Globalisation Threat to the Environment

 Global change has become a popular word in scientific debates on long-range structural change in the earth’s ecology. Globalisation has in the past played a major role in the controversial environmental debates. Many problems resulted in this area of discussion, in regard to the intricate linkages between globalisation, government, trade and transport, and environmental decay.

             The current debate on the environmental effects of globalisation is particularly concerned with the question whether a worldwide liberalisation of trade may provoke environmental collapse. Three major environmental concerns related to trade are the domestic environmental effects caused by the use of imported products, the foreign environmental effects caused by the production of exported goods, and the environmental effects caused by transport movements needed for international trade.
             In a democratic society, the citizens presume the right to make laws that reflect their deepest values, yet this is no longer the case. With the emergence of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), democracy has been abandoned. It no longer matters what the democratic societies want, but what the global corporations want.
             Created in 1994, the WTO is already among the most powerful, reserved, undemocratic bodies on earth. It has been granted with vast powers, which include the right to judge whether laws of nations are impairments to trade, by WTO standards. They rule laws concerning public health, food safety, small business, labor standards, culture, human rights, and other social and economic procedures (Krugman and Obstfeld 23). If any of these laws proved to be harming to trade, the WTO can demand their nullification, or enforce very harsh sanctions.

CONTROLLED VS FREE ENVIRONMENT

 Which is better: a controlled environment or a free one? For many centuries people have fought for control like the Romans or the Germans while others have fought for freedom like Gandhi or Malcolm X. While all of these examples have been great and famous I believe that a free environment is better than a controlled one.

             Often times, in a controlled environment the ‘controllers’ begin to abuse their power. In this situation the people who are being controlled, may not like the laws or rules and rebel against the ruling powers. This rebellion then causes the controllers to fight back with usually end in a blood bath. A very good example of this was in 1919 in India. The British passed a law saying that all Indian marriages were obsolete and that all the Indian women must stay in their homes. The people organized a rebellion but because of their lack of weapons were massacred by the British. If this is what control is I see no point!
             Staying on the subject of the Massacre at Amritsar, the law said that women must stay confined to their homes. If the women must stay in their houses, how can they excel if they can’t learn from the outside world. They can’t even voice an opinion!
             In controlled environments, people are usually unable to make their own decisions or have their own opinions. The options in life are limited. Take Marie Curie for example. In Poland where she lived, women were not allowed to attend University. If Marie hadn’t moved to France to study, would she have excelled? Joseph Stalin is also a good example. He didn’t excel because he was controlled but he excelled because of his own decisions and opinions.
             What is the point of wars and conquest: to be able to control more people and land. Take the 2 world wars for example. No land was won or lost in these wars but at what cost: bloodshed. If that is the cost of control, I see no point.

THE ENDANGERED ENVIRONMENT

 The old cliche “out of sight, out of mind” is the best way to summarize most of the world’s perspective on the environment. It is most unfortunate that almost all of the people on earth cannot see first hand the rapid destruction of the homes of countless species. People do not and cannot see the holes in the ozone layer or the pollution in the water. Most people have never seen in person the trees of an entire valley cut down or the coastline blackened by spilled oil. Since the Industrial Revolution the earth’s ecosystem has experienced a rapid decline. People are using vast amounts of resources at rates that will be nearly impossible to neither maintain nor replenish. There is also the cost of using and refining these resources, which is the lower quality of air, water, and earth, the extinction of various species, and the continued drastic decrease of finite resources of that we have come to depend our whole economy on. Every year more forests are cut down, more chemicals pollute the air, and more toxins fill the waters. This trend has continued for more than a century and a half and continues even today. The degradation of the environment continues and we have endangered it.

             One of the most prized and coveted resources on earth is oil. It is often referred to as “black gold” since oil is shipped to and consumed all over the world. It is the greatest source of energy that people have. It is used as fuel for cars, trucks, airplanes, and many other vehicles as well as a major generator of electricity in many areas. Nevertheless, it is used in vast quantities and must also be shipped in vast quantities. The most economically efficient way to do this is by using what are known as “supertankers.” The old cliche “out of sight, out of mind” is the best way to summarise most of the world’s perspective on the environment. It is most unfortunate that almost all of the people on earth cannot see first hand the rapid destruction of the homes of countless species. People do not and cannot see the holes in the ozone layer or the pollution in the water. Most people have never seen in person the trees of an entire valley cut down or the coastline blackened by spilled oil. Since the Industrial Revolution the earth’s ecosystem has experienced a rapid decline. People are using vast amounts of resources at rates that will be nearly impossible to neither maintain nor replenish. There is also the cost of using and refining these resources, which is the lower quality of air, water, and earth, the extinction of various species, and the continued drastic decrease of finite resources of that we have come to depend our whole economy on. Every year more forests are cut down, more chemicals pollute the air, and more toxins fill the waters.

