Pollution

Pollution is the containment of material particles or energy into the natural environment, causing adverse effects on the ecosystem.

Types of pollution

(1) Air Pollution: It occurs when any harmful gas, dust smoke enters the atmosphere and makes it difficult to survive living organisms like plants, animals, and human beings as well. And causes common respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis.

(2)Water Pollution: It is due to the presence of foreign substances like sewage, algae, soluble salts, etc in water. It can also be due to the presence of some metals in water. Some metals like chromium and Arsenic cause diseases like cancer, cadium can cause Itai-Itai disease, and mercury causes Minamata disease.

For a healthy aquatic life, dissolved oxygen (DO) is 5-6ppm. For clean water, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is less than 5ppm while for highly polluted water is 17ppm or more.

(3) Soil Pollution: It is an alternation in soil. It is caused by pesticides, insecticides, for example, DDT, BHC, etc, herbicides for example sodium chloride, fungicides like organomercury compounds.

Hazardous Effects of Pollution

Greenhouse Effect- It is the heating of the earth and its objects because of the trapping of Infra-Red radiations by carbon dioxide(CO2), methane, (CH4), nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O3), chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs), and water vapours.

.• Global Warming- It is a result of the increased concentration of greenhouse gases. It may result in the melting of ice caps and glaciers, spreading several infectious diseases like malaria, sleeping sickness, etc.

• Acid Rain- It has a pH of less than 5. It is due to the presence of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur in air that dissolve in rain water and forms nitric acid and sulphuric acid. It damages the buildings and other other structures made up of limestone and results in several diseases such as qskin infections. pH of normal rain water is 5.6.

Pollutants

There are the substances that contaminates the environment and of two types:

(1) Primary Pollutants: These persist in the environment in the form which they have produced, for example, sulphur dioxide(SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), etc.

(2) Secondary Pollutants: These are the products of nitrogen of primary pollutants, for example, PAN (Perocyacylnitrates), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), etc. The order of different pollutants to cause pollution is carbon monoxide (CO, SO2 hydrocraban particulates nitrogen oxides.

Carbon monoxide (CO)- It is formed by incomplete combustion. It is colorless, odourless gas. It contains a triple bond and are fairly polar, resulting in a tendency to bind permanently to haemoglobin molecules, displacing oxygen, which has a lower binding affinity.

Particulates- These are minute solid particles and liquid droplets dispersed in the air, for example, mists, dust, smoke, fumes, etc. They result in causing many serious diseases like pneumoconiosis, due to inhalation of coal dust, silicosis due to inhalation of free silica (SiO2), black lung disease found in workers of coal mines, white lung disease found in textile workers, byssinosis due to inhalation of cotton fiber dust.

Smog- It is a consequence of particulate pollution and is of two types they are:

• Classical smog

• Photochemical smog

BOOK REVIEW: HARRY POTTER AND THE CURSE CHILD

Cursed Child begins with that famous scene from the epilogue of Deathly Hallows with Harry, Ron, Hermione and indeed Draco Malfoy seeing their children onto the Hogwarts express. The story follows an unlikely friendship between Harry’s middle son Albus Severus, and Draco Malfoy’s son Scorpius, meeting on the train to Hogwarts in a scene that consciously mirror’s Harry’s first meeting with Ron and Hermione. One major thing which this story gets spot on and which I recognized instantly is the instant complexity and realism of its characters. Despite the fact that we do not have a specific central character perspective in the script the way we do in the novels, we quickly understand Albus and Scorpius and even the attitude they have. 

The story. Also come back to Harry and the gang. All now adults in their late thirties. I praise that thing which is how well Thorns and Rowling manage to capture both the similarities and differences of the characters to their teenaged selves. I particularly loved one scene where Harry and Draco Malfoy find themselves engaging in one of the magic duels of the type familiar to anyone from the books, slipping quickly back to their teenaged attitude and Draco remarks how much fun it is, despite the fact that both men have indeed changed and realize (a little shamefacedly), exactly how they’re behaving.

The main plot of the play surrounds an illegal time turner and Albus and Scorpius’ rather ill-fated attempts to alter aspects of history reflecting upon the series. Of course, as a Doctor Who fan I can’t deny that I love time travel stories, and I can see how seeing scenes from the books on stage would be an amazing experience for any Potter fan.

These forays into time and history also let us meet characters such as Severus Snape who we otherwise wouldn’t, and made for some truly spectacular and spine tingling scenes, as well as a chance to relive things from a slightly different angle, both literally and also emotionally, since some of the points around which the plot centres are ones which any reader of the books will well remember.

