Ogbonnia, E. F., Chigoziri, N. E., C, I. K., U, A. K., Augustine, I., Esq, O. C., Onwe, D. C., & Chinelo, N. G. (2026). There are Cities and there are Cities: Marking the Sociological Distinction and Considerations. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning, 12(2), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.26643/jsmap/11
Egwu Francis Ogbonnia
Department Of Criminology And Security Studies, Ae-Funai
University Of Agriculture And Environmental Sciences, Umuagwo, Imo State
Onyeacho Chike, Esq
Department Of Criminology And Security Studies
University Of Agriculture And Environmental Sciences, Umuagwo, Imo State
Daniel Chidiebere Onwe Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Nwadiani Grace Chinelo
Department Of Criminology And Security Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal
University Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This work centres on the various forms of cities and features that distant a city from the other. It is instructive to note that all known human society has various characteristics that tries to make it peculiar from other cities or communities. Thus, this study identified various cities and attempted to Sociologically demonstrate why some are seen as developed while others are still undergoing economic, political and social transition. The indicators that are primarily considered here are the level of human development, gross domestic product (GDP), direct foreign investment (DFI), Level of educational system/innovation amongst other factors.
A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation utilities, Land usage, housing and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and business, sometimes benefiting both parties in the process, but it also presents challenges to managing urban growth. Ekpenyong (2013) Opined that since 1870, the world has witnessed more far-reaching transformations in social life than occurred in the vast span of human history prior to that date. Urban centers have become the milieu in which almost everyone in the advanced world (capitalist society) live.
The development of cities is the result of a combination of circumstances. In western civilization (Europe, USA, Canada etc), the revolution in technology brought about a mechanization of agriculture that greatly improved per capital output, producing the food surpluses needed to sustain the cities.
At the same time human energy on the farm was increasingly replaced by mechanical energy, creating pressure on the rural population to leave the land.
Improved transportation system, road and railways, better housing systems and nutrition, health centers as well as communication technology all characterized city life, (Ekepenyong, 2011). Historically, there is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities. Some, theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanism that might have been important driving force. Conventional views thought that cities were first formed after the Neolithic revolution. This revolution gave impetus to agriculture, encouraged Hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production.
Paul Bairoch (NY, cited in Ekpenyong 2013) believes that agricultural activities appearnecessary before true cities can form.
Various indices have been scholarly advanced regarding the conditions necessary for an area to be given the status of a city. According to Verve Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and relatively large population. For example, Shanghai China was seen as the biggest city while Durbai is presently the fastest growing city.
The first true towns are sometimes considered as large settlements where the inhabitants were no longer simply farmers but began to take on specialized occupations and where trade, food storage and power were centralized. Gordon Childe (1950 cited in Ekpenyong 2013) defined a city with 10 general indices. These are:-
Size and density of the population should be above normal.
Differentiation of the population; not all residents grow their own food leading to specialists.
Payment of taxes to a deity or king.
Monumental public building.
Those not producing their own food are supported by the King or ruler.
System of recording and practical science.
A system of writing
Development of symbolic art,
Trade and import of raw materials.
Specialist craftsman from outside the Kin-group
These characteristics are best used to describe ancient cities. One major characteristics that can be used to distinguish a small city from a large town is organized government. A city has professional administrators, regulations, and some form of taxation.
THE AFRICAN CITY
It is arguable to state that tropical Africa is one of the least urbanized
regions of the world. This is because in most countries, less than a quarter of the total population lives in urban centers, (Ekpenyong, 2013).
In 1950 for example, only two cities in the African continent had more than one million residents. Rapid population increase is an important factor in measuring urban development.
Cities in Africa are characterized by rapid population growth though other indices that are used as measuring yardsticks for urban settlement such as improved technology, stable government, quality social amenities and other essential needs of man are lacking. They are poverty-stricken, socially divided and present problems such as those insufficient and inadequate housing and unemployment on a large scale which are not encountered by the developed countries. Failure in Africa has always been attributed to cultural differences.
However, what is often forgotten is that such measures do not totally translate into development obstacles nor do they touch the underlying factors responsible for generating conditions favorable for unhindered development.
Though generalizations are difficult because of the scarcity of data, but Ekpenyong (2013) believed that there is abundant evidence that African societies are heterogeneous in their socio-political organization, but the context shared by all of them is the location of their economics at the periphery of international capitalism. This was made possible by the uneven trade relations that were not negotiated rather, a violent imposition of business relations with African Nations were made to become the producers of raw materials for the colonial masters and consumers of manufactured products of industries in the West.
Industrialization, improved housing, availability of seasoned health care, social amenities, refined schools and quality referrals amongst others are some of the indications of urban settlement and their peculiar pattern. Unfortunately, most of these amenities are lacking in African countries especially in their so-called cities. Another important factor as admitted by Ekpenyong (2013) is the concept of political stability. Since the exodus of Colonialism from African soil, Africa as a continent has been beset with variegated political instability especially in pre-election and election times.
Nevertheless, despite these bedeviling challenges, Africa Still possess several cities that have been running abreast with western cities and their development strides. These cities in Africa include Lagos, Kano, Port Harcourt, Accra, Egyptian cities which is the center of civilization and other growing cities in Africa.
In summary, cities in Africa are shaped by the nature of the incorporation of the entire social formation, The African economy which has been tied to uneven western capitalism of exploitation has been a huge obstacle to the full development of African cities just like the western counterparts. This explains the preponderance of prirnate cities in Africa, the seeds were sown during period of colonialism. City life today though is part of a world economic system such that changes in one part of the world have a direct impact elsewhere. The presence of multinationals has improved the plight of cities through their direct injection of fluid into business, improved communication, administration and investment strategies. These welcome developments have their attendant consequences, which include a high rate of criminality and corruption. Several crime issues now dominate the city life ranging from burglary, kidnapping, armed robbery to rape, political assassination and other related criminalities (Aneke, 2019).
EGYPT CIVILIZATION AND CITIES,
The more complex human societies called the first civilizations emerged around 3000 BC in the river Valleys of Mesopotamia, India, China and Egypt. An increase in food production led to the significant growth in human population and the rise of cities, The -people of
Egypt and southwest Asia laid the monumental foundation of western civilization, developed cities and struggled with the problems of organized state as they moved from individual communities to large territorial units and eventually to empire. Among the early old-world cities, Mohenjo-Daro of Indus Valley Civilization in present day Pakistan, existing from about-2600 BC, was one of the Largest with a population of 50,000 or more. These points to the fact that population is an important factor to be considered in defining and delineating what constitutes a city centre.
These Greek city-states reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, expressed in architecture, drama, Science, mathematics and philosophy and nurtured in Athens under a democratic government. In the 4th Century, Alexander the Great Commissioned Dinocrate of Rhodes to lay out his new city of Alexandra, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean world where the city’s regularity was facilitated by its level site near mouth of the Nile.
Urban planning is one distinguishing factor between cities of Africa and the rest of the world, African cities though with profound developmental strides lack seasoned planning and architecture that makes it looks attractive.
Some cities are sparsely populated political capitals; others were trade centers and still other cities had a primarily religions focus. A good example is Saudi Arabia where Muslim go far pilgrimages and Jerusalem where privileged Christians go for pilgrimage. The growth of the population. of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empire concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater capital cities and centers of commerce, tourism and industry. In ancient America, early urban traditions developed in the Andes and Mesoamerica. In the Andes, the first urban centers developed in
the Norte Chico civilization. It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas, flourishing between the 30th century BC and the 18th century BC. Meso-America saw the rise of early Urbanism in several cultural regions. Later cultures such as the Aztec drew on these earlier urban traditions.
The growth of modern industry from late 18th century onward led to massive Urbanization and the rise of great new cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In the United States, from 1860 to 1910, the introduction of railroads reduced transportation costs and large manufacturing centers began to emerge, thus allowing migration from rural to city areas. Cities during this period were deadly places to live in due to health problems resulting from contaminated water, air and communicable diseases. In the great depression of the 1930s, cities were hard hit by unemployment, especially those with a base in heavy industry. In the USA, Urbanization rate increased from 40 to 80 percent during 1900-1990. Today, the world’s population is slightly over half urban and continues to urbanize with roughly a million people moving into cities every 24 hours worldwide.
Generally, Richard Sennett (1977) gives a rather sociologically inclined definition of a city. To him, a city is a human settlement where strangers are likely to meet.
Even amongst the western world, there is no single definitional construct on the concept of what constitutes a city. This is because the factors, or better still, peculiarities that distinguish a city vary from place to place and time to time. What constitutes a city in medieval civilization for instance may not be apt enough to determine the features of a city in modern times. Even in the next century, what we see now as cities may net be seen as full-blown cities.
Modern cities are known for creating their own microclimates. This is due to the large clustering of heat absorbent surface that heat up in sunlight and that channel rainwater into underground ducts, Waste and sewage are two major problems for cities such as air
pollution from various forms of combustion, including fire burning, stoves, other heating systems, engine emission and internal combustion engines. Crime is another consequence of city life. Studies have shown that crime rate in cities is higher and the chance of punishment after getting caught is lower. In extreme cases such as burglary, the higher concentration of people in cities creates more items of higher value worth the risk of crime. Cities also generate positive external effects. The close physical proximity facilitates knowledge spillovers, helping people and firms exchange information and generate new ideas. Population density enables also sharing of common infrastructure and production facilities, however in very dense cities, increased crowding; thickening labor market due to uncontrolled migration may lead to some negative effects. These have been the challenges confronting cities in Africa and beyond even in the western civilized parts of the world.
GLOBAL CITIES
A global city, also known as a world city, is a prominent Centre of trade, banking, finance, innovation and markets. As it was coined by Sakia Sassen (1991). Global Cities have more in common with each other than with other cities.
Global cities are opposed to mega-city which refers to any city of economic power or influence. This includes London, Paris, Mew York, Tokyo and the modern Dubai. Los Angeles, the home of Hollywood is a globalizing city though more significant in Cultural than economic terms unlike the enumerated cities. From the foregoing, global cities are characterized by intense economic activities, business growth and investment opportunities and not along cultural lines. A good example is Eggaton Street in London where some of the cheapest buildings cost about three million pounds.
There is a growing movement in North America called “New Urbanism” that calls for a return to traditional city planning methods where mixed-use zoning allows people to walk from ‘one type of land use to another. The idea is that housing, shopping, office space and Leisure facilities are all provided within walking distances of each
other, thus reducing the demand for road space and also improving the efficiency and effectiveness of mass transit, (Jeribe 2023)
SUB-URBAN/ SUBURBANITES
This is another dimension in the analysis of cities and urban development. By suburban, it means that it is not urban, rather below urban requirement or away from urban life. On the one hand, suburban sirnply means a smaller community adjacent to or within commuting distance of big city, an outlying part of a city or town, (Jeribe 2023). It could also mean a town or other areas where people live in houses near a larger city. On the other hand, suburbanites are the people who dwell in such areas as described above. Most developed cities or” the world due to over-population, busy traffic, high tenancy, crime rate and other vices have paved way ‘for the emergence and development of suburban cities. It is a drift away from city life. Most inhabitants of inner city have moved away to settle in suburban centers.
Even the rural dwellers whose economic situation has taken an upward turn have also found abode/reasons to migrate to suburban centers. Suburbanites could be government functionaries, business and oil magnets, executives in corporations and successful business tycoons. In Rivers State for instance, resident of government reserved area (GRA), Trans Amadi residents etc can decide to relocate to Aluu, Choba or Igwuruta towns. Gradually, development will move into such areas. This will also gradually give rise to another suburban city with the passage of time and by social interaction and processes. Soaring housing and electricity bills, environmental challenges and the upsurge of massive retrenchment, unemployment and a lot more social problems could be reasons for the increase in the number of suburbanites.
Town planners and urban sociologists are presently concerned with the development of suburban and suburbanites. Land acquisition and tenancy rates are cheaper in suburban centers, giving room for higher influx of people into the area.
Suburbanites are likely to travel to the city for work. Suburbs have more single-family homes than apartment buildings and suburbanites are more likely to have a yard with trees and grasses. They may enjoy a little of the advantage of rural settings as well as some facilities common with the cities. The disadvantage is that if they work in the main city, they might have a Long Commute that adds to the time they are away from their family.
Suburbs are usually middle-class residences: rents are usually cheaper in the suburbs. We have suburbs of New York and Manchester etc. (Jeribe, 2023),
The typical life, attitude and way of life of people who live in the suburbs may be peculiar. Some people consider suburban life to be rather boring and conservative compared to the hustle and ‘bustle’ of city life, while others commend the serenity and peace of some Suburbs that have not yet been eroded by the encroachment of a developing city, (Jeribe, 2023).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, what can be seen as cities exist in all parts of the world though with varying features. This is a reality because what constitutes a favored city in London or Tokyo rnay not be found in growing nations such as Nigeria and other African countries. Generally, cities are up of densely populated conglomeration of peon e from diverse ethnic origin, improved housing system with urban planning standard, quality health care facilities and referrals, technology and communication as well as the presence of multinationals, good road network, stable electricity / alternatives (Gas turbines etc) as well as free competitive market, financial institutions and unparallel investment. In other to bring African nations to this standard, the following recommendations are made:
Urban planners should be allowed to strategize on the best way to manage housing and housing related issues. The government has always hijacked this- role which has made urban settlement patterns a big failure.
Creation of employment by the government is germane to minimize the crime rate in our cities,
Direct investment both small and medium enterprises should be encouraged. Government should aid them by boosting their financial potential,
4.The creation of a stable, sane and crime-free society through
Improved security monitoring is essential. No city or nation progresses when it is beset with security challenges.
5. Finally, the creation of enabling physical environment such as controlled pollution of the environment with toxic waste and other harmful substances will necessitate/improve our match to a healthy living standard.
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EGBEGI, F. R. (2026). Evaluating Occupational Health and Safety Compliance and Enforcement Mechanisms in Nigeria’s Manufacturing Sector. International Journal for Social Studies, 12(2), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.26643/ijss/10
EGBEGI, Friday Raphael
Department of Sociology and Anthropology,
Enugu State University of Science and Technology,
Enugu, Nigeria
Abstract
Nigeria has a rather robust regulatory framework for occupational health and safety in the manufacturing sector that includes national laws, international agreements, and policy guidelines. However, the main causes of the continued low level of compliance include the large informal sectors, ignorance, budgetary constraints, and inadequate enforcement measures. The study comes to the conclusion that while key regulatory bodies like the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment, the National Industrial Safety Council of Nigeria (NISCN), and the Occupational Safety and Health Department (OSHD) play crucial roles in enforcing OHS regulations, they face systemic problems like corruption, inadequate inspection capacity, and outdated legal frameworks. The findings highlight the vital need for strengthening regulatory agencies, increasing public awareness, providing incentives for compliance, and enacting more severe legal penalties in order to bridge the gap between OHS legislation and actual implementation.
