Day: July 22, 2021

LGBT Marriages In The Past

The Reality

Leela Namdeo and Urmila Shrivastava, two policewomen from Madhya Pradesh married to each other in 1987. Leela and Urmila consequently chastised by the police force, discharged of their duties for “inappropriate behavior,” and inundated with media attention.

The incident and its torturous representation in the media was said to be a surreptitious signal to deter lesbians from pursuing relationships and coming out of the closet in India. This coverage coincided with the emergence in the late 1980s of an increasing visibility and organization within the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community, culminating in the publication of the first queer magazine Bombay Dost in 1990. ‘It was like a renaissance for us along with magical time of affirmation and hope’, says a queer person from Delhi.

The Change

The momentum carried through into the 1990s when a boom in media coverage, television discussions and books by queer activists contributed to a wholesale widening of exposure and acceptance of sexual difference on the subcontinent. The world was changing and this time India was changing with it .

From 1987-1989, lesbians from Delhi Group met for informal gatherings, or “single women’s nights,” in members’ homes to discuss compulsive heterosexuality and to bond over their identification as “women who love women.”

ENDANDERED ANIMALS – NATIVE TO INDIA

India has a high level of biodiversity, with roughly 8% of all species on the earth found there.  It is home to 7.6% of all mammals, 12.6 percent of all avian, 6.2 percent of all reptilian, 4.4 percent of all amphibian, 11.7 percent of all fish, and 6.0 percent of all flowering plant species, making it one of seventeen megadiverse countries.

The country is home to 4 of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots: the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the North-East, and the Nicobar Islands. India plays host to a plethora of rare & exotic animals like The Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros, Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiri marten, Bengal tiger, Kashmir Hangul and, pygmy hogs, to name a few.

Kashmir Hangul (Kashmir Stag) 

Hangul, Jammu & Kashmir’s state animal, previously widely distributed throughout Kashmir’s mountains, is now limited to the Dachigam National Park in Kashmir. The Hangul’s population has steadily dropped throughout the decades, from a peak of 5,000 in the early 1900s. Experts have highlighted habitat fragmentation, a lack of favorable breeding, predation, and a relatively low fawn-female ratio as the most significant obstacles to Hangul conservation and population expansion. The Kashmir Hangul’s fawns are preyed upon in huge numbers by the Common Leopard, Himalayan Black Bear, and nomads’ dogs, threatening their survival. The Kashmiri Red Stag, famed for its 11- to 16-point antlers, has been designated as a critically endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Pygmy Hog

They are indigenous to India and can only be seen in a few scattered sites near Manas National Park in north-western Assam. Pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) is the world’s tiniest pig, standing at 20-30cm in height – with its sporadic hair and streamlined body that is nearly the size of a cat, it is also exceptionally rare.

 Unfortunately, with only 200 left, they have been classified as an Endangered species in the IUCN red list. Habitat decay and degradation result from human settling, farming, seasonal burning, livestock pasture, and commercial forestry constitute the main challenges confronting the already jeopardized pygmy hogs.

Sangai Deer 

The recherché Sangai as know as  the brow-antlered deer or the dancing deer, is only found in the Keibul Lamjao National Park, the world’s sole floating national park, and is indigenous to Manipur. Sangai eats a diverse range of aquatic plants, grasses, herbaceous plants, and shoots, including Zizania latifolia, Saccharum munja, S bengalensis, Erianthus procerus, E ravernnae, and others. According to the latest wildlife estimation undertaken by the Manipur Forest Department, the sangai deer’s population is static at 260. Marked endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), The Sangai population continues to dwindle as a consequence of low genetic diversity, disease proneness, hovering biomass habitat depletion, and hog deer competition.

Gooty Tarantula

The Peacock Parachute Spider, sometimes referred as the Gooty Tarantula, is a spider belonging to the genus Poecilotheria. The blue colour is caused by the arrangement of nanocrystals in their body hairs, which reflect blue wavelengths of light.  P. metallica, endemic to India, lives in the wild in holes in towering trees, where it weaves asymmetric funnel webs. They prey on a myriad of flying insects. The “quality of habitat” of spiders that seek cavities and deep cracks in old woods is also dwindling. The spiders have been labelled as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

great Indian bustards

Rajasthan is home to about 122 of India’s estimated 150 critically endangered great Indian bustards (GIB), which are clustered in the Desert National Park on the western flank. Great Indian bustards are big birds with long legs and a long neck, with the tallest individuals reaching 1.2 metres (4 feet) in height. The males and females are about the same size, with the largest weighing 15 kg (33 pounds). The colour of a bird’s feathers distinguishes males from females.

Bio-medical Waste: a Biohazard

Biohazard also known as biological hazard, is basically a biological substance that poses a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. They include the micro- organisms, virus or toxins that may adversely have an effect on human health. A biohazard might even be a substance harmful to alternative animals. Biohazard and its symbol are usually used as a warning, in order that those probably exposed to the substances can grasp to require precautions. Sources of biological hazards include microorganism, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans. These sources will cause a range of health effects starting from skin irritation and allergies to infections, cancer. Biohazards are the biological materials like plats, micro-organisms, or their by-products that pose as a threat to the other living organisms. It basically is the negative impact of biological pathogens of different levels and origins which cause harm to different spheres like medical, agricultural, domestic etc.

Biomedical waste is defined as any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals, or in research activities pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals.