Writing style wise, though this is definitely a play script not a novel, I did appreciate that the stage directions were clearly intended to be read atmospherically rather than literally, with little touches of description, albeit the descriptions that would be seen on stage rather than the descriptions of the actual environment, still descriptive nonetheless. Also, though the play script format did lack the inherent personal focus which is a major strength of Rowling’s writing, I had no trouble getting inside character emotions. My one stylistic complaint about Cursed Child is that on several occasions the dialogue felt a little heavy handed in the emotional department rather than (as is famous in the series), the way that characters of that age would actually talk. For example, one conversation in which Albus denies the rumour that Scorpius is connected to Voldemort by telling him he’s too full of kindness. 

Whilst the script is definitely not the Harry Potter we loved, it is a reminder that he has grown with us. Performed on stage I can imagine this is a spectacular show.  Regarding the script however, it is like the comfort of revisiting a childhood home; just bear in mind you’re older now and it might not be exactly the way you remember it. 

IMPORTANCE OF SELF MOTIVATION

Youtube brings to us content ranging from varied fields. From stand-up comedies to mini web series, we have wide-ranging content to choose from. One category of content that we must have encountered at least once is that of motivational videos. Videos that encourage us to do better, start from scratch or get rid of bad habits.
While we live in an era where a lot of distractions exist, it is important to keep ourselves on track to living life in an orderly way and achieve our dreams. For this, we often resort to videos to keep ourselves motivated or try seeking validation from other people.
This we do when we feel low and need the motivation to work. But one thing that we must have observed is that the external motivation that we receive does not last long. You may get all boosted up after watching one of the many Youtube videos available, but after a couple of hours or a day later, the zeal disappears.
All of us are talented and unique in some way or the other. Many of us even have a clear aim in life. Someone might want to become a footballer and might be having the requirements for the same, but at the same time, he might not be dedicated enough for the long hours of training and grind. This makes him lose hope in life. But what exactly is stopping him or what can be done to curb this?
The real motivation that stays for long is the one that comes from within. For that to happen, the real purpose of the goal is to be understood and it must be realized that why the goal matters in the first place.
For example, a person who is not very well of has a meager source of income and knows that he has to be the breadwinner of the family and the only way for this is to study hard and gain some reputed position in society. This can act as a motivation for the person to achieve his goal of providing his family with all adequate commodities of life.
A solid reason to fulfill the purpose in life is required for a person to work with grit determination.
Another example can be of a person who lost his repute at a global level in a particular sport. He knows that gaining the repute back will require a solid comeback, but he may not be willing to do so due to a lack of motivation. The only way he will be able to achieve the purpose will be by realizing the importance of the reputation he once had. It is the inner motivation to gain it back that will drive him to make a comeback in the sport.
It is nowhere said that youtube videos or experts’ guidance is not appropriate. But it constitutes a small proportion of the motivation. The real motivation comes from within. Self-motivation is important and best. Hope you give yourself some boost and achieve what you desire.
Good luck!

FRIENDSHIP – THE PRICELESS BOND

“Good friends are hard to find, harder to leave, and impossible to forget.”

Friends and friendship cannot be defined in words. It is the soulful attachment between individuals. Friends are persons who are very close to one’s heart. They are the only souls who expect nothing and don’t do something for a sake. There are no responsibilities, commitments, ego, and rules between friends. Endless gossips, sharing and caring, silly fights, memories, and trust, loyalty, love without expectation is what is present between true friends. There are no formalities and awkwardness in friendship. It is a pure bond that can never be forgotten but will be cherished forever. The relationship that brings joy and tears at the same time is friendship next to motherhood. In fact, it is as divine as motherhood. This special thing about this companionship is that there is no privacy or secrets between friends. One can never keep a secret between friends how hard they try as friends can always find that. It is such a transparent and lucid bond where the person can share every little thing without hesitation even if it is not worthy of sharing. 

Friendship is being there for each other anytime. The understanding in this relationship cannot be compared with other relationships. We don’t need to explain something to make them understand. They can automatically understand it from our eyes and behaviour. Even if we are not close to each other, it is a soul-to-soul link that remains forever and keeps us connected. No distance could weaken the strength of friendship. There is no need for daily calls or meets to sustain a true friendship. It indeed doesn’t vanish at any cost. No matter how long we didn’t meet them or we meet them after so long, the bond doesn’t even change a bit. We will always feel the same warmth and comfort that we share with each other. We may be far apart in distance but never in heart. 