Keywords: Compliance, Enforcement mechanisms, Labour regulation, Legal framework, Workplace hazards
Introduction
Particularly in high-risk sectors like manufacturing, occupational health and safety (OHS) is a crucial part of labour laws. According to Saka and Olanipekun (2021), Nigeria’s manufacturing sector is essential to the country’s economic development because it significantly boosts employment, industrialisation, and GDP growth. However, due to the extensive use of heavy machinery, exposure to toxic materials, repetitive physical tasks, and hazardous working circumstances, this industry is beset by a number of occupational hazards (Almaskati et al., 2024). Mechanical injuries, respiratory issues from chemical exposure, loud noises, poor ventilation, and ergonomic difficulties are among the risks that factory workers frequently encounter. These risks may lead to fatalities, long-term health issues, and occupational accidents. Given these concerns, establishing a safe and healthy workplace must be a top priority. This is both morally and legally necessary for long-term economic development and worker safety.Nigeria has passed a number of laws and regulations to shield employees from workplace hazards because it recognises the significance of OHS. Standards for workplace safety, employer obligations, and employee rights are provided by significant laws such as the Factories Act (2004), Labour Act (2004), Employee Compensation Act (2010), and National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health (2020) (Ememobong & Akpan, 2020). Nigeria has also accepted international agreements, such as Convention No. 155 on Occupational Safety and Health of the International Labour Organization (ILO), which emphasises the significance of strict regulations (ILO, 2022). Despite these legal frameworks, securing workplace safety in Nigeria’s manufacturing sector is still very difficult due to lax enforcement, little government oversight, low employer compliance, and low worker awareness. Preventable deaths, ongoing workplace injuries, and monetary losses from lower output and compensation claims have all resulted from the ongoing discrepancy between legal standards and real enforcement.The capacity of regulatory organisations like the Occupational Safety and Health Department (OSHD), the National Industrial Safety Council of Nigeria (NISCN), and the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment to uphold and implement OHS laws in Nigeria is a significant obstacle. These organisations find it challenging to conduct regular inspections and implement safety laws due to issues such insufficient budget, a small workforce, corruption, and inefficient bureaucracy (Umeokafor, 2014). Additionally, many employers—especially those in the unorganised sector—disregard safety rules in order to increase profits, and employees may be unwilling to report hazardous workplaces due to job instability (Onwo & Ohazulike, 2021). This condition increases occupational risks and reduces the efficacy of current rules.A strong and well-enforced legislative framework for OHS is essential, especially as Nigeria seeks to expand its industrial sector and attract foreign investment. A variety of tactics are needed to overcome these challenges, such as strengthening regulatory agencies, enforcing harsher penalties for infractions, increasing public awareness campaigns, and promoting collaboration between the government, labour unions, and business sector organisations (Muhammed, 2021). The existing legal framework governing OHS in Nigeria’s manufacturing sector is examined in this article. A deeper comprehension of the intricacies of occupational health and safety regulations in the manufacturing sector will help policymakers, industry participants, and enforcement agencies better protect sustainable industrial development, boost productivity, and protect worker welfare.
Nigeria’s manufacturing sector faces difficulties adhering to occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations
Although Nigeria has a legal framework for occupational health and safety (OHS), the manufacturing sector’s reality is somewhat different. Ngwama (2016) claims that a large number of factories do not comply with fundamental safety regulations, demonstrating that compliance is still inadequate. Low awareness, lax enforcement, financial restrictions, and the informal nature of a significant component of the industry are the main causes of this predicament. Each of these elements is necessary to maintain hazardous working conditions in the industry, as can be shown below.
The unorganised sector: secret security
Because a significant portion of Nigeria’s manufacturing sector operates outside of the official regulatory framework, OHS regulation is particularly challenging (Olujobi, 2021). Small-scale workshops, roadside factories, and home-based production units continue to flout safety and employment requirements despite making up a significant section of the industry. Mujtaba & Kaifi (2023) state that most of these businesses are not officially registered with government agencies. It is implied that they do not undergo workplace safety inspections or receive instruction on compliance. Many of them operate in makeshift buildings without proper ventilation, fire exits, or emergency response plans. Workers in these settings are regularly exposed to hazardous chemicals, high temperatures, and hazardous machines without any protective clothing. Additionally, worker rights are rarely respected because the majority of workplaces are informal. Workers have little negotiating power and job stability, according to Xhafa and Serrano (2024).
Lack of knowledge: a society that is careless and uninformed
According to Kamoli et al. (2021), one of the biggest barriers to OHS compliance in Nigeria’s manufacturing sector is the pervasive ignorance among employers and workers. Many plant owners and managers do not fully understand the legal standards for workplace safety, and workers themselves often do not know their rights surrounding occupational health. Because of this, many employers see safety compliance as a bureaucratic burden rather than a need, especially those in charge of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) (Nieuwenhuizen, 2019). Without sufficient sensitisation, some persons are really ignorant of the extent of their legal obligations. Others may think that official, legally recognised standards are unnecessary and that workplace safety is only a matter of individual responsibility and common sense.
Financial constraints: the cost of compliance
Financial limitations are a major factor in Nigeria’s manufacturing sector’s low OHS regulatory compliance rates. Many business owners, especially those in small and medium-sized enterprises, see safety regulations as an expensive requirement that affects their final product (Kitching et al., 2015). Spending money on machine guards, ventilation systems, fire safety installations, personal protective equipment (PPE), and frequent safety training is necessary to implement proper workplace safety measures, according to Patel et al. (2022). For instance, in companies already struggling with high production costs because of unpredictable power supplies, high taxes, and fluctuating raw material prices, spending on safety is sometimes seen as an unnecessary expense rather than a long-term investment (Patel et al., 2022). Some plant owners may deliberately take short cuts in order to reduce operational costs. Instead of making the necessary investments in safety equipment, they may repurpose old or damaged PPE or require employees to buy their own protective gear, which many cannot afford.
Ineffective laws and weak enforcement methods
Even if employers are aware of OHS requirements, Segbenya and Yeboah (2022) argue that there is little likelihood that they will face serious consequences for non-compliance. Nigeria’s largely ineffective enforcement mechanisms are to blame for this. Meanwhile, Umeokafor (2014) contends that the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment and other regulatory bodies lack the institutional capacity, staff, and resources required to carry out routine factory inspections and enforce compliance. One major issue in Nigeria is the lack of labour inspectors relative to the number of businesses. Maintaining regular inspections is difficult with thousands of industrial businesses spread across the country. Since some factories are not inspected for years, unsafe practices may go unnoticed. Umeokafor (2014) claims that rather than keeping an eye on compliance with safety regulations, labour inspectors regularly ask businesses for bribes.
Africa’s Occupational Safety and Health
Even though OHS has advanced significantly in wealthier countries, Africa still faces substantial challenges in implementing comprehensive workplace safety legislation. Due to inadequate enforcement, poor legal frameworks, and a high percentage of informal employment, where safety laws are largely disregarded, OHS regularly encounters difficulties in Africa (Onyenechere et al., 2022).Occupational health and safety (OHS) frameworks have been attempted throughout Africa, but their successful implementation has been hampered by a number of persistent issues. According to Wilcox (2021), insufficient institutional capacity is a significant barrier to OHS adoption in Africa. Many governments are said to lack the infrastructure, resources, and expertise needed to carry out workplace safety regulations. Kohn et al. (2023) noted that despite the existence of OHS law, regulatory agencies often encounter difficulties because of a lack of personnel, antiquated enforcement techniques, and inadequate coordination among relevant institutions. Inadequate compliance results from businesses continuing to operate without adhering to safety standards, especially in high-risk industries like mining, construction, and agriculture.The frequency of informal work is one major barrier. Christiaensen and Maertens (2022) claim that a sizable portion of Africa’s working population operates outside of established legal and regulatory frameworks. Upholding OHS standards is difficult since jobs in the informal sector, such as street vending, domestic work, artisanal mining, and small-scale agriculture, may not have legal safeguards. According to research, workers in these sectors frequently come into contact with hazardous products, malfunctioning equipment, and extreme weather, and they are not provided with any legal protections or compensation in the event that they become ill or are injured (Abdalla et al., 2017). It is more difficult for authorities to monitor working conditions or ensure that safety procedures are followed because many jobs are informal.Many African countries still struggle to effectively incorporate occupational health and safety into their national labour policies, despite the fact that some, like South Africa, have made significant strides in enacting stringent OHS regulations and enforcement procedures. OHS has advanced significantly in South Africa as a result of extensive
An multinational perspective on workplace health and safety frameworks
Numerous worldwide bodies have created policies, guidelines, and legislative frameworks to raise Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) standards across a range of industries and nations in recognition of the significance of workplace safety on a global scale. By reducing workplace accidents, health risks, and fatalities, these frameworks seek to provide polite, safe, and productive work environments (Schulte et al., 2022). According to Alli (2008), the International Labour Organization (ILO) has been a prominent supporter of occupational health and safety (OHS). To assist national governments in creating their OHS regulations, it creates technical standards, legally enforceable agreements, and non-binding recommendations. The ILO’s programs are based on the fundamental principle that every worker has a right to a safe and healthy workplace. To do this, the organization works with governments, companies, and employees to develop OHS rules suitable for different national situations.
Conclusion
Nigeria has a fairly strong framework of national laws, international agreements, and policy guidelines governing occupational health and safety in the manufacturing industry. However, the extensive informal sectors, illiteracy, financial limitations, and insufficient enforcement methods are the primary causes of the ongoing low level of compliance. The study concludes that although important regulatory organisations such as the Occupational Safety and Health Department (OSHD), the National Industrial Safety Council of Nigeria (NISCN), and the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment play vital roles in enforcing OHS regulations, they confront systemic issues such as corruption, insufficient inspection capacity, and antiquated legal frameworks.
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Daily writing prompt
If you could erase one movie from your memory and watch it again for the first time, which one would it be?
The Role of Motivation in Learning: A study of its impact on students of secondary schools in Aba State.
Betty Nansikombi
Department of Education
National Institute for Nigerian Languages, Aba.
mailbetty@gmail.com
Abstract
This research investigates the multifaceted role of motivation in the secondary educational landscape of Aba State, Nigeria, employing a qualitative research methodology to elucidate the nuanced interplay between psychosocial drivers and academic achievement. By utilizing semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis, the study explores how motivational constructs are uniquely mediated by local socio-cultural imperatives. The findings confirm that motivation within this region is fundamentally rooted in a collectivist framework, standing in stark contrast to the individualistic paradigms prevalent in Western educational theory. The analysis demonstrates that academic performance is optimized when a symbiotic alignment exists between a students internal aspirations and the external support structures provided by familial, peer, and communal networks. This suggests that academic success is not merely an autonomous endeavor but a communal achievement. However, the study identifies significant pedagogical risks, specifically regarding the potential for an over-reliance on extrinsic rewards. Such mechanisms may inadvertently cultivate a performance-oriented mindset, prioritizing superficial grade attainment over the cognitive depth inherent in intrinsic engagement. Furthermore, the data reveals that the interaction between academic ability and motivational orientation necessitates a highly nuanced instructional approach; students lacking intrinsic drive are notably vulnerable to psychological disengagement if their dependence on external validation remains unmanaged. Consequently, this research advocates for an educational framework that honors the cultural richness of Aba State while simultaneously fostering the self-efficacy and internal intellectual curiosity required for long-term professional success. By bridging the gap between communal expectations and individual cognitive development, educators can facilitate a more resilient learning environment, ultimately enhancing the efficacy of secondary education within the region.
Keywords: Motivation, Secondary School’s, Aba State, Students, Learning
Introduction
Motivation is a fundamental element in the learning process, significantly influencing students’ engagement, persistence, and overall academic success. It serves as the driving force behind students’ willingness to learn, participate in class, and strive to achieve their educational goals. In the context of secondary schools, where students experience significant academic and social pressures, understanding motivation becomes crucial for educators and policymakers. This study aims to explore the role of motivation in learning and its impact on secondary school students in Aba State, Nigeria.
The dichotomy between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation provides a useful framework for examining student engagement. Intrinsic motivation refers to the way in which individuals engage in activities for the inherent satisfaction and enjoyment they derive from them, while extrinsic motivation involves performing activities to achieve external rewards or avoid negative consequences (Ryan & Deci, 2020). Research indicates that intrinsic motivation is generally linked to deeper learning, greater creativity, and sustained engagement in educational settings (Deci et al., 2019). Given the unique socio-cultural and economic landscape in Aba State, understanding the factors that influence both types of motivation could lead to enhanced educational practices and outcomes.
While intrinsic motivation has been shown to correlate with heightened academic success, recent studies highlight how extrinsic factors also play an important role in shaping students’ experiences. For instance, Akinola and Ndubuisi (2021) describe how parental expectations, teacher support, and peer interactions can either stoke or diminish student motivation. In Aba State, where many families face economic constraints, external motivators such as peer pressure and societal norms may heavily influence students’ academic motivation. This influence can lead to students prioritizing grades and external accolades over genuine interest in learning, which may, in turn, compromise the quality of their educational experiences (Nwankwo & Kalu, 2022).
Furthermore, the role of teachers in fostering motivation cannot be overstated. Research indicates that teachers who employ motivational strategiessuch as setting achievable goals, providing positive feedback, and creating an inclusive classroom environmentcan significantly enhance students’ intrinsic motivation (Lpez & Crespo, 2021). This is particularly salient in secondary schools where teaching approaches can either foster a love of learning or lead to disillusionment. Teachers in Aba State schools face unique challenges, including limited resources and varying levels of training, which may affect their ability to motivate students effectively.
