Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. The most frequent measure of unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labour force.

Definitions:

The state of being without any work yet looking for work is called Unemployment. Unemployment is the key for the economic indicator because it signals the ability of workers to readily obtain gainful work to contribute to the productive output of the economy. High unemployment indicate the lower output of social economy.

Types Of Unemployment:

We can divide unemployment into four types

1.Classical Unemployment: Classical, or real-wage, unemployment, occurs when real wages for a job are set above the market-clearing level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. On the other hand, most economists argue that as wages fall below a livable wage, many choose to drop out of the labor market and no longer seek employment. That is especially true in countries in which low-income families are supported through public welfare systems. In such cases, wages would have to be high enough to motivate people to choose employment over what they receive through public welfare. Wages below a livable wage are likely to result in lower labor market participation in the above-stated scenario.

2. Cyclical Unemployment: Cyclical unemployment is the variation in the number of unemployed workers over the course of economic upturns and downturns, such as those related to changes in oil price. Unemployment rises during recessionary periods and declines during periods of economic growth. Preventing and alleviating cyclical unemployment during recessions is one of the key reasons for the study of economics and the purpose of the various policy tool that governments employ on the downside of business cycles to stimulate the economy.

3. Structural Unemployment: structural Unemployment comes about through technological change in the structure of the economy in which labor markets operate. Technological changes—such as the replacement of horse-drawn transport by automobiles or the automation of manufacturing—lead to unemployment among workers displaced from jobs that are no longer needed. Retraining these workers can be difficult, costly, and time-consuming, and displaced workers often end up either unemployed for extended periods or leaving the labor force entirely.

4. Frictional Unemployment: Frictional Unemployment occurs as a result of people voluntary changing job within an economy. After a person leaves a company, it naturally takes time to find another job. Similarly, graduates just entering the workforce add to frictional unemployment. Usually, this type of unemployment is short-lived. It is also the least problematic from an economic standpoint. Frictional unemployment is a natural result of the fact that market processes take time and information can be costly. Searching for a new job, recruiting new workers, and matching the right workers to the right jobs all take time and effort, resulting in frictional unemployment.

Measurement:

Though many people care about the number of unemployed individuals, economists typically focus on the unemployment rate, which corrects for the normal increase in the number of people employed caused by increases in population and increases in the labour force relative to the population. The unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage and calculated as follows:

“The soul of religion is one but encased in a multitude of forms. Wise men will ignore the outward crust and see the same soul living inside a variety of crusts.”– Mahatma Gandhi

“At the bottom of all tributes paid to democracy is the little man and woman, walking into a little booth, with that little pencil, making a little cross on paper- no amount of rhetoric or voluminous discussion can possibly diminish the overwhelming importance of the point.”– Winston Churchill

“Literacy in itself is no education. Literacy is not the end of education or even the beginning. By education I mean an all round drawing out of the best in the child and man- body, mind and spirit.” –Mahatma Gandhi

“Deliberation and debate is the way you stir the sole of our democracy.“- Jesse Jackson

“Freedom is not a matter of political decisions or new constitutions…. it is of the mind and heart and if the mind narrows itself and is befogged and heart is full of bitterness and hatred, then freedom is absent.”– Jawahar Lal Nehru

“India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition. Our most valuable and most constructive materials in the history of man are treasured of India only.” – Mark Twain

“An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.“- Benjamin Franklin

“You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time but you cannot fool all the people all the time.” –Abraham Lincoln

“Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains; you have a world to win.” –Karl Marx

“I alone cannot change the world but I can cast a stone alone across the waters to create many ripples.” –Mother Teresa

“Just as a country cannot be ruled by another country, a class cannot be ruled by another class.” –BR Ambedkar

“It is impossible to think about the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is impossible for a bird to fly on only one wing.“- Swami Vivekananda

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As a arts student your opportunity not limited to Masters in Arts or UPSC and other government exam. Of course they are available for you. Today I will post some more amazing career option which you might not know.

MBA/MMS

Nowadays top B school are focusing on diversities. If your acads are low then the best exam would be MHCET. Many college in Mumbai don’t conduct gd-pi. If you communication skill is poor then you must aim for these mba/mms course(they mostly offer mms) .