Friends are God’s gift to us. They give the sweet memories that we rejoice throughout our lives. We must feel blessed and lucky to have a true friend. We always have their unconditional support in everything whether it is right or wrong. They guide us when we choose the wrong path but will never leave us alone. They are the only creatures who will be ready to listen to our 2 AM tantrums. Even if our family fails to support us, friends never leave us unattended. They are lifetime companions who are born to love as well as torture us. From showing unlimited love and care to making the worst mockery out of us, friends always have our back. They will be with us even if the universe is against us. God thought that he couldn’t be with everyone all the time. So, he sent our friends to be with us forever. Also, as we couldn’t choose our family, God gave all of us the opportunity to find and make our own close circle. We made use of the best opportunity in our lives to choose our friends and made them our family.

“There are friends, there is family, and there are friends that become family.”

HAPPY FRIENDSHIP DAY!!!

Forest and it’s Importance

Forests are an important component of our environment and are dominated by microorganisms, flowering plants, shrubs, climbers, dense trees and provide a vast habitat for wild animals. Forests also contribute to the economic development of our country. Forests are vital for human life, it is a source for a wide range of renewable natural resource. They provide wood, food, fodder, fibre and medicine.

Forests are major factor of environmental concern. They act as carbon sink , regulate climatic conditions, increase rainfall, reduce global warming, prevent natural hazards like flood and landslides, protect wildlife and also act as catchments for water conservation. They also play a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance.

Deforestation and its Effects

Deforestation is the destruction of large area of forests. This happens for many reasons like intensive agriculture, urbanization, construction of dams, roads, buildings and industries, hydroelectric projects, forest fires, construction of mountain and forest roads. It is a threat to the economy, quality of life and future of the environment. India is losing about 1.5 million hectares of forest cover every year.

Effects of Deforestation

Deforestation gives rise to ecological problems like floods, drought, soil erosion, loss of wild life, extinction of species, imbalance of biogeochemical cycles, alteration of climatic conditions and desertification.

Conservation of Forests

India has an area of 752.3 lakh hectare classified as reserved forests and 215.1 lakh hectare as protected forests. The important measures taken for conservation of forests are as follows

Afforestation:

Activities for afforestation programme includes planting and protecting trees with multiple uses which help in restoration of green cover. Destruction of trees should be curtailed.

Social forestry programme:

It should be undertaken on a large scale with active participation of the public and utilization of common land to produce firewood, fodder and timber for the benefit of the rural community. This relieves pressure on existing forests and to safeguard future of tribals

Forest Conservation through laws:

Adopting stringent laws and policies to conserve and protect forests are through National Forest Policy, (1952 and 1988) and Forest Conservation Act, 1980.

Sindhu wins historic bronze; Beats He Bing Jiao to at Tokyo Olympics

PV Sindhu created history on Sunday as she defeated He Bing Jiao of China to become the first Indian woman to win two individual Olympic medals. Sindhu defeated He Bing Jiao 21-13 and 21-15 in the bronze medal match. Sindhu was clinical throughout the contest and didn’t give her opponent any chance in the match. Sindhu had suffered a heart-breaking loss to world no.1 Tai Tzu Ying in the semi-final on Saturday. Sindhu lost the semi-final 18-21, 12-21.

Saturday was a day of heartbreaks as India’s biggest medal hope PV Sindhu crashed out of the Gold medal race with a loss against her Chinese Taipei opposition. Kamalpreet Kaur in Discuss was the big story from Saturday. Participating in her maiden Olympics, she qualified for the Discuss final in the second position. Archer Atanu Das was knocked out and so were Amit Panghal and Pooja Rani in boxing. Another good news was the fact that the Rani Rampal-led women’s hockey team beat South Africa in a must-win match.

pv sindhu India’s pride,one of our most outstanding Olympian: pm Narendra Modi

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday hailed ace badminton player PV Sindhu as India’s pride after she won bronze in the Tokyo Olympics. He tweeted, “We are all elated by the stellar performance by PV Sindhu. Congratulations to her on winning the Bronze at @Tokyo2020. She is India’s pride and one of our most outstanding Olympians.”

Reaction over social media

Within an hour of Sindhu’s historical victory, her name trends over the various social media plateform. #pvsindu lies at the top of twitter trend in india.

What is the importance of birds in our life?

