance could be worse than no resistance at all.
  • Before initiating a physical defense, you should be aware of your capabilities – both physical and mental. If you cannot imagine yourself exerting whatever force necessary to ward off an attacker, then perhaps a more passive approach is more viable for you.
  • Have some idea of what you intend to do should you be attacked. If you have given prior thought to the matter, you will be better prepared to avoid debilitating panic.
  • Self-defense classes aimed at teaching everyday defensive maneuvers can help build confidence.
  • Don’t underestimate the power of your voice as an effective defensive tool. If you feel your voice may fail you when you need it most, practice screaming.

Are girls more intelligent than boys?

Almost of all major tests used to measure intelligence have been constructed so that there are no overall score differences between males and females.But there is little difference between the average IQ scores of men and women.Early studies show that male brains are 8 to 13 percent larger in volume than female brains,however this has been since attributed to difference in body size.Women have greater cortical thickness, and cortical surface area(controlling for body size) which leads to smaller brain size.

According to a research, it is found that women had greater blood flow in the prefrontal cortex(is a part of the brain which includes complex behaviour, including planning,and greatly contributes to personality development) compared to men, which might help them to be stronger in the aspects of life.This shows that girls are stronger in empathy, collaboration, self control, and showing appropriate concern.

COBOL

COBOL may be a Common Business minded Language. it’s a high-level artificial language. because the dilated word form suggests, programming language is meant for developing business, generally file-oriented applications.

COBOL is employed by the North American nation Department of Defense, in a very conference, fashioned CODASYL (Conference on knowledge Systems Language) to develop a language. programming language is employed for writing application programs, and that we cannot use it to jot down system software system. this implies you’d not develop AN software or a compiler exploitation programming language.
How programming language Works
We should perceive the approach programming language works. Computers solely recognize machine language, a binary stream of 0s and 1s. The code of programming language should be reborn into machine language employing a compiler. Run the program supply through the compiler. The compiler 1st of all checks for any syntax errors so converts it into machine language. Then the compiler creates AN computer file, that is thought as a load module. This computer file contains feasible code within the style of 1s and 0s.

History of programming language
COBOL language was one in all the earliest high-level programming languages. throughout the Nineteen Fifties, once the companies were rising within the western a part of the planet, there was a necessity to change numerous processes for simple operation, and this gave birth to a high-level artificial language destined for business processing.
In 1959, the programming language language was developed by Conference on knowledge Systems Languages (CODASYL).
The government printing workplace written the programming language specification as COBOL60 in 1960.
COBOL-61, that is that the next version of programming language, was free in 1961 with some revisions.
In 1968, programming language was approved by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) as a customary language for industrial use. A version named COBOL-68.
It was once more revised in 1974 and 1985 to develop later versions that contain an extra set of options named COBOL-74 and COBOL-85, severally.
And finally, in 2002, object-oriented programming language was free, that might use encapsulated objects as a standard a part of programming language programming.
Features of programming language
Standard Language

COBOL may be a commonplace language that may be compiled and dead on systems like IBM AS/400, personal computers, etc.
Business minded

COBOL is developed for business-oriented applications associated with defense domain, monetary domain, etc.

Structured Language

Logical management structures ar offered in programming language, that makes it easier to browse and modify. programming language provides totally different divisions, thus it’s straightforward to right.

Robust Language
COBOL may be a strong language as its varied testing, and debugging tools ar on the market for nearly all pc platforms.

Simple Language

COBOL may be a straightforward language. No user-defined functions, no user-defined sorts, no pointers, and a restricted scope of operate.

Self-documenting
One of the main style goals for programming language was to form it doable for non-programmers like managers, supervisors, and users to browse and perceive programming language code.

Advantages of programming language
COBOL is that the 1st usually used high-level artificial language.
It will handle immense processing.
It is used as a documenting language.
The resolution of bugs is simpler as a result of it’s an efficient error message.
It is compatible with its past versions.

