Author: keats

Rules of Happiness

Be silent in the heat of Anger.

As we all do, In anger we never think twice before saying anything and this is the main reason behind the poor relationship. We cause harm to both others and us both.

Avoid caring what people think.

Before doing anything we always think to much about others think if I do that. And this leads to unhappiness and doubt on ourselves.

Don’t waste time in explanation.

There is no need to explain yourself always. Sometimes we have to believe on our own capabilities and prove others that what I did is right decision for me.Time reveals Everything.

Privacy is Everything.

Never tell everyone, everything. Everyone is not happy with your success. Don’t reveal your path to anyone before you achieve something.

Don’t screw your present, thinking of past.

Start working for your success now. Past has gone it never come back but why we waste our present and future by thinking of past. We design our future by make use of present.You are responsible for everything that you do. So start working for your future.

Stop overthinking, Sometimes it’s okay to not know answers.

We just ruin our life by overthinking. What we overthink is never going to happen. So just relax and enjoy your life without thinking anything.

It’s okay to not be okay.

Everyone’s mental state is not same. And sometimes It’s okay to feel low. It’s okay to be sad. We just have to believe on ourselves. And do what we want. Its okay, everything will be alright soon…

Don’t compare own life with others.

Everyone is different. And if we compare ourselves with other then we just ignore our own capabilities. So believe in yourself,your capabilities.

Don’t let others to disrupt your inner peace.

Sometimes, some people come in our life just to pull us down. But we have to focus on our goals. If we disrupt our inner peace then they will succeed in their intentions. We have to focus more whenever we meet any problems in between our goals.

We are always unattractive in the eyes of society.

No matter what we do, society will never going to appreciate us. So don’t worry about the society and do whatever you want. We always worry about “Chaar log” but no one ever saw them.

Take a charge of your own happiness, we are only responsible for ours not others.

Love or friendship

Love is an intense feeling towards someone but as a science student I call it just hormonal action.

Friendship is the purest love…

– osho

Friendship is the sweetest form of love. Try to find love and friendship both in same person.

It is an intense affection towards a person or thing. It maybe anything like if a person read the novel and their hobby is to read a novel. By doing this he or she is just forget everything what is happening in this whole world. They can do anything just to read the next part of the book. Their mood is depend on what is going on in that novel.

Like if a person attracted towards someone, then the person sacrifice their own happiness for them.

As parents sacrifice their happiness just for the sake of their child’s happiness. They do everything just to see a smile on our face. that

Mother’s and father’s love is very different as we see mother’s love everyday Like- how can she make good meals for us, she make us feel good when we at our worst.

If we need something we don’t directly go to the Dad, we just say that to the mom and as a postman mom deliver our messages to the Dad. And she convinces the dad for doing that.

Dad don’t show us that how much they love us, how much day care for us. But he do every single thing everyday just to give us some comfort.

I Remember one thing in when my mom was admitted to the hospital, my dad has a bicycle there was a little seat on its rod and where I used to sit and a seat is also on back of the bicycle where my brother was used to sit. Dad take us to the hospital by bicycle and we used to talk all over the way to the hospital and it is best my memory of life.

My Dad was dropping and picking me up after school is my best memories of school time.

Dad work all the day just for us. So that we spend time with mom. And that is another way of showing love.

Dad was always doing things for me we talked like friends. And also my mom behave like a friend to me. We always share our feelings, everything. Mom never judge me what I say. She always understands my intentions. She always wants me to do right. She motivates me.

Whenever I think of that time, Nostalgia hit me like a truck.

In today’s world everyone thought love is just only between two couples.

Love has no limitations. It may be started from a little child’s affection towards their toy to a various sacrifices of our parents.

Pure love has sacrifices, trust, affection, care, mutual understanding. There is no space for selfishness.

Friendship is very important in every single relationship.

If there is no friendship in between parent – student, teacher – student, 2 couples or every single relationship then that relationship has to end at last.

Like we observe the relationship between 2 best friends are unbroken. No matter what happens between them their bond always remains same.

So only love is not necessary for a relationship, friendship is more important.

In every relationship, love and friendship both is very important.

Reproductive Health

Total well being in all aspects of the reproduction such as physically mentally and emotionally is called Reproductive health.

All the reproductive organs should be healthy with normal function.

Major problems associated with reproductive health

Overpopulation

  • Overpopulation causes a scarcity of every basic need.
  • It affect the well-being of reproductive health also.
  • To overcome the problem of overpopulation India started family planning program in 1951.
  • Later it was changed to reproductive and Child Health Care program in 1997.
  • A rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate leads to overpopulation.

Small family, happy family

Steps to control population explosion

  • People should be educated about the advantages of smaller family.
  • Raising the marriageable age of male and female is an effective way to control the population.
  • Couples should be motivated to family planning by adopting birth control measures.

Step under reproductive and Child Health Care program

  • Increase in awareness about disease related to reproductive system example – sexual transmitted disease (STDs).
  • Increase in awareness through the audio visual media.
  • Increase in awareness about different contraceptive methods.
  • Increase awareness about sex education.

Female foeticide

  • Female foeticide can affect reproductive and sexual health of a Woman.
  • Due to the use of amniocentesis cases of female foeticide increases.
  • Amniocentesis is the technique in which amniotic fluid is studied for any type of enzyme disorder, chromosomal disorder or other bio-chemical disorder.
  • Amniocentesis method is misused to know the sex of an Unborn baby.