PROBLEMS IN OUR SOCIETY AND HOW OUR ENVIRONMENT PLAYS A ROLE

 A person would be considered deviant in society if they are violating what the significant social norm of its group (Pfohl). There are many ways deviance could be answered. There is the psychological answer, biological answer, and the sociological answer. With all of the studies that have been performed, no one group has come up with an exact reason to why people are considered deviant. The reality that the definition of deviance is considered different by everyone makes it complicated and unknown if a truly accurate answer can ever be found (Pfohl). This is why this topic is important to the study of sociology. Sociologists have more information, and therefore may be closer to finding the cause.
             The family is the link to socialization in one’s environment. In the family, divorce, conflict within family, neglect, abuse, and deviant parents are the main vindicates for the offspring’s actions (Cheung).
             Poverty is also a reason in the family for conflict because it can lead to both family breakups and delinquency. Children need close, supportive, relationships with parents. What promotes deviance in the home is the inhibition to talk to parents. The child may feel that they need to get attention elsewhere, thus acting deviantly if their parents are not there for them (Evans).
             My research paper is about these situations. Why do others succeed and why do others fail? People say that it is a good thing to be different but why than others are open to opportunities while others are faced with no opportunities? I am going to discuss about how the environment and society around us affect every aspect of our lives.
             Social environment is influenced by one’s power and wealth. This, in turn, determines success or failure in peoples’ lives. I believe it is what family we were born into that would easily let individuals to have an opportunity to attend a fancy school no matter how intelligent he is or she is.


COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957

Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. In fact, it is a bundle of rights including, inter alia, rights of reproduction, communication to the public, adaption and translation of the work. 
Copyright ensures certain minimum safeguards of the rights of authors over their creations, thereby protecting and rewarding creativity.
Copyright in the case of literary, dramatic or musical work:
1.Reproducing the work in any material form which includes storing of it in any medium by electronic means
2.Issuing copies of the work to the public which are not already in circulation.
3.Performing the work in public or communicating it to the public
4. Making any cinematograph film or sound  recording in respect ot the work.
5.Making any translation or adaption of the work. Further any of the above mentioned acts in relation to work can be done in the case of translation or adaption of the work.
Copyright in the case of a computer programme:
1.To do any of the act specified in respect of a literary, dramatic or musical work
2.To sell or give on commercial rental or offer for sale or for commercial rental any copy of the computer programmes where the programme itself is not the essential object of the rental.

Copyright in case of artistic work:
1.To produce the work in any material form
2.Communicating the work to the public
3.Issuing copies of work to the public which are not already in existence.
4.Including work in any cinematograph film
5.Making adaption of the work, and to do any of the above acts in relation to an adaption of the work. 
Copyright in the case of cinematograph film:
1.To make a copy of film
2.To sell or give on commercial rental or offer for sale or for such rental, any copy of the film
3.To communicate the film to the public

Copyright in case of sound recording 
1. To make any other sound recording embodying it including storing of it in any medium by electronic or other means
2.To sell or give on commercial rental or offer for sale or for such rental, any copy of the sound recording
3.To communicate the sound recording to the public
Constitution of Copyright Board
1.It is constituted with minimum two and maximum fourteen members.
2.The chairman of the Copyright Board shall be a person who is or has been a Judge of a High Court or is qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court
3.The Copyright Board is deemed to be Civil Court and proceedings before it are deemed to be judicial proceedings.
Functions of Copyright Board 
1.Settlement of disputes as to copies of any literary, dramatic or artistic work or records are issued to the public in sufficient numbers 
2.Settlement of disputes with respect to assignment of copyright
3.Granting of compulsory licence in respect of Indian works withheld from public
4.Granting of compulsory licence in respect of Indian works withheld from public.
5.Rectification of Register of Copyright 
6.Determination of royalties payable to the owner of copyright, etc.

NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010

The National Green Tribunal Act,2010 is an Act which enables creation of a special Tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal  of cases pretaning to environmental issues. It was enacted under Indian Constitutional provision of Article 21.
OBJECTIVES
NGT is formed for effective disposal of cases relating to:-
1.Environmental protection
2.Conservation of forests
3.Other natural resources
4.Enforcement of any legal right relating to environment.
5.Giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.

Composition Of National Green Tribunal
1.The tribunal shall consist of-
– Full time chairperson
– Not less than 10 but maximum of 20 full time Judicial Member.
– Not less than 10 but maximum of 20 full time Expert Member.
2.The Chairperson of the Tribunal may invite any person having specialized knowledge and experience in a particular case before the Tribunal to assist the Tribunal in that case.
3.The Central Government by notification may specify the ordinary place of sitting of the Tribunal and the territorial jurisdiction.
4.The Central Government in consultation with the Chairperson  of the Tribunal may make rules regulating the practices and procedure of the Tribunal including-
– The rules as to the persons who shall be entitled to appear before the Tribunal.
– The rules as to procedure for hearing applications and appeals and other matters.
– Rules relating to transfer of cases by the Chairperson from one place of sitting to other place of sitting. 

POWERS OF NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL
1.The Tribunal is not bound by the procedure laid down by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 but shall be guided by the principle of natural justice.
2.The Tribunal has power to regulate its own procedure.
3.The Tribunal shall also not be bound by the rules of evidence contained in the Indian Evidence Act,1872.
4.The tribunal shall have the same powers as are vested in a Civil Court while trying a suit, in respect of the following matters, namely:-
– Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath
– Requiring the discovery and production of documents 
– Receiving evidence on affidavits
– Requisitioning any public record or documents or copy of such record or document
– Issuing commissions for the examination of witness or documents
– Reviewing its decision.
– Dismissing an application for default or deciding it ex-parte.
– Setting aside any order of dismissal of any application
– Pass an interim order including granting an injuction or stay
– Any other prescribed matter 
COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES
Heads under which compensation for damages can be claimed are:-
1.Death
2.Permanent, temporary, total or partial disability or other injury or sickness
3.Loss of wages due to total or partial disability or permanent or temporary disability 
4.Damage to private property
5.Loss to local authority or government arising out of, or connected with, the activity causing any damage.
6.Loss of business or employment or both
7.Loss and destruction of any property other than private property 
8.Claims on account of any harm, damage or destruction to the fauna including milch and draught animals and aquatic fauna
9.Claims on account of any harm, damage or destruction to the flora including aquatic flora, crops, vegetables, trees and orchards.
10.Expenses incurred by the Government or any local authority in providing relief, aid and rehabilitation to the affected persons. 
11.Any other claim arising out of or connected with, any activity of handling of hazardous substance.

POBITORA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

Pobitora, 35 km east of Guwahati, is a small wildlife sanctuary in Assam in India with the highest concentration of the Great One-Horned Rhinoceros in the world. The natural boundary of the sanctuary is the Garanga Beel on the South and the river Brahmaputra on the North. An hour-long drive from Guwahati along the river Brahmaputra, passing through the village of Mayong, is an exhilarating experience for visitors. Because of Pobitora’s proximity, to Guwahati one can choose to make a day visit to and from Guwahati one can choose to make a day visit to and from Guwahati and explore the sanctuary on elephant back or stay overnight. It is often referred to as the Kaziranga National Park’s showroom. It is ideal for visitors who have little time to spare and cannot visit Kaziranga.
Pobitora was originally a grazing reserve of the erstwhile Nagaon district of Assam in the flood plains of the river Brahmaputra. Pobitora, comprising of the flat flood plains and the hillock of Raja Mating, was thereafter declared a Reserved Forest in 1971 and a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1987.

FLORA AND FAUNA 
Pobitora comprises of Assam alluvial grasslands with the hilly forest of the Raja Mayong Hill. The riverine composition of the forest with vast stretches of grassland is the ideal habitat for the Indian One-Horned rhino. However, though the total area of the sanctuary comprises of 38.81 square km, only 16 square km of this is suitable for rhino habitat. Pobitora is also home to other animals like the Asiatic buffalo, leopard, wild bear, wild boars, Chinese pangolins, civet cats, etc.
Pobitrota is a bird -watchers paradise, as both migratory and resident birds can be sighted here. A census  done in January 2012 states that there are twenty-six species of birds at Pobitora. The Marsh Babbler, an endemic bird species of Assam, has been recorded in this sanctuary.
The Rajamayong Hill, which form the part of this Sanctuary, also harbors various species of animals like leopards, Lesser cats, barking deer, etc. This hill serves as a sheltering ground during the high floods which is common in the area during the monsoons.
SIGHTSEEING IN POBITORA 
Tourist can enter the Sanctuary either on elephant back or in Jeep. The morning and evening elephant and jeep rides is the main attraction of the Sanctuary.

OTHER ACTIVITIES
1.The Haduk Hanging Bridge. There is also a picnic spot and a children’s park 
2.A visit to the Gauranga Beel.
3.Enjoy the rural charm of Mating, famous for its tradition of black magic. Lying adjacent to the Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary is the village of Mating, famous for its tradition of black magic. Remnants of old temple on hillocks surrounding Mayong is an indicator to its tantric or black magic past. The four most important temples in the area are the Kechaikhaiti shrine of Burha Mating, Narashinha Ashram of Hiloikhunda, Ganesh temple of Hatimuria and Shiva shrine of Kachashila. The village houses a community museum showcasing ancient magic literature and relics and also an old rock with undeciphered writings. 

CHITRAKOOT: ABODE OF THE GODS

Chitrakoot, “the hill of many wonders, nestles peacefully in the northern spurs of the Vindhyas, a place of tranquil forest glades and quiet rivers and streams where calm and repose are all- pervading. This loveliest of Nature’s gifts is also hallowed ground, blessed by the gods and sanctified by the faith of pilgrims. For Chitrakoot’s spiritual legacy stretches back to legendary ages: it was in these deep forests that Rama and Sita spent eleven of their fourteen years of exile: here, that the great sage Atri and Sati Anusuya meditated; and here where the principal trinity of the Hindu pantheon, Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh took their incarnations. Sufferers and seekers, poets and visionaries, princes and noblemen have, through the ages, sought and found solace in Chitrakoot, drawn inspiration from its sublime natural beauty, gained spiritual strength from its serene temples and, in turn, become part of the hallowed legend that is Chitra koot.

PLACES TO VISIT

RAMGHAT
The ghats that line the banks of the river Mandakini reveal a constantly moving and changing kaleidoscope of religious activity. Here, amidst the chanting of hymns and the sweet fragrance of incense, holy men in saffron robes sit in silent meditation or offer the solace of their wisdom to the countless pilgrims who converge here. With the very first rays of dawn that gleam upon the river, Ramghat stirs into life as the devout of all ages take the ritual, purifying dip in the waters and invoke the blessings of the gods. The activity builds up in a crescendo of colour and spontaneous expressions of faith through the day, past high noon, gently diminishing as the setting sun picks out the bright colours of flower petals floating down the river, while the evening ‘arti’ lends its melodious cadences to the deepening dusk. 

KAMADGIRI 
Kamadgiri, the original Chitrakoot, is a place of prime religious significance. A forested hill, it is skirted all along its base by a chain of temples and is venerated today, as the holy embodiment of Rama. The Bharat Milap temple is located here, marking the spot where Bharat is said to have met Rama to persuade him to return to the throne of Ayodhya. Many are the faithful who perform the ritual circuit (parikrama) of the sacred hill, to ask for a boon or a blessing.

SATI ANUSUYA 
Sati Anusuya is located further upstream, set amidst thick forests that resound to the melody of birdsong all day. It was here that Atri Muni, his wife Anusuya, and their three sons (who were the three incarnations of Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh), are said to have meditated. The Mandakini is believed to have been created by Anusuya through her meditation. Sati Anusuya lies about 16 km. from the town and can be reached by road.
SPHATIK SHILA
A few kilometers beyond Janaki Kund is again a densely forested area on the banks of the Mandakini. One can climb up to the boulder which bears the impression of Rama’s footprint and where Sita was pecked at, by Jayant in the form of a crow. There are large fish in the river here, easily visible in the pellucid water and a few temples.
HANUMAN DHARA 
Located on a rock-face several hundred feet up a steep hillside is a spring, said to have been created by Rama to assuage Hanuman when the latter returned after setting Lanka afire. A couple of temples commemorate this spot which offers a panoramic view of Chitrakoot. There is an open, paved area here in the shade of a massive peepal tree, a lovely halting place after the long climb up.
ALSO VISIT: Janaki Kund, Gupt-Godavari, Deep Daan, Bharat Koop and Bharat Milap.

SHIVPURI: MADHYA PRADESH

Shivpuri is steeped in the royal legacy of its past, when it was the summer capital of the Scindia rulers of Gwalior. And earlier, its dense forests were the hunting grounds of the Mughal emperors when great herds of elephants were captured by Emperor Akbar.
Much later, it was the tiger that roamed the wooded hills and many a magnificent beast was ‘bagged’ by royal shikaris. And, with its luxuriant forests and undulating hills, Shivpuri was a natural choice as the summer resort capital of the Scindias. Shivpuri’s royal ambiance lives on in the exquisite palaces and hunting lodges and graceful, intricately-embellished marble chhatris (cenotaphs) erected by the Scindia princes.
A sanctuary for rare wildlife and avifauna, Shivpuri has transformed a royal past into a vibrant, hopeful present.

MADHAV NATIONAL PARK
Madhav National Park is 156 sq km in area, the park is open throughout the year. With a varied terrain of wooded hills, the forests being dry, mixed and deciduous, and flat grasslands around the lake, it offers abundant opportunities for sighting a variety of wildlife. The predominant species that inhabits the park is the deer, of which the most easily sighted are the graceful little chinkara, the Indian gazelle and the chital. Other species that have their habitat in the park are nilgai, sambar, chausingha or four-horned antelope blackbuck, sloth bear, leopard and the ubiquitous common langur.
The National Park is equally rich in avifauna; the artificial lake, Chandpatta is winter home of migratory geese, pochard, pintail, teal, maillard and gadwall. A good site for bird watching is where the forest track crosses the wide rocky stream that flows from the Waste Weir. Species that frequent this spot are red-wattled lapwing, large-pied wagtail, pond heron and white breasted kingfisher. The avifauna also includes the cormorant, painted stork, white ibis, laggar falcon, purple sunbird, paradise flycatcher and golden oriole.
BARADARI
It is a building of Maratha style, built in 1921 as a night dancing hall. It has a gallery of paintings depicting real life and fantasized themes. The hall was also used for entertainment and religious purpose.

CHHATRIS
Set in a formal Mughal garden, with quiet nooks under flowering trees, intersected by pathways with ornamental balustrades and illuminated by Victorian lamps, is the complex in which the cenotaphs of the Scindias are set. Facing each other across a water tank are the chhatris of Madho Rao Scindia and the dowager queen Maharani Sakhya Raje Scindia, synthesising the architectural idioms of Hindu and Islamic styles with their shikhara-type spires and Rajput and Mughal pavilions.
The gittering white marble surface of Madho Rao Scindia’s cenctaph is inlaid in the pietra dura style, with lapis lazuli and onyx to create a spectacularly rich effect, heightened by the delicacy of the trellis work on the sides. The dowager queen’s cenotaph has a noble dignity of line and superb strucuctural harmony. Both memorials contain life-size images of the Scindias and these are tended to with extreme devotion by ceremonially-dressed retainers who perform the rituals of placing flowers and incense before the statues each day. In the evenings, the hush is broken by the sound of music as artists of the Gwalior gharana render classical ragas before the statues.

MADHAV VILAS PALACE
Standing upon a natural eminence, the elongated rose-pink summer palace of the Scindias is built in truly royal proportions. A fine example of colonial architecture, the Mahal, as it is called, is remarkable for its marble floors, iron columns, graceful terraces and the Ganapati Mandap. From the turrets, the view is a spectacular one of Shivpuri town and the park beyond.

SAKHYA SAGAR BOAT CLUB
Edging the forests of the Madhav National Park is the Sakhya Sagar lake, habitat of a variety of reptiles. Species that can be seen here are the marsh crocodile or mugger, Indian python and the monitor lizard. On the shores of the lake and connected to it by a broad pier is a Boat Club, an airy, delicate structure with glass panels.

BHADAIYA KUND
A scenic picnic spot by a natural spring. The water here is rich in minerals, supposedly of a curative nature.
ALSO VISIT: George Castle, Sultan Hotel, Kothi No.17, Madhav Vilas Palace and Sakhya Lake and Boat Club.

MANAS NATIONAL PARK

Manas National Park is located at the foothills of the Bhutan-Himalayas in Assam, it is a unique biodiversity landscape which is said to be one among the most stunning and pristine wildlife habitats of the world. It is declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 and a Biosphere Reserve in 1989, it was finally enlisted as a National Park in 1990. The Manas river, from which it derived its name, flows to the heart of the National Park. Total area of the park is about 500 square kms. 
Manas is home to over 20 endangered species including the Royal Bengal Tiger. Manas National Park is densely forested and known for its endangered endemic wildlife like the Assam roofed turtle. Hispid Hare, Golden Langur and Wild Water Buffalo. The last population of Pygmy  Hog survives in the wild of Manas and no where else in the world. Manas is the only landscape  in the world  where pristine Terai grasslands are seen merging with the Bhabar grasslands interspersed with diverse habitats  ascending ti semi-evergreen forests and then to Bhutan Himalayas.
The sanctuary has recorded 50 species of mammals, 450 species of birds, 42 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 79 species of fish and over 200 butterfly species. Out of the mammals 21 are in Indian’s Schedule I and 31 of them are threatened.
ANIMALS FOUND 
Tiger, leopard, Indian Great One-Horned Rhinoceros, Golden Langur, clouded leopard, Asian Golden Cat, Himalayan Black Bear, Smooth- Coated Otters, Capped Langur, Barking Deer, Hog Deer, Assamese Macaque, Slow Loris, Sambar Deer, Spotted Deer, Gaur, Asiatic Water Buffalo , Asian Elephant,etc.