Medical care and hospitals are basic need for good life, well-being and health. But with this they generate a lot of waste which can be hazardous, toxic and lethal for humans and other living beings because it can be a main reason for transmission of diseases. Since beginning, the hospitals are known for the treatment of sick persons but we are unaware about the adverse effects of the garbage and filth generated by them on human body and environment. Now it is a well established fact that hospital waste is a potential health hazard to the health care workers, public and flora and fauna of the area. The medical waste contains infectious, biomedical as well as sharps like injections, knives and now there is a addition to the medical waste which are PPE kits which a doctor wears while treating a corona positive patient or there are used masks, used tissues, cottons etc. in todays conditions it is very important to dump the biomedical waste according to the norms so that it cannot transmit any kind of infection, especially for the waste related to corona virus because the cases are increasing day by day. If the waste is not properly treated or dispose or is allowed to get mixed with the municipal waste then it can surely transmit infection. The subject of biomedical waste management and handling has been assuming increasing significance for the past few years. The responsibility of medical administrators as regards proper handling and disposal of this category of waste has now become a statutory requirement. The rag pickers are typically worst affected, as a result of inadvertently or inadvertently, they rummage through all types of toxic material whereas attempting to salvage things that they’ll sell for recycle. At identical time, this sort of banned and unethical recycle are often very dangerous and even fatal. Diseases like Asiatic cholera, plague, T.B., infectious disease, AIDS (HIV), contagious disease etc. in either epidemic or perhaps endemic kind, create grave public health risks. And now in addition to these disease there is corona virus infection which is currently the reason for most deaths.

About the rules and Regulations the act passed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1986 and notified the Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules in July 1998, it is the duty of every “occupier”, i.e. a person who has the control over the institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment. The provisions are equally applicable to our service hospitals.
The quantity of biomedical waste generated per bed per day will vary depending upon the type of health problems, the type of care provided and the hospital waste management practices. It varies from 1 to 2 kg in developing countries to 4.5 kg in developed countries such as USA. 10 to 15% of the waste is infectious in developed countries whereas it varies from 45.5 to 50% in India, requiring special handling.

Arrest of Raj Kundra

On Monday this week, buisnessman and a famous actress Shilpa Shetty’s husband was arrested for allegedly being connected to an adult film racket.

The matter came to light after Kundra was found in connection with Kamak (Umesk) . Usmek was a part of UK production house, who uploaded such contents. Police said that it was connection to Kamak and the company that uploaded such pornographic contents that landed Kundra in trouble.

Raj Kundra had applied for anticipatory bail just last month in connection with pornography itself. The cyber police had registered an FIR against various platforms which were showcasing such pornographic contents. The court is likely to decide on the anticipatory bail application next week.

On February 4 this year, the Mumbai police said they had arrested five people for putting women into porn world with treachery. They would promise these aspiring actresses for roles in web series. These women came to Mumbai from different places of country and were lured by the false offers. On the day of shoot, however, the scripts they would get were changed. They were threatened to expose themselves or else were asked to foot bill for the shooting preparations.

Once the movies were shot, the accused uploaded them in mobile apps. The apps would earn profits of lakhs and lakhs. But since porn is illegal in India, these contents were also illegal.

The arrest, according to police ere based on two aspects. One, nabbing of those who produced the clips and the second being the people behind uploading them. Some of these production house would also broadcast from servers outside the country. Raj Kundra was also found in connection with the similar production house ased in United Kingdom.

Raj Kundra is currently in police custody while the Mumbai Crime Branch has recovered several videos, emails, chats connected to the case. he is remanded in custody till 23 July.

James Baldwin: Empowerment Through Words

James Baldwin was an American essayist, novelist, and playwright whose eloquence and passion on the subject of race in America made him an important voice, particularly in the late 1950s and early 1960s, in the USA and throughout much of western Europe. One of the 20th century’s greatest writers, Baldwin broke new literary ground with the exploration of racial and social issues in his many works. He was especially known for his essays on the Black experience in America. In light of recent incidents in America, with the killing of George Floyd and all the violence against black people, James Baldwin’s literary works have resurfaced and remain relevant even today. Unfortunately, the violence seen in America decades ago is still in existence, and Baldwins works brings these matters to light.

Early Years

James Baldwin was born the illegitimate son of Emma Jones on August 2, 1924, in Harlem, New York. When he was three, his mother married the Reverend David Baldwin, a fire and brimstone lay preacher who legally adopted James. Despite their strained relationship, Baldwin followed in his stepfather’s footsteps and served as a youth minister in a Harlem Pentecostal church from the ages of 14 to 16. He developed a passion for reading at an early age and demonstrated a gift for writing during his school years. Baldwin published numerous poems, short stories and plays in the magazine, and his early work showed an understanding for sophisticated literary devices in a writer of such a young age. After graduating from high school in 1942, he had to put his plans for college on hold to help support his family, which included seven younger siblings. He took whatever work he could find, including laying railroad tracks for the U.S. Army in New Jersey.

During this time, Baldwin frequently encountered discrimination, being turned away from restaurants, bars and other establishments because he was an African-American. After being fired from the New Jersey job, Baldwin sought other work and struggled to make ends meet.

Aspiring Writer

James Baldwin started devoting his time to write a novel, trying to fulfil his dream of becoming a writer. Eventually he befriended writer Richard Wright, through whom he was able to land a fellowship in 1945 to cover his expenses. Baldwin started getting essays and short stories published in such national periodicals as The Nation, Partisan Review and Commentary.

Three years later, Baldwin made a dramatic change in his life and moved to Paris on another fellowship. The shift in location freed Baldwin to write more about his personal and racial background. He once told the New York Times; “Once I found myself on the other side of the ocean, I see where I came from very clearly…I am the grandson of a slave, and I am a writer. I must deal with both,” The move marked the beginning of his life as a “transatlantic commuter,” dividing his time between France and the United States.