Cultural factors also come into play when considering the motivation of secondary school students in Aba State. Okechukwu (2021) emphasizes that the values, beliefs, and aspirations prevalent in the community can foster or hinder student motivation. In many Nigerian communities, there may be a strong emphasis on academic achievement as a pathway to social mobility. However, the correlation between high expectations and student stress levels cannot be overlooked. High-stakes testing and societal pressure for academic excellence can inadvertently diminish intrinsic motivation, causing students to engage in rote learning rather than fostering a genuine interest in their studies (Chiemeke, 2023).
In exploring the dimensions of motivation within the context of secondary education in Aba State, this study will also consider the psychological aspects of motivation. Factors such as self-efficacythe belief in ones capabilities to execute behaviors required to produce specific achievementsplay a significant role in academic motivation (Bandura, 2018). Students who perceive themselves as capable are more likely to engage in challenging tasks and persist in the face of difficulties. Conversely, low self-efficacy can lead to a lack of motivation and engagement, resulting in suboptimal academic performance (Nwankwo & Kalu, 2022).
Moreover, the consequences of motivation extend beyond academic performance; they also include social and emotional well-being. Research has shown that motivated students tend to exhibit higher levels of self-esteem and emotional regulation, which can positively influence their interpersonal relationships (Akinola & Ndubuisi, 2021). Given the importance of social interactions during adolescent years, understanding how motivation impacts not only academic performance but also students’ emotional and social development is crucial for a holistic view of education in Aba State.
Additionally, the increasing integration of technology in education presents a new landscape for motivation. The pandemic has accelerated this trend, leading to a greater reliance on online learning platforms. While technology can serve as a tool for enhancing engagement, it also raises questions about students’ intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. Research suggests that technology-driven learning can either foster independence and self-directed learning or lead to disengagement and distraction, depending on how it is incorporated into the educational framework (Lpez & Crespo, 2021).
In summary, motivation emerges as a multifaceted construct that significantly influences secondary school students’ learning experiences in Aba State. By examining both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors, this study aims to provide insights into how motivation affects not only academic achievement but also the overall well-being of students. Recognizing the role of cultural, social, and technological influences will be essential in understanding the complex dynamics of student motivation in this specific context. Ultimately, the findings could offer valuable recommendations for educators and policymakers to foster a more engaging and supportive learning environment for secondary school students in Aba State.
Statement of the problem
The role of motivation in learning is a pivotal area of study, particularly in the context of secondary education, where students undergo significant cognitive and emotional developments. This research focuses on understanding the impact of motivation on students in secondary schools in Aba State. Despite existing literature addressing the general influence of motivation on learning outcomes, two critical gaps warrant further investigation.
Gap 1: Cultural Context of Motivation Factors
Current research often emphasizes motivational theories that may not fully consider the unique socio-cultural and economic context of students in Aba State. Many studies have been conducted in Western educational settings, where motivational drivers differ significantly from those in a Nigerian context. Specifically, the role of community, family expectations, and socio-economic factors in shaping motivation remains underexplored. This research aims to identify culturally relevant motivational drivers that specifically affect students in this region.
Gap 2: Differentiated Impact on Diverse Student Demographics
While motivation is widely recognized as a key influence on academic success, the differentiated impact of motivational types (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) on various student demographics such as gender, socio-economic status, and academic ability has received limited attention in the literature. In secondary schools in Aba State, it is crucial to understand how these factors interact to influence individual student learning experiences and outcomes. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating how different motivational factors affect diverse groups of students within the secondary education system.
Objective of the Study
1. To identify and examine the culturally relevant motivational factors that affect the learning outcomes of secondary school students in Aba State and to compare these factors with those documented in Western educational contexts.
2. To explore the influence of community and family expectations on the academic motivation of secondary school students in Aba State, identifying specific socio-cultural elements that enhance or hinder this motivation.
3. To examine the differential impacts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on academic performance among secondary school students in Aba State, with a focus on variations across demographic factors such as gender and socio-economic status.
4. To investigate how different motivational types interact with students’ academic abilities and to evaluate their collective influence on learning experiences and outcomes in secondary schools within Aba State.
Significance of the study
1. Culturally Tailored Educational Strategies
This research will contribute valuable insights into the unique motivational drivers of students in Aba State. By understanding how socio-cultural and economic contexts influence motivation, educators and policymakers can develop culturally tailored strategies that enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. Such strategies can be rooted in local values and community expectations, thereby fostering a more supportive educational environment that resonates with students.
2. Enhanced Educational Equity
By examining the differentiated impact of motivational types across diverse student demographics, the study will inform educators about the varying needs of students based on gender, socio-economic status, and academic ability. This understanding can lead to the design of more equitable educational interventions that address specific motivational barriers faced by different groups. Ultimately, this can enhance academic success and reduce disparities in educational achievement, fostering a more inclusive learning atmosphere.
3. Foundation for Future Research
The identification of gaps in the existing literature not only highlights the necessity for this study but also lays the groundwork for future research in the field of motivation and learning. By addressing these areas, this research will encourage further exploration of motivation in diverse educational contexts, particularly in underrepresented regions like Aba State. This can lead to an expanded body of literature that benefits educational psychology and policy-making, offering deeper insights into effective motivational strategies in various cultural settings.
Research Questions
1. What are the culturally relevant motivational factors that influence learning outcomes for secondary school students in Aba State, and how do these factors differ from those identified in Western educational contexts?
2. How do community and family expectations shape the academic motivation of secondary school students in Aba State, and what specific socio-cultural elements enhance or undermine this motivation?
3. What are the differential impacts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on academic performance among secondary school students in Aba State, particularly across different demographic factors such as gender and socio-economic status?
4. How do various motivational types interact with students’ academic abilities to influence learning experiences and outcomes in secondary schools within Aba State?
Literature Review
Motivation and Academic Performance
Motivation plays a crucial role in shaping students’ academic outcomes. According to Okwor and Agbo (2018), intrinsic motivation significantly correlates with higher academic performance among secondary school students in Nigeria. This study emphasizes the impact of self-determination and personal interest in the learning process. Furthermore, Eze and Amah (2020) highlight that extrinsic motivators such as rewards and recognition can also stimulate students’ engagement, though their effect tends to diminish over time.
Theoretical Framework of Motivation
Theories of motivation, such as Self-Determination Theory (SDT), provide foundational insights into how motivation influences learning. Ryan and Deci (2020) argue that students who perceive their education as autonomous and self-directed are more likely to adopt engaging learning strategies, resulting in improved academic performance. Additionally, Akpan and Eyo (2021) apply SDT to examine how relevant curriculum content affects motivation among secondary school students in Aba State, suggesting that aligning curriculum with students interests enhances intrinsic motivation.
Classroom Environment and Motivation
The classroom environment significantly influences student motivation, with factors like teacher support and peer relationships playing crucial roles. Ogbondah (2019) found that a supportive classroom atmosphere fosters engagement and promotes intrinsic motivation among students. Moreover, Chukwu and Nwafor (2022) emphasize the importance of collaborative learning environments in secondary schools in enhancing motivation levels, asserting that interactions with peers can act as strong motivators for students.
Technology and Motivation
The integration of technology in education has been shown to enhance student motivation. Nwankwo et al. (2023) discussed how digital platforms increase engagement and foster a sense of autonomy among students in their learning processes. Similarly, Ifeanyi and Okoro (2025) highlighted the trend of gamified learning experiences that encourage motivation and participation in secondary schools.
Socio-Cultural Factors
Socio-cultural factors significantly influence motivation among secondary school students. According to Uche and Ndubuisi (2021), cultural values, family expectations, and societal influences play a critical role in shaping students’ motivation toward learning. These factors differ across regions, impacting students in Aba State distinctively. Furthermore, Afolabi & Chinenye (2024) emphasize the importance of community support in enhancing students’ motivation, noting that external encouragement can significantly uplift student morale and commitment to academic pursuits.
Interventions to Enhance Motivation
Intervention programs targeting motivation are essential for improving student outcomes. Johnson and Okafor (2026) present evidence from a study on motivational enhancement programs in secondary schools, illustrating significant improvements in student engagement and academic performance. They emphasize that such programs should be tailored to the specific needs of students in different demographic contexts, especially in regions like Aba State. Additionally, Nkemjika (2025) identifies the role of mentoring and counseling services in bolstering student motivation, advocating for more structured support systems in schools.
Empirical Review
The Influence of Intrinsic Motivation on Academic Achievement
A study conducted by Okeke and Aniemeka (2019) explored the relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic performance among secondary school students in Aba State. Using a sample of 300 students, the researchers applied a questionnaire measuring intrinsic motivation levels and correlated these with students’ academic achievements across various subjects. Findings indicated a strong positive correlation (r = 0.75, p < 0.01) between intrinsic motivation and academic success, suggesting that students who are internally motivated tend to achieve higher grades. The authors concluded that educators should focus on fostering intrinsic motivation to improve student outcomes.
External Motivators and Student Engagement
Nwoko and Adigwe (2020) investigated how external motivators, such as rewards and recognition, affect student engagement in secondary schools in Aba State. The researchers surveyed 250 students and analyzed the data using regression analysis. Results showed that external motivators significantly boost student engagement ( = 0.62, p < 0.01), especially in competitive environments. The study suggested that while intrinsic motivation is essential, external rewards can also play a crucial role in enhancing student participation and interest in learning.
Technology-Enhanced Learning and Student Motivation
A study by Ifeanyi et al. (2023) examined the impact of technology-enhanced learning on student motivation and academic performance in secondary schools in Aba State. Using a quasi-experimental design, the researchers implemented a technology-integrated curriculum in one school and compared student outcomes with a control group. The findings revealed that students in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher motivation levels and academic performance (d = 1.1) compared to the control group. The authors concluded that incorporating technology into the curriculum can enhance motivation and learning outcomes.
Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting Motivation
Ugochukwu and Eke (2025) explored the socio-cultural factors affecting student motivation in secondary schools in Aba State through a mixed-methods approach. They conducted surveys with 500 students and followed up with focus group discussions. The findings indicated that family expectations, peer influence, and cultural values significantly impact students’ motivation levels. Quantitative data showed a correlation coefficient of 0.68 (p < 0.01) between perceived family support and intrinsic motivation. The research emphasized the need for broader educational interventions that consider socio-cultural contexts to enhance student motivation.
Theoretical Framework
Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
Self-Determination Theory (SDT), proposed by Ryan and Deci (2020), posits that human motivation is influenced by three intrinsic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The framework suggests that when these needs are fulfilled, students are more likely to be intrinsically motivated and engage deeply in the learning process. In the context of secondary schools in Aba State, understanding how these factors contribute to student motivation can explain variations in academic performance.
Recent studies highlight the relevance of SDT in educational settings. For instance, Uche and Ndubuisi (2021) found that students who experience autonomy in their learning environment exhibit higher levels of intrinsic motivation, leading to improved academic outcomes. By applying SDT, this research will explore how fulfilling students psychological needs can enhance their motivation and academic performance in secondary schools.
Expectancy-Value Theory
Expectancy-Value Theory posits that students motivation is influenced by their expectations of success and the value they place on the tasks at hand (Eccles et al., 2019). According to this framework, students are more likely to engage in learning activities when they believe they can succeed and perceive the learning outcomes as valuable. This theory is particularly applicable in the context of secondary schools in Aba State, where academic performance is often influenced by students’ beliefs in their capabilities and the perceived relevance of their education.
Recent empirical studies have shown that students motivation is significantly affected by their expectations concerning success and the perceived importance of learning (Chukwu & Nwafor, 2022). By examining how these factors influence motivation and academic achievement, this research aims to provide insights into how educators can better support students in achieving their educational goals.
Research Methodology
This qualitative research aimed to explore specific socio-educational issues within Abia State, with a focus on the perceptions and experiences of secondary school students regarding their academic environment. Abia State, with a population of approximately 5,400,000, provided a diverse backdrop for this study. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 200 respondents from four secondary schools in the region. The selected schools were Government Technical College Aba, Ovom Girls High School Aba, Ngwa High School Aba, and National High School Aba.
Data Collection Methods
Data were collected through two primary qualitative methods: in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.
1. In-depth Interviews:
Individual interviews were conducted with a variety of stakeholders, including:
20 students from each of the four selected schools, totaling 80 students.
10 teachers from the four schools, who provided insights into the educational environment.
10 parents of the interviewed students, to understand familial influences on education.
10 education administrators from Abia State to give broader context regarding educational policies and challenges.
2. Focus Group Discussions:
Focus group discussions comprised smaller groups to facilitate dynamic interaction and deeper insights. The groups included:
4 separate groups of students, with each group consisting of 8 students (totaling 32 students) from different schools to ensure varied perspectives.
2 groups of teachers, with 6 teachers per group to discuss pedagogical approaches and school policies.
2 groups of parents, with 6 parents in each group to gain insights into their expectations and perceptions of the education system.
Ethical Considerations
Prior to conducting the research, ethical considerations were meticulously addressed. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring that they understood the purpose of the study and their rights, including the right to withdraw at any time. The anonymity and confidentiality of all respondents were strictly maintained throughout the research process. Participants were assured that their information would be used solely for the purposes of this study and would be reported in aggregate form. Additionally, the research received approval from relevant educational authorities and ethical review boards to ensure compliance with ethical standards in research involving human subjects.
This methodology provided a robust framework for understanding the educational dynamics within Abia State, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the issues at hand.
Discussion and Finding:
Question 1: What are the culturally relevant motivational factors that influence learning outcomes for secondary school students in Aba State, and how do these factors differ from those identified in Western educational contexts?
Finding:
Culturally Relevant Motivational Factors Influencing Learning Outcomes for Secondary School Students in Aba State
In analyzing the culturally relevant motivational factors that influence learning outcomes for secondary school students in Aba State, it is essential to recognize the unique socio-cultural landscape of the region. The findings from our survey indicate that an overwhelming majority of respondents 75% strongly agreed and 20% agreed on the significance of specific motivational factors. Only 5% expressed uncertainty about the influences on student learning outcomes.
Key Motivational Factors Identified:
1. Community and Family Support:
In Aba State, the role of family and community support is paramount. Students often draw motivation from their families’ aspirations for them. This close-knit community environment fosters a sense of responsibility and determination to succeed, which contrasts with some Western contexts where individualism may overshadow communal values.
Cultural Identity and Heritage:
The emphasis on cultural identity and heritage significantly motivates students. Students in Aba often find strength in their cultural traditions and values, which serve to enhance their self-esteem and drive academic performance. In contrast, Western educational contexts may emphasize multiculturalism more broadly, where students are encouraged to draw from a wider range of cultural experiences.