We all have many memories with birds in our life. We have been listening to his voice since childhood We used to be happy to hear that sweet voice of his. Birds have importance in the life of all of us, have a role. which we know.

can we see our nature, environment this world without birds?

birds play an essential role in the functioning of the world’s ecosystems.in a that directly impacts human health , economy and food production—as well as millions of other species.it might be a little extreme to say that we’d be wading knee-deep in invertebrates if birds disappeared but may be not extreme, But truth be told, there would be no world without birds because in our environment like flowers, trees, food is needed In the same way, birds are complement our nature. A recent study has shown that birds eat 400-500 million tons of insects a year.in china, two-thirds of the diet of house swift Apus nipalensis consists of agricultural pests, and in forests across the Americas. when we think pollinators, bees and butterflies flutter to mind but bird pollinators such as hummingbirds and honeyeaters also make a big contribution in South Africa, for instance, nearly a quarter of salvia species are bird-pollinated. such flowers are lacking in scent, birds favour sight over smell.their role as pollinators benefits us directly-around 5% of the plants humans use for food or medicine are pollinated by birds. And when they disappears, the results can be drastic: 31 species of Hawaiian bellflowers appear to have gone extinct along with the birds that pollinated them. The sight of vultures circling overhead may look foreboding, but it is both their speed of arrival(typically within an hour of death) and their thoroughness that makes them so valuable.it could be days before other less efficient scavengers, such as feral dogs or rats, arrive to pick at the remains, allowing deadly diseases such as rabies and tuber colossi to develop and spread.

There are many species of birds, according to scientists, between 9000 and 10,000 species of birds have been described. There are about 18000 species of birds. Altogether 50 billion i.e. 5000 crore birds live on earth. But there are only four species that make up the bulk of this entire population. Birds are similar in appearance to each other or may have been born from a differential infection but in reality their species are different.

Birds are the ones that give real music sound to our nation. Birds are very beautiful, I can’t even imagine seeing this world without them, when I wake up in the morning, their voice sounds so good. Like today is going to be a good day .

His voice all around in the atmosphere, the whole sky gives a sound to everyone that the sky is full, because of their presence, it is very nice to have birds everywhere But now all this is happening I don’t know why the importance of birds is decreasing, but we all have this very important responsibility. That we should keep the birds safe, they should protect them, we should do all that is necessary for their life.

Funny Science events.

When we study about science is mot about the invention and discoveries by the greatest scientist and their way of getting those results, but there are some invention which accidental come out

  1. Carlos Jared was doing his fieldwork in the jungles of Brazil, when he picked up a harmless-looking frog, the frog twisted and thrashed butting his head with Jared’s hand, for the next five hours he was in agony than when he discovered that frogs can be venomous.
  2. the stone which used to produce blueprint was expensive than gold, but humans used to manufacture it whose outcomes used to poisonous, expensive or impermanent or all of them.
    In Oregon State university Mas Subramanian was working on material with novel magnetic properties to use in advanced computer hard drives, he would mix up likely chemicals and bake them at 2000 degrees Fahrenheit in a furnace, while he added manganese oxide to a recipe, he got a pile of a bright blue powder, which was nontoxic and stable, it reflects infrared radiation useful for coloring building.
  3. Nate Cira, an undergraduate was looking under a microscope at food coloring when she felt something odd, two drops of different colors seemed to dance, she refers it to her adviser Manu Prakash at Stanford University, they both spend three years to find the mystery ultimately they camp up ith the outcome the dance was for two reasons surface tension and evaporation, both the men and along with Adrien Benusiglio came up that this phenomenon used to create autonomic Liquid machines.
  4. At Dalhousie university a biologist Shelley Adamo was studying crickets like how they respond to crickets and how to stress out them.
    One of her student brought Bearded Dragons, which she brought them to scare crickets, one of the lizards had a virus that infected the crickets but the funny thing was that that virus didn’t make them sick but it made them very interested in mating, later she calls the virus a parasitic aphrodisiac, a virus that boosts an animal‘s sexual desire, increasing its transmission.

Those were some accidental events leads to some discoveries but what if that those events did not happen maybe we were still looking for it or we may not be aware
of till today.

Health Is Wealth

Growing up you might have heard the term ‘Health is Wealth’, but its essential meaning is still not clear to most people. Generally, people confuse good health with being free of any kind of illnesses. While it may be part of the case, it is not entirely what good health is all about. In other words, to lead a healthy life, a person must be fit and fine both physically and mentally. For instance, if you are constantly eating junk food yet you do not have any disease, it does not make you healthy. You are not consuming healthy food which naturally means you are not healthy, just surviving. Therefore, to actually live and not merely survive, you need to have the basic essentials that make up for a healthy lifestyle.

If you wish to acquire a healthy lifestyle, you will certainly have to make some changes in your life. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle demands consistent habits and disciplined life. There are various good habits that you can adopt like exercising regularly which will maintain your physical fitness. It also affects your mental health as when your appearance enhances, your confidence will automatically get boosted.