Major Works

Baldwin had his first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain, published in 1953. The loosely autobiographical tale focused on the life of a young man growing up in Harlem grappling with family issues and religion.

In 1954, Baldwin published his next novel, Giovanni’s Room. It told the story of an American living in Paris and broke new ground for its complex depiction of homosexuality, a then-taboo subject. Baldwin was open about his homosexuality and relationships with both men and women, and believed that human sexuality cannot be limited by rigid categories.

In 1957 he returned to the United States and became an active participant in the civil rights struggle that swept the nation. Delving into his own life, he provided an unflinching look at the Black experience in America through such works as Notes of a Native Son (1955) and Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son (1961), which explored Black-white relations in the United States. This theme was also central to his novel Another Country (1962), which examines sexual as well as racial issues.

Nobody Knows My Name hit the bestsellers list, selling more than a million copies. While not a marching or sit-in style activist, Baldwin emerged as one of the leading voices in the Civil Rights Movement for his compelling work on race.

Final Years

By the early 1970s, Baldwin seemed to despair over the racial situation. He had witnessed so much violence in the previous decade, especially the assassinations of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr., caused by racial hatred. While his literary fame faded somewhat in his later years, Baldwin continued to produce new works in a variety of forms. He published a collection of poems, Jimmy’s Blues: Selected Poems, in 1983 as well as the 1987 novel Harlem Quartet. Baldwin died on December 1, 1987, at his home in St. Paul de Vence, France. Never wanting to be a spokesperson or a leader, Baldwin saw his personal mission as “bearing witness to the truth.” He accomplished this mission through his extensive and timeless literary legacy

How To Fix Windows 11 BSOD (Black Screen of Death)

The Blue Screen of Death is the one screen that all Windows users are terrified of. The BSOD has been there for decades, and while it hasn’t changed much over the years, it’s still powerful enough to make users’ hearts skip a beat whenever they see it. Our Windows blues look to be becoming black now.

Here’s all you need to know about Windows 11’s Black Screen of Death, its causes, and how to solve the problems that could be causing it.

For BSOD in Windows 11, black is the new blue.

Multiple sources have verified that the classic Blue Screen of Death is receiving a facelift, but just on the surface, with the ‘B’ for Blue being replaced with the ‘B’ for Black.

The change is minor, but the goal is to make the BSOD resemble the colours of Windows 11’s start and shutdown displays. Microsoft has already experimented with altering the colour of the BSOD screen, but no final decision has been made. Some customers have reported seeing green screens or even red screens of death due to hardware problems in prior Windows 10 versions. However, for the most of Windows’ existence, the crash screen has been blue, to the point that many people find the familiarity of the blue screen reassuring.

Microsoft has yet to remark on the new colour scheme. It’s conceivable that the black screen of death is still in the words and will appear in future Windows 11 versions as a replacement. Regardless, it will be referred to as BSOD.

5 ways to fix Black Screen of Death on Windows 11

Method 1 : Run Windows Memory Diagnostic

Internal components of your computer, such as RAM sticks, can potentially fail or come undone, resulting in a BSOD. You should perform memory diagnostics to see whether that’s the problem. To do so, enter the RUN box by pressing Win+R, then typing mdsched.exe and pressing Enter.

You will be prompted to restart your computer. Click on Restart now and check for problems (recommended).

Your computer will restart when the test is finished, and you should be able to check the results once it has started up. If you don’t notice the results of the memory tests right immediately, you may have to look for them yourself. To do so, right-click the Start button and pick Event Viewer from the menu that appears.

Then click on Windows Logs and double-click on System.

Now find the most recent MemoryDiagnostic file.

If the results show that the memory test detected no problems, then you can rule this out as the core of the problem.

If, on the other hand, the memory test returns changing RAM numbers, it’s an indication that you’re dealing with defective RAM. It’s possible that you’ll have to either reslot the RAM sticks or replace them entirely.

Method 2 : Note the BSOD error code

The BSOD displays your computer’s error message, along with a sad emoji, a link to Microsoft’s bluescreen troubleshooting website, a QR code, and a stop error code.

These error codes are meant to point you in the direction of the probable reasons of the BSOD. In principle, one may pull out their phone, scan the QR code (or at the very least write down the Stop code), and be brought to the Windows troubleshooting website.

There, you can go through the steps to find out the potential causes of the problem and how to go about fixing them. 

Method 3 : Uninstall recent updates

After a system upgrade, black screen problems might also occur. Windows upgrades aren’t without flaws. Despite the fact that they are meant to keep your system up to date with the newest software and device drivers, they can occasionally cause difficulties in otherwise reliable systems.

If you started getting BSOD crashes after installing an update, you may wish to undo it. To see your update history, go to Settings and press Win+I. From the left side, select Windows Update.

Then select Update history on the right.

You can see all of the most recent updates that your system has received right here. Scroll down and click Uninstall updates under ‘Related Settings‘ to uninstall recent updates.

On the next screen, select the most recent updates and click on Uninstall.

Once they’re uninstalled, restart your system. 

Method 4 : Boot into safe mode

If the problem isn’t too serious, you might be able to identify and troubleshoot it using the methods listed above. However, if the black screen of death prevents you from running your system normally, you may need to boot your computer into safe mode.

To do so, press Win+R to open the RUN box, type ‘msconfig’, and hit Enter.

This will open up the System Configuration. Click on the ‘Boot’ tab. 

Then click on Safe boot under ‘Boot options’.

Select Minimal and hit OK.

