Introduction–

Land policy in India has been an important topic of government policy discussion. Since the ancient era, various changes took place in land policy. It was only after independence, the major issues of land has been somewhat sorted out.

In the regime of Akbar, his land revenue officer Todar Mal gave the shape to land policy by introducing various features like land measurement, fixed land revenue and classification of lands. It was the possible beginning of systematic efforts in this field. Under the pre-British era, land revenue was collected by state and it was the sole owner of land who confirmed their rights to land produce. During British rule, existence of non-cultivating intermediaries made the condition even worse by extracting high revenues and sustaining the political hold on the country. At the time of independence, Indian agrarian system was characterised by parasitic intermediaries, high rent, different land revenues, small farmers holding large lands etc.

After Independence-

Immediately after the independence, the newly formed government appointed a Committee under J. C. Kumarappa. His Committee recommended comprehensive reforms in agrarian system. However, mostly of its recommendations were rejected.
Since then, India’s land policy has undergo many changes like abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, redistribution of lands using land ceilings, bringing uncultivated land into cultivation while maintaining the land revenue administration simultaneously.

Moreover, the Constitution of India also provided Article 39 which says that the  ownership and control of material resources of the country should be distributed as best to serve the common good and no concentration of wealth in hands of few that may result detrimental. The Constitution also made land a state subject. However, the central government played a significant advisory role and also provide finances to states.

The focus and emphasis on land policy has changed from last 50 years but some of the issues remain persistent. India’s economy is significantly based on agriculture. Hence, the government should make some policies to improve agrarian structure.

What is Domestic Violence?

Domestic violence is violence or other abuse in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. Domestic violence is often used as a synonym for intimate partner violence, which is committed by one of the people in an intimate relationship against the other person, and can take place in heterosexual or same-sex relationships, or between former spouses or partners. In its broadest sense, domestic violence also involves violence against children, teenagers, parents, or the elderly. It takes multiple forms, including physical, verbal, emotional, economic, religious, reproductive, and sexual abuse, which can range from subtle, coercive forms to marital rape and to violent physical abuse such as choking, beating, female genital mutilation, and acid throwing that results in disfigurement or death. Domestic murders include stoning, bride burning, honour killing, and dowry death.

A 2014 study reports that although the reported sexual violence rate in India is among the lowest in the world, the large population of India means that the violence affects 27.5 million women over their lifetimes. However, an opinion survey among experts was carried out ranked India as the most dangerous country in the world for women.

Globally, the victims of domestic violence are overwhelmingly women, and women tend to experience more severe forms of violence. They are also likelier than men to use intimate partner violence in self-defence. In some countries, domestic violence may be seen as justified or legally permitted, particularly in cases of actual or suspected infidelity on the part of the woman

Domestic violence often occurs when the abuser believes that abuse is an entitlement, acceptable, justified, or unlikely to be reported. It may produce an intergenerational cycle of violence in children and other family members, who may feel that such violence is acceptable or condoned.

Types of Domestic Violence:-

All domestic violence are not equivalent. Differences in frequency, severity, purpose, and outcome are all significant. Domestic violence can take many forms, including physical aggression or assault (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, slapping, throwing objects, beating up, etc.), or threats thereof; sexual abuse; controlling or domineering; intimidation; stalking; passive/covert abuse and economic deprivation. It can also mean endangerment, criminal coercion, kidnapping, unlawful imprisonment, trespassing, and harassment.

• Physical Abuse:

It is a violence which is intended to cause fear, pain, injury, other physical suffering or bodily harm. Physical violence can be the culmination of other abusive behaviour, such as threats, intimidation, and restriction of victim self-determination through isolation, manipulation and other limitations of personal freedom. Denying medical care, sleep deprivation, and forced drug or alcohol use, are also forms of physical abuse.

Strangulation in the context of domestic violence has received significant attention. It is now recognized as one of the most lethal forms of domestic violence; yet, because of the lack of external injuries, and the lack of social awareness and medical training in regard to it, strangulation has often been a hidden problem.

During pregnancy, a woman is at higher risk to be abused or long-standing abuse may change in severity, causing negative health effects to the mother and foetus.  Pregnancy can also lead to a hiatus of domestic violence when the abuser does not want to harm the unborn child.

Acid attacks, are an extreme form of violence in which acid is thrown at the victims, usually their faces, resulting in extensive damage including long-term blindness and permanent scarring.

Bride burning or dowry killing is a form of domestic violence in which a newly married woman is killed at home by her husband or husband’s family due to their dissatisfaction over the dowry provided by her family. The act is often a result of demands for more or prolonged dowry after the marriage.

• Sexual Abuse:-

Sexual abuse, is defined by World Health Organization as any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion. It also includes obligatory inspections for virginity and female genital mutilation.

In many cultures, victims of rape are considered to have brought dishonor or disgrace to their families and face severe familial violence, including honor killings.This is especially the case if the victim becomes pregnant.