Sex education

  • Due to lack of education, people are not concerned about safe and hygienic sexual practice.
  • Introduction of the education in school and colleges its another step to provide right information to the youth.
  • Sex education can save the young youth people from myths and misconceptions about sex related issues.
  • Should provide knowledge about birth control methods and care of mother and child.

Our health is in our own hand…

Sexually transmitted disease

Chlamydiasis

  • Caused by Gram Negative bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis.
  • Causes urethritis which result in painful urination and pus discharge.
  • In male, it causes infertility by causing oligospermia.
  • It increases the chance of ectopic pregnancy.
  • Treatment –
    • Treated by antibiotics.

Gonorrhea

  • Causes by negative bacteria Neisseria Gonorrhea.
  • Causes inflammation of reproductive tract, urinary tract infection, and urethritis.
  • Treatment
    • Newly born child is given 1% AGNO3 dose to prevent eye. infection

Genital herpes

  • Causes by herpes simplex virus
  • Causes painful blisters
    • In male – glans penis and foreskin
    • In female – external genitalia
  • There is no proper treatment
  • Treatment is only to extend life.

Genital warts

  • Caused by human papiloma virus.
  • Causes Cancer of different organs such as-
    • cervical cancer
    • penile cancer
    • vaginal cancer
    • vulvar cancer
    • anal cancer
  • Treatment
    • Alpha interferon
    • cryotherapy
    • electrocautery
Sexually transmitted disease

It is very important to provide information to the couple or who are in marriageable age group about birth control methods, care of pregnant women, important of breastfeeding, equality to the gender and equal opportunity to the male and female child, reproductive tract infections etc.

The education of reproductive health should be provided to all

Poverty in India

Poverty one of the major problem in India. India is the second most populous country after China with 1.2 billion people and it is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of area.

Around ⅔rd of people in India live in poverty in which 68.9 % of Indian population lives on less than 2 dollar a day and over 30% even have less than 1.25 dollar per day. And thus they are considered extremely poor.

India subcontinent is one of the poorest country in the world.

The most poor section of our country is children and Womens. They are considered as the weakest member of Indian society and that’s why they suffer the most.

In India womens are not considered as the strongest member of the society because of a patriarchy.

Education and job for womens are not considered important in our society.

By preventing education for Childrens and womens leads to the poverty and poverty is also preventing children from getting an education

Poverty in India impacts children and families in a variety of different ways:-

  • High infant mortality
  • Child labour
  • Malnutrition
  • Lack of education
  • Child marriage

High infant mortality rate

  • India is one of the country with highest child mortality rate.
  • Around 1.4 million children die each year in India their fifth birthday.
  • Major causes of death are due to pneumonia, malaria, diarrhoeal diseases as well as chronic Malnutrition.

Child labour

  • Child labour for children under the age of 14 in India is prohibited by law.
  • According to official figures 12.5 nilganj children between the age of 5 to 14 are working.
  • It is believed that Indian children’s contribute to the living wood of their poor family.
  • Children’s work in the field in factories, in quarries, private households .

Malnutrition

  • India is one of the world’s top countries when it comes to Malnutrition.
  • 7.8 infants were found to have birth weight less than 2.5Kg
  • More than 200 million people don’t have sufficient access food.

Lack of Education

  • Most of childrens have no access to education in India.
  • Girls are excluded from the school in higher numbers with respect to boys.
  • We should have to treat them equally but it is believed to be inferior on lower caste.
  • Without education, chances of finding living from employment in India is impossible.
  • If educated peoples start teaching childrens at free of cost then it also be very useful in making a better world.
  • Like If 30 college students are studying in 1 course and they start teaching poor childrens only 1 day per month then the childrens study 1 month at free of costs.
  • We also have to put some efforts in making better world not for others, but for ourselves as well.

Child marriage

  • As we know Child marriage is crime according to Child marriage Restraint Act, 1929.
  • But it is still widespread in many regions of India.
  • Poverty is also the main reason behind this.

Overpopulation

  • Overpopulation leads to high competition in every aspects of life.
  • We see lack of job opportunities, education.
  • Food production is not as much to fulfill the need of this higher population.
  • Due to overpopulation, and not doing work after having such high population in India is main reason behind poverty.
  • If we utilise this overpopulation as the opportunity to increase country’s financial condition then it actually going to worth it.

Biomedical Wastes

Our environment is degrading day by day. India with its growing population is also keeping up with the waste generation.

Nowadays pollution is everywhere whether its air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise pollution, radioactive pollution and the pollution from E waste what not?

Biomedical Waste( BMW) is any waste produced during the diagnosis treatment or immunization of human or Animal Research activities retaining threat or in the production the testing of biological or in health camps.

Let the waste of the ‘sicks’, not ruin the life of the ‘healthy’

Common generator of Biomedical wastes are :-

  • Hospital
  • Emergency Medical Services
  • Medicinal Research Laboratories
  • offices of physician , dentist, veterinarians
  • home Health Care
  • funeral homes

From WHO stats 2000,the improper treatment of medical waste( primary use of infected needles and syringes) caused 21 million hepatitis B infection and 2, 60, 000 HIV infections worldwide.

During this pandemic situation, we have witnesses another huge list of Biomedical Waste generation in India. India generated over 18000 tons of covid-19 related biomedical waste in starting 4 months of this pandemic. This includes personal protective equipment (PPE), gloves, face mask, head cover, plastic coverall, hezmet suit and syringes among others.