CFA

If you are graduate (Final year) you can give CFA 1 exam. Then you will get an internship easily. And it will help you clear interview of Personal interview happens in bschool. In summer internship in mba program CFA certificate definitely help to crack it.

Law

Law give you opportunity to understand our legal system better and indepth. Many law firm recruit law graduate.

The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower is called as pollution.

Importance of pollination

✓It results in fertilization which leads to the formation of fruits and seed.
✓New varieties of plants are formed through new combination of genes in case of cross pollination.

Types of Pollination
✓Self-pollination
✓Cross Pollination

Self-pollination

Self-pollination is also known as autogamy. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of same flower or another flower borne on the same plant is known as self-pollination. E.g. Hibiscus.

Cross Pollination

Cross Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species e.g.apples, grapes, plum, etc.

Agents of Cross Pollination

In order to bring about cross pollination, it is necessary that the pollen should be carried from one flower to another of a different plant.
This takes place through the agency of animals, insects, wind and water.

Pollination by wind

The Pollination with the help of wind is called anemophily. The anemophilous flowers produce enormous amount of pollen grains. The pollen grains are small, smooth, dry and light in weight. Pollen of such plants are blown off at a distance of more than 1,000 km. The stigmas are comparatively large, protruding and sometimes hairy to trap the pollen grains. e.g. Grasses and some cacti.

Pollination by insects

Pollination with the help of insects like honey bees, flies are called entomophily. To attract insects these flowers are brightly coloured, have smell and nectar. The pollen grains are larger in size, the exine is pitted, spiny etc., so they can be adhered firmly on the sticky stigma. Approximately, 80% of the pollination done by the insects is carried by honey bees.

Pollination by water

The pollination with the help of water is called hydrophily. This takes place in aquatic plants.
Pollen grains are produced in large numbers.
Pollen grains float on surface of water till they land on the stigma of female flowers e.g.Hydrilla, Vallisneria.

Pollination by Animals

When pollution takes place with the help of animals, it is called Zoophily. Flowers of such plants attract animals by their bright color, size, scent etc. E.g. sun bird pollinates flowers of Canna, Gladioli, etc., Squirrels pollinate flowers of silk cotton tree.

The Indian National Army (INA) or Azad Hind Fauj was an armed force formed by
Indian nationalists in 1942 in Southeast Asia during World War II.
The aim of the army was to overthrow the British Raj in colonial India, with Japanese
assistance. Initially composed of Indian prisoners of war captured by Japan in her
Malayan campaign and at Singapore, it later drew large numbers of volunteers from
Indian expatriate population in Malaya and Burma.
Initially formed in 1942 immediately after the fall of Singapore under Mohan Singh, the
first INA collapsed in December that year before it was revived under the leadership of
Subhas Chandra Bose in 1943 and proclaimed the army of Bose’s Arzi Hukumat-e- Azad
Hind (The Provisional Government of Free India). This second INA fought along with
the Imperial Japanese Army against the British and Commonwealth forces in the
campaigns in Burma, Imphal and Kohima, and later, against the successful Burma
Campaign of the Allies. The end of the war saw a large number of the troops repatriated
to India where some faced trial for treason and became a galvanising point of the Indian
Independence movement.
After Indian independence, the ex-INA members, with some exceptions, were refused
service in the Indian Army. However, a number of notable members later became
involved in public life in India and in Southeast Asia.
The legacy of the INA is controversial given its associations with Imperial Japan, the
course of Japanese occupations in Burma, Indonesia and other parts of Southeast Asia,
her alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, as well as Japanese war crimes and the
alleged complicity of the troops of the INA in these. Also, its relative insignificance in
military terms, its obvious propaganda value to the Japanese, as well as wartime British
Intelligence propaganda of cowardice and stories that associated INA soldiers in
mistreatment of captured Allied troops, to some extent mires the history of the army.
However, after the war, the Red Fort trials of captured INA officers in India provoked
massive public outcries in support of their efforts to fight the Raj, eventually triggering
the Bombay mutiny in the British Indian forces. These events in the twilight of the Raj
are accepted to have played a crucial role in its hasty end.