Restart your computer to boot it up in Safe Mode. Your system will only load the bare minimum of Windows settings and programmes that require it to function properly, avoiding third-party software. If you can operate in safe mode without experiencing any black screen errors, it’s conceivable that a service or software is causing the issue.

To discover the culprits, perform malware scans and then use system restore to restore your computer to a prior state.

Method 5 : Run a System Restore

Your black screen of death issues should be resolved by restoring your system to a prior state. It’s also not that tough to accomplish. To do so, hit Start, type “recovery,” and then choose the option listed below.

Then click on Open System Restore.

Click on Next.

Then select a restore point and click Next.

Now click on Finish to confirm your restore point.

Any apps and drivers you’ve installed since the restore point was created will be uninstalled when you run system restore. This should fix your black screen of death issues and get your machine back up and running.

Social Media

A tool that has become extremely popular among all generations because of its user-friendly interface is social media. The most dominant user crowds of social media are the youth, which is both impressive and a daunting issue at the same time.

Photo by Tracy Le Blanc on Pexels.com

Our connections have widened thanks to social media, and almost the entire world is available at our fingertips. But amid all the fleeting but intriguing trends on social media that impact us, we must be careful not to lose our uniqueness.

The massive reach quality of social media is a powerful quality that makes me wonder about times when it is not be used for positive purposes. And it is no news that industries have also realized the power of social media on our lives and have started using it in their favor.

To sum up, social media has both good and bad aspects, which is a debatable topic, just like our opinions. It also gives rise to several online arguments and debates on social media.So use social media in limited way .

Social media is a tool that is becoming quite popular these days because of its user-friendly features. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and more are giving people a chance to connect with each other across distances. In other words, the whole world is at our fingertips all thanks to social media. The youth is especially one of the most dominant users of social media. All this makes you wonder that something so powerful and with such a massive reach cannot be all good. Like how there are always two sides to a coin, the same goes for social media. Subsequently, different people have different opinions on this debatable topic. So, in this essay on Social Media, we will see the advantages and disadvantages of social media.

Advantages of Social Media

When we look at the positive aspect of social media, we find numerous advantages. The most important being a great device for education. All the information one requires is just a click away. Students can educate themselves on various topics using social media.

Moreover, live lectures are now possible because of social media. You can attend a lecture happening in America while sitting in India.

Furthermore, as more and more people are distancing themselves from newspapers, they are depending on social media for news. You are always updated on the latest happenings of the world through it. A person becomes more socially aware of the issues of the world.

In addition, it strengthens bonds with your loved ones. Distance is not a barrier anymore because of social media. For instance, you can easily communicate with your friends and relatives overseas.

Most importantly, it also provides a great platform for young budding artists to showcase their talent for free. You can get great opportunities for employment through social media too.

Another advantage definitely benefits companies who wish to promote their brands. Social media has become a hub for advertising and offers you great opportunities for connecting with the customer.

Disadvantages of Social Media

Despite having such unique advantages, social media is considered to be one of the most harmful elements of society. If the use of social media is not monitored, it can lead to grave consequences.

It is harmful because it invades your privacy like never before. The oversharing happening on social media makes children a target for predators and hackers. It also leads to cyberbullying which affects any person significantly.

Thus, the sharing on social media especially by children must be monitored at all times. Next up is the addition of social media which is quite common amongst the youth.

This addiction hampers with the academic performance of a student as they waste their time on social media instead of studying. Social media also creates communal rifts. Fake news is spread with the use of it, which poisons the mind of peace-loving citizens.

In short, surely social media has both advantages and disadvantages. But, it all depends on the user at the end. The youth must particularly create a balance between their academic performances, physical activities, and social media. Excess use of anything is harmful and the same thing applies to social media. Therefore, we must strive to live a satisfying life with the right balance.

The Best Ways to Handle Teen Anger, According to Psychologists

Here’s what to do when the eye-rolls and outbursts start (because there are going to be eye-rolls and outbursts).

You probably expected to get some attitude once your kid hit the teen years. However, the constant eye-rolling, lip-smacking, and “You make me sick!” outbursts may be harder to handle than you imagined. It’s like your teen can skyrocket from calm to furious within the blink of an eye. If you’re being honest with yourself, the perpetual outrage concerns you, and likely pisses you off, too. But before you lose your cool, take a breather. How you deal with your teen’s anger can either bring the two of you closer — or push you further apart.

First off: What’s the difference between angst and anger?

The term “teen angst” gets thrown around so much that you probably assume your kid’s anger issues are all a part of that. However, angst and anger are different. “In general, angst entails anxiety, dread, or apprehension regarding the future,” says Bernard Golden, Ph.D., a psychologist and author of Healthy Anger: How to Help Children and Teens Make Sense of and Manage Anger in Everyday Life. Anger, on the other hand, is about what happened or what your teen believes should or should have happened, he says. So, for example, if your teen feels apprehensive about taking the SAT practice test, she may be moody or pessimistic. That’s teenage angst. But if she already took the test and bombed it, she may be angry at herself and express it by snapping at people or ripping up her test results. Dr. Golden says increased anxiety can make teens more vulnerable to anger. Therefore, it’s possible that angst and anger can occur together, or that your teen’s anger may be a result of angst.

Why are teens so full of angst, anyway?

The adolescent years are filled with anxiety, frustration, fear, and other things that fall under the umbrella of teenage angst. Many teens don’t know how to process those feelings, so it can all come bubbling out as anger.

life is all about sacrifices

Sacrifice means a gesture of giving up something that you love and possess for the sake of others’ happiness or God’s happiness. Sacrifice might be made for some human life or just as a belief or a ritual.