Incest, or sexual contact between a related adult and a child, is one form of familial sexual violence.^[  In some cultures, there are ritualized forms of child sexual abuse taking place with the knowledge and consent of the family, where the child is induced to engage in sexual acts with adults, possibly in exchange for money or goods.

Reproductive coercion are threats or acts of violence against a partner’s reproductive rights, health and decision-making; and includes a collection of behaviors intended to pressure or coerce a partner into becoming pregnant or ending a pregnancy.

Marital rape is non-consensual penetration perpetrated against a spouse. It is under-reported, under-prosecuted, and legal in many countries, due in part to the belief that through marriage, a woman gives irrevocable consent for her husband to have sex with her when he wishes.

• Emotional Abuse:-

Emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior that threatens, intimidates, dehumanizes or systematically undermines self-worth. According to the Istanbul Convention, psychological violence is “the intentional conduct of seriously impairing a person’s psychological integrity through coercion or threats”.

Emotional abuse includes minimising, threats, isolation, public humiliation, unrelenting criticism, constant personal devaluation, coercive control, repeated stonewalling and gaslighting. Stalking is a common form of psychological intimidation, and is most often perpetrated by former or current intimate partners. Victims tend to feel their partner has nearly total control over them, greatly affecting the power dynamic in a relationship, empowering the perpetrator, and disempowering the victim.

Japan’s National Institute of Information and Communication Technology has reportedly set a new world record for world’s fastest internet speed at 319 Terabytes Per Second (TBPS) . This is almost double the last record of the fastest internet speed in the world held by researches from the university College of London . The speed was 178 Tbps . Many reports said that 319 Tbps means one can download 57000 full- length movies in 1 second or entire library of spotify in less than three seconds. One Terabyte means 1000 Gigabytes . One gigabytes is 1024 megabytes . Nasa’s system runs at 400 Gigabytes per second . Japan set World Record For the “WORLDS FASTEST INTERNET SPEED ” at 319 Tbps . It means you can download Over 50000 movies in one second. The long-haul transfer of took place over 3001 kilometers . 319 Tbps is are markably fast speed for transfer of Data online . The entire Netflix will be insufficient for 319 Tbps as with this speed one can Download 57000 Full- length movies in 1 second , reports said.

Deciphering the Contours of Sujata Sharma v. Manu Gupta

1. Introduction:
   Sujata Sharma v. Manu Gupta was the first case in which the Hon’ble Delhi High Court granted the 1
   right to become a Karta to the eldest female Coparcener of the Hindu Undivided Family (hereinafter
   referred to as “HUF”). Such an approach by the Hon’ble Delhi High Court has generated a positive
   impact by removing gender discrimination yet the same approach was not taken by satisfactory
   means. The positive and negative component of the judgement is discussed at the length in the
   present case comment.
2. Facts & Procedural History:
   In the present case, the controversies were around the HUF named D.R.Gupta & Sons-HUF and Mr
   D R Gupta was a Karta of this HUF. The said HUF has some movable properties and shares and a
   long term lease on a bungalow situated in Delhi. Mr D R Gupta died on October 1, 1971, leaving
   behind 5 sons and their families. Mr Kishan Mohan Gupta, the eldest son was then named Karta. Mr
   Kishan Mohan Gupta’s eldest daughter is the plaintiff. All 5 sons died over time, and the 1st
   defendant, who was the son of one of Mr Kishan Mohan Gupta’s younger brothers, proclaimed
   himself as a Karta of the HUF by virtue of being the eldest living male member of the said HUF. After
   the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act of 2005 (hereinafter referred to as “2005 Amendment”), the
   dispute arose between the plaintiff and defendant relating to who should be the Karta of the HUF. The
   position of the law relating to whether the female Coparcener can become a Karta of the HUF was not
   clear and the dispute came before the Hon’ble Delhi Court.
3. Issues:
   This case involved numerous question of facts and mixed questions of facts and law. However, a
   significant issue of law was as follows:
   Whether, by virtue of the introduction of the 2005 Amendment, daughter being the senior-most
   member of HUF can become a Karta?
4. Arguments:
   4.1 Arguments from the side of Plaintiffs-
   The learned counsel for the plaintiff heavily based her initial argument on the effect of the 2005
   Amendment. By drawing attention to the said effect, she categorically argued that the effect of the
   2005 Amendment is such that now the daughter is legally recognised as a Coparcener and shall be
   having the same right in the coparcenary property that of a son . In addition to this, she also 2
   established that there is an absence of controversy relating to the plaintiff being the eldest member of
   the HUF. Thereafter, with an aim to establish the required qualification to become a Karta of the HUF

Conclusion:
The 2005 Amendment created a lot of confusion and by going through the fundamental change it also
generated the various dispute between the family members. Giving the extended effect to the 2005
Amendment, the Court in the case of Sujata Sharma v. Manu Gupta aimed at establishing gender
equality in the Hindu societal set-up. But by the given reflection of the judgement, it is axiomatically
established that the approach taken by the Court is not in consonance with the legal principles and it
suffered from incompleteness. Hence, the author is of the view that: