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A model organism is a species that has been widely studied, usually because it is easy to maintain and breed in a laboratory setting and has particular experimental advantages. Model organisms are non-human species that are used in the laboratory to help scientists understand biological processes. They are usually organisms that are easy to maintain and breed in a laboratory setting. For example, they may have particularly robust embryos that are easily studied and manipulated in the lab, this is useful for scientists studying development, or they may occupy a pivotal position in the evolutionary tree, which is useful for scientists studying evolution. In researching human disease, model organisms allow for a better understanding of the disease process without the added risk of harming an actual human. The species chosen will usually meet a determined taxonomic equivalency to humans, to react to disease or its treatment in a way that resembles human physiology as needed. Although biological activity in a model organism does not ensure an effect in humans, many drugs, treatments and cures for human diseases are developed in part with the guidance of animal models.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae- Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast. It is one of the most intensively studied eukaryotic model organisms in molecular and cell biology. It is the microorganism behind the most common type of fermentation. S. cerevisiae has developed as a model organism because it scores favourably on a number of these criteria. S. cerevisiae has been highly studied as a model organism to better understand ageing for more than five decades and has contributed to the identification of more mammalian genes affecting ageing than any other model organism. Some of the topics studied using yeast are calorie restriction, as well as in genes and cellular pathways involved in senescence
is a metabolic pathway that forms the base for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. In this process, glucose is converted into pyruvate. Pyruvate is a six-membered ring molecule and formed after the breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars. It is a multi-step process and occurs in the cytoplasm of animal and plant cells. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell. It creates ATP without the use of oxygen but can occur in the presence of oxygen also. It breaks down one molecule of glucose, (a 6-carbon molecule) into two molecules of pyruvate, (a 3-carbon molecule) in a controlled manner enzymatic reactions. After the breakdown, glucose becomes the main fuel for the cell. Following are the steps of glycolysis
1.The first step in glycolysis is the conversion of D-glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. Hexokinase is the enzyme catalyst here.
2. The rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) into fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) takes place in this second step.
3. Fructose 6-phosphate is converted into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate using magnesium as a cofactor.
4.The enzyme Aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP).
5.The enzyme triphosphate isomerase rapidly inter- converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP).
The above five steps are considered as a preparatory phase
6.Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) dehydrogenates and adds an inorganic phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
7. A phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is transferred to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
8. P from 3- phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate is relocated in this step.
9. A molecule of water is removed from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) by an enzyme enclose.
10. A P from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP.
The last five steps are known as the pay off phase.
The most expensive city in India is none other the city of dreams, the city that is better known as the home of ‘Bollywood’, Mumbai. It is the capital city of Maharashtra and it is also the economic capital of India too. Though it has less area for building many homes, because of a lot of beaches and sea areas, it has very tall buildings and thus very little space to breathe. Since it has a lot of posh people, the cost of expense is higher than all the other cities in the country.
It is not surprising that Indian cities are emerging to be among key contenders providing a business case to relocate operations for manufacturing or services for reasons such as skill availability, cost competitiveness and attractiveness to mobilize executives to conduct business.
Bengaluru has witnessed the highest jump in ranking, on account of surge in prices, especially on items pertaining to food and personal care. The city is also one of the most expensive cities in India on account of transportation, which include taxi fares, cost of auto and auto parts as well as running costs, it said.
The city of Mumbai occupies a peninsular site on Bombay Island, a landmass originally composed of seven islets lying off the Konkan coast of western India. Since the 17th century the islets have been joined through drainage and reclamation projects, as well as through the construction of causeways and breakwaters, to form Bombay Island. East of the island are the sheltered waters of Mumbai ( Bombay) harbour. Bombay Island consists of a low-lying plain, about one-fourth of which lies below sea level; the plain is flanked on the east and west by two parallel ridges of low hills. Colaba Point, the headland formed on the extreme south by the longer of those ridges, protects Mumbai Harbour from the open sea.
The natural beauty of Mumbai is unsurpassed by that of most other cities in the region. The entrance into Mumbai Harbour from the sea discloses a magnificent panorama framed by the western Ghats mountain range on the mainland.
World’s Second Richest Person and an Ideal For Many
Elon Musk
Elon Musk or Elon Reeve Musk is an entrepreneur business magnate in today’s world who has totally evolved the technological terms of today . He is the founder, CEO, and Chief Engineer at SpaceX early stage investor CEO and Product Architect of Tesla, Inc. He was born in Pretoria, South Africa. He got his Bachelor’s degree in physics and economics from University of Pennsylvania. He started his career by co-founding the web software company Zip2. This startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. After this Musk co-founded online bank X.com that same year, which merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. The company was bought by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.