Some people are always ready to do whatever it will take to see others prosper in their lives. Some are also willing to sacrifice their lives for others because of the affection and love they have for one another and humanity. When you are choosing to sacrifice for someone, then it is not by any obligation, but that is something, which is done purely from the depth of your heart. Making sacrifice is not that easy as many people presume it to be.

There are sometimes various serious consequences which follow a sacrifice, and some people might have to live with the consequences of their sacrifice for their entire life. Moreover, if you are choosing to do sacrifice, then it should not be for any public popularity gains but because your inner self-wants to do it. If you are doing it for public popularity then later you would regret, and your real intentions will be known to all. Your image will be hampered, and people will dislike your guts. So whenever you are doing sacrifice, then you must be sure that you are ready and prepared. You should sacrifice by your heart.

Sacrifice is not made when someone is expecting thanks in return or forcing you to do something. It is a feeling of instinct. They are made because some people decide to make a difference in someone’s life. Our soldiers and freedom fighters have made huge sacrifices in their lives, and so we are enjoying our freedom today. But many times we misuse our freedom and harm others, which is wrong. So try to help whenever you can do and then proceed in your way happily. Doing sacrifice gives a good feeling and happiness and the person for whom you do sacrifice will always show gratitude towards you even if you are not present in this world. Remember a good deed never goes in vain

Indian Education System

In ancient times, India had the Gurukula system of education in which anyone who wished to study went to a teacher’s (Guru) house and requested to be taught. If accepted as a student by the guru, he would then stay at the guru’s place and help in all activities at home. This not only created a strong tie between the teacher and the student but also taught the student everything about running a house. The guru taught everything the child wanted to learn, from Sanskrit to the holy scriptures and from Mathematics to Metaphysics. The student stayed as long as she wished or until the guru felt that he had taught everything he could teach. All learning was closely linked to nature and life, and not confined to memorizing some information.

The modern school system was brought to India, including the English language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay in the 1830s. The curriculum was confined to “modern” subjects such as science and mathematics, and subjects like metaphysics and philosophy were considered unnecessary. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link with nature was broken, as also the close relationship between the teacher and the student.
The Uttar Pradesh (a state in India) Board of High School and Intermediate Education was the first Board set up in India in the year 1921 with jurisdiction over Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In 1929, the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana, was established. Later, boards were established in some of the states. But eventually, in 1952, the constitution of the board was amended and it was renamed Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). All schools in Delhi and some other regions came under the Board. It was the function of the Board to decide on things like curriculum, textbooks and examination system for all schools affiliated to it.

The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), set up in 1935, continues to play a lead role in the evolution and monitoring of educational policies and programmes.

There is a national organization that plays a key role in developing policies and programmes, called the National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) that prepares a National Curriculum Framework. Each state has its counterpart called the State Council for Educational Research and Training (SCERT). These are the bodies that essentially propose educational strategies, curricula, pedagogical schemes and evaluation methodologies to the states’ departments of education. The SCERTs generally follow guidelines established by the NCERT. But the states have considerable freedom in implementing the education system.

The school system in India has four levels: lower primary (age 6 to 10), upper primary (11 and 12), high (13 to 15) and higher secondary (17 and 18). The lower primary school is divided into five “standards”, upper primary school into two, high school into three and higher secondary into two. Students have to learn a common curriculum largely (except for regional changes in mother tongue) till the end of high school. There is some amount of specialization possible at the higher secondary level. Students throughout the country have to learn three languages (namely, English, Hindi and their mother tongue) except in regions where Hindi is the mother tongue and in some streams as discussed below.

There are mainly three streams in school education in India. Two of these are coordinated at the national level, of which one is under the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and was originally meant for children of central government employees who are periodically transferred and may have to move to any place in the country. A number of “central schools” (named Kendriya Vidyalayas) have been established for the purpose in all main urban areas in the country, and they follow a common schedule so that a student going from one school to another on a particular day will hardly see any difference in what is being taught. One subject (Social Studies, consisting of History, Geography and Civics) is always taught in Hindi, and other subjects in English, in these schools. Kendriya Vidyalayas admit other children also if seats are available. All of them follow textbooks written and published by the NCERT. In addition to these government-run schools, a number of private schools in the country follow the CBSE syllabus though they may use different text books and follow different teaching schedules. They have a certain amount of freedom in what they teach in lower classes. The CBSE also has 141 affiliated schools in 21 other countries mainly catering to the needs of the Indian population there.

KERALA

The state of Kerala, a small state in the South Western coast of India, has been different from the rest of the country in many ways for the last few decades. It has, for instance, the highest literacy rate among all states, and was declared the first fully literate state about a decade back. Life expectancy, both male and female, is very high, close to that of the developed world. Other parameters such as fertility rate, infant and child mortality are among the best in the country, if not the best. The total fertility rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 for the last two decades. Probably as a side-effect of economic and social development, suicide rates and alcoholism are also very high. Government policies also have been very different from the rest of the country, leading to the development model followed in Kerala, with high expenditure in education and welfare, coming to be known as the “Kerala Model“ among economists.

The initiative taken by Kerala is now influencing other states and even the policies of the Government of India. States like Karnataka and Gujarat are now planning to introduce Free Software in their schools, and some other states like Maharashtra are examining the option. The new education policy of the Government of India speaks about constructivism, IT enabled education, Free Software and sharing educational resources. Once a few of the larger states successfully migrate to Free Software, it is hoped that the entire country would follow suit in a relatively short time. When that happens, India could have the largest user base of GNU/Linux and Free Software in general.