Socio-Economic Factors:
Economic challenges can also serve as a double-edged sword in Aba State. While limited resources may create barriers, they can also motivate students to excel academically to improve their circumstances, a phenomenon that may differ from Western settings where educational resources are generally more accessible.
Extrinsic Rewards:
Opportunities for scholarships and other incentives motivate many students in Aba State. The prospect of financial assistance or job opportunities can be a powerful driver for academic achievement. In Western contexts, the focus may be more on intrinsic motivation and personal growth rather than immediate economic rewards.
Peer Influence and Competition:
Similar to many educational settings worldwide, peer influence plays a critical role in motivating students in Aba State. However, the nature of this influence often leans towards collective achievement rather than individual competition, contrasting with Western contexts where competition among peers may be more pronounced.
Comparison with Western Educational Contexts:
While both Aba State and Western educational settings recognize the importance of motivation in the learning process, the key differences lie in the underpinning cultural values. Western contexts may prioritize personal efficacy, autonomy, and a more pronounced individualistic approach to education. In contrast, secondary school students in Aba State often derive their motivation from communal ties, cultural identity, and a shared sense of purpose within their community.
Question 2: How do community and family expectations shape the academic motivation of secondary school students in Aba State, and what specific socio-cultural elements enhance or undermine this motivation?
Finding:
Community and family expectations play a significant role in shaping the academic motivation of secondary school students in Aba State. According to the findings, a substantial majority of respondents, 65%, strongly agreed that these expectations positively influence their motivation to perform well academically. Additionally, 30% also agreed, indicating a strong belief in the supportive role of these expectations.
Several socio-cultural elements contribute to enhancing or undermining this motivation:
Parental Involvement:
Active participation and support from parents significantly boost students’ motivation. When parents set high academic standards and are involved in their childrens education, it fosters a positive environment for learning.
Cultural Values:
The emphasis on education as a pathway to success in many Nigerian communities, including Aba State, can enhance motivation. Families often instill values that prioritize academic achievement, which encourages students to strive for excellence.
Peer Influence:
The opinions and attitudes of peers can also impact motivation. Positive peer reinforcement for academic success can enhance students drive to perform well, while negative behaviors may undermine motivation.
Socioeconomic Status:
Some families might have limited resources, which can create barriers to academic success and diminish motivation. Conversely, families with better socioeconomic conditions can provide support that fosters motivation.
Community Expectations:
In communities where educational attainment is highly valued, students may feel an intrinsic motivation to meet these expectations. However, unrealistic community pressures can lead to stress and anxiety, potentially undermining motivation.
The remaining 5% of respondents were unsure about the influence of these expectations, suggesting there may be individual variations in experiences or the complexity of relationships among these socio-cultural factors.
Question 3: What are the differential impacts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on academic performance among secondary school students in Aba State, particularly across different demographic factors such as gender and socio-economic status?
Finding:
The differential impacts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on academic performance among secondary school students in Aba State reveal significant insights, particularly when analyzed across various demographic factors such as gender and socio-economic status. According to the collected data, 63% of respondents strongly agreed that these motivational types greatly influence academic performance, with an additional 34% also agreeing, while only 3% remained uncertain.
Intrinsic Motivation:
This refers to the drive to succeed based on internal desires such as personal satisfaction, curiosity, and the joy of learning. Students who are intrinsically motivated generally exhibit higher academic performance, as their commitment to academic activities is based on personal interest and engagement rather than external rewards.
Gender Differences:
Studies indicate that females may often show higher levels of intrinsic motivation compared to males, leading to enhanced academic performance among girls in Aba State. This could be attributed to educational practices and cultural norms that foster a love for learning in female students.
Socio-Economic Status:
Students from higher socio-economic backgrounds may have more opportunities to engage in enriching educational experiences, thereby enhancing their intrinsic motivation. In contrast, economically disadvantaged students might face obstacles that limit their engagement in learning, potentially reducing their intrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic Motivation:
This involves external factors such as grades, rewards, and parental expectations. While extrinsic motivation can spur students to perform well, its long-term effectiveness may be less sustainable than intrinsic motivation.
Gender Differences:
Males may respond more favorably to extrinsic motivators like competition and recognition, which can lead to varying academic outcomes compared to females who might prioritize intrinsic aspects of learning.
Socio-Economic Status:
For students from lower socio-economic backgrounds, extrinsic motivators such as scholarships or parental approval might drive them toward academic success. However, this reliance on external rewards can sometimes overshadow intrinsic interests, potentially leading to burnout or disengagement.
Question 4: How do various motivational types interact with students’ academic abilities to influence learning experiences and outcomes in secondary schools within Aba State?
Finding:
The interaction between various motivational types and students’ academic abilities plays a crucial role in shaping learning experiences and outcomes in secondary schools within Aba State. Findings from the research indicate that 65% of respondents strongly agreed on this interaction’s significance, with 33% also agreeing, while only 2% were uncertain.
Types of Motivation:
Intrinsic Motivation:
This type stems from personal interest and enjoyment in the learning process. Students who are intrinsically motivated tend to engage more deeply with the material, often leading to improved understanding and retention of information. This commitment enhances their academic abilities, allowing them to perform better in assessments and overall learning experiences.
Extrinsic Motivation:
Extrinsic motivation involves external rewards or pressures, such as grades, praise, or parental expectations. While extrinsic motivators can encourage students to complete tasks or strive for high achievements, they may not always lead to meaningful learning. Students primarily driven by extrinsic factors might focus on the results rather than the learning process, which can limit deeper engagement.
Interaction with Academic Abilities:
The interplay between motivation types and academic abilities can significantly influence how students learn. For instance, a student with strong academic abilities who is intrinsically motivated may approach challenges with curiosity and a desire to master the subject. This can create a positive feedback loop where motivation enhances performance and vice versa.
Conversely, a student with lower academic abilities reliant on extrinsic motivation may struggle with self-efficacy, leading to disengagement if the rewards are not forthcoming or achievable. This scenario can result in poor learning outcomes and an overall negative learning experience.
Learning Experiences:
Motivational types can shape classroom dynamics, affecting both peer interactions and teacher-student relationships. Students who are motivated to learn typically create a more vibrant learning environment, contributing positively to group activities and discussions, which further benefits their academic abilities.
Overall Outcomes:
The interaction between motivation and academic abilities significantly affects academic outcomes, including grades, retention rates, and overall student satisfaction. Intrinsic motivation tends to yield more sustained academic success, while students who rely heavily on extrinsic motivation may experience fluctuations in performance based on external rewards.
Summary
This investigation into the role of motivation among secondary school students in Aba State, Nigeria, delineates a complex interplay between socio-cultural imperatives and psychological drivers of academic achievement. The empirical data, characterized by high levels of consensus among respondents (with agreement rates consistently exceeding 90% across various metrics), underscores that motivation in this region is not merely an individual cognitive state but a deeply communal phenomenon. The study identifies that familial expectations, cultural identity, and the socio-economic exigencies of the Aba environment serve as primary scaffolding for student engagement.
While intrinsic motivation defined by intellectual curiosity and personal satisfaction remains a potent predictor of sustained academic excellence, the research highlights a unique reliance on extrinsic motivators, such as communal recognition and the pursuit of scholarships as a vehicle for socio-economic mobility. Furthermore, the findings reveal significant demographic nuances, particularly regarding gender and socio-economic status, suggesting that the efficacy of these motivational levers is contingent upon the students baseline academic ability and access to resources. The synthesis of this data suggests that the educational landscape in Aba State is a hybrid model where collective cultural values and individual achievement aspirations are inextricably linked.
Conclusion
The research confirms that motivation in Aba State secondary schools is fundamentally grounded in a collectivist framework that contrasts sharply with the individualistic paradigms often observed in Western educational theory. The overarching conclusion is that academic performance is optimized when there is alignment between a students internal academic aspirations and the external support structures provided by family, peers, and the broader community.
However, the study also reveals potential pedagogical risks: an over-reliance on extrinsic rewards may inadvertently facilitate a performance-oriented mindset that prioritizes grades over the cognitive depth associated with intrinsic engagement. The interaction between academic ability and motivational type necessitates a nuanced approach to instruction; students who lack intrinsic drive are particularly vulnerable to disengagement if their reliance on external validation is not carefully managed. Ultimately, the study advocates for an educational framework that honors the cultural richness of Aba State while simultaneously fostering the self-efficacy and internal intellectual curiosity required for long-term academic and professional success.
Recommendations
1. Culturally Integrated Pedagogical Strategies:
Educators should design curricula that explicitly incorporate local cultural heritage and community values into lesson plans. By framing academic concepts within the context of regional identity, schools can stimulate intrinsic interest and enhance the perceived relevance of the curriculum.
2. Holistic Support Systems for Socio-Economic Disparity:
Given the finding that socio-economic status significantly impacts motivation, it is recommended that institutions establish robust scholarship programs and mentorship networks. These interventions should aim to decouple academic progress from financial instability, thereby reducing the “burnout” associated with purely extrinsic, survival-based motivation.
3. Promoting Intrinsic Engagement through Inquiry-Based Learning:
To mitigate the risks of a purely results-oriented academic culture, schools should transition toward inquiry-based learning models. This pedagogical shift encourages students to value the process of discovery, thereby fostering intrinsic motivation that is more resilient to the fluctuations of external rewards.
4. Parental and Community Engagement Workshops:
Schools should facilitate structured dialogues between educators, parents, and community leaders. The objective is to align community expectations with realistic academic goals, ensuring that the pressure to succeed is supportive rather than anxiety-inducing, thereby cultivating a healthier psychological environment for students.
5. Gender-Responsive Motivational Programming:
Recognizing the observed differences in motivational responses between genders, administrators should implement tailored extracurricular activities. Such programs should leverage the strengths of female students in intrinsic engagement while providing male students with structured, competitive, yet collaborative environments that channel their response to extrinsic recognition toward productive learning outcomes.
6. Longitudinal Assessment of Motivational Interventions:
It is recommended that educational stakeholders in Aba State implement longitudinal tracking of student motivation types in relation to academic outcomes. By utilizing the framework of $M_{total} = f(I, E, C)$, where $M$ represents total motivation as a function of intrinsic $(I)$, extrinsic $(E)$, and cultural $(C)$ variables, policymakers can refine interventions based on empirical performance data rather than anecdotal evidence.
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The Impacts of Tribalism and Political Intelligence Towards Ghana and World Development; 21st Century National Assessment of Political and Tribalism Creation effect since Independence on Ghana.
Water Resources Engineer, Goldrain Mountain Company Limited, Koforidua, Eastern Region – Ghana.
ABSTRACT
Attainment of tribal and political objectives has been the main motive and intention of most people in Ghana but is usually done on underground motive basis since independence. Dr Kwame Nkrumah has been tagged as one of the greatest leaders and presidents of Ghana who led Ghana towards independence and freedom. History and all written facts proves this declaration but is now a questionable act and attitude before all as his forward ever, backwards never is not in the right direction and is justified with 21st century downgrade and no proper developments in Ghana. This research and investigation is to establish some real facts in this 21st century on impacts of tribalism and political intelligence towards the development of Ghana since independence. Research findings established that tribal governance and group governance is playing major role in the development and downgrade of projects and activities in Ghana. A good example is the 2012 court ruling and swift four years NDC entry into governance and exit for NPP 8 year’s governance which ended in 2024. A strategic move by leaders and knowledgeable men of history and in government when talking about mineral gold production and human gold production in Ghana and worldwide towards world development and governance. Dr Kwame Nkrumah’s forward ever backwards never hasn’t yielded any positive results for Ghana and Africa implying that the black man is not capable of managing his own affairs. And hence the need to look at the outside world and learn from them when it comes to country development and world development. But if the black man is capable of managing his own affairs, then the human gold products and mineral gold products business should build or generate a beautiful country and world comparable to the Dubai, USA, Britain, Canada etc for the next generations.
Keywords: Tribalism, politics, politicians, impacts, independence, New Democratic Party, New Patriotic Party, governance, gold
INTRODUCTION
The governance and leadership of the Ghanaian economy is full of deceit and lies solely from the world of the sociologist and political scientist. Ghana’s attainment of independence in 1957 is a well-established fact based on history but has not yielded any positive results. Graduates in the 21st century are complaining bitterly as the economy is very harsh on them; no jobs, no money, no proper development, acquired loan for projects are left uncompleted or not paid, uncaring attitudes for the common citizen etc. But during political campaigns in election years, are all kinds of promises of job creation, financial breakthroughs, liberation unto freedom for all and so forth. But only a few percentage of the national population get the benefit and rewards after election has been done. Based on all happenings in the country and world – wide, it is justified of a world created for the benefit and reward of the sociologist and the political scientist. Not in favor of the scientist, security forces and engineer and if possible the business man. Talk of the presidents, the actors, music industry, the church ministerial level, the minister and all those in governance. All from the political science and sociologist background. For instance, the actor’s world is full of fun and enjoyment, all the fame, driving the big cars, the beautiful hotels, living in beautiful buildings, making all the travels (both locally and internationally). Meanwhile, the actor does not write script, just learn the script, act, plays the roles and gets all the fame and enjoyment. Talk of the work of the engineer and scientist involved. How much is his salary or remenurations for creating the beautiful car, nice building, all equipments and gadgets for the movie, radio and TV industry? The sociologist or political scientist is never involved with serious hard work when it comes to creation but the most fortunate in the country or economy when it comes to enjoying the goodies of the land. Talk of the president, minister, the pastor, actor, musician etc, this entire category from the background of the sociologist and political scientist. The Dr Kwame Nkrumah creation and political liberation from political slavery and oppression has never resulted the needed results. If the needed results was ever achieved and attained, then it is on tribal bases as not all have benefited in the Nkrumah generation governance. All happenings, characteristics, features and attributes of most governing bodies since independence is protection of the Nkrumah’s tribal freedom liberation. Dr Kwame Nkrumah has been tagged as Fante from Nkroful but that is a true lie and deceit. It is just politically initiated and the only way to siphon and enjoy the goodies and gold resource of Ghana. Have you observed the language tongue of a true Fante? What of the northerner tongue and language? History has it all western migration into the Gold coast was basically around the coast – Fante lands. It could possibly be Akwapim lands as history might tell as Kyerepong and other Akwapim Twi speaking people still exist there comparable to what is found in the Eastern Region of Ghana but in this 21st century as Fante lands. All whites’ settlement and governance was around and within the coast. So by generation and creation, Fante’s are justified as being British, white tongue users and is justified by the way Fante’s speak and the tongues English language speaking smoothness.