Biomedical Waste during pandemic

Types of Biomedical Waste

Infectious waste

  • Suspected of containing pathogen in a sufficiently large quantity or concentration to result in disease in susceptible host.
  • Cultures and stock of infectious Agent from laboratory.
  • Waste from operation and autopsies on patient with infectious disease.
  • Waste having come into contact with infected hemodialysis patient.

Pathological waste

  • Infectious material containing dead tissue may conceal specially dangerous and communicable infectious Agent.
  • Include – blood, body fluid, tissues, organs, body parts, human foetus etc.
  • Subcategory of pathological waste is Anatomical waste.
    • Consist of identifiable human or animal body parts healthy or otherwise.

Radioactive waste

Colouring code of Biomedical Waste
  • Waste generated during the different application of radioisotopes in biological research on medicine.
  • May contain infectious biological components from Anatomical, research or clinical sources.
  • By product of various nuclear Technology process.
  • Include-
    • Nuclear medicine
    • nuclear research
    • Nuclear power
    • Manufacturing
    • construction
    • Caol
    • Rare Earth mining
    • Nuclear weapon reprocessing

Pharmaceutical waste

  • Contaminated or expired drugs and vaccine as well as antibiotics and pills.
  • Result from many activities and location in health care facilities.
  • Small quantities at households can often be thrown away in the municipal waste stream.
  • But large quantities kept at pharmacies distribution Centre, Hospital etc. be managed to minimise the risk of release or to exposure to the public.

Genotoxic waste

  • Waste from drugs that are used in radiotherapy and units.
  • One of the type of hospital waste that are extremely dangerous and may cause cell mutation or cancer.
  • Cytotoxic drugs are main components.
  • Include –
    • Urine
    • Faeces
    • Vomit treated with Chemicals or cytotoxic drug.

Sharps

  • Object that are Sharp enough to cut or puncture the skin.
  • Transmit infections directly into the bloodstream.
  • Generally treated as highly hazardous medical waste regardless of whether they are contaminated or not.
  • Includes –
    • knife
    • Blades
    • Infusion set
    • Needles
    • Broken Glass
    • Nails
    • Scalpel

Chemical waste

  • Contain radioactive element poses particularly difficult problem of disposal.
  • Includes –
    • Heavy metal from Medical appliance
    • Disinfectant
    • Solvent
  • Difficulty in disposal are partly technical and partly political
    • The radioactive constituent that find their way into groundwater and surface water must be kept to exceedingly small amount for very long time.
    • Fear of mysterious effect of radiation, politician reluctant to consider disposal of radioactive waste in the area of their constituent.

Gender inequality

Gender inequality is the social process by which Mens, LGBTQ community and womens are not treated equally.

Gender equality is a human fight not a female fight.

Due to patriarchy many girls are hold back from striving for their dreams, receiving a quality education, medical facilities and overall awareness for their well being.

Everyday girls and boys see gender inequality in their homes, community, in textbooks, in media and among the adult.

Society assume an unequal responsibility for household work with mothers bearing the brunt of caregiving.

In schools, many girls receive less support than boys to pursue the studies they choose.

Rashida khatun says I realised the harm I would be causing myself if I agreed to get married. She in is enrolled in UNICEF supported program that provides out of school girls with basic numeracy, literacy and life skills.

Whenever we talk about gender inequality we always seems to focus on women but have anyone ever thought that what it’s like for men or LGBTQ community.

Gender equality, historically has been predominantly a women’s movement for women but I think the impact of gender inequality and how its affecting man hasn’t really been addressed.

– Emma Watson

  • Generally we see in our families that boys told to pursue maths in higher studies and girls were told to pursue Biology so that the male became engineer for female can be a doctor.
  • Whenever a boy wants to be a cook, singer, dancer he is being discouraged by society or his parent by saying that these are for girls.
  • It’s a perception in our patriarchal society that boys do not cry that the crime is only for girls.
    • Mens are stronger than women and they will never bow in front of anyone
    • That’s why mens will never admit their faults because they are meant to be dominant in this patriarchal society.
  • When a girl wanted to be an officer then she is being discouraged by the family by saying that this is the job for Boys.
  • The perception of our societies that the household works are made for womens .
  • If people see a girl with short hair, the peoples in society tends to point at her and think of her as a freak.
  • If a girl is not interested in cooking but she still has to do it and she is pressurized by the family and Society by saying that you have to go to someone’s home and you have to do it because it is made for you.

Let’s talk about LGBTQ community. It is is the second of three issues focused on social inequalities.

  • LGBTQ community faces gender inequality in their everyday life.
  • They face inequalities in employment, education, health, survival and political empowerment.
  • It is not the only way by which they faces social inequalities.
  • Lgbtq people faces housing discrimination and workplace discrimination.
  • They faces basic human right such as – marriage and family adoption.
  • They have been discarded from their homes at their birth. The only reason of this is that they are not a male or female.
  • Peoples doesn’t behave properly with them.

Is this what we called Gender Equality??

We blame society for gender inequalities and for everything but why we forget that society is because of us. we are the part of society and to change this society we have to change our own mentality.

Control of Air pollution

National air quality monitoring programme

  • Central pollution control board is executing a nationwide program of ambient air quality monitoring known as National air quality monitoring programme.
  • National Ambient Air Quality standards prescribed specific standards for residential, ruler, Industrialand other sensitive areas.
  • N. A. M. P, four air pollutants – Sulphur Dioxide, oxides of Nitrogen, suspended particulate matter and respirable suspended particulate matter (pm10) have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations.
  • Network consists of 683 operating stations covering 300 cities and town in 28 states and 9 union territories of country.
  • Annual average- Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hour at uniform interval.
  • The level of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety to protect the public health vegetation and its property.