Literacy Rate in Kerala

Gandhi jayanti

Gandhi jayanti is celebrated on 2nd October.The day signifies gandhiji birth anniversary. Gandhi ji was a freedom fighter. We celebrate this day in the memory of his sacrifices done for the country. He led various movements to drive out the British from India. Satyagrah was one of the famous movements. Quit India movements and the Swadeshi movement are other two famous and important movements that got us freedom in 1947.

On this day, many students perform plays sending people a message of non-violence. Many students sing patriotic songs on the day, to mark his birth anniversary. Many students paint on the theme of Gandhiji and his teachings. The day is soaked in patriotic fervor and we remember his wise teachings- “not to see bad, not to hear bad and not to speak badly”. On this day, many movies are broadcasted on television and radio channels centering around his life. Soonly we will Update Paragraph on Gandhi Jayanti in Hindi, Malayalam.

Gandhi Jayanti is a major national festival whose celebration occurs on 2nd October in India. Most noteworthy, this festival celebrates the birth anniversary of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Furthermore, Gandhi Jayanti is one of the three national holidays of India. 2nd October has been declared as the International Day of Non-Violence by the United Nations. The festival is certainly a momentous occasion in India.

Significance of Gandhi Jayanti

Mahatma Gandhi was born in India under British rule. He was certainly the most prominent individual in the Indian Independence struggle. Mahatma Gandhi has the honour of the title of “father of the nation”. This was due to his persistent paramount efforts for India’s independence.
Gandhi had a family of the merchant class. This confident man went to South Africa at 24 years of age. He went there to pursue law. His return from South Africa came in 1915. Then he became a member of the Indian National Congress. Due to his relentless hard work, he soon became the president of Congress.

Mahatma Gandhi’s efforts were not restricted to Indian independence only. The man also fought various kinds of social evils. These social evils were untouchability, casteism, female subjugation, etc. Furthermore, he also made significant efforts to help the poor and needy.

Mahatma Gandhi had a great dislike for the British rule in India. However, he was not in favour of the path of violence. Gandhi strictly was a believer in the philosophy of Ahimsa (non-violence). Consequently, the man opposed British rule in a peaceful manner. Furthermore, Gandhi’s peaceful protests and movements were highly effective. His methods and plans were very efficient. Due to his incredible effectiveness, Gandhiji became an inspiration for other World leaders. Once again, Gandhi was bestowed with another title of Mahatma. The meaning of the word Mahatma is a great soul. His birthday was made into a day of magnificent remembrance and celebration.

Commemoration of Mahatma Gandhi

First of all, Gandhi Jayanti is nothing but a grand commemoration of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi Jayanti is certainly one of the national holidays of India. This patriotic occasion’s celebration is held in every State and Union territory.

Prayer services and tributes take place on the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti. These prayer services and tributes take place all over the country. Furthermore, various prayer meetings and commemorative ceremonies also occur on Gandhi Jayanti. These events take place in schools, colleges, government, and private institutions. Most noteworthy, people from all walks of life take part in such events.

Competitions of painting, essay, etc. take place everywhere. Furthermore, there is a distribution of awards for such competitions. Students in many schools and colleges also watch documentaries and performances on Mahatma Gandhi’s life. Consequently, there is a promotion of a non-violent way of life among the youth. There are also singing events of Gandhiji’s favourite Bhajan( Hindu devotional song). Another observance is the decoration of Gandhi statues with flowers and garlands. Finally, some individuals avoid eating meat or drinking alcohol on Gandhi Jayanti.

Gandhi Jayanti honors the great personality of Mahatma Gandhi. It’s an opportunity to reflect and cherish the life of this great personality. Furthermore, everyone must try to live like him on this day. Gandhi Jayanti is certainly a very patriotic day in India.

The God of Small Things

Suzanna Arundhati Roy’s first novel ‘The God of Small Things’, published in the year 1997 has won the Man Booker Prize for fiction in 1997. It is also the best-selling fiction by a non expatriate Indian author. The novel is said to have certain autobiographical elements with the author. The book speaks about the politics in Kerala, the relationships, family and social obligations. The year in which the incidents happened, 1969, becomes the social and political development in the story. The story is told in the background of Ayemanam, a place in Kottayam district of Kerala with an explicit detail of a Syrian Christian Ipe family. Every of the incidents in the novel is beautifully scripted through non sequential narrative, that it is a mixture of past and present sequences.

‘The God of Small Things’ says the story of a Syrian Christian family whose life is led by the love laws, that is ‘who should be loved, how much. And how much’. It shows the innocent childhood life of fraternal twins, Rahel and Esthappen, from whose view point the story is told. The book starts with the funeral of Sophie mol, the cousin, who returned from England to Ayemanam. All the incidents that happened after the return of Sophie mol becomes the story. The novel explicitly speaks about the innocence in childhood days by showing the candid emotions of the twins and how a divorcee mother, Ammu, suffered under certain love laws kept by her family. Beneath all the drama in the family, the book opens about the untouchability existed, the history and the local politics quoting, ‘communist pacha which flourished like communism’.  The book is quite interesting as it stood close to the tradition and culture of Kerala. Probably this will be the greatest work to have an international reputation for using the normal Malayalam words and rhymes. Also, she kind of revolted against the untouchability and the unfair political system existed during 1960’s by openly revealing all those in her novel. Every matter that mattered the people were beautifully constructed and told but still there are criticisms which says that she has drawn much of the demerits of State. However, all her justifications can be justified since her words and story attracted people from all over the world and even some says Kerala is Arundhati Roy’s country!