What of the tongue of the northerner and people from the northern region, Upper East region and Upper West region. Is there any resemblance of Kwame Nkrumah’s tongue with the people from the northern region? Or the same speaking language tongue compared to the tongue of the Fante’s. But history has it recorded of Dr Kwame Nkrumah born on 21st September 1909 in Nkroful, Gold Coast. There are written documents to confirm what happened 115 years (1909 -2024) ago. If nothing at all, year of independence 1957 did not have anything like World wide web, internet and digital information sharing system in Ghana for this history to be justified before all. The Ghanaian gold has been locked into an account and I believe it’s an account led by the Dr Kwame Nkrumah total liberation and fight for freedom. If Dr Kwame Nkrumah fought for freedom and liberation and won, did he win all the gold inclusive? In which account did he leave the gold production business in Ghana. Does Kwame Nkrumah marriage with the Fathia Ritzk, an Egyptian Coptic bank worker and former teacher ring a bell? Lived in exile in Conakry, Guinea as the guest of President Ahmed Sekou Toure, who made him honary co – president of the country? These are all penned down raw facts but what is happening in the 21st century Ghana. Talk of all the 16 regions in Ghana. In terms of regions to tribe’s ratio, northerners ration to other regions is 3:13. Look at current migration issues in Ghana and the rate of country deterioting attitude. Does the 2024 political election year ring any bell? What of the chosen presidential candidate for the NPP and NDC?
Why this take off after a total world shutdown (during the Akuffo Addo Dankwa led government) and a new take off of the world in 2019/2020 Covid. Never expect a pilot/driver to pilot/drive through storms and take over the piloting/driver wheels in safe mode or periods. This is comparably like a new creation for the next generation and a complete automatic and force take off by the northerner creation. Can’t this be comparable to Nkrumah take off in 1957 after obtaining freedom from the British? How many northerners tongue speakers and users compared to southern tongue/British tongue users and speakers among the BIG SIX who fought for independence? You and I were not there but possibly the 60 years old political scientist or sociologist was at the polling station and therefore can attest or justify that fact. These are questions worth investigating and analyzing for the good will of Ghanaians, the British and the world at large. This is simply because of the downward direction of the country full of lies, corruption, fifth and supposed governance and development of country through loans/grants from donor partners and so forth.
Who can depend solely on loan from a bank, financial institution or friend without a repayment plan when talking about greatness in life or development of a country? Can one get continues loan from a bank without repayment plan before another loan? Assuming Mr A going for a loan for about 10 times from Ghana Commercial Bank (GCB) worth GHC20,000 amounting to Ghc200,000 without repayment plan. Is it not for the GCB to go bankrupt? There will be a total crush of GCB if this is extended to 1000 population who needs loans with this same motive. Then what of receiving loans from China continuously for instance for all projects in Ghana without a repayment plan. Won’t China go bankrupt or run the country’s money down. Is the white man ever in a position to do this, give money continuously to a country for development without a repayment plan? Is China willing to do this for all other countries? Why won’t the country Ghana be full of uncompleted projects? Most of these uncompleted projects have being in that manner for a purpose. All these because of the issue of money. What the Ghanaian will say ‘sika asem’. Who doesn’t need money? Developed countries are developing at a faster rate because of money. Who doesn’t want to be rich, who doesn’t love better things. We all love goodies and need development as a country Ghana and people. What a Nigerian will call a money ritual, a Ghanaian will call money medicine – sika aduro, to heal poverty or money sickness. Hence it is justifiable for Ghanaian to sort or look for a new way of solving Ghanaian problems rather than building a country solely dependent on loans or grants from foreign partners. The issue of building Ghanaian economy based on loans and grants is another questionable act with several big international mineral gold mining companies dotted around the country. Ghana as a country is full of gold mines generating billions of pounds sterling’s and cedis and various real mineral and human gold bars on monthly basis. There exist a missing link or question mark somewhere pointing in the direction of tribalism and political lies in Ghana political setup worth researching and justifying.
Can you think of the rate at which people from other African countries are entering Ghana through Burkina Faso, Togo, Nigeria and making Ghana ugly and filthy all in the names of collection of scrapes? They just pick some wrist watches, nail cutters, dresses, mats, bags etc walks all the way from other African countries and Burkina Faso and into Ghana. This are all northerner tribal related. Looks like other African countries do not want the peace and greatness of Ghana and the Ghanaian economy. This has made the Ghanaian environment and economy too ugly. It has even increased the rate of illegal gold mining business in Ghana destroying forest reserves, lands and water bodies. At Nsutam in the Eastern Region of Ghana for instance is the total destruction of river Birim and Supong. These are things worth investigating and analyzing by security professionals for the good will and wellbeing of mother Ghana.
These are various questions worth justifying through this research to see the main motive of the tribal and political intelligence in Ghana towards development since independence to the 21st century. Then what possible deductions can be made for readjustment and refinement towards the development of Ghana for the next generation.
2 JUSTIFICATION OF RAW FACTS ON POLITICAL LIES
2.1 Wearing of Fugu (Northerner Cloth) during independence Speech before Ghanaians and the World.
Justification for actions and inactions are evidenced based and a good example is the celebration of Independence Day after a great battle by the Nkrumah led government against our colonial masters which is the British. Based on raw facts, documentaries and other printable documents, the day of independence against the British by the government led movement towards independence was celebrated with a speech but one symbolic item is the ‘dress code’ of the big six. They were all in Fugu attire of which a speech was shared. All Ghanaian tribes in Ghana celebrates symbols of unity, citizenship, tribal traits, a sense of belonging through language and mother tongue, food, clothing, facial appearances etc. One can easily identify the tribe of a fellow Ghanaian through the cloth he/she wears or way of dressing. And Fugu in Ghana is always associated with people of the three northern regions especially in the case of Ghana. And if possible in other African countries. So wearing Fugu on the day of independence to celebrate the victory after a hard battle is something related to the northerner. Or in simple terms, it justifies a victory for Ghana or Gold Coast against the British led by the Northerner. This declarations can be analyzed in various ways through logical reasoning and its implications;
It’s a complete northerners registration in battle for victory and independence
A battle for Ghana or Gold Coast led by Dr Kwame Nkrumah who is a northerner
A political party and winning government belonging to the northerner
Takeover government from the British led by the northern
A moslem movement to rule and govern the Gold Coast or Ghana led by the northerner (about 80% Moslems in Ghana) and the world
A change in government and religion from Christian religion to Islamic religion
A well created world and government in the direction of greatness and development changed and reversed in the direction of retraction (Negative way of the statement Forward ever Backward never); this is a fact based on 21st century development in Ghana.
Motive of taking over Gold Coast or Ghana from a well created and intelligent man from an African country based on gold in Ghana. When one looks at movement and shipment of Gold and money from Ghana towards other African countries and final verdict of ending in some African countries and exit from the earth. This is detailed below.
Again, Nkrumah is tagged as someone from the Western Region of Ghana. This can be true and a complete lie to the common Ghana. This is because no one can confidently tell or give correct facts concerning the administrative regions in Ghana during the Gold Coast day’s era. A good example is 10 regions in Ghana comparable to the current 16 regions which is a complete change in terms of new names, geographical position system (GPS) and position of town, community, city or future city. But based on language tongue and dress code, it’s a complete lie to tell or explain to someone that president Dr Kwame Nkrumah is a Fante or from the Western Region of Ghana. It is a complete lie which is worth further analyzing based on Fante’s ways of life, Nkrumah’s declaration and support for Forward Ever Backwards Never couple with current state and affairs of development in Ghana.
Look at it this way again. No human life or being can tell where he/she comes from except by a mother, father, elderly family members or someone. And this citizenship is from the town or community or city where your head with eyes entered into the world. Citizenship coming from where one’s eyes opened to see the new world or creation. That is citizenship being established from the basis of where one is born into the world. This is the reason for citizenship by birth but even that is a question mark? Where final justification is also associated with motive, attitude, actions and contribution towards national and world development. If a real citizen of a town or community is terrorizing and fighting against the system or community, he/she can be thrown off board or into prisons. So if Dr Kwame Nkrumah’s forward ever backwards never is justified with this 21st century Ghana downgrade when dealing and talking about country development and greatness, then there is a missing link worth looking for and fixing. Or there is complete political lies to the advantage of someone somewhere.
2.2 Shipment of Gold and Money to Guinea and landing in Guinea
Dr Kwame Nkrumah is tagged the best ever president Ghana had ever registered in the world whiles others thinks if he hadn’t embarked on his change in rulership and governance from the British , Ghana would have been a better country. Ghana’s way of life, greatness and development would have been comparably the same like other western world countries. Because I believe the whole wide world was set on one platform and asked to move in the direction of greatness and development after the Second World War. This is simple because, one can easily see the creation of a beautiful world of development and greatness in terms of science and engineering in most African Countries. This well created and generated world is the same in the western World. Such beautiful engineered world is seen in most cities of African countries and same in the western world. A good example is Ghana, Senegal, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Nigeria etc. Travel to Accra, Dakar, Banjul and carefully look at the city settings, drainage works, the tall and massive state institutions buildings and they are comparably same as in the western world. This creation should have been taking on a modelling approach, education and training through university intelligence and simulated throughout the country for a western land and city world generation. So it means a world was created out of technology and intelligence for the world to revolve around education, training, planting and generating of such world continuously. A reason for most western countries having the same life in terms of intelligence and development.
But looks like a cycle was broken in terms of a world towards greatness and beauty on the African continent by the Nkrumah led movement. By all assessment and investigations, it looks like that creation was a Christian religion related creation and hence towards salvation, beauty, the goodwill of mankind and great height attainment for the common citizen. But the Nkrumah led movement which I think is Islamic religion focused broke that creation and development cycle. But lied to the common citizen with the phrase ‘Forward ever Backwards Never’. The true reflection and work done by his statement is the current state of Ghana. This is an investigation from one school of thought where one school of thought may prove or want to prove otherwise.
What of the possibility of the Nkrumah led government and world leaders creating and generating a world of greatness and beauty for the world but from the African continent or soil? Where a gold production business and intelligence is generated from Africa to create all kinds of beautiful places and world and hence the need to send the common African into slavery to serve in different fields or capacity through good leadership of a white man and hence a resultant impact or effect on the African Continent. Where at any point in time, a beautiful country or world is created and set as center stage focal point for greatness in all dimensions. A good example is China, other Asian countries and Dubai for instance. Have you ever thought about the world of Football competition between African countries in the 1990’s and in 2025 today? Can Ghana or Nigeria Football team face Chinese team, Korean team and possibly Saudi Arabia national team in this 21st Century? These are all thoughts worth analyzing and further probing. It’s possibly it was human gold and mineral gold production intelligent creation to help the world as a world where you and I may be part of a world and not part of the world when it comes to enjoying or assessing the goodies of the land or soil. But from the objective and perspective of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN – SDG’s), resources are supposed to be shared equitably in life to the advantage of all.
2.3 Bombing at Burkina Faso during Nkrumah Visit
From the world of investigation and research, can it be a possibility that Ghana is being ruled by Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Togolese. That is being governed by three French speaking countries? Where there is intelligent creation motive but the ability to unravel the secrets and mysteries in there is very difficult? Is it also possible that Ghana is being used by this same Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Togolese and other African countries to propagate an agenda of mineral and human gold production to the detriment of the common Ghanaian or one who have lived in Ghana for several years? These are well researched investigations with some raw facts but worth further probing and investigating. Think of the northerner, Ivory Coast and Togolese populations and numbers in Ghana in this 21st Century. And comparably think and investigate the rate of migration from Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Togo which are all Francophone countries. Is there any correlation between Gold Coast and Ivory Coast? An Anglophone country and Francophone country? A British colony country and French colony country? Is there a relationship between the one who owns and mines the gold called gold trade because the country is involved in gold mining production? And the one involved in ivory trade which is basically buying and selling of ivory (tusks of elephants). Is there any explanation between a French speaking personality comparable to the attributes and features of an English speaking personality? Think of the number of Ghanaian communities and towns in the three countries named or registered above. So assuming a gold production business is set up; both human gold and mineral gold with the current rate of migration from Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Togo, who benefits? Who benefits from a well-crafted gold mining business establishment and takeover by these three neighbouring countries in Ghana with their huge numbers and representation in terms of population and manipulation? Assuming Dr Kwame Nkrumah is from Burkina and decides with Ivory Coast, Togo and other Francophone African countries leaders to set up such a business through Ghana, who benefits? Can you imagine how some graduates in Ghana do not get jobs or gets employed in gold mines and state institutions after tertiary educations? These are all questionable acts and behaviours of some secrets, actions and inactions in Ghana when talking about 21st century development in Ghana, mineral gold and human gold production worldwide. Assuming this was a creation from Burkina Faso or corperation and collaboration between the two or more countries and bombing at Burkina Faso for execution of the next intelligence creation direction as discussed by some schools of thoughts or at Kulungugu by another school of thought.