Air quality index

  • Air quality index is tool for effective dissemination of air quality information to people.
  • There are six categories namely – good, satisfactory, moderately, polluted, poor, very poor and severe.
  • The propose 82 I will consider 8 pollutants PM 10, PM 2.5 NO2, SO2 Co, O3, NH3 and Pb.

Control of air pollution

  • Control measures
    1. Technological
    2. Legal
    3. Economic

Technological approach

  • Adapting Lifestyle that uses less energy and pollutes less or using energy sources that produce less amount of pollutant as by-product.
  • Remove pollutant generating stuff from energy sources
    • example- Remove sulphur from coal before burning it.
  • Reduce the energy used without changing the way of life
    • Use more energy efficient car and replace existing bulb with CFL bulb and LED bulb.
  • Check the generation of pollutant their burned
    • Catalytic converter, electrostatic precipitator, scrubber, Bag house collection of particulate emission, cyclone separator etc.
    • Encouraging mass transportation.
Electrostatic precipitator
Scrubber
Catalytic converter

    Legal approach

    • After Stockholm conference, 1972 the Government of India under article 253 of the Constitution of India in enacted the Air Act, 1981 for the prevention control and abatement of air pollution.
    • To empower the central and state pollution control board. Air Amendment Act, 1987( for prevention and control of pollution) was enacted but this was not strong enough to play precautionary role.
    • After Bhopal disaster of Environment protection Act was passed in 1986 this act has punitive power to restrict any activity that would harm the environment.
    • To regulate vehicles pollution, the central motor vehicle act of 1939 was amended in 1989.
    • As per the current requirement all the transport vehicles must carry a fitness certificate which is to be renewed each year after the first two year of new vehicle registration.
    • National fuel policy announced on October 6, 2003 , a phased program for implementing the emission standards in India by 2010.

    Economic approach

    • Cost consideration of air pollution involves 2 factor:-
      1. Cost of controlling the air pollution
      2. Cost of not controlling the air pollution
    • Determination of cost of first in straight forward but that of second is difficult and can be subjective to some extent.
    • Direct air pollution control in India
      • Fuel wood and Biomass burning
      • Transport

    Control

    • Using low sulphur coal.
    • Use Proper air pollution control devices in industry
    • Individual efforts to control air pollution
      • Inform to Road Transport office and PCB about the vehicle polluting the environment
      • Regular engine tune up replacement of old more polluting vehicles
      • Shifting to less polluting fuels
      • Using mass transportation
      • Do not use CFC containing sprays for freshners that deplete the ozone layer.
      • Planting more trees
      • Say no to fire crackers in Diwali and other occasions.

    Effects of air pollution

    Effects of air pollution

    • Human health
    • Animals
    • Plants
    • Material
    • Stratosphere
    • Environment

    Impact on plants

    • Reduced plant growth
    • Damage to leaves of crops plant
    • Susceptible to disease, pest, Frost

    Impact on materials

    • Cars
    • Homes
    • Monument, sites

    Impact on health

    • By VOCs, suspended particles
    • Lung cancer
    • Headache, dizziness
    • Respiratory diseases
      • Asthma – By SO2, smoking
      • Bronchitis – NO2
      • Influenza, cold- NO2

    Effect on human health

    • Irritation of eye, nose and throat.
    • In severe cases, there may be headache, nausea and loss of coordination and concentration.
    • It lowers our resistance to cold and pneumonia.
    • CO has affinity towards hemoglobin which cause disturbance in
      • transportation of oxygen
      • impairing our concentration
      • slow our reflexes
      • make us confused and sleepy
      • feel suffocation.
    • SO2 in the air lead to disease of lung and other lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath.
    • Chronic respiratory disease- lung cancer, heart disease, damage to the brain liver or kidney.
    • Effect of arsenic, Asbestos, Mercury and Benzene can cause mutation, reproduction problems or even cancer.

    Effects on plant

    • Pollutant enters through stomata.
    • Pollutant Erode waxy coating of the leaves called cuticle
      • Cuticle prevent excessive water loss and damage from disease pest, drought and Frost.
    • Destroy chlorophyll
    • Affect photosynthesis
    • Damage of leaf structure causes :-
      1. Necrosis – damage to leaf structure.
      2. Chlorosis- loss /reduction of chlorophyll causing yellowing of leaves.
      3. Abscission – Dropping of leave.
      4. Epinasty – Downward curling of leaves.
      5. Death of plants.

    Effect on aquatic life

    • Precipitation in the form of acid rain cause high acidity in freshwater lake.
    • Acid rain affect aquatic life especially fish.
    • Some of freshwater lake have experienced total fish death.

    Effect on material

    • Due to corrosiveness, particulates can cause damage to exposed surfaces.
    • Ozone causes crackling of rubber.
    • SO2 and water form H2S – corrosion as well as disfigurement of Statue made up of limestone or marble.
    • Oxides of Nitrogen can cause fading of cotton and Rayon fibres.

    Effect on environment

    Global warming
    • Visibility
    • Pollutants in the presence of Sunlight produce photochemical smog.
    • Emission of greenhouse gases tends to global warming.
    • Chlorofluorocarbons carbons also cause Ozone layer depletion.

    The phenomenon of trapping and reradiating heat by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is referred to Greenhouse effect.