The novel starts with the famous opening line “May in Ayemanam is a hot brooding month”, and that makes The Booker Prize Citation true “The book keeps all the promises that it makes”. It was an eye opener to every of the social and cultural life of Kerala which actually made every reader to think how much the present society has evolved and developed. The book has kept a goal of unleashing every of the illogical culture and traditions of Kerala, that no book could ever do as it is the only one. There are a lot of images and themes used in the novel apart from the family laws which left no scope of pointing out any flaws. Also, it gives us an opportunity to analyse the incidents and expressions she had written in the raw form. The book ‘The God of Small Things’ has personally inspired me that it makes me think about writing a novel. Like every other Indian, British and American reviews told, the story is ‘a masterpiece, utterly exceptional.’

CONTINGENT CONTRACT

VALIDITY OF CONTRACT : CONTINGENT CONTRACT
INTRODUCTION
A Contract is enforceable by law in keeping with the section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. For each contract, there is a free consent of
the parties that are competent to each other for a lawful consideration and object as given under section 10 the said Act. However, the consent of
the parties for performing the contract shall be free from coercion, undue influence, etc. As provisions made under the Indian Contract Act, 1872
is predicted on Sir Pollock’s definition that states any contract and the ability to perform a contract is considered to be valid when it is
enforceable by court of law. Therefore, for the creation of any Contract, there should be a lawful consent, wherever the considerations are paid
or secure that shall be implemented beneath law.

Contracts can be classified into two groups on the basis of conditions:

Absolute Contracts: These are the contracts where there’s condition and can be performed in all circumstances.

Contingent Contracts: These are the contracts where there’s a condition and also known as the “Conditional Contracts”.

The word Contingent normally suggests that ‘Subject to Change’. It’s a form of conditional contract during which performance becomes due
solely upon the happening or non happening of some event which is of sure nature. Therefore, uncertainty is the symbol of the longer term. Once
the contract is obligated and condition is satisfied among the parties then they have to perform their obligations. If the situations obligatory

within the contract aren’t satisfied then the contingent contract becomes void and it needn’t to be performed. So, a Contingent Contract is to be
performed under some circumstances solely. Therefore, Section 31 to 36 of the said Act deals with the Contingent Contracts. [1]
According to Section 31 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 it defines Contingent Contract as the contract to try to do or not to do something, if
some events collateral to such contract will or doesn’t  happen. That means the performance of a contract depends upon some unsure event. If
the events happen, the contract will be performed and if the events don’t happen it’ll not be performed. For example: There is a contract between
A and B for which A has to pay B Rs. 20,000 if B’s house burnt in any circumstances. Here, it is commonly regarded as a contingent contract
because the performance of such contract depends on contingency that is unsure. The simplest way to determine whether the contract is
contingent or not, is uncertainty. If contingency is for certain it’s not a contingent contract however if the consistency is uncertain then, it’s a
contingent contract. Therefore, all contracts of insurance (except life insurance) guarantee and indemnity are contingent contracts. There are few
essential parts of a Contingent contract.

ESSENTIALS OF CONTIGENT CONTRACT

  1. Performance of the Contract
    The performance of the contract must be conditional i.e. condition for which the contract has been entered into must be a future event, and it
    should be uncertain.
  2. Contingency Relate to Collateral Matters
    highlights that the contingency has contemplated by the contract must be collateral to the contract. It means that a contract already arisen or a
    subsisting contract is there, but its performance cannot be demanded unless the contemplated event happens or does not happen.
  3. Will of the Party

The particular event so considered as for contingency must depend on the act of the party but it does not depend on the will of the party.A
contract for sale of goods enjoin the condition that the goods would be inspected before despatch was held to be a firm contract. The import of
materials agreeable to such a contract was valid.

  1. Uncertain Event

If the event is sure to happen, then the contract is due to be This is not a contingent contract. The event should be uncertain.

RULES REGARDING PERFORMANCE OF A CONTINGENT CONTRACT

 The following are the rules regarding performance of a contingent contract:

1. Contingent contract upon the happening of a future uncertain event :

When the happening of such event has possible it becomes enforced and if the happening of such event becomes impossible it becomes void.
EX: ‘A’ contracts to pay ‘B’ a sum of money when ‘B’ marries ‘C’.’C’ dies without being married to ‘B’. The contract becomes void.

2. Contingent contract upon the non happening of a future uncertain event : 

When the happening of such event becomes impossible it becomes enforced and when such event has possible it becomes void.
EX: “A” agrees to sell his car to “B” if “C” dies. The contract cannot be enforced as long as “C” is alive

3. Contingent contract upon happening of an event within a specified time :
 
When such event has happened within the specified time it can be enforced and if the happening of such event becomes impossible within the
specified time it becomes void.
EX: ‘A’ agrees to pay ‘B’ a sum of money if ‘B’ marries ‘C’,’C’ marries ‘D’. The marriage of ‘B’ to ‘C’ must be considered impossible now,
although it is possible that ‘D’ may die and that ‘C’ may afterwards marry ‘B’.

4. Contingent contract upon non happening of an event within a specified time :

 When the happening of such event becomes impossible within the specified time it can be enforced and if the happening of such event has
happened within the specified time it becomes void.
EX: ’A’ promises to pay ‘B’ a sum of money if a certain ship returns within a year. The contract may be enforced if the ship returns within a
year, and becomes void if the ship is burnt within the year.

5. Contingent contract upon impossible events : 
Such an agreement cannot be enforced since it is void. Whether the impossibility of the event was known to the parties or not is immaterial.
EX: ‘A’ agrees to pay ‘B’ Rs 1000/- if ‘B’ will marry A’s daughter, ‘X’. ‘X’ was dead at the time of the agreement. The agreement is void.