SpaceX
Then In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company, of which he is CEO and CTO. This rocket firm SpaceX, works on building reusable rockets and aspires to land humans on Mars .
Tesla
Then after this in 2004, he joined electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.) as a chairman and product architect and became its CEO in 2008. Tesla produces super modern cars that run on lithium batteries and are luxurious and have an auto pilot mode which sounds really impossible to normal ears.
Solar City
In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy services company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. This company Solar City develops solar panels and solar roof tiles and aims at making this world to use the purest and cleanest fuels that are highly renewable so that even their infinite use does not exhaust them.
Neuralink
Neuralink is a startup which develops ultra high bandwidth brain machine interfaces to connect human brains to computers to help cure nervous system problems. The company was launched in 2016 and was first publicly reported in March 2017.
Failure
All this was not always as smooth as it looks. The biggest success of PayPal today was once awarded with “World’s worst business concept of the year”. Elon Musk is a person who has experienced some very adverse situations in terms of his personal life. After all, he went through a very public and long divorce process with his previous wife. He stated that this period was consumed by deep depression. As if that wasn’t enough when the 2008 recession depleted the profitability of Space X and Tesla. Elon was almost broke again and facing a decision to axe one of these two companies. In the end, Elon decided to split any remaining funds between the two companies and later that year. He received word that NASA were committing $6 billion to Space X. Needless to say, both companies survived the storm and Elon even married again just a few years later.
Where most people leave , Elon leaned in and poured is money , sweat, blood, tears in making his companies successful and his passion for design, engineering and the future would have him succeed on both the fronts.
Learning
The main thing to learn is that with the acquisition of PayPal his net-worth rose to 123 Million USD and he could have retired early and rode off into sunset and live happily after ” BUT THAT’S NOT HOW LEGENDS ARE MADE” . Instead he took a gamble and invested his newfound millions into his two separate companies – SpaceX and Tesla .
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate, or ATP, is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells. It is often referred to as the energy currency of the cell and can be compared to storing money in a bank. ATP can be used to store energy for future reactions or be withdrawn to pay for reactions when energy is required by the cell. Animals store the energy obtained from the breakdown of food as ATP. Likewise, plants capture and store the energy they derive from light during photosynthesis in ATP molecules. ATP is a nucleotide consisting of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, which is attached to three phosphate groups. These three phosphate groups are linked to one another by two high-energy bonds called phosphoanhydride bonds. When one phosphate group is removed by breaking a phosphoanhydride bond in a process called hydrolysis, energy is released, and ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Likewise, energy is also released when phosphate is removed from ADP to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP). This free energy can be transferred to other molecules to make unfavourable reactions in a cell favourable. AMP can then be recycled into ADP or ATP by forming new phosphoanhydride bonds to store energy once again. In the cell, AMP, ADP, and ATP are constantly interconverted as they participate in biological reactions.
The first law of thermodynamics deals with the total amount of energy in the universe. It states that this total amount of energy is constant. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. Energy exists in many different forms. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into different forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The transfers and transformations of energy take place around us all the time. Light bulbs transform electrical energy into light energy. Gas stoves transform chemical energy from natural gas into heat energy. Plants perform one of the most biologically useful energy transformations on earth: that of converting the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy stored within organic molecules.
The challenge for all living organisms is to obtain energy from their surroundings in forms that they can transfer or transform into usable energy to do work. Living cells have evolved to meet this challenge very well. Chemical energy stored within organic molecules such as sugars and fats is transformed through a series of cellular chemical reactions into energy within molecules of ATP. Energy in ATP molecules is easily accessible to do work. Examples of the types of work that cells need to do include building complex molecules, transporting materials, powering the beating motion of cilia or flagella, contracting muscle fibers to create movement, and reproduction.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
A living cell’s primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers we’ve discussed, along with all energy transfers and transformations in the universe, is completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that is not doing work. For example, when an airplane flies through the air, some of the energy of the flying plane is lost as heat energy due to friction with the surrounding air. This friction actually heats the air by temporarily increasing the speed of air molecules. Likewise, some energy is lost as heat energy during cellular metabolic reactions. This is good for warm-blooded creatures like us, because heat energy helps to maintain our body temperature. Strictly speaking, no energy transfer is completely efficient, because some energy is lost in an unusable form.