BIRDS FOUND 
Bengal Florican, Great Indian Hornbill, Egret, Pelican, White-Winged Wood Duck, Merganser, Red Headed Trogon, Magpie Robin, Comb Duck, Ibis Bill, Pied Hornbill, Serpent Eagle, Swamp Francolin, Bee- Eater, etc.
REPTILES 
Assam Roofed Turtle, Monitor Lizard, Gharial, various species if snakes, etc.
VEGETATION
Manas has a unique bio-geographical location, being at the confluence of the Indo-Malayan , Indo-Chinese and Australasian pathways, which make it an important refuge for several endemic and charismatic wildlife species. It also provide an ideal habitat ranging from high altitude Himalayan dense canopied forests to the sub-tropical woodlands and alluvial flood-plain grassland and riverine ecosystem in the lower elevations.

SIGHT SEEING IN MANAS 
Tourists can enter the National Park either on Elephant back or in a jeep. Jeep safaris and Elephant safaris are possible in the mornings and early evenings when the animals are most active. It is mandatory for tourists to ensure that a Forest Department’s guide accompanies them. Tourist can also experience thrilling river rafting adventure in the river Manas. Since there is only limited Elephant Rides it is advisable that prior reservations are made.

BEST TIME TO VISIT 
Manas  National Park is open all year round, but the best time to visit Manas National Park is between November to April.
HOW TO REACH MANAS NATIONAL PARK
By Air: Nearest airport is LGBI Airport, Guwahati about 170 km from the Manas National Park and is well connected by road to Manas National Park.
By Rail: Nearest railway station is Barpeta Road, about 20 km from the Manas National Park. The railway station is well connected by road to Manas National Park.
By Road: Barpeta Road is well connected to major cities and places by road network. There are a number of government and privately operated vehicles that go to Manas National Park at frequent intervals.

BAILMENT as per INDIAN CONTRACT ACT,1872

“Bailment”, “bailor” & “bailee” defined [Section 145]: Bailment is the delivery of goods, by one person to another, for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall, when the purpose is accomplished,be returned or otherwise disposed of, according to the instructions of the person delivering them. Bailor is the person delivering the goods. Bailee is the person to whom the goods are delivered. When a person, already in possession of goods belonging to another, contracts to hold them as bailee, he becomes the Bailee and the owner becomes Bailor, even though the goods may not have been delivered by way of bailment.
The essentials of bailment are:-
(1) Contract: Bailment may be express or implied.
(2) Delivery of the goods: Bailment involves delivery of possession of goods by bailer to bailee.
(3) Possession: Only possession in goods (and not ownership) is transferred.
(4) Modes of delivery [Section 149]: Delivery may be actual or constructive. Actual delivery is made by physically handing over the goods. Constructive or symbolic delivery means doing something which has the effect of giving delivery. e.g, delivery of railway receipt, handing over the key of car etc.
(5) Purpose: The delivery of goods must be for a certain purpose.
(6) Return of goods: The goods must be returned after the purpose in accomplished
(7) Consideration: The consideration is generally in the form of money payment either by the bailor or bailee. The detriment suffered by the bailor, in parting with possession of the goods, is a sufficient consideration to support the contract of bailment.
Duties of bailor are as follows:
(1) To disclose faults in goods [Section 150]:
In case of gratuitous bailment: Bailor is bound to disclose known faults to bailee. If do not disclose then he may liable to bailee for damages from such non-disclosure.
In case of non-gratuitous bailment: Bailor is liable for damages whether or not he was aware of the existence of faults.
(2) To bear expenses:
-In case of gratuitous bailment: Bailor shall repay all necessary expenses incurred by bailee for the purpose of bailment.
-In case of non-gratuitous bailment: Bailor is liable only extraordinary expenses, and not the ordinary expenses.
(3) Indemnify bailee for loss in case of premature termination of gratuitous bailment [Section 159]:
Bailor has the right to terminate the gratuitous bailment even it is for particular period. In such a case, Bailor has to indemnify the bailee the excess of loss over benefit.
(4) Indemnify bailee for loss when bailor’s title is defective [Section 164]: Bailor is responsible to the Bailee for any loss which the Bailee may sustain by reason that the Bailor was not entitled to make bailment.
Example: A lends an old discarded motor cycle to B gratuitously for 3 months. B incurs 500 on its repairs. If A asks for the return of the motor cycle after 1 month, he will have to compensate B for expenses incurred by B in excess of the benefit derived by him.
(5) Receipt of goods back on termination of bailment: When bailee returns the goods in accordance with the terms, the bailor should receive them. If the bailor refuses to accept goods tendered by
bailee, he shall compensate the bailee for all necessary and incidental expenses incurred by him in keeping the things in good condition.

Duties of bailee are as follows:
(1) To take care of goods (Sections 151 & 152): The bailee is bound to take care of the goods bailed to him as a man of ordinary prudence. If bailee takes care of goods bailed as man of ordinary prudence then he will not be liable if there is loss to goods.
(2) Not to make unauthorized use of goods [Section 153]: Bailee shall act in conformity with the terms of contract of bailment. Where he does any act with regard to the goods bailed, inconsistent
with the terms, the contract becomes voidable at the option of bailor. The bailee  cannot set up an adverse title against the bailor.
(3) Compensation for damage to goods [Section 154]: Bailee shall use the goods according to terms and conditions of bailment. Where he does not use so and as a result, the goods suffer damage, he
shall duly compensate the bailor.
(a) Not to mix goods bailed with his own goods 
(b) With bailor’s consent (Section 155): Where the bailee, mixes the goods bailed with his own goods, with the bailor’s consent, both of them shall have interest in proportion to their shares in the mixture produced.
(c) Without bailor’s consent: If the goods in the mixture:
-Can be separated [Section 156]: Property in the goods remains with the respective parties. Bailee bound to bear the expenses of separation or division, and also of any damage arising from the mixture.
-Cannot be separated [Section 157]: Bailee shall compensate the bailor for the loss of his goods.
(4) Return of the goods bailed [Section 160]: Bailee shall, without demand, return the goods bailed to the bailor, or deliver it according to his instructions. Such delivery shall be made as soon as the time for which they were bailed expires, or the purpose for which it had been bailed is accomplished.
(5) Compensation for failure to return [Section 161]: Where by the fault of the bailee, goods are not returned at the proper time and place. Bailee shall compensate bailor for any loss, destruction or deterioration of such goods from that time.
(6) To return any accretion to goods [Section 163]: If there is any profit or increase from goods bailed shall be delivered by the bailee to the bailor.
Example: A gives a cow to B. Cow has calf. B should deliver cow as well as calf.
(7) Delivery of goods to joint bailors [Section 165]: When goods are owned and bailed by joint owners, and in the absence of contract to the contrary, the bailee shall deliver them back to one of join owners, or according to the directions of one joint owners without the consent of all.

SIVASAGAR: LAND OF HISTORY AND HERITAGE

Sivasagar was the capital of the mighty Ahoms, who ruled Assam for more than six hundred years till the advent of British. The town, dedicated to Lord Shiva- its name literally meaning “the ocean of Shiva” is strewn with tell-tale ruins of a powerful empire. The most remarkable landscape of the town is the 280 years old Sivasagar tank comprising 129 good acres. Although situated within the heart of the town, the water level of the lake is above the level of town. On its bank are three temples- the Shivadol, the Vishnudol and the Devidol- all three built by Queen Madamika, wife of Shiva Singha in the year 1734. The Shivadol is believed to be the highest Shiva temple in Assam.

PLACES TO EXPLORE 


RANG GHAR
Rang Ghar also known as “Colosseum of the East” the towering and expansive Rang Ghar stands tall in Sivasagar. The two storied oval shaped amphitheater was constructed by Ahom King Swargadeo Pramatta Singha (1744-1751) in the 18th Century and served as a pavilion from where royal and dignitaries watched various sports and games like buffalo-fight, cock-fight, wrestling and races, etc held in the Rupshi Pathar- the vast field in front of it. 

KARENG GHAR AND TALATAL GHAR
A seven storied palace having three storeys underground known as Talatal Ghar and upper storeys known as Kareng Ghar built by Swargadeo Rudra Singha (1696-1714) stand majestically at 4 kms away from Sivasagar town. A well planned brick-wall compound, which housed the royal court and offices, as well as the strategic military headquarters of the Ahom Kingdom. It also had two underground tunnels from Talatal Ghar connecting Dikhow River and Gargaon Palace which were subsequently closed by East India Company.
GARGAON PALACE 
Gargaon, the principal towns of Ahoms, built by the XV the king, Suklengmung in 1549, lies 13 kms east of Sivasagar. The old Palace was destroyed and the present seven palace was rebuilt around 1762 by King Rajeswar Singha.
NAMDANG STONE BRIDGE
The bridge, a cut out from a single rock over the Namdang river, 12 kms from Sivasagar town was constructed by workmen brought from Bengal during the reign of Swargodeo Rudra Singha in 1703. Today, the National Highway 37 passes over the bridge.

JOYSAGAR TANK
Considered as the largest man-made in India, the Joysagar Tank is an example if human excellence. Encompassing an area of about 318 acres, the tank was built by Swargadeo Rudra Singha (1696_1714) in the memory of his mother “Joymoti Kunwari” who was tortured to death by their enemies because she would not reveal her husband’s where-abouts, who later ascended the Ahom throne as Gadadhar Singha.
GAURISAGAR TANK AND TEMPLE 
The Gaurisagar tank was built by Queen Phuleswari Devi (1722-1791) and was dedicated to Goddess Durga. It is 150 acres under water  and on its banks stand the Devidol, Sivadol and the Vishnudol temples. Gaurisagar is only 12 kms from Sivasagar.

PANIDEHING BIRD SANCTUARY
A rich wetland Eco-system of 33.93 sq. km situated on the southern bank of river Brahmaputra in the Sivasagar district. This bird sanctuary is a paradise of migratory and resident birds; so far 165 species of birds have been identified and recorded.
ALSO VISIT: Rudrasagar Tank and Temple, Ajan Pir Dargah Sarif, Ramkhapith Devaloy and Pahugarh.

NONI: INDIAN MULBERRY

Botanic name of Noni is Morinda Citrifolia. It is also called Indian Mulberry. It is an Ayurveda plant, found near the seas where temperature is below 25 degree Celsius. The noni tree is an evergreen shrub, up to 20 ft (6 m) tall, that grows in tropical areas of the South Pacific, including Australia, Malaysia, the West Indies, India, Vietnam, etc. Its branches and trunk are coarse, tough wood, and the leaves are glossy, oval, and dark green. Year-round, the tree yields a small fruit, which is cream-colored and about the size of a small potato. The noni fruit is noted for its bitter taste, unpleasant smell, and reportedly strong healing properties. It is very good for health. Noni has been in use from the bygone era. Noni is a great natural detoxifier. Today about 40 University are researching on Noni fruit and till now 164 nutrients have been found in it.
Noni has more than 150 nutrients. Compared to pineapple, Noni has 40 times more enzymes. It boost the immunity system. It is beneficial for health.
Noni is a rich source of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, E folate, beta, carotene and minerals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron and phosphorus. Noni has Anti- oxidant, Anti-bacterial, Anti- inflammatory and Anti-wrinkle properties. It is a powerful food for cells and maintains the cell count. People of all ages can drink it. Noni juice is a strengthening drink that keeps the stress away, stimulates serotonin and endofrin, effects mood and emotions.

USES OF NONI 
1.Noni contains fibers.
2.It is beneficial in reducing pressure on the intestine. It has vitamins and minerals which protects our intestine.
3.It prevents increase of tumor, due to which it helps in fighting with the cancer.
4.People suffering from Asthma should take Noni juice everyday in the morning and evening.
5.Noni juice works like an insulin and helps to regulate sugar levels.
6.Noni juice helps in making body disease free.
7.Intake of noni juice is beneficial in skin disease like eczema.Various parts of noni plant have been used to treat skin problems such as acne, water retention, inflammation and others. Noni contains anthraquinone which has anti-wrinkle properties, and thus, can slow down the aging process of skin. Noni juice has goodness of antioxidants which helps to fight against free radicals and thereby, prevents cell damage.
8.Noni reduces the effect of wine.
9.Noni regulates blood cholesterol levels.
10.Noni juice has shown positive effects in protecting heart health by improving the blood flow in the arteries. It also helps in regulating blood pressure which definitely helps in maintaining heart health.
11.Noni is effective in stress, pain in urine, leucorrhoea and periods.
12.Noni helps to increase memory power.
13.Noni is beneficial for every problem related to hair like baldness,dryness of hair and also good for growth of hair.
14.Useful for arthritis and joint pain.
15.Improves the nervous system.
16.As an effective anti-oxidant keeps the poisonous elements and pollution away.
17.Noni juice boost the Immunity System.
18.It helps to detoxify the body.