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Unemployment

 By: Astha Raghav. 

Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the labour force (the total number of people employed added to those unemployed).

Unemployment can have many sources, such as the following:

  • new technologies and inventions
  • the status of the economy, which can be influenced by a recession
  • competition caused by globalization and international trade
  • policies of the government
  • regulation and market

Unemployment and the status of the economy can be influenced by a country through, for example, fiscal policy. Furthermore, the monetary authority of a country, such as the central bank, can influence the availability and cost for money through its monetary policy.

In addition to theories of unemployment, a few categorisations of unemployment are used for more precisely modelling the effects of unemployment within the economic system. Some of the main types of unemployment include structural unemployment, frictional unemployment, cyclical unemployment, involuntary unemployment and classical unemployment. Structural unemployment focuses on foundational problems in the economy and inefficiencies inherent in labor markets, including a mismatch between the supply and demand of laborers with necessary skill sets. Structural arguments emphasize causes and solutions related to disruptive technologies and globalization. Discussions of frictional unemployment focus on voluntary decisions to work based on individuals’ valuation of their own work and how that compares to current wage rates added to the time and effort required to find a job. Causes and solutions for frictional unemployment often address job entry threshold and wage rates.

According to the UN’s International Labour Organization (ILO), there were 172 million people worldwide (or 5% of the reported global workforce) without work in 2018.

Because of the difficulty in measuring the unemployment rate by, for example, using surveys (as in the United States) or through registered unemployed citizens (as in some European countries), statistical figures such as the employment-to-population ratio might be more suitable for evaluating the status of the workforce and the economy if they were based on people who are registered, for example, as taxpayers.

Thank You!

International Business

By: Astha Raghav 


 It is defined as business transactions that takes place across national boarders.  This broad definition includes the very small firm that exports ( or imports) a small quantity to only one country, as well as the very large global firm with integrated operations and strategic alliances around the world. 

International business refers to the trade of goods, services, technology, capital and/or knowledge across national borders and at a global or transnational scale.

It involves cross-border transactions of goods and services between two or more countries. Transactions of economic resources include capital, skills, and people for the purpose of the international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, and construction. International business is also known as globalization.

To conduct business overseas, multinational companies need to bridge separate national markets into one global marketplace. There are two macro-scale factors that underline the trend of greater globalization. The first consists of eliminating barriers to make cross-border trade easier (e.g. free flow of goods and services, and capital, referred to as “free trade”). The second is technological change, particularly developments in communication, information processing, and transportation technologies.

Thank you!

CUSTOMS DUTY AND GST

Custom duty
is a type of indirect tax that is levied on the goods transported across the
borders of a nation. Tax levied on goods imported from foreign countries is
known as import duty and goods exported to the foreign countries is known as export
duty. The value of these duties depends on various factors. Duties levied based
on the value of the goods is known as velorem duties and duties levied
depending on the quantity of the goods is referred to as specific duties.

The main
objective of levying these taxes is to ensure the safety of a country’s
economy, environment, jobs and citizens by managing the transportation of goods
in and out of the country.

In India,
custom duties come under the Customs Act, 1962. According to this, the
government has a right to impose these taxes on both, the import as well as the
export of the goods. Any matters corresponding to these are looked after by the
Central Board of Excise and Custom (CBEC) which is a part of the Department of Revenue
of the Ministry of Finance.

The
government charges the exporter with export duty to send the goods across the
national borders and when any goods are received by a country from outside the
borders then the buyer or the customs broker must pay the pre-decided amount
first in order to retrieve the delivery.

How are
these customs duties imputed? Under the Customs Valuation Rules 2007, there are
various rules laid down to impute the value of these taxes.

Rule 3 and 4
– Comparative Value Method, comparison of transaction value of similar
goods.

Rule 7 – Deducting
Value Method, use of sale price of imported goods in the importing country.

Rule 8 – Computed
Value Method, combines the cost of materials, fabrications and profits in
the production country.

Rule 9 – Fallback
Method, based on the previous methods

On the 1st
of July 2017, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) was implemented which shook the
entire tax system. It is basically a tax that eliminates all the other indirect
taxes and makes the tax system much easier. There are 3 different categories of
GST – Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST), State Goods and Services Tax
(SGST) and Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST). The first two are for
intra-state transactions and the last one is for inter-state transactions.