    • Natural greenhouse effect keep Earth warm .
    • Global mean temperature of earth is + 15 degree Celsius.
    • Water vapour, CO2, H2O, CH4, ozone and cfcs present in minute quantities but maintain the temperature of Earth.
    • In the absence of greenhouse gases, the temperature of earth would be much lower than – 20 degree Celsius.

    Enhanced greenhouse effect means global warming.

    AIR POLLUTION

    Pollution

    Any undesirable changes in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of any component of environment i.e. air, water and soil – which can cause harmful effects on various form of life or property are called environmental pollution.

    Consequences of pollution

    Any favorable unpolluted environment has pertains a specific composition in their component i.e. air, water and soil.

    The problem like pollution come into existence due to short-term economic gain over long-term ecological benefits for humanity.

    During last few decades we have contaminated badly on air, water and land on which life itself depends with a variety of waste products.

    Be the part of Solution , not the part of Pollution…

    We can survive without food for a few days, without water for few hours but without air it is impossible to survive for few min.

    An average human require about 12 Kg of their each day which is nearly 12 – 15 times greater than the amount of food we eat.

    Types

    1. Air pollution
    2. Water pollution
    3. Soil pollution
    4. Marine pollution
    5. Noise pollution
    6. Thermal pollution
    7. Nuclear hazard

    Air pollution

    Air pollution started from very beginning of human evolution. Hippocrates had mentioned air pollution in 400 BC.

    • Any undesirable changes in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of any component of the in air which can cause harmful effect on living things is called Air pollution.
    • Earlier the air pollution is caused only by burning of fire word as a means of cooking and heating.
    • With the industrial revolution the problem become more serious due to cold burning in the industries and development of Transportation system leads to large amount of petrol and diesel was started utilising in the beginning of 20th century.
    • Severe air quality problem due to diesel and petrol engines were felt for the first time in Los Angeles in1943.
    • The gaseous pollutants include oxides of sulphur, oxides of Nitrogen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compound, Ozone etc.
    • Particulate pollutants includes smoke, soot, fumes, aerosoles, liquid droplets, Pollen Grain etc.
    • Radioactive pollutants include Radon222 , Iodine 131, Strontium 19 plutonium 239 etc.

    Greatest industrial disaster leading to serious air pollution took place in Bhopal were extremely poisonous methyl isocyanide gas was accidentally released from union carbide pesticides manufacturing plant on the night of 3rd December 1984, the effect of this disaster on human health and the soil are felt even today.

    Now we know this tragedy as Bhopal gas tragedy.

    The London smog was the major disasters were recorded in 1952 which cause more than 8000 deaths due to accumulation of air pollutants over the city for 5 days.

    Primary pollutants – primary pollutants are emitted directly from the point source (natural or human activities).

    • Five primary pollutants together constitute 90% of the Global air pollution
      • Carbon dioxide
      • Carbon monoxide
      • Sulphur oxide
      • volatile organic compound mostly hydrocarbon
      • suspended particulate matter

    Secondary pollutants – secondary pollutants formed by the interaction of primary pollutants. example – peroxyacetyl nitrate, smog, Ozone, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid etc.

    Indoor air pollution

    Many people spend large portion of their time in inside the homes as much as 80% of their life.

    We work study, eat, drink, sleep in enclosed environment whereas circulation may be restricted.

    • Children and Womens are more exposed to rest in indoor air pollution
    • Burning of dung cake , wood, kerosene for fuel.
    • Cigarette smoke
    • Incomplete combustion produce carbon monoxide that are injurious to health.
    • Chemical fumes from paint and solvents
    • Chemicals released from Modern building and Furnishing material

    Effects of air pollution

    • Human health
    • Animals
    • plants
    • material
    • stratosphere
    • environment
    Try to be the part of Solution for pollution…

    Control of air pollution

    • Reduce energy uses
    • Remove pollutant generating stuff
    • Check the generation of pollutant where burned
      • Putting catalytic converter in automobiles.
    • Protect the object from pollutants
      • Coat statues with protective material.
    • Constructing walking and bicycle lanes
    • Encourage mass transportation

    World Nature Conservation Day

    Conservation is the care and protection of  resources so that they can persist for future generations.

    Conservation seeks the sustainable use of nature by humans along with preservation.

    Preservation means protecting nature.

    World Nature Conservation Day is celebrated on 28 July annually.

    It is celebrated to generate awareness of the nature and its conservation.

    Nature conservation means conserving habitat of different living organism, preventing deforestation, halting species extinction, reducing overfishing and mitigating climate change.

    There is increasing interest in extending the responsibility for human well-being to include the Welfare of sentient animals.

    Government play a major role in conserving our natural resources and various living organism.

    There are various natural conservation is the laws implemented by government.

    There are various threat to biodiversity:-

    • Habitat loss and fragmentation
    • Introduction of alien invasive species
    • Disturbance
    • Harvesting and over exploitation
    • Soil, water and atmospheric pollution
    • Intensive agriculture and forestry
    • Climate change

    Habitat loss and fragmentation

    • Forests and grasslands turned into deserts.
    • Mangroves get cleared for fuel wood and prawn farming leads to Habitat loss of marine fish.
    • Waste land is increasing.
    • Human activities likely to eliminate approx 10 Millions species by the year of 2050.
    • Rate of disappearance of tropical forest in India is 0.6 % per year.

    Thus, there is a need for conservation of living organism as well as natural resources.

    Project Tiger – 268 in 1972 in 9 tiger reserve which increases to 1500 in 1997 in 23 Tiger Reserves.