An important concept in physical systems is that of order and disorder (also known as randomness). The more energy that is lost by a system to its surroundings, the less ordered and more random the system is. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy (Figure 2). To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be put into the system, in the form of the student doing work and putting everything away, in order to bring the room back to a state of cleanliness and order. This state is one of low entropy. Similarly, a car or house must be constantly maintained with work in order to keep it in an ordered state. Left alone, the entropy of the house or car gradually increases through rust and degradation. Molecules and chemical reactions have varying amounts of entropy as well. For example, as chemical reactions reach a state of equilibrium, entropy increases, and as molecules at a high concentration in one place diffuse and spread out, entropy also increases.
Based on composition, there are two types of proteins as follows:
Simple Proteins: These proteins are made up of only amino acids e.g., albumins, globulins, glutelin.
Conjugated proteins: These are formed by the binding of a simple protein with a non-protein called the prosthetic group. Depending upon the type of prosthetic group, conjugated proteins are of several types few of which are mentioned below:
Based on shape, proteins are classified into two types:
1.Fibrous proteins: They are thread-like structural proteins that may occur singly or in groups. Fibrous proteins generally possess secondary structures and are insoluble in water. The common example of fibrous proteins is collagen of connective tissue, actin and myosin of muscles, keratin of scales, feathers, hair, claws, nails, horns and hoofs, the silk of spider web. Fibrinogen is also a fibrous protein but soluble in blood plasma. It forms insoluble fibrin during the clotting of blood.
2.Globular proteins: They are spherical in shape and are involved in metabolic activities. They have a tertiary or quaternary structure. Smaller globular proteins are usually soluble in water and are not coagulated by heat, e.g., histones. Egg albumin, serum globulins and glutelin (wheat, rice) are examples of large globular proteins, which get coagulated by heat.
Role/ Functions of proteins
Proteins perform several functions in organisms. The main functions of proteins are as follows:
1.Structural Proteins: Many proteins serve as a building material of cells and tissues. They take part in the formation of a colloidal complex of protoplast, cell membranes, organelles, extracellular matrices and fibres. Some proteins form supporting structures, e.g., elastin of ligaments, collagen of tendons, cartilages, bone and connective tissue. Keratin is the major constituent of the external protective structure of animals like hair, feathers, horny layer of skin, nails, claws, hoofs etc.
2.Enzymes: Many proteins function as enzymes to catalyse biochemical reactions that occur in the living world. Enzymes play a key role in metabolism. Every enzyme is specific in action. E.g., Amylase, protease, RUBISCO etc. RUBISCO (Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase) is the most abundant enzyme found in plants. It the principal enzyme involved in photosynthesis.
3.Carrier Proteins (Transport proteins): Some proteins act as carriers that bind and transport specific molecules across a membrane or in a body fluid. Hemoglobin of RBCs transports oxygen in the body. RBCs contain haemoglobin (Hb) which is made up of 4 polypeptide chains and contains an iron ion. Iron has a strong affinity for oxygen. In the lungs, oxygen combines with haemoglobin to produce oxyhemoglobins. In body cells, oxygen is released and can diffuse into a body cell. Other examples include proteins such as the myoglobin of muscles that store oxygen. α-globulin of blood carries thyroxine and bilirubin, β-globulin transport vitamins A, D and K, cholesterol and ions in the blood.
4.Receptor Proteins: Several proteins present on the external surface of the cell membrane act as receptor molecules. A receptor protein molecule receives chemical signals from outside a cell. When such chemical signals bind to a receptor, they cause some form of cellular/tissue response. For example, when insulin is released in the blood, the receptor proteins present on the cell membrane bind with this insulin. This binding changes the permeability of the cell membrane and glucose can enter the cell through glucose channels.
5.Hormones: Some hormones are proteinaceous, e.g., insulin(sugar metabolism regulating hormone} parathyroid (calcium and phosphate transport regulating hormones). Hormones play a key role in the regulation of metabolism.
6.Contractile Proteins: Myosin and actin make the muscle fibres contractile to bring about movements and locomotion. The contractile system is made up of protein actin but association with myosin is essential for contraction.
7.Defensive proteins: Some proteins act as antibodies (immunoglobulins) that participate in the defence mechanism of the body.
8.Storage Proteins: These occur in milk, eggs and seeds to nourish the young ones. They include casein of milk, albumin of egg white and glutelin in cereals.
Set peace of mind as your highest goal, and organise ur life around it.
What is stress?
Stress is a natural feeling of not being able to cope with specific demands and events. However, stress can become a chronic condition if a person does not take steps to manage it.