The customs
duty which are included in GST are the Countervailing Duty (CVD) and Special
Additional Duty (SAD). The Basics Customs Duty (BCD) is still regulated as it is. When any goods are imported in India, IGST is imposed on
them along with BCD. Before IGST, there were several other taxes such as anti-dumping duty, safeguard duty, central excise duty and
service charges which made the whole tax system a lot more complicated whereas
now, only one integrated tax is chargeable.

The introduction of GST made the whole international
logistics process easier and less complicated. Although, this policy adopted by
the government was criticized by many for various factors but all in all, it
has reduced the possibility of loopholes in the taxation system and has made it
more transparent.

 

 

Diabetes

 

By: Astha Raghav. 

diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for energy. With diabetes, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t effectively use the insulin it does make.

Untreated high blood sugar from diabetes can damage your nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs.

There are a few different types of diabetes:

  • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, where insulin is made. It’s unclear what causes this attack. About 10 percent of people with diabetes have this type.
  • Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin, and sugar builds up in your blood.
  • Prediabetes occurs when your blood sugar is higher than normal, but it’s not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
  • Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar during pregnancy. Insulin-blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes.

A rare condition called diabetes insipidus is not related to diabetes mellitus, although it has a similar name. It’s a different condition in which your kidneys remove too much fluid from your body.

Each type of diabetes has unique symptoms, causes, and treatments. 

Thank You!

Hockey

 

By: Astha Raghav 

Hockey is a sport in which two teams play against each other by trying to manoeuvre a ball or a puck into the opponent’s goal using a hockey stick. There are many types of hockey such as bandy, field hockey, ice hockey and rink hockey.

In most of the world, the term hockey by itself refers to field hockey, while in Canada, the United States, Russia and most of Eastern and Northern Europe, the term usually refers to ice hockey.

The first recorded use of the word hockey is in the 1773 book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled “New Improvements on the Game of Hockey”.The belief that hockey was mentioned in a 1363 proclamation by King Edward III of England is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games “Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam”.The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word “hockey” when he translated the proclamation in 1720, instead translating “Canibucam” as “Cambuck”; this may have referred to either an early form of hockey or a game more similar to golf or croquet.

The word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of hoquet, a Middle French word for a shepherd’s stave.The curved, or “hooked” ends of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves. Another supposition derives from the known use of cork bungs (stoppers), in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from 

Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Egypt, 4000-year-old carvings feature teams with sticks and a projectile, hurling dates to before 1272 BC in Ireland, and there is a depiction from approximately 600 BC in Ancient Greece, because it was played with a horn or horn-like stick . In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, a game similar to modern field hockey, for about 1,000 years.

Most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, including games using “hooked” (written “hockie”, similar to “hooky”) sticks.

By the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, and national and international bodies sprang up to manage domestic and international competition.

Thank you!

6 ways to create positive brand image online

 

By: Astha Raghav 

The ultimate guide to creating a positive brand image for online reputation management.

1. Own Your own website : Your first goal for creating a positive online image is having a website. Chances are you already have one for your business like your business. com. If you have a website you control at #1 in search results, it will get the most amount of clicks and prevent most people most people from continuing to look through the rest of the search results.

2.Own Related domains: If you want to take it to the next level, build up some other domains for your business or yourself.  

3.Start Multiple Blogs: Your main personal or company blog does not have to be your only blog. Thanks to Google + authorship and Google Direct Connect, you can tell Google a blog on any topic is related to you.

4.Be active on social media: Notice that I did not say create a whole lot of random social profiles that you may never touch again.

5. Create online “business cards”: Several websites allow you to create a personalized page that displays a short bio about you plus links to your website, blog and social networks. 

6. Claim your local profiles: If you have a local business, be sure to claim your local profiles and local directory listingsor create them if they don’t exist on sites like Yelp, Merchant Circle, Yahoo local and similar sites.

Thank you!

TOP 10 MOST EXPENSIVE STOCK IN THE WORLD

 Stock
collectively refers to all of the shares amongst which the ownership of a
company is divided. If you are interested in a risky investment that may get
you a lot of profit, then you should definitely try out investing in stock
market. Here is a list of the top 10 companies with the most expensive share
prices in the world.


1. BIRKSHIRE
HATHAWAY


With stock
price at $316,248.31 which makes it Rs. 2,20,62,114.60
in Indian currency, and registered in New York Stock Exchange, it
is an American MNC with its headquarters in Omaha, Nebraska, United States of
America. Formerly known as Valley Falls Company (1839-1929) and Berkshire Fine
Spinning Associates (1839-1955), it was founded in 1839 by Oliver Chase with
Warren E. Buffett as its current chairman and CEO.



2. LINDT

Full
name being Chocoladefabriken Lindt and Sprungli AG, its stock price is 78,500
CHF making it Rs.53,63,063.90 in Indian currency. It is a
swiss chocolate and confectionary company which deals with its share in the SIX
Swiss Exchange market. It is widely known for its chocolate truffles,
chocolate bars and other sweets. Founded in 1845 by David
Sprüngli-Schwarz and Rudolf Lindt, its headquarters is in Kilchberg,
Switzerland.



3. NEXT PLC

A British MNC which deals in clothing,
footwear and home products. Its stock price is 5,844 GBP (Rs.5,27,403.47)
and it is listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). It has over
700 stores worldwide out of which 500 are based in United Kingdom and the other
200 are widely spread across Asia, Europe and Middle East. It is one of the
largest clothing retailers in the UK which overtook Marks & Spencer in the
early 2012. It was founded in 1864 by Joseph Hepworth and has its headquarters
in Enderby, England.



4. SEABOARD
CORPORATION

It is an American MNC which deals in
several operations. The stock price is $4,699.00 (Rs. 3,28,272.14) and is also listed under the New York
Stock Exchange. In USA, its main operation is the production of pork
and ocean transportation. Worldwide, it engages in activities like grain
processing, sugar production and electrical power generation. Founded by Otto
Bresky in 1918, it is headquartered in Merriam, Kansas, USA.



5. NVR INC.

Stock price being $3,215 (Rs. 2,24,567.75) and
also listed under the New York Stock Exchange, it is an American
construction and mortgage company which runs under the name of Rymarc Homes,
Ryan Homes, NV Homes, and Heartland Homes. Founded 1940 by Dwight Schar, it was
originally named as Ryan Homes which later on, in 1980, changed to NVR Incorporated.
Reston, Virginia, USA is where the headquarters belong.



6. AMAZON INC.

 

An American MNC that focuses on
E-Commerce, digital streaming and artificial intelligence, it is one of the top
5 companies in the USA under the Information Technology industry along with
Apple, Microsoft, Facebook and Google. Its stock is priced at $1,923.77 (Rs. 1,34,426.31) and is
registered in the New York Stock Exchange. Founded by Jeff Bezos
in 1994, it was originally known as Cadabra Inc. which changed in 1995. It has
its headquarters in Seattle, Washington, USA.



7. BOOKING HOLDINGS INC.

Formerly known as Priceline.com Incorporated
(1998–2014) and The Priceline Group Inc. (2014–2018), its stock price is $1,887.73 (Rs. 1,31,739.96) and it is listed under National
Association of Securities Dealer Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) stock
exchange. This company is a part of the travel and technology industry and was founded
in 1996 by Jay S. Walker. The headquarters are based in Norwalk, Connecticut,
USA. Its current president and CEO is Glenn D. Fogel.



8. ALPHABET INC.

Stock price at $1,270.59 (Rs. 88,746.26) and
registered under National Association of Securities Dealer Automated
Quotations (NASDAQ) stock exchange, it is as American MNC which was
founded through the restructuring of Google. It became the parent company of
Google and several other subsidiaries. It was founded by the founders of Google
itself, Larry Page and Sergey Brin on 2nd October 2015 and has the
headquarters in Mountain View, California, USA.



9. MARKEL CORPORATION (MKL)

MKL is a worldwide company of various operations like
insurance, reinsurance and investment. Their stock price is $1,027.19
(Rs. 71,741.52) under the New York Stock Exchange.
It runs under the insurance industry. Found in 1930 by Samuel A. Markel, its
headquarters is in Richmond, Virginia, USA.



10. MRF LTD.

Madras Rubber Factory is an Indian MNC which runs
under the tyres and rubber industry. The stock price is Rs.55,918.35
and is listed under the National Stock Exchange (NSE). It is the
most expensive stock in the Indian Stock Exchange. It is the largest
manufacturer of tyres in India and the sixth largest in the world.
Headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, it was founded in 1946 by K.M. Mammen
Mappillai.