    Extinction of Dodo in Madagascar

    Alien species

    • Introduction of Exotic breeds and disappearance of native species through biotic interaction.
    • Invasive species is a threat for Island ecosystem due to lack of competitors and Predator that control the population of native ecosystem.
    • E.g.-
      • Amazon sailfin catfish responsible for destruction of the population of Switzerland of Kolkata
      • Water hyacinth
      • Lantana bushes

    Disturbance

    • Natural disturbance are very much differ from man made disturbance.
    • Natural disturbance like forest fire, cyclone, draught, Tsunami, etc. They disturb ecosystem very different way.
    • Human disturbances like synthetic compound, pesticides, massive release of radiation or spillover of oil in soil also affect our environment.
    • Biomagnification.
    • Eutrophication i.e, nutrient enrichment
    • Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs, diclofenac on vultures.

    Harvesting and over exploitation

    • Exploitation includes hunting, fisheries, the impact of trade in Species and species parts.
    • Due to exploitation many species are getting treated at Global label such as births 30%, mammals 33%, amphibian 6%, marine fishes and reptiles.
    • Fishing often takes large incident catches of non-targeted species and crawling can destroy whole Marine community that live on sea floor.
    • Illegal poaching of animal for large economic benefit.
      • Skin and bones of Tiger, Ivory of elephant, horns of Rhinos, perfume of the Musk deer.

    Climate change

    • Climate change is a major threat for all the species present on the globe.
    • Due to climate change the Global temperature is rising (0.74 degrees celsius in global mean surface temperature relative to pre- industrial levels), more extreme weather events, changing pattern of rainfall and drought can expected to have significant impact on biodiversity.

    These factors affect directly and indirectly to the species in the form of:-

    • Loss of Polar habitat
    • Loss of coral reef
    • Ocean acidification
    • Shifting of weather
    • Effect on food chain

    IUCN  Red List category

    Red list is a catalogue of taxa that are facing the risk of extinction.

    • At present it is known as International Union for the conservation of nature and natural resources
    • IUCN has recognised 9 Red List categories of species:-
      1. Extinct
      2. Extinct in the wild
      3. Critically endangered
      4. Endangered
      5. vulnerable
      6. Near threatened
      7. Least concern
      8. Data deficient
      9. Not evaluated

    The protected areas of India are :- National Park, Wildlife sanctuaries, conservation Reserves, community Reserves, biosphere reserve, Marine protected areas.

    Nature conservation

    Measures should be taken to conserve nature:-

    • Reduce reuse and recycle
    • Choose sustainable development
    • Choose long lasting light bulbs
    • Try to use renewable resources more than non-renewable resources.
    • Save water
    • Volunteer for clean up our environment
    • Volunteer for clean up our environment
    • Use public transport system
    • Plant more trees
    • Try to avoid plastic
    • Try to minimise pollution at individual level
    • Use reusable shopping bags
    • Educate others about anthropogenic activities or impact of anthropogenic actions on our environment and what can we do to prevent its bad effects.

    AIM OF EDUCATION IS TO BUILD CHARACTER

    The aim of education should be building of character and not merely injecting of information.

    – Pranab Mukherjee.

    Education is a learning process that enables students and adults in a school community to understand, care about and act on core ethical values.

    Learn the value of respect, justice, civic virtue and citizenship, and responsibility for not only themselves but also for others.

    Education gives us the knowledge we need to know what dangers in society are and how to deal with them properly.

    Intelligence plus character – that is the goal of true education. The complete education gives one not only power of concentration but worthy objectives upon which to concentrate.

    – Martin Luther King Jr

    Important aim of teaching should be producing students with good moral and skills for life.

    Confidence and resilience are two character traits that are essential for success in the workplace.

    As we all know, we faces various challenges after school life. We do not comfort with our good grade but we feel comfort with the character traits like confidence and resilience.

    People with Confidence deals with well interview and prospect the more responsibility the within a job or any role.

    People with resilience character, deals with failure rejection and various unseen obstacles in life. They face problems rather than wasting time on worrying about Minor failures. They always try to keep growing.

    Education is the key to build characters

    Producing students with good grades are not enough for them to face various kinds of challenges in their life. Good grapes are not going to help them for their fruitful life. But preparing students with good ethics, good Morals, social skills and life skills are really going to help them for their future challenges.

    In today’s world the schools are focusing on student and forces them for good grades in academic. Parents also want their child to gain good grades in academics. but in future only good return are not going to work anymore. A person with with good grades and without any social or soft skills or ethics they faces competitions only.

    Thus, focusing on building character is also very important for us.

    Nelson Mandela International Day

    Nelson Mandela was a South African anti apartheid Revolutionary Statesman.

    Nelson Mandela

    He served as president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

    Nelson Mandela was first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.

    Nelson Mandela is known as Gandhi of South Africa.

    Nelson Mandela was born on 18 July 1918.

    We died on 5th December 2013.

    Nelson Mandela International Day is celebrated on 18 July every year.

    Today is 103rd birth anniversary of Nelson Mandela.

    Nelson Mandela opposes the racist system of Apartheid in South Africa and dedicated his life to establishing social equality for all.

    Nelson Mandela was awarded the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

    He involved in anti colonial and African Nationalist politics, joining the AMC in 1943 and co-founding its youth league in 1944.

    In 1962, He was arrested, imprisoned and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state following the Rivonia trial.

    He served 27 years in prison.