Stress is the body’s natural defense against predators and danger. It causes the body to flood with hormones that prepare its systems to evade or confront danger. People commonly refer to this as the fight-or-flight mechanism.
When humans face a challenge or threat, they have a partly physical response. The body activates resources that help people either stay and confront the challenge or get to safety as fast as possible.
The body produces larger quantities of the chemicals cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. These trigger the following physical reactions:
increased blood pressure
heightened muscle preparedness
sweating
alertness
These factors all improve a person’s ability to respond to a potentially hazardous or challenging situation. Norepinephrine and epinephrine also cause a faster heart rate.
Stress is your body’s response to changes in your life. Because life involves constant change ranging from everyday, routine changes like commuting from home to work to adapting to major life changes like marriage, divorce, or death of a loved one there is no avoiding stress
Your goal shouldn’t be to eliminate all stress but to eliminate unnecessary stress and effectively manage the rest. There are some common causes of stress that many people experience, but each person is different.
Causes of stress.
stress can be the reason behind high blood pressure.
Stress can come from many sources, which are known as “stressors” Because our experience of what is considered “stressful” is created by our unique perceptions of what we encounter in life (based on our own mix of personality traits, available resources, and habitual thought patterns), a situation may be perceived as “stressful” by one person and merely “challenging” by someone else.
Simply put, one person’s stress trigger may not register as stressful to someone else. That said, certain situations tend to cause more stress in most people and can increasethe risk of burnout stress management
How can we manage our stress?
Stress can be effectively managed in many different ways.
Exercise
Physical activities can help in improving your sleep. And better sleep means better stress management. Doctors don’t yet know exactly why, but people who exercise more tend to get better deep “slow wave” sleep that helps renew the brain and body. Just take care not to exercise too close to bedtime, which disrupts sleep for some people.
Exercise also seems to help mood. Part of the reason may be that it stimulates your body to release a number of hormones like endorphins and endocannabinoids that help block pain, improve sleep, and sedate you. Some of them (endocannabinoids) may be responsible for the euphoric feeling, or “runner’s high,” that some people report after long runs.
People who exercise also tend to feel less anxious and more positive about themselves. When your body feels good, your mind often follows. Get a dose of stress relief with these exercises:
Running
Swimming
Dancing
Cycling
Aerobics
Diet
The benefits of eating health foods extend beyond your waistline to your mental health. A healthy diet can lessen the effects of stress, build up your immune system, level your mood, and lower your blood pressure. Lots of added sugar and fat can have the opposite effect. And junk food can seem even more appealing when you’re under a lot of stress.
To stay healthy and on an even keel, look for complex carbohydrates, lean proteins, and fatty acids found in fish, meat, eggs, and nuts.
Antioxidants help too. They protect your cells against damage that chronic stress can cause. You can find them in a huge variety of foods like beans, fruits, berries, vegetables, and spices such as ginger.
Scientists have pinpointed some nutrients that seem to help lessen the effects of stress on the body and mind. Be sure to get enough these as part of a balanced diet:
vitamin C
Magnesium
Omega-3 fatty acids
Sleep
A common side effect of stress is that you may struggle to fall asleep. If this happens three times a week for at least 3 months, you may have insomnia, an inability to fall and stay asleep. Lack of sleep can also add to your stress level and cause a cycle of stress and sleeplessness
Better sleep habits can help. This includes both your daily routine and the way you set up your bedroom. Habits that may help include:
Exercise regularly.
Get out in the sunlight.
Drink less alcohol and caffeine close to bedtime.
Set a sleep schedule.
Don’t look at your electronics 30-60 minutes before bed.
Try meditation or other forms of relaxation at bedtim
The role of your bedroom in good sleep hygiene also is importantYour bed also plays an important role. Your mattress should provide support, space and most of all, comfort.
Relaxation Techniques
Yoga. This is a form of exercise, but it can also be a meditation. There are many types of yoga. The ones that focus on slow movement, stretching, and deep breathing are best for lowering your anxiety and stress.
Meditation. It has been around for over 5,000 years for a reason. Meditation works well for many people and has many benefits. It can lower stress, anxiety, and chronic pain as well as improve sleep, energy levels, and mood. To meditate, you will need to:
Find a quiet place.
Get comfortable (sitting or lying down).
Focus your attention on a word, phrase, object, or even your breath.
Let your thoughts come and go and do not judge them.
Deep breathing. When you practice deep breathing, you turn on your body’s natural ability to relax. This creates a state of deep rest that can change how your body responds to stress. It sends more oxygen to your brain and calms the part of your nervous system that handles your ability to relax.