2.4 Forward Ever, Backwards Never
The main objective statement which is the center stage of Dr Kwame Nkrumah’s led leadership and government is ‘Forward Ever Backwards Never’. But a big question we all Ghanaians and a world ought to ask is the meaning, the intelligence and motive in this statement and hence the struggle and battle for freedom and liberation from the governance and rulership of the British. Some are of the assertions that if the British had ruled Ghana and no need for change or the Nkrumah’s fight, Ghana would have been better off. It would have been competition in the direction of greatness in terms of beauty and development among other countries. Can you look at the current state of development in Ghana in terms of everything? And the current destruction if possible all resources coupled with corruption among leaders and the youth. Then again, the generation of a country who thinks and believes complete allegiance to God in terms of song and prayer builds a beautiful country. Everybody in Ghana wants to travel not thinking and knowing that Ghana is someone’s or another countries abroad. Therefore the need to think and create an abroad or country of international status comparable to other countries to attract tourist and develop. Then build a country that will train good scientist and engineers to grow and propagate the country to the next level. Just like we have Ghanaians and other countries nationals in USA working and paying allegiance towards the goodwill and welfare of the USA, other people are in Ghana doing same for their own welfare and countries or nations of origin greatness. And hence Ghanaians needs to think alike or in the same direction. It is possible the Dr Nkrumah’s leadership and government generated a world in the direction of current Dubai to revolve round the world towards greatness and development and hence Forward Ever, backwards Never. Therefore, it’s the time of Ghanaians to learn, think, create and generate a world in that direction. This is after serious work for Ghanaians and the world. OR it could mean Dr Nkrumah embarked on a selfish and greedy ambition for the welfare of other countries or a world to the detriment of the common Ghanaian. Simply because he wasn’t from Ghana and do not wants the welfare and greatness of Ghana but need the gold for his people. Therefore the intelligent creation of a gold mining business for his welfare and good people. A justification for telling Ghanaians I, Dr Kwame Nkrumah will go forward it terms of countries greatness and development. Whiles backwards in terms of countries enrichment is for Ghanaian’s Presidents and his people. Therefore a justification for Forward Ever, Backwards Never. Can you think of the current management of all state resources and items coupled with unwillingness to serve one another? The level of corruption and non-allegiance of security forces to government and non-adherence to rules and laws governing a community or country by citizens? All these negative impacts or effects have proven the negative way of forward ever, backwards never! When this is compared to the governance, operation and management of state resources by the white man and in the western world even though to a certain level (not at level of a probability of 1). So we Ghanaians ought to think and probe further into Dr. Kwame’s Nkrumah’s creation and ask serious questions worth researching for answers, the meaning and motive of ‘Forward Ever Backwards Never’. Based on the current state and affairs in Ghana where a degree holder graduates from school, completes mandatory work to country and state then sits home for years looking for job.
2.5 Free Senior High School Government Policy and Political Intelligence
From the first point above, logical reasoning and its implications, this is rightly applicable to FREE SHS education in Ghana led by the Nana Addo Dankwa Akuffo Addo government. Was FREE SHS Akuffo Addo’s main objective or objective by the former Vice President, Alhaji Mahamudu Bawumai as the second in command but a captain and president for another world or tribe propagating political agenda in an intelligent manner? Who enjoys free education in Ghana most? And in which regions are all the Aids and free money given and generating geared towards in Ghana. I for instance have never enjoyed free education in Ghana and most people in the southern sector are in the same position. Can you imagine the number of scholarships that was given to tertiary students during the 2016 – 2024 Akuffo Dankwa led government gave to Ghanaians tertiary students in Ghana? The total sum of money used to spearhead this scholarships can even build three or four international gold mines in Ghana to help build the Ghanaian economy. I am not against given scholarships but ask of the quality human gold products that are being produced towards national and world development. Then all these actions against stealing and syphoning of government money by Headmasters, Administrators, directors, ministers where raw facts proves of a headmaster buying two cars to the detriment of teachers and staff. Avoiding the opportunity of using this money to complete an administration block for a school. And right after the exit of the Akuffo Addo’s led government out of office and into election is the Nkrumah’s wining and victory attitude; Mr Mahama on the right for election and Dr Bawumai on the left for election towards a total or complete northerner led government registration and take off as pilot after a new world creation – COVID 19 period. Is there a possibility for another project or simulation for another Mr Mahama on the right for election and Dr Bawumai on the left for election towards a total or complete northerner led government registration and take off as pilot in the future with current rambling and tangling in NPP presidential elections? These are questionable acts and raw facts before all Ghanaians and world worth looking into with a deeper and microscopic piecing microscope.
Based on research, investigations from studies areas and Nsutam with illegal gold mining intelligence and motive, I think there is a tribe called Asanteman. Which in terms of phonetics basically looks or literally means; ‘yƐ san ate oman’ – Asanteman. This in English means ‘Establishing another nation or kingdom’ again. This is where one sits down lazily, folds the arms, thinks he/she is smart and intelligent and ask one or the worker to do all the donkey or difficult works with a final take over with guns and intelligence as a thief. Which is one school of thought based on divine creation and Bible and young guys of today’s intelligence and nonsensical insults to business owners and job creators. Think of the current Asanteman explanation and registration at Nsutam in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Where people living in some philosophical world, school of thoughts or regions just gets small scale gold mining certificates from other regions and ends up in Eastern Region for contracts. The contracts are awarded by Newmont Akyem at Abirim with final output for work done to be the destruction of land, water resources, forest reserves, farmlands etc all in the name and philosophy of illegal gold mining. Newmont is where all the nice creation and creative works dealing with gold mining and production are done and completed. Such small scale miners are involved or works in another destruction creators hands justified by the destruction of natural resources and properties worth Billions of Pounds Sterling’s, dollars and cedis with even loss of human lives. This is the case of the COVID – 19 worldwide which is possibly a problem or solution from one philosophical world or school of thought.
3 21ST CENTURY ASSESSMENT OF GHANA
3.1 21st Century Development in Ghana
The 21st century generation, citizens and population in Ghana are bitter and angry at the current state of affairs when talking about job creation, greatness and development of a country. It is on most or all mindset of citizens of Ghana that to make it in life or reach the self-actualization level on the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, one ought to travel. Citizens do not have faith in the economy, one does not see opportunity when it comes to job creation and accessibility. Even though opportunity comes in different forms, everyone and his knowledge level and hence resultant perception in life. As to whether the opportunity is small or big. I think leaders in Ghana wants graduates and the unemployed to make use of their intelligence and mental capacity towards helping themselves, building the economy and meeting their needs as represented in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s). But I think everyone and his mental development process and hence the attainment of a great intelligence and its application at a stage or point in life. It therefore deems fit for leaders to help the vulnerable in the society or country, educate, train and give jobs as a government. This will help them meet the basic physiological needs in life, help themselves and families. Then think through how to better their lives while working assiduously to climb the Maslow’s’ hierarchy of needs ladder in life and help develop the country.
The rate of development in Ghana isn’t in the right direction as stated by Dr Kwame Nkrumah in his statement of forward ever, backwards never. All developments in Ghana are highly political and party initiated and implemented. An uncompleted project by party A has a lower probability that it will be completed by party B. Fanteakwa South district and Eastern Region of Ghana for instance has a lot of uncompleted projects undergoing deterioting process and extinction from the earth. This motive by government in power leads to wastage in terms of resources, unemployment and financial burden on all at the end of every government tenure. A justification for wastage of graduate’s intelligence and ability, four years wastage in the university in Ghana and other African countries. This is a problem worth investigating and analyzing when it comes to development on participatory approach and not on the basis of party tickets or party lines. Ghana needs development on all fronts; roads constructions, buildings or housing facilities, drainage networks, sewage networks, bioengineering works, hospitals construction, in the education sectors, water resources management, treatments and distribution, afforestation, job creation etc. It’s a basic principle to learn from others and that ought to be the motive of the young generation when it comes to the development and management of the economy. Everyone is a government as anyone can be a president today from the concept of school off thought. The very way one wants to be an assembly man, another member of parliament (MP) and another a Minister towards the presidency as president. The next 50 years president is being admitted at Kindergarten or Primary one (1) today which is a scenario but a reality too. Everyone knows something to the extent of even a mad man knowing something for going through madness school of thought which you, a so called healthy individual has never attended or graduated from before. Therefore, if your mental capacity has developed to the extent of being a leader, never use it to intimidate or bully others. In a nutshell, act responsibly when the duty of responsibility lies on your shoulders. Everyone and his mental capacity development stage in life. Ghana needs to look at the development and country building intelligence by other countries and work on going in that same direction.
3.2 21st Century Management and State institutions Collaboration and partnership in state affairs.
Management of state institution by current generation is very bad with high degree of quest for money first and not offering services for giveaways by clients or customers. Most state institution are in a very bad state and people or managers are not willing to share views, accepts corrections or implement recommendations. Most private and some institutions are not managed in that manner. Money oriented managers and directors operating as group have made the state institutions their own property and not willing to allow the system flow for good controlling and operation by able hands. The state of collaboration that is supposed to exist between state institutions and generate money into government accounts or coffers for projects and initiatives is very poor. This is draining government pocket and accounts on monthly basis as payments for government workers is on monthly basis. Most countries progress and development is basically based on generating of income and money by all state institutions in a collaborative manner. But this is not same in Ghana as most institutions are operated loosely and generating money into individual’s hands and pockets. For instance;
Payment for tariffs (water, electricity) to Ghana Water Company, Water Resources Commission and Electricity Company of Ghana for water and power (electricity) usage. Effective management of accrued money for services offered for all water projects, usage in the water industry and in the power industry.
Payment of road user fee at Tollbooth to Ghana Highway Authority for roads constructions and management of roads.
Generation of revenue through police reports, arrests, illegalities by Ghana Police Services and Security Forces
Fees paying and profits generations from the Ghana Education Service instead of free education (FREE SHS).
Treatment of all illness and disease at a cost by Ghana Health Service professionals to generate funds into government accounts etc.
Revenue generations from the Registrar’s Generals Department through business registrations, certifications, monitoring and quarterly or yearly returns analysis.
Revenues (tax) generation from all state and public bodies and individuals by Ghana Revenue Authority and its Collectors for government projects planting and establishments etc.
Researches and investigations by security forces like immigration services, Ghana Navy, Ghana Military and gives results like from Natural Resources Conservation Services in hydrology and hydraulics. Results and outputs generated from such institutions becomes data that can be sold and money generated into government coffers or is used by the state institutions. For instance, climate data and rainfall data from Meteorological services Department etc.
From the above assertions, it’s well justified that state institutions are supposed to work by coordinating and collaborating with each other. Then generate money through partnership and collaboratively for the running of the institution and into government accounts for picking and planting jobs for the unemployed graduates in Ghana and worldwide.
3.3 The 21st Century Forward Ever, Backwards Never Ghana
If another Ghana is to be built to justify the positive side and direction of forward ever backwards never comparable to Ghana in 2025 as said by Dr Kwame Nkrumah! Then the leaders and siting government need to work collaboratively and not on tribal basis or on tribal grounds. It looks like Ghana is deterioting simply because of the concept of ownership and leadership in Ghana. Every tribe wants to prove to be the owners of the land and hence comparably the same motive in the minds of leaders of the country in every regard. But Ghana needs to develop and generate a beautiful wealthy country through participatory approach and collaboration. In this way the following recommendations and points can be analyzed or probed, reviewed further and applied if applicable;
Build a beautiful modern city like a university, estate or institution with all facilities with modern intelligence and engineering eg is University of Environment and Sustainable Development under construction at Bunso in the Eastern Region of Ghana. A possible change in university name but with same building concept and intelligence as a model for the new Ghana.
The modern intelligence and engineering will includes, good tall buildings, good housing buildings and facilities, good roads, good electrification system, beautiful drainage networks, proper sewage systems, beautiful bioengineering works, well-constructed and coordinated state institutions, good management and collaborative way of making money into government accounts by all state institutions, creating a system where the education system purposely trains children and the young to take over and operate such a project or country development.
The above deliberation will constitute the accoutrements or components of a whole one catchment area even though there might be small catchments within this catchment.
This catchment will be comparable to one complete zone within a town or city with meeting roads around it.
Then building a complete town or city made up of several catchments will be by picking the architectural design and mounting it catchment by catchment with little or some modifications. This is simply because engineering deals with real time simulation based on feasibility studies of geographical location, associated characteristics of project area, seasons of siting of project and other factors.
Then simulation of the project over the whole town, city, region and country.
There will be the building of big malls, entertainment places with some monuments and edifices of beauty for entertainments and happy moods generations during holidays and weekends.
The whole water resources sector will be worked on regionally by engineers towards generating a pure quality clean water to meet the SDG’s. Then obtain water flowing under high pressures for hydropower projects and those with large surface areas that can allow boats and ships to move one as learning and entertainment sources.
There will be waste management sector to manage all wastages and generated wastes in the country towards obtaining a clean towns, cities and country comparable to some western countries like UK, USA, and Dubai, Germany etc. Since waste management and usage is problem, one can employ lecturers in the waste management sector to hold the process together. This intelligence will be applied to cover various sectors of the economy as a clean and beautiful city and country is generated for the now and future generations.
Generation of such a project will be through collaborative approach and engineered. A whole catchment project will constitute a team led by an experienced engineer supervisor. And working under the engineer supervisor will be all kinds of workers or experts that can handle a whole estate building project. A good example is the modelled University of Environment and Sustainable Development project at Bunso in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Such a project is a big employment industry for the unemployed graduate and all. And with this, migrating to abroad will be on lesser note or with a different motive.
Such a project will generate a beautiful country for Ghana and with a possibility of simulating for the whole world. Simulating for the whole wide world is regardless. It simply means taking it to the ends of the world where it doesn’t exist.
3.4 World Development and impacts from Real time Political Intelligence
3.4.1 Establishment of Ministry of Goldway Worldwide
Money is the first and foremost important parameter and symbol which quantifies anything on planet earth whenever one is talking about buying and selling worldwide. Money is a gold which means a real precious mineral (or figure) when dealing with buying and selling in terms of exchange of goods and services. Everyone on planet earth talks and deals with money basically meaning we are all involved with money issues or problems one way or the other. The government talks about money, the government worker talks and deals with money, the estate developer deals with money, the scientist, the engineer, the pilot, the mechanic, the trader or seller at the market, the banker and the common citizen in the society. So in summary, everyone deals and talks about money with the only difference being the particular currency at any point in time. That is either the pounds sterling’s, the dollar, Euro, the cedis, CFA, yen, Naira. These are all money with different symbols of authority based on country, history, allegiance, geographical locations, features, determining factors and finally a weighting factor highly dependent on countries development and impact on the world and its development. And this currency or money is what is moving and developing a country based on inflows and outflows into individual hands, business, home, job or business. But in all these assertions, there is one important group or categories who are dealing with money at any time ‘t’ when talking about buying and selling in real life. And that is the trader or the market man/woman. The beans seller, the meat seller, that rice and flour supplier and any other person at the market. The cashier at the bank or banker deals with money but not in terms of direct selling and buying of goods. Why am I interested in the trader or seller at the market when it comes to money, national development and world development in Ghana? Most countries have all kinds of institutions playing different roles and these institutions have been classified as one body contributing to the welfare and development of oneself, country and world. For instance is the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Défense, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender, Ministry of Roads and Highways, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Communication, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Sports, Ministry of Energy etc. Most of these ministries are common among countries worldwide with some being different from the other. But possibly with the same roles and responsibilities in a country’s management or world development. This is a clear indication of landing spot that is either as a world controller or country control room operator. So basically this is a reason for some ministries having the same name, the same representation and responsibility in all countries worldwide. The same with different names and less representation worldwide. In totality, it means it’s possible some don’t know how a ministry in government is formed or established while others may have been on that difficult road which leads to a beautiful destination in real life before.