 

Yoga

 By: Astha Raghav 

Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines that originated in ancient India, aimed at controlling (‘yoking’) and stilling the mind, and recognizing the detached ‘witness-consciousness’ as untouched by the activities of the mind (Citta) and mundane suffering (Duḥkha). There are a broad variety of the schools of yoga, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and traditional forms and modern methods of yoga are practiced worldwide.

There are broadly two kinds of theories on the origins of yoga. The linear model argues that yoga has Aryan origins, as reflected in the Vedic textual corpus, and influenced Buddhism; according to Crangle, this model is mainly supported by Hindu scholars. The synthesis model argues that yoga is a synthesis of indigenous, non-Aryan practices with Aryan elements; this model is favoured in western scholarship.

Yoga is first mentioned in the Rigveda and also referenced in many Upanishads. The first known formal appearance of the word “yoga”, with the same meaning as the modern term, is in the Katha Upanishad, probably composed between the fifth and third century BCE. Yoga continued to develop as a systematic study and practice during the 5th and 6th centuries BCE, in ancient India’s ascetic, and Śramaṇa movements. The most comprehensive text on Yoga, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date to the early centuries CE, while Yoga philosophy came to be marked as one of the six orthodox philosophical schools of Hinduism in the second half of the first millennium. Hatha yoga texts began to emerge between the 9th and 11th century with origins in tantra.

The term “yoga” in the Western world often denotes a modern form of hatha yoga and a posture-based physical fitness, stress-relief and relaxation technique, consisting largely of the asanas,in contrast with traditional yoga, which focuses on meditation and release from worldly attachments. It was introduced by gurus from India, following the success of Vivekananda’s adaptation of yoga without asanas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who introduced the Yoga Sutras to the west. The Yoga Sutras gained prominence in the 20th century following the success of hatha yoga.

Thank you!

Skateboarding

By: Astha Raghav. 

Skateboarding is an action sport originating in the United States that involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard, as well as a recreational activity, an art form, an entertainment industry job, and a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue, with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. In 2016, it was announced that skateboarding will be represented at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, for both male and female teams.

Since the 1970s, skateparks have been constructed specifically for use by skateboarders, freestyle BMXers, aggressive skaters, and very recently, scooters.However, skateboarding has become controversial in areas in which the activity, although illegal, has damaged curbs, stoneworks, steps, benches, plazas, and parks.

The first skateboards started with wooden boxes, or boards, with roller skate wheels attached to the bottom. Crate scooters preceded skateboards, having a wooden crate attached to the nose (front of the board), which formed rudimentary handlebars. The boxes turned into planks, similar to the skateboard decks of today.

Skateboarding, as we know it, was probably born sometime in the late 1940s, or early 1950s,when surfers in California wanted something to do when the waves were flat. This was called “sidewalk surfing” – a new wave of surfing on the sidewalk as the sport of surfing became highly popular. No one knows who made the first board; it seems that several people came up with similar ideas at around the same time. The first manufactured skateboards were ordered by a Los Angeles, California surf shop, meant to be used by surfers in their downtime. The shop owner, Bill Richard, made a deal with the Chicago Roller Skate Company to produce sets of skate wheels, which they attached to square wooden boards. Accordingly, skateboarding was originally denoted “sidewalk surfing” and early skaters emulated surfing style and maneuvers, and performed barefoot.

By the 1960s a small number of surfing manufacturers in Southern California such as Jack’s, Kips’, Hobie, Bing’s and Makaha started building skateboards that resembled small surfboards, and assembled teams to promote their products. One of the earliest Skateboard exhibitions was sponsored by Makaha’s founder, Larry Stevenson, in 1963 and held at the Pier Avenue Junior High School in Hermosa Beach, California. Some of these same teams of skateboarders were also featured on a television show called Surf’s Up in 1964, hosted by Stan Richards, that helped promote skateboarding as something new and fun to do.

Thank you!

Indiscipline in Schools

 

By: Astha Raghav. 

School discipline is one of the factors of good education in the country, therefore, it is necessary to train teachers to deal with their students and instill discipline at school. This issue is usually a problem for a lot of schools even in the most developed countries. Indiscipline can significantly affect the education of your child negatively, that is why you must know these top 10 causes of indiscipline in schools and how to deal with them!
Discipline in schools is a required set of rules administered to teachers and students, which they have to obey or expect to be punished for their disobedience. Discipline sets rules as guidelines and limitations for students; school rules are necessary to set up the basis of social behavior for young minds. 