Try belly breathing. Get comfortable, close your eyes, and place one hand on your stomach and the other on your chest. Take a deep breath in through your nose. You should feel your belly rise more than your chest. Now, exhale through your nose and pay close attention to how your body relaxes. Repeat.
Shall we all just rewind 2021 few days back and see, how we all were suffering due to the second wave of Covid-19.Many of us where struggling financially, some got unemployed, some faced lack of medicine, some died due to the shortage of remdesivir injection, some due to non-availability of hospital bed, some of us might have lose their loved ones forever and this all happened due to the sudden increase in Covid positive patient as we were hit by the second wave of Covid-19,which was the ultimate result of our carelessness. And today without any precautions people are relaxing in various tourist spots. Now, it looks like we are going to repeat the same cycle again.
Increase in Tourist-on going carelessness
Looking at these pictures, can anyone believe pandemic is going on? The above are recent pictures from the northern part of India, which has been fully crowded by the tourists across India. Due to the sudden increase in tourist, hotel rooms are unavailable. It’s not only about northern India, even east part of Maharashtra witnessed crowd of tourist. Lonavala, Mahabaleshwar there’s a sudden increase in tourists. This ultimately results in no precaution.
Post Lockdown crowd witnessed by Lonavala and Mahabaleshwar
By looking at the crowd and increasing number of tourist, it all says about happening of 3rd wave of Covid. This phenomena has a name “Revenge Travel“. According to Union Health Ministry if this increase in number of tourist continuous to happen, not only third wave but also India should expect fourth wave as well.
What is rEveNge tRavEl?
Sitting home for several months and getting vacation plans cancelled due to second wave, all people started thinking the same. So when the restrictions due to pandemic where lifted and improvement in condition was observed, all the people started stepping out for a vacation in order to get out of all the anxiety and restlessness caused due to the second wave lockdown-and as I say all people started thinking the same. As per Health Ministry, Covid cases in India have reduced by 30%-which is a great news!!But still states like Maharashtra, Tamil-Nadu, Assam, Odisha have a positivity rate of 10%.
Once the positivity rate comes down to 5%,
then it can be considered safe.
So we need to maintain
the same momentum of testing.
-Dr Balram Bhargava,
DG,ICMR
So in order to achieve the positivity rate of 5% we need to vaccinate as many people as possible and continue the process of vaccination. Meanwhile, in such scenario when we get to see such pictures of large number of tourist-frightens us.
Have we leaRnt notHing?
Once the cases started coming down in numbers across the country, we immediately started normalizing the things and stepped out of the house without any precautions. Aren’t the things happening in the similar fashion as that after first wave which led to sudden increase in cases resulted in second wave-more deadlier than first wave. And now it seems like we are repeating the same cycle again. This what we call carelessness. The way people were careful, at the same level people are careless now towards the pandemic. The main problem or the reason for this is majority of people don’t understand the difference between CARELESS and CAREFREE.
How Revenge Travel can devastate in long run.
As the cases reduced overnight increase in tourist number has been observed leading to no booking in the hotels and lodges, which created a difficulty in managing the tourist. In order to manage the crowd led to the need of employees. The hotels starts hiring employees from other villages or town.90% tourist and newly hired staff don’t carry Covid but the remaining 10% carry, who are further responsible for the increase in cases. Later on due to sudden increase in cases government gets forced to take measures like Curfew and lockdown. This leds to shut down of tourists places and the newly hired staff gets unemployed (i.e., temporary employment).Now this unemployed staff gets back to their native, along with new variants. That’s why we were hit by the second wave which was more deadlier than the first. But, do we have learnt anything from the past situation? This wave of uncertainty is not only dangerous to our lives but for our economy as well. This is not only India, the same circle is happening outside as well. Example: UK reports increase in cases since Jan 21.Cases were about to control when a more infectious variant was detected in the country. Fear arises that lambda COVID-19 variant from Peru is more deadlier than Delta variant. This variant has also been found in 30 countries so far.
Here we need to understand that as long as this pandemic exists, new variant will also get detected which may be resistant to the vaccine as vaccines against these variants are not yet tested. We need to have this realization that vaccine is the only weapon we have today against Covid-19,if this fails then there may be no hopes for the end of the Covid-19 and pandemic will never end.
There still exists some sensible people, who don’t leave their house unnecesarily and follow all the Covid related measures and take the precautions because of some restless and insensible people we still have the hanging sword on our neck.