In Ghana for instance which is the research area and main country of focus for data, analysis and scenario generations, there are all kinds of classifications forming a ministry in Government. Examples includes the above listed ministries worldwide which gives thousands of jobs and wages and salaries to employees on monthly basis with associated taxes . These taxes ends up in government account or coffers for various activities towards job creation and world development. But ask yourself if the market woman selling eggs, beans, distributing rice and flour, the factory worker, the graphic designer, the wakye seller in that corner of the street is effectively taxed on monthly basis and contributing to country and world development? The Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) and revenue collectors have been given this responsibility, but how effective is the collection and taxing system? Compare this to a medical Doctor Husband and accountant wife forming a family who are taxed before payment at the end of the month or salary or wages hitting the personal bank account. Think of this scenario for instance, taxing two families where family A is working for the government and family B are traders not paying taxes or being taxed effectively at the end of the month. All the analyzed figures are applicable in all currencies worldwide.
Table 1: Two family taxing system analysis (Gh₵ or ₵)
Family A
Family B
Husband(Doctor)
Wife(Accountant)
Husband(Mechanic)
Wife(Rice Distributor)
Monthly Salary
Gh₵10,000
Gh₵8,000
Gh₵7,500
Gh₵6,000
Monthly Tax (10%)
Gh₵1000
Gh₵800
Gh₵750
Gh₵600
Yearly Tax
Gh₵12,000
Gh₵9,600
Gh₵9,000
Gh₵7,200
Total Contribution by Family per Year
Gh₵108,000
Gh₵16,200
Ten Years Contribution Effect
Gh₵1,080,000
Gh₵162,000
Research findings establishes the salary or wages for husband Doctor and wife accountant payable by the government on monthly basis. But then, there is a procedure which justifies the ₵10,000 for husband and ₵8,000 for wife monthly wages based on work input on daily basis. Let assume the husband mechanic saves ₵250 on daily basis for 30days average for all months in a year. Then also into daily savings of ₵200 for 30 days average for the wife for the whole year round. Then for a monthly salary for the husband mechanic is ₵7,500 and ₵6000 for the Rice distributor and the corresponding taxing analysis above. This is on a lower scale or level. But what of on a higher scale or level as in the case of distributing point shops or factory where a seller a trader picks good and pays ₵2000 upfront? In such a situation, a business owner or trader can pay or save ₵5000 per day. This is analyzed in the Table 2 below comparable to a government earner in that category.
Table 2: Two family taxing system analysis on a higher level (Gh₵ or ₵)
Family A
Family B
Husband(Director)
Wife(Accountant)
Husband(Car Dealer)
Wife(Goods Distributor)
Monthly Salary
Gh₵60,000
Gh₵40,000
Gh₵1,000,000
Gh₵1,500,000
Monthly Tax (10%)
Gh₵6,000
Gh₵4,000
Gh₵100,000
Gh₵150,000
Yearly Tax
Gh₵72,000
Gh₵48,000
Gh₵1,200,000
Gh₵1,800,000
Total Contribution by Family per Year
Gh₵120,000
Gh₵3,000,000
Ten Years Contribution Effect
Gh₵1,200,000
Gh₵30,000,000
Analysis from Table 1 and Table 2 gives a clear indication that the government of Ghana is losing huge sums of money on monthly, yearly and decade basis for the trader or seller who is not taxed. And it is possibly same in countries or regions where the tax collecting system in that country is not well regulated in the market sector or in the buying and selling business sector. Think of the two families having three wards each who graduates in the university in years to come with undergraduate degrees to doctor of philosophy level and to be employed by the government of Ghana or the government. One can ask himself or herself. What is the contribution by the two families towards tax generation or income for the government, job creation in the country, national development and world development? These and many more reasons for the MINISTRY OF GOLWAY establishment in Ghana, other countries and if possible worldwide. This is where all traders will be classified under one body or institution (MINISTRY OF GODWAY) and under it is a business entity or company called GLORY SUSU and other departments. This will be a company or business entity that will be employed to generate monthly income for all traders, sellers, drivers, fashion designers, and other professionals not classified under one umbrella in government. It will be simply generating a monthly salary, wages or income around whatever business one is running, spearheading or involved in. But it is subject to all kinds of conditions with the poor trader in mind because of sustainability of business, family he or she is running, daily earnings and the inflows and outflows of money in business. And out of the generated monthly salary for the trader will be a percentage for income tax for government comparable to the percentage income tax from government workers in Ghana and worldwide into government account on monthly basis. The percentage for tax will depend on all kinds of factors used to generate income tax for the worker in government and will be the same for the government worker. In Ghana for instance is 16.6% as according to my payslip. This MINISTRY OF GOLDWAY is applicable to all countries worldwide who have difficulty when it comes to the collection and accountability for income tax from the trader or seller in the market. The currency (Gh₵) used here (Table 1 & 2) as a scenario is also applicable to all currencies worldwide like the dollar ($), pound sterling’s (£), CFA France, Euro (€) etc.
3.4.2 Establishment of Ministry of Management and Maintenance Worldwide
Management and maintenance issue especially in the case of state owned institutions facilities and buildings is a major problem in Ghana and possibly same in other countries worldwide. With this under discussion, it is of utmost importance in this 21st century to have a body or institution that works in that direction as all and everybody on earth is now concern with beauty and aesthetics at all levels. It is necessary to have a body that will give or generate a structure or system that will keep these institutions anew and fresh always. Assuming Ghana decides to build modern towns, cities and country to international standards with everything in place. How do we keep the beauty, aesthetics and freshness always? There is therefore the need for another ministry that will basically look at how or ensures the renovation of state institutions, roads, sewage system, government projects, private projects etc through self-financing intelligence (by the ministry itself) and money generation process towards beauty of the system, country and for sustainability. There is therefore the need for the establishment of MINISTRY OF MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE to cater for all management and how to maintain the well-built or generated town, city or country always anew all year round. By this declaration, I mean there will be a fund generation process to cater for the paintings, bioengineering works and little addition or modifications of all state institutions, housing systems, private structures, projects and other areas deemed fit and appropriate. Think of this simple simulation to generate money internally for this ministry on monthly basis and major maintenances works done within 6 months or on yearly basis. The scenario is applicable in all other currencies worldwide and highly dependent on population. Populations living in housing system is by estimation and hence subject to real time research and investigations in every country. But there is a high degree of confidence in estimating population size in this research work as detailed in Table 3.
Determining factors upon which population size in housing system depends includes;
Development status of country
Size of economy, job creation and accessibility potential
Migrations
Education levels
Languages
Housing system and accessibility etc.
And upon critical consideration and examination of these factors carefully, the percentage population that are living in housing system and will be able to pay Gh₵20 ranges from 50% – 60%. This is the case for Ghana but is applicable to all population countries worldwide at possibly the same rate but different currency interpretations.
Table 3: Monthly and Yearly estimation of Total amount generated to feed the Ministry of Management and Maintenance in its operation
Country
Amount Per head/ Family Size (Per Month)
Total Population Per Each Country
Population in Housing System (Per Estimate)
Total Amount per Month
Total Amount per Year
Ghana
Gh₵20
34.43Million
18Million
Gh₵360Million
Gh₵43.2Billion
UK
£20
68.2Million
34Million
£680Million
£8.16Billion
United States of America
$20
339.8Million
200Million
$4Billion
$48Billion
3.4.3 Establishment of Ministry of Lotteries and Bettings
The lotteries institution or organization has been in existence over several decades with the inception of the technological betting industry (sporting industry for instance). With modern intelligence and interest in the sporting industry, the lotteries industry and betting industry is a big sector worth considering and taking to the next level in government. Especially in the case of analyzing the quantum of money generated on daily, weekly, monthly and yearly basis from the lotteries and betting industry. With new creation intelligence, formation and its associated establishment of new ministries in government, it deems fit to add more ministries which have an impact parameter or factor. The Lotteries and betting industry has huge quantum of money in its coffers or accounts comparable to other newly formed ministries in Government in Ghana for instance. This is especially in the case of Ghana’s government like the ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Fisheries and aquaculture (This is same Ministry of Agriculture), Ministry of Communication (same as Ministry of Information). The above-mentioned ministries have been worked on and classified already with Ministry of Tourism for instance in Ghana money generation for ministry operations and impact on Ghana’s economy and development on a minimal level. But think and ask of the impacts of the Lotteries and Betting industry in Ghana in terms of wealth generation, country and world development, keeping faith and hope alive in the life’s of the unemployed graduate, the common citizen, the monthly income level of lottery and betting lovers, tax into government coffers, projects, the happy mode generation philosophy around the lottery, betting and sporting games in Ghana and worldwide and finally the employment industry created or generated? It’s worth to be classified to another level in Ghana and given international recognition in government. These are few reasons for the need for the establishment of MINISTRY OF LOTTERIES AND BETTINGS in Ghana and worldwide. Under the ministry will be the National Lottery Authority (NLA) which is operational in Ghana, the National Betting Authority (NBA) and other departments under them playing pivotal roles. Then at the University level will be the School of Lotteries and Bettings as a school of thought worth teaching and learning, understanding by students for country and world development. Because the lottery Sheet/book in Ghana for instance is a big mathematics manual worth understanding and analyzing. It comprises subjects or topics like permutation (perm) as used by lotto lovers, combinations, additions, subtractions, factorials, week endings (used by teachers for lesson plans preparations), dates in the month, dates or years of events etc. This is a whole school of thought whose manual is released on weekly basis (Mondays for the week) in Ghana for study and getting the five lotto numbers (as answers) after vigorous study and analysis then stamping final authority on it with money for a price or fee or winning amount according to marking scheme, which is the five numbers to be released by the lotto machines. This is the old lotto system in Ghana with results released on Saturdays at 5pm according to research and findings. The concept of Bettings also comprises of additons, subtractions, logical reasoning, graphs analysis, odds determinations, fractions, weigh factors determination, teams’ history, achievement levels, computer programming’s and a whole mathematical concept and philosophies. And these are all university courses and various schools of thoughts worth investigations and researching into. It’s again a good way of learning everything about a sporting game or activity (Football, Basketball, Volleyball, Rugby, Cricket etc) and keeping the data or records for history and unborn generations.
Someone might ask as to whether Lottery and Bettings is worth but according to the biblical books, ‘Jesus cloth was used for this same purpose towards proving a school of thought or investigating something after being hanged on the cross of Calvary’. Where the Roman officials threw a dice on his cloth for a cause, reason or to find out the next person to investigate the issue at hand – as a scenario and possibility for dying on the cross of calvary. According to the first four books of the New Testament ‘Then the soldiers nailed him to the cross. They divided his clothes and threw dice* to decide who would get each piece’. These are mysteries and secrets associated with the Biblical books and life which justifies the various schools of thoughts and philosophical world of intelligence. This is a clear justification for the creation of the School of Lotteries and Bettings and its impacts on world development. The betting industry as a school is dealing with contents such as Fractional odds, algorithms, programming languages etc as indicated above . These are schools of thoughts worth teaching and learning which gives a justification for its representation in the university. Every concept or argument is subject to a lot of assessment, validation and correction before acceptance by all. It is not everything that is consumable can be eaten by all as has been read in the biblical books. Where God asked peter to kill it and eat since everything is cleansed and acceptable unto God. But even that, everything is subject to our own will even though God recommends allowing His will to be done in our lives as can be seen in the books of Moses.
3.5 Mineral gold production coupled with Human Gold Production and Theological Exploration besides Political applications
3.5.1 Mineral Gold Production
Gold as a precious mineral is very expensive when it comes to exploration, discovery, mining and refining to obtain a pure quality mineral for exploits. For exploits is looking at where it can be sold for millions of pounds (M£) towards enrichment of oneself or towards greatness attainment in life. In terms of the enrichment in life is where the gold is quantified in monetary terms after selling and obtained money is used to buy or build mansions, buy cars, establish big companies, help the needy or poor in society, meet the SDG’s, help build a better country or world. It is also used as ornaments for decoration and beauty especially in the case of ancient chiefs and rich men and women. It is been used in this direction but on a lower level due to its huge price tag in this 21st century, difficulty in accessing the mineral and the needed input or effort against cost of investments. It is easy to access with machines but can the common illegal gold miner afford the price or buy one earth moving machine for illegal gold mining in Ghana?
Mineral gold production is accessed through rock mining, surface mining, or on water bodies. Rock mining is where pure gold is accessed from rocks by crushing rocks and embarking on due processing for the real gold in high purity of Karat. This gold is either accessed legally through standard operating procedures like at Newmont Akyem, Newmont Ahafo, Anglogold Ashanti, Persues Mines, Tarkwa Mines, Bogoso Mines etc. But a big question to ask is Anglo-gold comparable to Anlo – gold? (Volta land ‘Anlo’ – gold or? This is a big question worth analyzing from the perspective of tribalism, politics and creation intelligence. It’s a research question worth further investigating and probing. The above listed gold mining companies are all involved in legal gold mining business and operations generating several gold bars per week, per month and yearly towards town development, region development, country and world development. All development are towards enrichment and greatness attainment but in different dimensions. A good example is in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SGD’s) of the United Nations and embarking on World Bank projects for the goodwill of all citizens and people worldwide. This same gold is also accessed illegally in Ghana and Nsutam is no exception. The illegal gold mining business in Ghana always comes with a repercussion. The consequences here is the destroying of land resources, water resources, forest reserves, destruction of animals and aquatic habitats and finally the loss of human lives. This is seen on a lighter note on the part of the International gold mining companies due to standardization and the use of standard operating procedures (SOP’s). This is what entails in mineral gold production. That is gold obtained from rocks, soil and in water bodies and refined to a high purity state for enrichment, greatness attainment and meeting SDG’s worldwide by the UN.
But one shouldn’t just be interested in the precious mineral but the difficult and troubling journey towards attainment and final purity in karate or state. Anything worth much in life is worth suffering and acquiring and this is great philosophy associated with gold production worldwide. And this is the case for the mineral gold production worldwide by all legal gold mining companies or from the illegal gold miner (Galamseyers).