6. Contingent contract upon future conduct of a living person:
 When such person acts in the manner as desired in the contract it can be enforced and if such person does not acts in the manner as desired in
the contract it becomes void.

TYPES OF CONTINGENT CONTRACTS

Contracts contingent upon the occurrence of an uncertain event :
These contracts become valid only if the uncertain event mentioned in the contract occurs. For instance, let’s say A and B enter into a contract
wherein A promises to sell his goods in transit to B provided the goods safely reach the harbor. Since, the sale of goods by A is dependent upon
a condition (that the goods reach the harbor), this is a contingent contract. If the ship does not make it to the harbor, the contract becomes void.
Contracts contingent upon the non-occurrence of an uncertain event :
Sometimes, a contingent contract may depend upon the nonoccurrence of an uncertain event. For example, if A promises to sell his goods in
transit to B if the ship carrying the goods does not come back, then the contract becomes valid if the ship sinks in the sea; if it safely reaches the
harbor, the contract becomes void.
Contracts contingent upon the occurrence of an uncertain event within a specified timeframe :
In these contracts, the event must occur within the period specified in the contract. For example, A promises to sell the goods in transit to B, if
the ship carrying the goods safely arrives the harbor within eight days. If the ship comes on the ninth day or anytime thereafter, the contract
becomes void.
Contracts contingent upon the nonoccurrence of an uncertain event within a specified timeframe :
For example, let’s say, A contracts to sell the goods in transit to B if the ship carrying the goods does not reach the harbor within eight days.
Then, the contract becomes void if the ship arrives on the sixth day or anytime before eight days. On the other hand, if the ship does not come
until eight days, the contract becomes valid; it does not matter whether or not it comes or does not come after the eighth day has passed.
Contracts contingent upon an impossible event :

If the performance of a contract is dependent upon an impossible event, such a contract is ab initio void, i.e., void right from the beginning. For
example, A promises to pay B $7,000 if B marries C, who died five years back. Now, since C is already dead, it’s not possible for B to marry
her. So, the contract becomes null and void.

ANOTHER THREAT

                  ANOTHER THREAT
BY : NEHA SHAHAB
POLLUTION IS NOW A BIGGEST THREAT TO INDIA BEACHES THAN THE RISING SEA.

INDIA’S LONGEST URBAN BEACH LOCATED IN CHENNAI ARE BLANKETED WITH TOXIC WHITE FOAM PUFF AS A RESULT OF POLLUTION.

AS A GOVERNMENT,  DOCTORS AND OFFICIALS GAVE WARNING THAT TOXIC WHITE FOAM CAN CAUSE SKIN DAMAGE AND RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS BUT FAMILIES ARE PLAYING IN THE BUBBLES AND SOME ARE EVEN USING THE STRANGE OCCURRENCE AS A BACKDROP IN SELFIES.



THIS IS DUE TO BY THE HEAVY RAINFALL , IT IS LIKELY A POLLUTANT COMPRISED OF LAUNDARY DETERGENT AND OTHER WASTE. THIS IS NOT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE FOAM HAS APPEARED ON CHENNAI COASTLINE. 

THE FROTHING HAS PREVIOUSLY KILLED TONES OF FISH IN THE LOCAL BASIN.


IN 2017 , A SIMILAR FOAM BUBBLED OVER THE RIVERBANK OG BANGALORE ACCORDING TO THE REPORTS, OFFICIALS FENCED OFF THE AREA WHERE THE FOAM WAS GROWING AS IT WAS FILLLED A CARCINOGEN THAT COULD CREATE SKIN AND RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS.



YOU CAN BUY WEALTH BUT NOT HEALTH..

As we all are aware that, “Health is Wealth”. It is important to take care of our health, because if you lost it then, no one is going to give you your perfect health even if you pay lakhs of rupees. God gives good health to every human, but it is in our hands whether to keep it good or make it worse. Health is not only being physically fit but being mentally healthy. To be physically fit, we need to eat healthy and exercise, and to be mentally health, avoid negative thoughts.

SOME WAYS TO BE PHYSICALLY HEALTY AND FIT:

1.Eat healthy, whatever you eat, eat with love and satisfaction, don’t hate your food.

2.Take foods like fruits, vegetables and, homemade meat dishes instead of Fast foods.

3.Eat fully, make your tummy happy, if you eat half and if you stay half empty, it leads to health issues.

4.Prefer homemade foods, because the homemade is filled with love and tastes good.

5.Eat whatever you like, but have a limit, because anything more is poison though.

6.Excercise daily, drink more water, maintain your physic. 

7.Avoid bad habits like Smoking, drinking, taking drugs etc.

SOME WAYS TO BE MENTALLY HEALTHY:

1.Firstly, to be mentally healthy, you need to avoid negative thoughts.

2.You should accept all the situations of life, may be happy or sorrow times.

3.Receive everything with love, even if it hurts you, try to accept it, then your mind feels free.

4.Spend time with your family and beloved ones, instead of always running after earning money.

5.Think positive, Be positive, Do positive, Receive positive and Stay positive.

6.Do not overthink about anything, don’t stress your mind 

I want to tell some important things before I end this article. 

  • It’s better to buy healthy foods like fruits, veggies etc. instead of buying medicines.
  • It’s better to drink fresh water instead of drinking soft drinks and hard drinks as well.
  • It’s better to have homemade food instead of having harmful food(fast foods).
  • It’s better to think about something useful and worthy instead of overthinking about something unnecessary.
  • It’s better to share your sorrow, instead of feeling depressed.
Finally, stay fit and healthy both physically and mentally..