We cannot live in Extreme
Look I know everyone is tired of sitting at home, we want to travel, economy is hitting hard. The travel and hospitality sector is suffering badly. Off course travel gradually needs to open as well, but the problem is we seem to live in absolute extremes. Either it is a extreme like a lockdown or the extreme of utter carelessness. Our new normal should somewhere lie between these both.
My intention is not to target anyone or to villain out anyone. It’s totally understandable that we all were going through a complicated situation. This article is just to remind us, to be in touch with some most essential facts in order to overcome this pandemic situation. To make understand that what we should prioritize.
Books are been our great friend for ages from Rome philosophers to modern novelists, comics, and manga or magazines! We as humans encounter so many changes with the evolution of books and their uses but what remains common in all of them is “books always feed us with information! Whether it is fun, important, tragic, or simply someone’s insights!”. Many people consider book their best friends (YES! we are bibliophiles . . . love for books called bibliophilism ) because it doesn’t behave different with others and always gives but never takes anything most importantly always be with you. Many fear what will happen with books as time goes and video and voice media starts replacing it in every zone books were used in profusion, but this fear is just a piece of fake news because now there is evident data on how books are more famous and popular than before! Thanks to e-books and these new video audio that are easily reachable to the masses and makes them curious so much so that they have to come to books at last resort to satisfy their curiosity, and there is no doubt books leave no stone unturned doing so!
Before the famous Gutenberg bible which is mass-produced by some metal type in Europe, each book used to be written by different people, and each book was uniquely written designed, and bound which used to give a lot more information about the ideological and religious beliefs of that period!
But this is the beginning of “what we call books” but to know how all this started we have to go back to clay tablet scrolls, and sheets of papyrus. Clay tablets were used by Mesopotamia back in the 3rd millennium BCE, they used to keep it very safe. To date, we have nearly found 20,000 such clay tablets. These tablets were used till the 19th century in some countries including Germany, Chile, the Philippines, and the Sahara Desert. From Egypt papyrus and clay tablets Romans used to write and erase through stylus !.in Asia people used to write on bones. Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about 105 CE and traditional printing started in the 15th century. One thing which throughout the time stick with books are get “ban” as they are very influential, so authorities always wanted to control it.
Books have fascinating subject through time one who studies books is called bibliophile. It is known as former us president Roosevelt used to read one book a day !. most expensive book in history is the codex from Leonardo da Vinci which is bought by Bill Gates. According to a study book, readers have very fewer chances of Alzheimer’s than any other person in old age
Books in our modern world today expanded their reach and places from paperback to e-books are excellent for nature too as it is said from one tree we can make 50 books! And innovation in the field of books like digital book designing, 3d books, etc. is such an example. We are seeing nowadays it’s an affirming factor saying books not going anywhere any soon!
hey! how you guys think about your best friend .. BOOKS 🙂 pls comment down below and tell us which book you loved the most or reading RN ! till the next time , sayonara :).
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that no particle, even light cannot escape from it. Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts that a sufficient compact mass can create a black hole anywhere in spacetime. The point from which nothing can escape is called as event horizon. This gigantic space monster is formed from a dying star. The gravitational pull is so strong because everything is compressed into tiny space.
Formation of Black Holes
Scientists believe that the smallest black hole was formed when the universe was created. Stellar or huge black holes are formed when the core of a huge star falls upon itself or collapses. When this happens, it creates a supernova. Supernova is an exploding star which blasts its outer part into the space. When a star has exhausted the thermal nuclear fuel in its core, it becomes highly unstable and gravitationally collapses upon itself.
The crushing weight of matter falling upon the star from all sides compresses the star to a point of no volume and infinite density. This point is called as the singularity. Singularity is the center of the black hole which is hidden by its surface which is the event horizon. The event horizon is the farthest place a particle can go while travelling towards the black hole. After that, there is the point of no return. This is because the escape velocity, the velocity needed to escape from the gravitational pull of a cosmic object, of a black hole is more than the speed of light.
Discovery of Black Holes
The first black hole ever discovered was Cygnus X-1, located within the Milky Way in the constellation of Cygnus. Astronomers saw the first signs of the black hole in 1964 via the gas it sucked away from a closely orbiting blue supergiant star. As this gas spiraled into the black hole, it became so hot it emitted high-energy X-rays and gamma-rays that satellites could detect. This black hole is about 7,240 light years away from Earth
Scientists detected that there is a supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy, Milky Way. The black hole, Sagittarius A* is a massive black hole whose mass is equivalent to 4 million suns. In 2017 it was detected that every galaxy consists a super massive black hole in its center. As black holes are invisible, it is detected using special telescopes to study the things happening around the black hole. The Event Horizon telescope is used designed specially to detect black holes around the universe.