Most of these rules are usually established by the government. The Ministry of Education provides certain necessary guidelines to schools; the schools also have the power to set up their own rules and punishment for disobedience according to the international standards and the government’s recommendations. These rules may include dress code, timekeeping, school schedule, work ethic, social behavior and so on. 

Indiscipline in schools is the violation of school rules; it is the complete opposite of discipline and it is necessary to stress that indiscipline is not welcomed in any school. Indiscipline in schools can be observed in different ways, including inside the classroom and outdoors. 
The student behavior policy is the fundament for adequate education in schools, therefore, it is always necessary to analyze and investigate the causes of indiscipline. 
Thank you!

WHY DIGITAL MARKETING?

  

There was a point when digital marketing was just a new and a unique way for marketers to advertise their product to the masses. Gaining popularity since 2008, digital marketing became a huge platform for almost every company to reach out to every corner of the country effectively. Each and every organization or start-up have their own website and it is difficult these days to run a business without it. 

As the internet is inter-connecting the whole world digitally, online marketing is also gaining more attention. So, why is it so important?

1.REACHES OUT TO MASS POPULATION

 Considering more than half of the youth these days and the older generation as well is constantly active on social media, it becomes a huge platform for companies to put up their products and advertise it to the masses with less efforts and time. 

2.HELPS SMALL BUSINESSES

It is crystal clear that bringing a small business on the top rank is not an easy job especially when there are huge competitors out there like Amazon, Starbucks, McDonnlads and the list goes on. This is where digital marketing comes into picture. A small business cannot have a store next to Starbucks and expect to overtake their business, but they can promote themselves over the internet to as much of the population as possible to make a known place for themselves. 

3.INTERACTION WITH THE PUBLIC 

If your product is advertised on newspaper or television, you can only hope that people saw it and gained some interest in it. Also, you don’t even get their feedback on it. But, if it is done through social media, you get to interact with your audience digitally and know whether your product is suitable enough for a buyer or not. You receive a proper feedback and know where to improvise. 

4.COST EFFECTIVE 

In case of marketing through newspaper or magazines, you need to have a medium size capital to invest in your advertisement and if you choose television as your medium, then a huge capital must be available to do so. On the other hand, digital marketing doesn’t demand a high level of investment. Here, you get to choose a daily budget for your promotion and therefore, the cost could be as less as you want and under your budget. 

5. MUCH FASTER 

An online ad reaches out to your audience within a few seconds whereas, a newspaper or a magazine might take a few days or a whole week and television takes even longer due to its long procedure of planning, gathering, shooting, editing and lot more. 

6.TRACK YOUR CAMPAIGN 

When you advertise digitally, you get the option to track your campaign which enables you to analyze how successful it has turned out to be. You can track how many people clicked on your advertisement to go to your website, how many of them liked and shared it and also you can make changes in your promotion according to your performance. 


Keeping in mind the current pandemic, what better way could there be to socialize with people and promote yourself than digital marketing when everyone has chosen the digital road for their work. Online ads are the best way to get your company at the top even during such a big crisis.

How to Run small business Firm Marketing Campaigns that work.

 

By: Astha Raghav. 

When small business can develop and launch a marketing campaign, small business man want to be sure to doing everything to attract more customers, instead of wasting small business investment. To get small business man started, try these actionable recommendations so small business man can launch a successful marketing campaign for small business. 

1. Do Research: It involves doing some manual research. Before begins developing small business campaign, small business man can spend time learning more about your industry, what kinds of campaigns have been more successful this year, and how to develop a campaign that your target audience will actually notice and respond it.

2. Target Audience: Getting to know and understand your audience. It involves developing buyer personas and representative of small business ideal customers based on market research and real data about small business existing customers. 

3. Put a plan: If small business man can decide to design, launch and promote a marketing campaign for small business, small business man need to spend time putting together a strategic plan that will help guide you through various phases of small business marketing campaign. 

4. Give Enough Time: In order to launch a marketing campaign successfully you to give a proper time. You need time to plan, promote, design, evaluate and get the word out.

5. Take a help: One of the most effective and essential things small business can do in order to launch a successful campaign involves personally reaching out the people who can and would be willing to help. 

6. Evaluate in real time: When small business man can launch a marketing campaign, you have to be prepared to evaluate how it’s being received and be willing to make small changes that can help to make it more successful. 

Thank you!