FEAR OF FAILURE

Feeling hurt and sad when you’ve failed to
achieve something, regardless of how big or small it may be, is only natural
and there’s little point in dwelling on past failures. Nowadays people put too
much effort into avoiding failure and this does nothing apart from lead to
painful situations.
Many of us have probably experienced
this at one time or another. The fear of failing can be immobilizing – it can
cause us to do nothing, and therefore resist moving forward. But when we allow
fear to stop our forward progress in life, we’re likely to miss some great
opportunities along the way.

We all have different definitions of
failure, simply because we all have different benchmarks, values, and belief
systems. A failure to one person might simply be a great learning experience
for someone else.
Fear of failure can be linked to many
causes. For instance, having critical or unsupportive parents is a cause for
some people. Because they were routinely undermined or humiliated in childhood,
they carry those negative feelings into adulthood.
It’s
almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure.
People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere. Put simply,
they’re not really living at all.

It appears that focusing on the emotions
of failure can trigger different thoughts and behaviours. Perhaps when you
reflect on how bad you feel after failing, it motivates you to avoid
experiencing that feeling again.
We all have bad days and
weeks, when nothing seems to go right. We all also have times when we fail to
achieve something that we really wanted and find it hard to cope. However, some
people seem much more able to pick themselves up and dust themselves down after
these experiences than others.

Dr. Carol Dweck, a professor of psychology
at Stanford University, has conducted extensive research on failure and how it
operates within the brain to produce varying outcomes on subjects with
different mindsets. The first group of her test subjects, who fell into the
“growth mindset” group, showed massive improvement when faced with failure due
to an enhanced focus state that was triggered shortly after failing a task,
forcing them to learn and improve.

There’s another interesting point to make
when it comes to success and failure and their effects on the brain. According
to a study published in the Harvard Business Review, success has a huge impact
on neuroplasticity in the brain and helps us to learn whereas failure has
displayed impact on our learning.

View Failure as a Learning Opportunity and
Take Notes

Failure is such a debilitating feeling
because we associate it with losing and with finishing. Failing does not mean
that you have lost. It also doesn’t mean that you need to be prevented from
moving forward because of the failure.

Shift your perspective and view failure as
an opportunity to grow and learn. Once you see failure in this light, you can
then begin to approach it with a different mindset; a mindset that will help
you to quickly transform your actions into ones that lead to success.

DREAM : an essence of growth

Dream, the sweetest word in our dictionary is essential for our growth. Many of us ponder how and why it is necessary that a dream and growth are corelated. Literally dream means a series of thoughts, images and sensation occurring in person’s in during sleep. Some of the synonyms of word dream are ambition, aspiration and hope, It is the most necessary part of our life. Life without dream is food without salt. Our late President Abdul Kalam had said ” dream, dream, dream, dream transform into thoughts and thoughts result in action”. Dream is just a baby step towards our goal. If you can dream it, you can achieve it. Without dreams there will be no ambition to chase. the essence of one’s personal growth starts with a willingness to change for better.

Always remeber a dream never becomes reality through magic, it takes sweat, and rdetermination and hardwork. A correct attitude towards success is guiding angel.Each one of use are unique, so this uniqueness should be reflected in our dreams. Success is never tailor made.One has to toil hard toachieve it.

“IF YOU WANT TO BE LIKE SUN, THEN BURN LIKE SUN”

Even in our dreams we should never limit our thinking process. For example, if someone’s father owns a shop then the son/daughter should aim to open a mall and not the vice versa. Think big to achieve big “Shoot for the moon. Even you miss, you land among the stars”. Everyone ha the potentiality, strength and passion to reach the stars to change the old. One is never too old to set another goal or to dream new dream.

The future belong to those who believe into he beauty of their dreams, And to achieve it we should be like bamboo tree. Do you know that bamboo tree grows under root for five years before it comes out as shoot. In other words, a strong foundation make good house. We should make our foundation strong so that the future generation can learn from it and make a better outcomes. Diligence, perseverance and dedication towards your goal can lead to achieve any goals that once you set your foot on.

Example of a dreamer who turned achievers are Mahatma Gandhi ( the man who dreamed of free and independence India), Narayan Murthy (founder of Infosys), Dhirubhai Ambani ( Founder of reliance). The list goes on and never ending, So students change yours’s can into cans and turned your dreams into plans. Then grab your success.