First Images of a Black Hole
The first direct visual evidence of a black hole has been revealed on 10 April 2019 by astronomers working on the Event Horizon Telescope. The image is of the supermassive black hole that lies at the center of the huge Messier 87 galaxy, in the Virgo galaxy cluster. Located 55 million light-years from Earth, the black hole has been determined to have a mass 6.5 billion times that of the Sun.
Though black holes are not visible, scientists and researchers managed to capture the boundary – the event horizon of the black hole. The size of the image of the black hole is almost equal to the size of the selfies taken by 10,000 people in their life time. This is considered as a huge achievement as this is the first time an image as clear as this has been captured.
We all do different things in our daily life. There are a lot of things that we do and we forget abut it the next day, sometimes we don’t even remember what we had for breakfast as the day ends. But can you believe me when I say that here is a man who remembers every single second of his life.
Yes, he remembers where he was, what he did, what he eat and everything that he did for the past 50 tears. He is like a encyclopedia for his memories. You can give him any date and he can tell, where he was, with whom he was, what he did, what he felt and what the weather was like.
The man remembers the first time he voted, the date, the year and for the person he voted for as well. So, after reading all the above you must be wondering who is this guy and is this even scientifically proven?? Is this true or just a hoax cause obviously no one will know if he is lying or telling the truth.
Bob Patrella.
The man’s name is Bob Patrella and he lives in Los Angeles, USA. The man claims to have the best memory in the world. The man have to say that he himself did not knew about it first but one day when his friends asked him about a birthday party he had 10 years ago, he was able to describe the whole day without missing a single detail. According o Bob, he was able to remember all his birthdays since he was 5 years old but he thought that everyone was able to do that and did not took it as something special.
The friends upon hearing the details started asking him about different dates and more events and about different things that he did. No matter the date, month or year he could tell them everything. What they wore, what they did and even how he felt on that specific day.Bob says that he remembers his birthday specifically of the year 1979 cause that was the birthday when he found out that his partner was cheating on him with his roommate.
Bob also says that the coolest thing about this is that he does not needs any social media platform to remember things and to remember birthdays.
There have been numerous studies taken place to find out the reason for this capability of Bob but it is still not found how he is able to do this.
But according to Bob it is not all good for him when it comes to remember things because not every single memory is not something you want to remember. He says that he cannot forget the bad experiences he had and everything something like that happens against all comes back to him and it is not easy to deal with. That’s why when his brother past away soon after his parents he has to face a strong depression.
Bob said,” It was really difficult. It was like I have to deal with the same grief all over again.”
So in order to get over this Bob decided to find a way to deal with this situation. He says that Whenever he feels low and sad he goes back to the happy memories of his family, puts a smile on his face.
Bob Said,” Just going back in time, now that my mother is gone. Just hearing the sound of my mother’s voice is very therapeutic for me.”
So what do you think about this man. Is t possible for someone to remember everything and is it a good think to as sharp memory as Bob Patrella. Because there might be things that you would like to forget and there might be the ones that you would never want to forget about.
“With Cyberbullying, one press of a finger on an electronic device can shatter someone’s reputation and what they think is their entire life. It’s scary” says Justin Prentice. Before ,bullying was a primary issue that lived everywhere either in school or colleges and after introducing anti-ragging in every education institutions there’s no longer the case. Enter “cyberbullying”- a growing problem for many schools. And in its worst forms, cyberbullying can also be a cybercrime.
Cyberbullying takes place when a teen or younger child uses a computing device to threated, humiliate, or otherwise harass a peer. It may occur over a laptop, smartphone or tablet, and live within platforms such as text messages, emails, social media, online forums and chat rooms. Equipped with an internet connection and a capable device, Cyberbullies can wreak havoc on their victims at any time.
Cyberbullying takes many cruel shapes and forms. A bully may send messages via email or text messages with the intent of threatening his or her victim. In other malicious instances, they may break into email or social networking accounts to either steal victims identities or embarrass them by publishing defamatory posts in their names.
The best defense against cyberbullying is prevention, and parents can play an active role in the process by monitoring their child’s digital activities. In addition to making sure you are aware of who they communicate with via phone and text, you are aware about who they communicate via phone or text. Most importantly, talk to your kids about cyberbullying. The sooner they speak up, the sooner someone can put up an end to the madness .
Have you ever put off your homework till the last minute? Or perhaps studied for the test only a day before? Maybe delayed writing an essay till the last possible hour? All of us are guilty of delaying tasks and putting off important work until a later date. This is essentially procrastinating. It is the action of purposefully delaying any task or activity. In this procrastination essay, we will see the reasons and the solutions to this problem.