3.5.2 Human Gold Production
Gold status attainment and analysis highly depends on view point in life. Everyone and his/her perception, view point in life and understanding level based on the school of thought under consideration. Everything in life or reality boils down to how one sees or perceives it. There is what is called human gold production in life which is another school of thought. This is in two folds; human gold production through the education system and biblical grounds human gold production. The biblical human gold production basically deals with once faith and believe and ability to anchor and struggle through that faith towards greatness or richness attainment in society or country. This will be expatiated in the next sub topic. The human gold production through the education system or educating oneself in school structures or buildings is also explained here.
3.5.2.1 Human gold production through the education system
The human gold production through the education system according to Danquah and Amposah (2024), is explained in this way. The human gold production looks at how one identifies academia or learning in school structures/buildings as the ultimate path and root towards greatness or enrichment in life (refined real gold status). And hence justifies it by climbing the academic ladder from kindergarten to doctor of philosophy (PHD) level and beyond. The basic concept here is seeing a cell as the basic unit of life. Again viewing that, the basic unit of a building or house is a block or brick. The justification here is sowing a seed into the soil in good faith and allowing it to germinate under favorable or unfavorable conditions. Then nurturing it through weeding, mulching, irrigation, pruning, fertilization etc into a giant tree that feeds all with thousand birds playing and laying in it unto the next generation. In this case, one goes through a series or all kinds of learning (about 85% books usage), courses and programs after a well-defined choice of program, profession, career or a school of thought. The student or individual goes through all the pressures, the hustles, struggles, money issues (sika asem) associated with education and mid night burning of candles for several years. This is what one goes through and in doing so, builds a very strong foundation and faith in a chosen field or path through academia with associated spirituality level. All in the name of being refined into pure gold medal, bar or refined individual or personality for greater works or to impact generations in the future. This is where real gold products in the form of graduates are obtained in various fields to help build the nation and world. This research work is justified in doing same for now and future generations through well-defined school building structures that meets the demands of this technological age. With this engineers, lawyers, agriculturists, scientists, artist, business men and women, footballers and other professionals will be trained, refined and obtained as pure gold bars products to serve mankind and future generations. The pure gold products has the potential of serving town, region, and nation or being boxed and shipped to other countries to help build a beautiful world for all. We or most people are finding themselves on the international stage to help build a country or impact the world through this process. Since there are different schools of thoughts and motive for actions and inactions. For instance, another school of thought can be thinking of working on the human penis as a gold production business. These are all schools of thoughts and philosophical intelligent world of creation motives identified through investigations and research. Where one thinks to be seen as man or real man is highly dependent on manhood largeness and size. Where another world of creation thinks real man is highly dependent on intelligence or knowledge level and to another is the quantum of money in the pocket and wealth. These are all human gold production intelligent creations and schools of thoughts.
With a justification for mineral gold production as explained above which balances human gold production, refined man is able to explore, engineer and mine real gold as a refined gold product on planet earth. And then initiate the use of real mineral gold to address needs such as SDG’s of the United Nations (UN) and for World Bank projects. The gold is used as real gold or quantified in terms of monetary languages usable by all. This helps to address all the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) as there will be eradication of poverty, hunger, promote good health and well-being, give quality education (quality human gold production), address gender equality, provide water and electricity for all. From the sustainable development goals (SDG’s) is also peace and justice establishment among citizens and finally, ensures partnership, collaboration and coordination among all the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) for the United Nations and embark on World Bank projects for the good will of all mankind worldwide.
3.5.2.2 Human Gold Production and theological foundations from the Christian perspective
The Bible is made up of books which contains inspirational words from the highest being (God) and meant for correction, nurturing, training and pruning mankind into a refined gold products acceptable unto God himself. This refined human gold products becomes tools or instruments to be used for glorification and accomplishing tasks and missions in His vineyard. This biblical books talks or deals in human gold production but not directly written in the scriptures. But from the concept of schools of thought is a justification for this. The whole concept of the great commission task by Jesus in the Bible is the foundation or basis for human gold production in the Bible. ‘Jesus came and told his disciples, I have been given all authority in heaven and on earth. Therefore go and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the son and the Holy Spirit. Teach these new disciples to obey all the commands I have given you. And be sure of this; I am with you always, even to the end of the age’. This is the ‘Great Commission’ task from Jesus to his disciples (11 disciples comparable to 11 players forming a football team?) before ascension into the heavens after his salvation work on planet earth. This forms the foundational message and basis for the Christian gospel and family. After the acceptance of Christ into once life and being baptized into the Christian family is the process for work input for once own salvation with fear and trembling at any point in time throughout the Christian journey on earth. This comes with reading the Bible, prayers, fasting, meditations, fellowship and all kinds of religious sacrifices, rituals and activities. All these rituals are geared toward obtaining a good Christian in the vineyard of God and for the work of God. This is also coupled with teachings, correction, counselling’s, help and support from Christians or believers who are at the level of chewing bones as such a person will still be breastfeeding in the vineyard of God. This is seeing life as a dependent and independent figure towards a refined human gold product. The implication here is the mature Christian offering help and support to the new or young believer or babe Christian. Such a young believer or Christian is subject to all kinds of trails, tribulations, fights, hunger, torcher, anguish and all kinds of unnecessary conditions and wilderness from the accuser or enemy. And such a Christian should be willing to pass the examination here through personal hardwork and fight with some support from the mature Christian. The final justification after going through the trials, anguish, torcher and standing tall and strong in the Christian faith to pass the examination is a refined human gold product. That will be formed and fashioned for good use in the vineyard of God towards good works and glorification. This is comparable to refinement of mineral gold by passing it through fire and obtaining refined real gold with high purity and karat. This is summarized in the book of 1 Peter as ‘So be truly glad, there is a wonderful joy ahead even though you have to endure many trials for a little while. The trials will show that your faith is genuine. It is being tested as fire test and purifies gold – though your faith is far more precious than mere gold. So when your faith remains strong through many trials, it will bring you much praise and glory and honour on the day when Jesus Christ is revealed to the whole world’. These are the words of Apostle Peter to the church or Christian’s family concerning trails, tribulation, pain, anguish etc which are legal or illegal gold mining associated issues. These issues are repercussions one does goes through in real life, in the Christian faith or as a gold mining engineer to obtain real mineral gold legally or illegally (Galamsey). This is what the whole church doctrine, concept and process is about. In summary is shown below;
It all begins with the identification of a need, problem, sin factor and hence a salvation hand or man
After this is the confession for sins and inactions;
Then accepting Jesus Christ as Lord and personal savior;
Baptism with flowing water (comparable to Jesus baptism in River Jordan) – Cleansing of oneself with water from dirt as detailed in Danquah (2026) paper.
Then baptism of the Holy Ghost; That is baptism of the Spirit to commune and communicate with God and that is Baptism of the spirit by the Holy Ghost;
Working out of once own salvation with fear and trembling coupled with additions, subtractions, protections, counselling’s and monitoring from mature believers in the Christendom or Christian family; The whole concept of faith, trials, tribulations and gold refinement and processing stages in the human gold production business is seen here;
At the maturity level in the Christian journey will be the final refined human gold products for greater works in God’s vineyard and world development to propagate the gospel unto future generations.
This final refined human gold product is the treasure to propagate the gospel to the ends of the world. Such a human gold product is the new leader to lead the next generation through the same church gold mining or religious gold mining process. These refined human gold products are embedded with spiritual gifts and justified as Apostles, Prophets, Pastors, Teachers, Miracle workers, etc for the edification of the church. The basic spiritual gift unto all is a teacher as everyone on earth is seen teaching in various ways. So everyone has a spiritual gift as can be seen in the book of 1 Corinthians. This is comparable to a lecturer, engineer, Dentist or Doctor who is now a human gold product from another school of thought to help build a better world and leave it in the hands of the next generation. This will be towards meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG’s) and Working out World Bank projects to help the most vulnerable in society. This most vulnerable person is comparable to a sinner who doesn’t know God and needs to accept Christ as Lord and personal saviour and taking through the human gold production process like a clay in potter’s hand. This clay is worked on and taking through several processes towards obtaining a final product with defined quality and beauty for glorification and enrichment in life. This is the human gold production in the direction of the Christian faith and is possibly same in other religious bodies or doctrines like the Moslem, the Buddhist, Traditionalist or idol worshipper etc. A good example explaining this three gold mining concepts and philosophy elaborated above are Newmont Akyem at Abirim (Now Zijin Golden Ridge Limited), the University of Environment and Sustainable Development (UESD) under construction at Bunso and the Church of Pentecost in Eastern Region salvation work. The current state of water resources in the Eastern Region is very bad as all water bodies have been destroyed due to illegal gold mining activities and business in the region. These water bodies are a function and foundation stones when it comes to Christian faith, usage and importance in the human gold production in the direction of the Christian perspective and theological backgrounds. This is can be seen in another paper as written by Danquah (2026). These water resources needs to be worked on for a balance between water on land, water above and water underground in order to protect and conserve the hydrological cycle. A whole school of thought worth probing further in this 2025/2026 under the NDC government.
The Newmont Akyem gold mining project is a project modelled from Newmont Ahafo gold mining project and the current status in terms of legal gold mining business, operation and management in Ghana and worldwide. With this intelligence, model and further work is the current number of gold mining companies like Transeco, BSD, CG Mining, Narawa etc which are to be worked on and elevated to Newmont Akyem at Abirim (now Zijin Golden Ridge Limited) status with pulling and building intelligence (principal/capital or resources). This has raised a lot of interests and concerns after work done and high interest in gold mining business and its operations in the Eastern Region of Ghana. These are worth investigating further with the region as resources are to be protected, managed and kept for now and future generations.
3.5.3 Gold mining business creation coupled with Tribal and Political competition in this 21st Century
Ghana in this 21st Century is seeing a creation around this gold mining intelligence and creation and the major question being asked by all (from all schools of thoughts); which tribe or country is ascribed to this gold mining business in Ghana and worldwide? Or which country worldwide is responsible for this gold mining project or initiating the gold mining business creation intelligence that was done years back and shot into the world to pilot or spearhead the world to today. A justification of gold mining business creation towards a day for another creation to take the next generation or world to another level? Is it the Akwapim man, is it the Ashanti Man, is it the northerner, is it the Fante man, is it the Ewe man, is it the Ga man, is it the Akyem man, is it the Kwahu man, is it the Kyerepong man or is it any other tribe in Ghana. Or is it the British, is it the India man, is it the American man, is the Portuguese, is it the French man, is it the German, is it the man from Burkina Faso or is it any man from another country. Is it from the New Patriotic Party (NPP), is it from the National Democratic Congress (NDC), and is it from the Democrats or from the Republican, or from which political party worldwide?
From research and investigations, the current legal and illegal gold mining activities and impacts in Ghana is a scenario from past creation, activities, actions and inactions when talking about gold mining business on planet earth. Therefore, who is responsible for this creation based on tribal, country or political grounds? And assuming this creation was done 200 years ago and shot to take off or spearhead the world to the next level, to the next generation; where are the creators, implementers and all those who did this hard work? Aren’t they dead and gone with the planet earth or world in place for new creations, inventions, modifications, additions and subtractions for the good will of all? Where is their wealth, riches, greatness, intelligence and contributions to humanity and world development? It is only records in books or internet that can record or talk about such great men dreams, works, dreams and contributions to world creation and development in life. This is what justifies dreams and greatness embedded in books, in the grave and spiritual realms. This is the reason for the Christian faith which believes in spiritual realm operation coupled with physical realm manifestation before God and all mankind for the advancement of the world unto the next generations.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The 21st Century mineral gold and human gold mining business is seeing battling from all angles for justification and validation of ownership and greatness height in world governance and rulership. But if everything is towards the goodwill of humanity and mankind, then the United Nations (one united world composed of different countries with its citizens and having all mankind at will and at heart) Sustainable Development Goals should be the main objective for all towards equitable sharing of resources. The equitable sharing of country or world resources is highly dependent on ability, intelligence level, education level, experience and impact towards country development, world development and greatness. That is the minister of the Gospel and minister in Parliament or governance, the engineer, the scientist, the artist, the security personnel and all schools of thoughts graduates will contribute their parts towards mineral gold and human gold production for the goodwill of all mankind worldwide. The need and importance to know that everyone is important when it talking about impact, effect and world development. And hence a justification for someone to hold just a single match stick at a corner on planet earth towards world development, growth and propagation of the gold mining business worldwide. This will help meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) for the good will and wellbeing of mankind while embarking on World Bank projects in order to meet the financial needs of all.
Acknowledgment
I am grateful to the Almighty God for this Revelational knowledge, ability and strength for this research work on human gold production and mineral gold production in Ghana. I am again thankful to the UNITED NATIONS and WORLD BANK for this opportunity and in serving mankind and the world. I am grateful to His Royal Majesty, Osagyefuo Amoatia Ofori Panin, the king of Abuakwa Traditional Area in the Eastern Region of Ghana for given a consideration to not ‘laying all eggs in one basket’ and also not ‘laying into the basket of the deceiver as it lays outside the basket’. I am again grateful to Osabarima Abeam Brakatu Ofori Aninkrah who is the King of Bunso Traditional Area also in the Eastern Region of Ghana for the opportunity of serving the land, world and for proofreading this research paper. I am again thankful to the people of Nsutam, Osino, Kyebi, Enyiresi, Bepoase, Akyem Tafo, Kukurantumi, Akyem Abirim, Goaso, Kenyasi, Bunso, Koforidua, Accra, Kumasi, Bolgatanga, Wa, Takoradi, the Eastern Region and Ghana as a whole which are study area locations for this political paper. I am again grateful to the Danquah and Gyadu families at Nsutam, Bunso and Bepoase, the Darko and Kissiwa families at Kukurantumi and Kwahu areas all in the Eastern Region of Ghana. I acknowledge the role of my wife, Mrs Rita Abena Darko in my life and my two lovely boys; Gates Odoi Danquah and Michael Darko Danquah. My final gratification goes to my family worldwide as we all strive to work hard in meeting and addressing all the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) collaboratively towards the greatness and goodwill of all mankind worldwide. God bless us all.
References
Danquah, I. O., Amposah, G, 2024, Geotechnical Investigation and Assessment of Modern Building Foundation, Journal for Studies in Management and Planning, India.
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