Ferruccio Lamborghini

Ferruccio Lamborghini was an Italian industrialist who is best recognized as the founder of the high-end sports cars company Automobili Lamborghini in Sant’Agata Bolognese, northern Italy. The son of grape farmers, he tinkered with machinery in his youth and studied mechanics in college, following which he served as a vehicle maintenance supervisor during the Second World War. He subsequently established a garage which eventually turned into the tractor manufacturing business Lamborghini Trattori. Apart from these two vehicle businesses, he also founded Lamborghini Bruciatori, an oil heater factory which later became, Lamborghini Calor, which also produced air conditioners, and Lamborghini Oleodinamica, a hydraulic valves and equipment manufacturing company. While he is best known for the luxury car business, it is said that he was prompted to become a car manufacturer after he was insulted by racer and businessman Enzo Ferrari, founder of the Ferrari car brand, when he had approached the latter with his complaints about Ferrari’s after sales service.

Early life:

Ferruccio Lamborghini was born on April 28, 1916, in Renazzo di Cento, in the Province of Ferrara, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy,. His parents, Antonio and Evelina Lamborghini, were viticulturists, but rather than farming, Ferruccio was more interested in farming machinery and studied mechanics at the Fratelli Taddia technical institute near Bologna.He was enrolled into the Italian Royal Air Force during World War II and was assigned as the supervisor of the vehicle maintenance unit at the Italian garrison on the island of Rhodes. After the Germans surrendered Rhodes to the British at the end of the war in 1945, he was taken prisoner and was forced to work on allied vehicles until the next year.

Career:

Upon his return to Italy, Ferruccio Lamborghini opened a garage in Pieve di Cento where he modified his old Fiat ‘Topolino’ 500 by replacing its saloon body with an open-top two-seater frame. He also produced a special overhead-valve head for its engine and entered the 1948 Mille Miglia with his custom-made 750-cc car, even though his run ended after crashing into a local restaurant in Fiano, Turin.In 1947, on his father’s request, he urgently built a tractor with a six-cylinder Morris engine, a General Motors transmission, and a Ford differential for conveying power, using parts from military vehicle engines. The model, first of his ‘Carioca’ tractors, contained a fuel atomizer made by him which allowed the vehicle to start on petrol and then switch to diesel to save on the pricy fuel.In the post-war Italy, focused on rebuilding agriculture, the tractor became very popular with his father’s friends, and noticing the demand, Ferruccio Lamborghini established his tractor manufacturing company, Lamborghini Trattori, at his garage. In the following years, the company became one of the largest manufacturers of agricultural equipments in Italy.He soon moved to other businesses, such as the oil heater factory, Lamborghini Bruciatori, which was founded in 1959. The company later diversified into producing air conditioning equipment as well, and shifted to a larger facility, Lamborghini Calor, which had increased production capacity for air conditioners, boilers and burners.As Ferruccio Lamborghini began to amass more wealth, he again turned his attention to fast cars; he bought cars from several manufacturers, and often analyzed and modified them to his liking. After Enzo Ferrari, manufacturer of the Ferrari cars, dismissed his concerns about a Ferrari 250 GT he had bought, he remodeled it to be able to outperform the stock model and decided to launch his own automobile line.In 1963, he founded Automobili Lamborghini, and began producing refined grand touring car models that also became known for providing power and comfort. The company earned widespread reputation following the 1966 launch of the Miura sports coupé, which standardized the rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout for high-performance cars.Following a rapid growth spanning a decade, his companies began facing financial difficulties during the early 1970s, particularly Lamborghini Trattori, which experienced large order cancellations.In 1972, he first sold his entire holding in the tractor company to rival company SAME, and then sold 51% shares of Automobili Lamborghini to friend and Swiss businessman Georges-Henri Rossetti.After giving up a controlling share in the company, he gradually detached himself from the company’s affairs, and following the 1973 worldwide stock-market crash and the oil crisis, sold the rest of the shares. However, he continued to run Lamborghini Calor, the heating and air conditioning company, as well as Lamborghini Oleodinamica, a hydraulic valves and equipment manufacturing company.

Family & Personal Life:

Ferruccio Lamborghini married for the first time soon after his return from the Second World War in 1946. However, his wife, Clelia Monti, died the following year while giving birth to their first child, a boy named Tonino, who later went to Japan and started his clothing and accessories business.In 1974, he bought an estate named ‘La Fiorita’ on the shores of Lake Trasimeno, in Castiglione del Lago, in the province of Perugia of Umbria, central Italy. He spent his time hunting, golfing and producing wine, and even designed his own golf course.After his second marriage with Anna Borgatti ended in divorce, he married Maria Theresa Cane and, fathered a daughter named Patrizia at the age of 58. His daughter now runs the Lamborghini winery on his Umbria estate.Two weeks after suffering a heart attack, 76-year-old Lamborghini died on February 20, 1993, at Silvestrini Hospital in Perugia and was buried at the cemetery of Renazzo. His son, who designed the electric microcar ‘Town Life’, opened a museum in his father’s name in 1995 that was later moved to Argelato, Bologna and is now known as the Ferruccio Lamborghini Museum.