As we will see in this procrastination essay, this is not a rare phenomenon. Almost everyone is guilty of it at some point in their lives. So we ask ourselves this question – why do people procrastinate even when they are so busy most of the time? We live in the 21st century, where time is our most precious commodity. And yet, we waste this precious resource procrastinating our time away.
What is the main reason behind procrastination?
The reasons for a person procrastinating can be varied. It depends on person-to-person and situation-to-situation. However, there are some universal reasons that cause people to delay their tasks and actions. One of the most important ones is the fear of failure. When a person delays doing an important task or is disinterested in finishing it, the cause could be a deep-rooted fear of failure. It is in human nature to avoid and fear failure. So by choosing to never finish the task, we can avoid the consequences as well.
Another reason is the lack of focus and determination. Feeling directionless and unfocused can often cause people to lose their wills to do their jobs. This leads to procrastination. Sometimes the lack of goals and objectives is also the reason a person loses their focus. Since they do not have an end goal in mind, they end up wasting energy on other useless tasks.
There are other reasons a person may procrastinate. Sometimes, a person may be too much of a perfectionist. This distracts them from other tasks. And then there are other reasons like laziness, low energy levels, easy distractions, etc.
While procrastinating is a very natural fault we all share, if it gets out of hand it can get quite troublesome. Excessive procrastination can disrupt your life and cause you to lose control of your schedules and deadlines. So when the procrastination gets out of hand, you need to reign it in and get back in control.
How to Avoid Procrastination?
–One way to stop procrastinating is to break down the dreaded task into little steps. If the work or the task is too overwhelming, we tend to procrastinate about it. But if the job is broken down, then we can tackle one step at a time without being overwhelmed. You can also create a detailed timetable or a timeline of some sort to help you with the steps.
-At other times changing your work environment may be beneficial. It can provide you with the boost necessary to stop procrastinating and finish the task. If possible get a friend or a parent to keep a check on your progress. It helps keep the motivation levels up and encourages you to finish the task on time.
Lastly what I really think is that the main concern is not to over-focus or blame yourself for procrastinating sometimes. We are all a victim to procrastination from time-to-time. As long as it does not derail your entire schedule, give yourself a break and just get back to work and take life easy!
“One good thing about music, when it hits you, you feel no pain-”Bob Marley.
Adhering to the above quote said by Bob Marley, music proves to be the most powerful weapon for anything related to pain. Beyond the fact that music acts as a relief against pain, it also completely cures any form of sadness that is extensive. The practise of playing music in operation theatres in order to reduce stress for both surgeons and patients is not uncommon. Whereas, not many of us are aware about this amazing practise of surgeons which has helped a lot of surgeries to turn out to be successful.
To be precise, Music has proven to be effective in relaxing stress hormones and reducing blood pressure. Prominently, classic music shows drastic effects and is verified to be beneficial in distress.
Many interesting surgeries were held while music was played in various forms and also performed successfully. One of them includes a surgery where a musician played violin while the surgeons performed Brain surgery to remove her Brain tumour. Well the musician was the patient herself! How amazing it sounds right. Similar to this, in 2017 a musician reported to have played violin, since the surgeon who performed the surgery found relief for his stress during the surgery. Again, the surgery was performed successfully.
There are many such magnificent incidents like this occurred, which have proved to have more impact on both surgeons and patients.
Nowadays, stress, depression, anxiety etcetera has become so common that many people started using these words on a daily basis. But one thing that stands out to be a stress relief for everyone is “music”. It has been reported that music releases a hormone in the human body which eases pain and produces a feeling of euphoria.
One of the biggest incidents of doctors dancing to folk music in order to entertain covid patients stole many hearts and could be considered one of the best gestures ever. Music allegedly makes an aching heart and mind calm and reduces all kinds of emotions which leads to negative outcomes.
One of the most imminent types of music used in operation theatres are classical music. It is said that classical music gives a soothing feeling to the human mind mentally and physically. Listening to music in hospitals has become so common and getting played on a regular basis.
Isn’t it surprising and amazing to know how music plays a vital role in every corner of life and helps in manifesting peace all over. Some of the facts and incidents about music being played in operation theatres would just blow your mind when you get to know more about the phenomena. A patient playing music on an ongoing surgery on herself and doctors being very particular about not to disturb or affect any hormone that is related to control actions of her makes us understand that small things make huge differences and give beautiful results.
Eduindex 
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