    • Nelson Mandela was also known as Madiba.
    • Nelson Mandela was birth name Rolihlahla Mandela.
    • Nelson name was given by his Primary school teacher.
    • In 1931, he begin his College degree at University College of Fort hare.
      • Nelson Mandela was expelled for participating in a protest against the universities policies.
    • Nelson Mandela received his law degree from University of South Africa in 1989.
    • The king of his village threatened him and his cousin with arrange marriages but they both ran away.
    • Nelson Mandela along with his fellow AMC member established South Africa’s first black law practice in 1952.
    • Nelson Mandela was banned from leaving the country
      • In order to leave the country he used the name David Motsamayi to get out of country in secret.
    • In prison, he was mentor to to other prisoner and taught them about nonviolent resistance.
    • Nelson Mandela believed that sports has the power to change the world, it has the power to inspire,. It has the power to unite people in a way that letter else does. It speaks to youth in a language they understand. Sport can create hope where one there was only dispair. It is more powerful than government in Breaking Down racial barriers.
    • He was released from prison in 1990 by president Frederick William De klerk.
    • Nelson Mandela was 76 year old when he was elected as president of South Africa.

    Theme of national Mandela International Day 2021

    • The theme of this year is One Hand Can Feed Another.
    • Last year’s theme was Take Action, Inspire change.
    • The theme highlighted the importance of Government and citizen working together to build a peaceful equitable and sustainable world for all.

    Mother Earth – Our home planet

    Earth is the only planet where life can exist.

    Earth is also called Blue planet.

    Blue planet

    If we destroy the earth, we destroy the chance of life.

    Earth is our mother as we born here,we grow here,we eat ,play and our whole life cycle take place on earth.
    Earth  provide everything that we use today whether it is directly or indirectly.

    Life existed on earth is as it is suitable for having an atmosphere, suitable temperature and water is present in its liquid form on Earth due to the position of Earth on solar system.

    Earth is the third planet from the Sun at a distance of about 93 million miles (150 million km).

    We called Mother earth because Earth provide everything to us like a mother. Our existence become possible only due to earth.
    Everything that we needed to survive and thrive is only due to our mother earth it provide us  food, shelter, home , water, air, medicine , suitable temperature and everything that we need for our existence.
    But we affect our mother Earth in various ways only for the sake of our greed.

    Due to our greedy behaviour natural environment of Earth get changes.

    Earth provides enough to satisfy Every man’s needs but not Every man’s greed

    – Mahatma Gandhi

    Earth day is celebrated on 22 April.

    Thus ,there is a need to  save our mother Earth.

    The optimal temperature of earth rises ,the glaciers are melting  and every type of pollution like air pollution water pollution ,soil pollution ,noise pollution every thing are going on its peak and that’s why why every living organism get affected by this.


    Due to this anthropogenic action every single living organism get affected even when they don’t take part in this  destructive action.

    Anthropogenic action is referred to as the action which is done by humans.

    Impact of anthropogenic activities on  earth
    First of all the major impact is  due to overpopulation –
    ● Due to overpopulation the overconsumption of resources are at its peak .
    Even after the implementation of various sustainable act but it doesn’t make any major changes on environment.
    ● To fulfill the requirements of population we need more food supplies that’s why there is increase in uses of fertilizers and various chemicals to increase the food production.
    ■ And it will leads to lack of nutrients in grains ,soil infertility or or it may leads to desertification.
    ● To fulfill the requirements of people there is need to increase the land area so it has been observed that it leads to deforestation.
    ● Anthropogenic activities are responsible for an intensive emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, leads to an increase of 35% of carbon dioxide (CO2, greenhouse gases) emissions between 1990 and 2010.
    ● Emission of large amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases leads to rise in temperature of Earth, increase pollution and it causes various type of disease also.
    ● For affordable price and easy to use the production of plastic also increases.


    These all are the the main factors that affect the ecosystems too.

    Earth from space

    Measures taken to save mother earth:-

    • Reduce, reuse and recycle
    • Choose sustainable development
    • Volunteer for clean up our environment
    • Choose long lasting light bulbs
    • Try to use renewable resource more than non-renewable resources
    • Save water
    • Plant more trees
    • Use public transport system
    • Try to avoid plastic use
    • Try to minimise pollution at individual level
    • Use reusable shopping bags
    • Educate others about anthropogenic activities or the impact of anthropogenic actions on our environment and what can we do to prevent its bad effects

    Save earth, save home

    Female foeticide – Bitter truth of society

    The process of finding out the sex of a foetus and then undergoing abortion if it is a girl is called Female foeticide.

    Stop female foeticide

    According to certain section of the Indian penal code for forced abortion ,causing death of an unborn child or intentionally preventing a child being born alive are punishable offence.

    The Indian government has passed Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT) in 1994 to ban and punish prenatal sex screening and female foeticide.

    It is currently illegal in India.

    Besides this the prenatal diagnostic technique regulation and prevention of misuse act consider engaging and sex selective abortion using prenatal diagnosis technique are punishable.

    Why I am killed by my parents
    Why??
    Could I harm someone
    Or can I do something wrong
    If no then why I am  killed by my parents
    Why they killed me
    Just tell me
    Were my dreams only for dying…?
    Was I meant nothing for you?
    Why your hand don’t tremble while taking my life?
    Why..?
    Please don’t kill me …
    I also wants to live
    I also want to enjoy every moment of my life
    Please don’t kill me
    Please….

    Let them live

    The natural sex ratio is assumed to be between 103 and 107, and any number above it is considered as suggestive of female foeticide.

    Sex selection is a practice which takes place among some uneducated,poor sections or a particular religion of the Indian society.