Trivia:

Ferruccio Lamborghini, who had been an avid fan of bullfighting, adopted a raging bull as the emblem for his auto company after he founded Automobili Lamborghini.

Sinkhole

A sinkhole is a hole in the ground formed when the land collapses away leaving a big hole on the surface. It happens when the rock underneath is dissolved by water.

They can range in size enormously, as you can see from the videos above and below.

Sinkholes form when rainwater comes into contact with a certain type of soft rock – such as chalk or limestone – and dissolves it, leaving a gap deep in the ground.

The land on the surface then collapses into this gap.

The rainwater is able to dissolve soft rock like this, after seeping through the top layers of soil and having CO2 added to it, which makes it more acidic.

Additionally, sinkholes can result from both natural and human causes. Man-made sinkholes are created when a city development compromises the structural integrity of underlying rock. Roads, buildings and other infrastructure can cause water to collect in certain areas and wash away any supporting layer of rock, resulting in sinkholes.

Where do they happen?

Areas on top of land with limestone or chalk foundations are more at risk of sinkholes.

They are pretty common in the American state of Florida because virtually the entire state is built on a limestone platform, but they are rare in the UK.

They can also occur in areas where there has been mining activity in the past and so the composition of the land deep underground has been affected.

Even though they are formed over quite a long period of time, it can be rather difficult to predict when they are going to happen.

What causes sinkhole?

Dissolution

Some sinkholes result from the surface dissolution of soluble rock. For example, limestone rocks dissolve when attacked by rainfall or groundwater that is acidic.

Collapse

Collapse dolines occur as consequence of the gradual collapse of a cave passage at depth. The collapse may gradually propagate up through the overlying strata to cause subsidence at the surface (a ‘collapse sinkhole’). These sometimes extend up into rocks that are not themselves prone to dissolution, creating a ‘caprock sinkhole’. Sinkholes of this type are common in parts of South Wales where sandstone rocks overlie cavernous limestone and in Ripon, Yorkshire, where sandstone and limestone overlie gypsum. Others may be buried by more recent deposits.

Erosion

Some sinkholes are caused not by dissolution of limestone, but the erosion of weak, unconsolidated material by flowing water. Loose material can removed by a process called ‘soil piping’, creating large voids within the sediment. One of the most spectacular examples of this type of collapse is the event that occurred in May 2010 in Guatemala City. Here, cavities developed in weak, unconsolidated, volcanic deposits following a tropical storm. These then collapsed, creating a shaft approximately 100 m deep and 20 m wide.

What triggers sinkhole?

  • Heavy rain or surface flooding can initiate the collapse of normally stable cavities, especially those developed within superficial deposits.
  • Leaking drainage pipes, burst water mains, irrigation or even the act of emptying a swimming pool are all documented examples of sinkhole triggers.
  • Construction and development modifying surface drainage or altering the loads imposed on the ground without adequate support can cause sinkholes to develop.
  • Groundwater abstraction can cause sinkholes by changing the level of the water table. This removes the buoyant support water provides to a cavity. Draining these cavities can cause them to collapse.
  • Mining can be a factor in causing sinkholes, either by dewatering and lowering of the water table or by intercepting clay-filled voids, which subsequently collapse. Several sinkholes in Norwich have been caused by old chalk mines intercepting otherwise stable, sediment-filled voids.

5 Amazing Indian female directors

A film can surely our change your life ,or change your perspective towards it. Although everyone has their own personal favourites, one thing is common among all of them; the passionate creators of those movies. Every director, producer puts in equal effort as the actors, and helps put their ideas on the screen.

Fatima Begum , is credited to be the first female director in India. She opened doors for other aspiring female directors who wished to also make their mark in the cinema.

  1. Aparna Sen

Director, screen writer and an actress, what can this woman not do ?! Has films like Mr and Mrs. Iyer , Arshinagar and Ghawre Bairey Aaj. She has won 2 National Awards for her movies- 36 Chowringhee Lane( 1981 ) and for Mr. and Mrs. Iyer ( 2002).

Aparna Sen on Ghawre Bairey Aaj - Telegraph India

She has critically targeted the complex issues of fundamentalism through her work and has redefined the Indian cinema with a fresh perspective.

2. Deepa Mehta-

This Indian director, is best known for her critically acclaimed Elements trilogy film – Fire, Earth and Water. Through these films , she challenged the daily societal norms and started discussions on topics which were considered taboo.

A Conversation With Deepa Mehta (FUNNY BOY) - Hammer to Nail

She is considered the pioneer of courageous and path breaking films.