INDIA’S FIRST POD TAXI

India’s first pod taxi to run between Noida Intil airport & film city. Pod Taxi can accommodate 4 to 6 passengers per car. Pod taxis have been a popular mode of commute in several western countries and can accommodate four to six passengers per car. With this project , India is also set to experiment with this mode of commute. It will start running on the track as soon as flights starts from Noida airport. Keeping in view the metro connectivity between film city to Noida Airport rail and Ropeway corporation limited has submitted the final DPR to Yamuna Authority on June 13th 2021 for driverless pod taxi which will run 14km from Noida to film city with stoppage at sector 21, 28, 29, 32, & 33 Dr. Arunveer Singh , CEO of Yida said that this DPR will now placed before the YEIDA board, after getting approval from there it will be sent to the government . Work in this direction will go ahead after getting approval from government. The distance is about 5.5 km to increase the utility, it has been suggested in the DPR to track in the sectors of YEIDA also. To run this pod taxi in the country , the state government will spend Rs 862crores. 50- 60 crores per km will have to be spent to land the pod taxi on the land of Noida. with the creation of a film city , where film artists will also come in abundance , a tourist center will be developed in distance of 14 km to attract tourists from all over the world.

WHY  GEOFFRRY CHAUCER IS CALLED AS THE FATHER OF ENGLISH LITERATURE?

Geoffrey Chaucer is the first person to write well known poems and stories in the language of the common people of his time.

HIS LIFE: (c. 1340-c. 1400)

From the records of his time it is found, his name is mentioned with some references and remarks. These references and remarks in his poems are sum of what we know about his life. His birthdate is unclear. But from some documents it is accepted as 1340. He was born in London. He entered the household of the wife of the Duke of Clarence and saw military service and caught there. He is often mentioned as the person of royal pensions and bounties and was confirmed in his offices and pensions. In 1386 he was sent to Italy on one of his diplomatic missions. He was the first poet to be buried in poet’s corner in Westminster Abbey.

HIS POEMS:

The poems of Chaucer poems cannot be confirmed with certainty, but from interval evidence they can as a rule approximately dated.His poems are divided into French, the Italian and the English stages.

The poems of French stage are modelled upon French originals. The style is clumsy and immature. The longest poem is The Romaunt of the Rose, a lengthy allegorical poem written in octosyllabic couplets and based upon Le Romaunt de la rose of Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung. This poem is only a fragment of 8000 lines. The Italian stage shows advancement than the first. Handling of the meters, the technical ability is greater. The Hous of fame, a poem in octosyllabic couplets, is one of the dream allegory type. The Legend of Good Women is the first known attempt in English to use the heroic couplet, which is handled with great skill and freedom. The English group contains work of the greatest individual. The Canterbury Tales is one of his achievements. Chaucer draws together twenty nine pilgrims including himself. The journey of the pilgrim is to tell two tales in the outward journey, and two on the return. Chaucer’s own Tale of Melibeus and The Parson’s Tale are composed in powerful and versatile species of the heroic couplet.

The first thing that strikes the eye is the unique position that Chaucer’s work occupies in the literature of the age. He was the man of the world, mixing freely with all types of mankind and he used his opportunities to observe the little peculiarities of human nature. Chaucer’s best descriptions of men, manners, and places are the first rank in their beauty, impressiveness and humour.

The bisy larke, messages of day,

Salueth in her song the morwe gay,

And firy phoebus riseth up so brighte

That all the orient laugheth with the lighte.

-The knight’s Tale

The prologue contains generous material to illustrate Chaucer’s power in describing his fellow men. In the literature of his time, the humour of Chaucer is healthy and delightful. As a story teller his narrative posses a curious stealthy speed. In poetical technique, English literature owes much to Chaucer. Chaucer is no great lyrical poet but in some of his, he shows a skill that is as good as the very best apparent in the contemporary poems. He stands alone, and for nearly two thousand years none dare claim equality with him.

This experimentation by many critics, authors, literariness etc, left a lasting mark upon English poetry is a contribution of Chaucer’s that is also cause for considering him the father of English poetry. He also one of the persons to contribute new words to English language.