    According to the decennial Indian census, the sex ratio in 0 to 6 age group in India has risen from 102.4 males per 100 females in 1961, to 104.2 in 1980, to 107.5 in 2001, to 108.9 in 2011.

    Child sex ratio is significantly higher in certain western and northwestern states such as Maharashtra, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir (118, 120 and 116, as of 2011, respectively).

    The western states of Maharashtra and Rajasthan 2011 census found a child sex ratio of 113, Gujarat at 112 and Uttar Pradesh at 111.

    Urban India has higher child sex ratio than rural India according to 1991, 2001 and 2011 Census data, implying higher prevalence of female foeticide in urban India.

    child sex ratio in major states in India throughout the years 1981, 1991, and 2001-Wikipedia

    The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India’s states and union territories, according to 2011 Census of India for population count in the 0-1 age group.The data suggests 18 states/UT had birth sex ratio higher than 107 implying excess males at birth and/or excess female mortalities after birth but before she reaches the age of 1, 13 states/UT had normal child sex ratios in the 0-1 age group, and 4 states/UT had birth sex ratio less than 103 implying excess females at birth and/or excess male mortalities after birth but before he reaches the age of 1.

    Due to male dominancy in society ,the male babies are preferred because they provide manual labour and success to the family lineage.

    A son is preferred as an asset since he can earn and support the family but a daughter is a liability since she will be married off to another family or she will not contribute financially to her parent or due to dowry system.

    Dowry is the payment from bride’s family to the groom family at the time of marriage.

    Dowry is the main reason behind the female foeticide.

    Dowry system legally ended with the dowry prohibition act of 1961 ,the impossibility of monitoring families and prevalence of corruption have led to its continuance all over India.

    The advancement in technology is the major cause of female foeticide.

    Some doctors do this act to fulfill their moneydesire

    People in India usually see men’s work as “productive” and contributing the family, while the social perception of female labor does not have that connotation. This also ties to the fact that it is easier for men in India to get high paying jobs and provide financially for their families.

    Role of panchayat members


    Panchayat members should

    • give accurate information on the laws pertaining to this issue
    • find out where it is being practiced in the village and investigate it immediately
    • register all births and deaths under the purview of the panchayat
    • raise awareness about gender sensitivity through public education programmes
    • prevent female foeticide with assistance from the ANM and local mid-wife.

    Increasing awareness of the problem has led to multiple campaigns by celebrities and journalists to combat sex-selective abortions.

    The first episode “Daughters Are Precious” of the show Satyamev Jayate to raise awareness of female foeticide.

    CHILDHOOD – BEST DAYS

    I don’t know when I lost my childhood
    I think I lost my childhood
    I think I lost my childhood
    When I started focusing on my studies,
    Maybe I lost it
    When I start overthinking about tomorrow
    Maybe when I get jealous of my cousin
    Maybe I lost it when my parents compare me with others
    May be when I started doing something to please my parents
    Maybe when I feel guilty for saying something
    Maybe when I came to know that everything that I learnt in my childhood is just a bookish line
    And no one takes that seriously in real life
    Not even my parents
    Maybe then I lost my childhood

    We have to learn from our childhood
    ●To be happy for no reason
    ●To always be curious
    ●To fight tirelessly for something

    I think Childhood was the best memories of everyone.


    My childhood was also very memorable to me.
    I used to play till 7pm without any thought of my homework or my parents.
    At that time my father was in Indian army that’s why he couldn’t live with us.I was living with my mom and grandma
    Thus whenever I come from school I have to go to market for food supplies or everything that is needed for home.And that’s why I am always onMy angry mood because my friends were playing when I had to go to market
    And as a child I also wanted to play.
    Thus whenever I return to the market I started playing with my friends till 7 pm.
    My grandma is always waiting for me to come back after playing.
    My grandma loves me so much.I usually sleep with my grandma and she always sang a song for me, tells bad time stories.She loves to irritate me..
    She was my best friend at that time.I think I was closer to my grandma even more than my mom.
    My grandma and I were just like friends.
    Whenever grandma borrows some money from me then I always get it back with some intrest.


    Whenever I went to my maternal grandmother’s home I enjoyed a lot there.My uncle always takes me to a resturant for my favorite foods.He took me to a fair.And in my grandfathers shop I played a lot.I used to irritate every customer but my grandfather never scolds me for that.
    In the evening grandmother took me to the tour of village and I enjoyed it a lot.
    Best thing is that I was known by my mothers name there.And I am proud of them.


    My Childhood was definitely the best memory for me.
    There was no tension for homework, assignment, exams career, future
    We just enjoy our lives but now everything is the opposite.


    We always complete some tasks.Always always always…..
    In the morning we wake up and keep doing our work whether we enjoy it or not.As it is our duty and we have to do it because we get paid for it or to get a job we have to study hard.


    Some have dreams to achieve it thus they also enjoy their everywork that brings them closer to their dreams
    But some don’t have, they are just doing things because their parents want them to do or they want to earn money for their livelihood.

    But what do you think about it?Are they enjoying their lives?
    Of course not.


    So according to my best things for happiness is stop questioning yourself and be proud of yourself for enjoying your life

    ●You have a roof over your head.

    ●You ate today.

    ●You have clean water.

    ●You have a good heart.

    ●You wish for others.

    ●You are breathing.

    ●Atleast one person care for you.

    ●You have clean clothes.

    Be grateful for the little things…

    Sometimes we stress over things that we don’t have and not thankful for the things we already do have.