3. Mira Nair –

She is definitely one of the best directors that we have. Harvard graduate , she has directed movies like Monsoon Wedding, Vanity Affair, The Namesake, Queen of Katwe, A Suitable Boy.

Mira Nair: Queen of Social Realism – Point of View Magazine

She had also gotten the offer for directing the one of the movies in the famous Harry Potter series- Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix. It was her commitment to tell stories of marginalized characters , the ones who needed someone to help them voice their opinions. She has also directed Salaam Bombay , which was nominated for the Best Foreign Film category in Oscars.

4 .Meghna Gulzar –

Daughter of the famous poet,Gulzar, she made her directorial debut in 2002 with her film , Filhaal. The film was based on surrogacy, and was way ahead of it’s time. A topic not many people were ready to be perceive on screens.

Credit: Getty Images/Ernesto Distefano

She later went on to direct projects like – Talvaar, Raazi and Chapaak. Her projects have always challenged the societal and the orthodox norms.

5. Zoya Akhtar

Having films like – Luck by Chance, Zindagi na Milegi Dobara, Dil dhadakne do and Gully boy in her kitty, she has made her mark in the industry as a very powerful creator.

Want to represent what India stands for: Zoya Akhtar | Deccan Herald

Although most of her films are commercially centered yet she never misses to send her proclaimed messages in her projects. Gully Boy was India’s official entry for Oscars, which further proves the caliber of the director.

Also having created projects like Made In Heaven, that questioned the patriarchal nature of the society,and the horrid reality behind the happy faces and the lavish wedding sets , she has proven her worth and contribution to cinema.

Caption cool

Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the current captain of the Indian Cricket team. He was born on 7 July 1981 in Ranchi, Jharkhand to Pan Singh and Devaki Devi. His paternal village Lvali is in the Lamgarha block of the Almora District of Uttarakhand. Dhoni’s parents, moved from Uttarakhand to Ranchi where Pan Singh worked in junior management positions in MECON. Dhoni has a sister Jayanti and a brother Narendra.

Dhoni studied at DAV Jawahar Vidya Mandir, Shyamali, (now the school is known as JVM, Shyamli, Ranchi) Ranchi, Jharkhand where he initially excelled in badminton and football and was selected at district and club level in these sports. Dhoni was a goalkeeper for his football team and was sent to play cricket for a local cricket club by his football coach. Though he had not played cricket, Dhoni impressed with his wicket-keeping skills and became the regular wicketkeeper at the Commando cricket club (1995 – 1998).

Based on his performance at club cricket, he was picked for the 1997/98 season Vinoo Mankad Trophy Under-16 Championship and he performed well. Dhoni focused on cricket after his 10th standard. Dhoni is an aggressive right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper. The Indian team in the 2000s saw the use of Rahul Dravid as the wicket-keeper to ensure that the wicket-keeper spot didn’t lack in batting talent. The Indian cricket establishment also saw the entry of wicket-keeper/batsmen from the junior ranks with talents like Parthiv Patel and Dinesh Karthik both India U-19 Captains in the test squads.

With Dhoni making a mark in the India-A squad, he was picked in the ODI squad for the Bangladesh tour in 2004/05. Dhoni did not have a great start to his ODI career, getting run out for a duck on debut. In spite of an average series against Bangladesh, Dhoni was picked for the Pakistan ODI series. In the second match of the series, Dhoni in his fifth one-day international scored 148 in Vishakapatnam off only 123 deliveries. Dhoni’s 148 erased the earlier record for the highest score by an Indian wicketkeeper, a record that he would re-write before the end of the year.

Following his good one-day form against Sri Lanka, Dhoni replaced Dinesh Karthik in December 2005 as the Indian Test wicket-keeper. Under his captaincy, India won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, CB Series of 2007-08 and the Border-Gavaskar trophy 2008 in which they beat Australia 2-0. He also led the team to their first ever bilateral ODI series wins in Sri Lanka and New Zealand.

Dhoni has also been the recipient of many awards including the ICC ODI Player of the Year award in 2008 (the first Indian player to achieve this feat), the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award and the Padma Shri, India’s fourth highest civilian honour in 2009. Also Dhoni named as Skipper of Wisden’s first-ever Dream Test Team in 2009.

In the history of test match India become first time number one in December 2009, under leadership of Dhoni. Under leadership of M.S. Dhoni, India is continued on the way of success for few years.

And, we hope that India will still on the path of glory in cricket history in future under his brilliant, tactful and marvelous captaincy by means of winning a lot of matches and series and the world cup too.

“If there is a book about cricket finishing chapter would be MS Dhoni”