Industry floor area requirements
1) Classification by Sir Patrick Geddes
|
Stages |
Properties |
|
Primary |
Town, which produces human necessities such as agricultural village |
|
Secondary |
Town, which functions as entry of exchange such as marketing town |
|
Tertiary |
Town, which provides residential, educational and recreational facilities |
2) Classification by Lewis Mumford
|
Stages |
Properties |
|
Eopolis |
The Eopolis indicates the first stage of town as a village community whose economic base is agriculture. |
|
Polis |
The Polis indicates and association of population with some mechanization and specialization. |
|
Metropolis |
The metropolis is a city or town which serves as a capital of a state or region. |
|
Megalopolis |
The megalopolis indicates the first stage of decline in town or city due to mega problems and issues, or the reign of town or city shows the signs of decline and deterioration. |
|
Tyranopolis |
Tyranopolis is the town or city which shows drastic deteriorating situation for example the trade depression or military powers may occur with different war lords. |
|
Necropolis |
Necropolis is the worst stage of town or city. For example the citizens are shifting to rural areas or village due to war, disease or economic break down. In that case the town may recover from it after a large internal of time. |
3) Classification by Griffith Taylor
|
Stages |
Properties |
|
Infantile |
This is the first stage of town in which a city is not yet divided in separate zones or the city in which zoning regulations is not being prepared yet. |
|
Juvenile |
The juvenile stage of town or city indicates that, shops are being separated from the houses or residential area and there are some factories or an industry has been established at a minimal level. |
|
Mature |
The mature stage of town shows the divisions of residential zone, commercial zone and industrial zone in the city or the land use and zoning regulations in town shows the stage of mature city / town. |
|
Senile |
Finally the senile stage of town indicates the physical decay in most of the portions of the city or the physical, social & economic degradation is evident in the built environment of town or city. |
4) Classification by Harold MacLean Lewis
|
Type |
Population |
|
Eopolis or Infantile Municipality Town |
2500 to 5000 |
|
Polis or Juvenile Town |
5000 to 10000 |
|
Mature Trade/Industrial Town |
10000 to 25000 |
|
Metropolis or Medium Size City |
25000 to 50000 |
|
Megalopolis Intermediate City |
50000 to 100000 |
|
Trade/Industry/Service Sector City |
100000 to 250000 |
|
Primate City |
250000 to 500000 |
|
Tyranopolis or a Metropolitan City |
500000 to 1000000 |
|
Senile City or Mega City |
1000000 or more |
5) Urban & Rural Classification of Towns & Cities (By Census of India)
|
Class |
Class of Range of Population |
|
Class I |
100,000 and above |
|
Class II |
50,000 to 99,999 |
|
Class II |
20,000 to 49,999 |
|
Class IV |
10,000 to 19,999 |
|
Class V |
5,000 to 9,999 |
|
Class VI |
Below 5,000 |
Rapid urbanization and consequent haphazard growth of cities result in deterioration of infrastructure facilities, loss of agricultural land, water bodies, open spaces, and many micro-climatic changes. This unprecedented growth in city population put pressure on urban amenities and led to their uneven distribution. Many cities witnessed alarming population growth rates in the last thirty years, thus resulted in various problems like pollution, traffic jam, leap-frog development, uneven provision of urban amenities etc. The present study attempted to find out the urban land suitability for the provision of urban amenities. Land use suitability assessment is a key determinant in any urban and suburban planning and decision-making process. The suitability assessment is carried out through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model using a set of criteria involving geo-physical and socioeconomic variables. The variables taken for the study are slope, altitude, land use/land cover and existing amenity status.
Suitability analysis is the process and procedures used to establish the suitability of a system according to the needs of a stakeholder. Urban development and migration to urban areas are global phenomena’s especially in third world countries. Thus, many small cities and isolated populations are rapidly changing into large metropolitan cities.This rapid increase of urban population causes high level impact on the urban environment and creates many problems such as unplanned sprawl, inadequate housing facilities, traffic congestion, insufficient drainage, sewerage problem and lack of other amenities. In this context, finding suitable area for further development or evaluation of land suitability for urban land use planning to overcome undesirable urban growth and protect environment around cities becomes all the more important. In most of the third world countries people are constructing residential buildings without considering resources for these new residential areas. Therefore, it becomes the government’s problem to provide required resources for these areas. In order to find suitable site for construction of an amenity, it is required to use sophisticated analysis with consideration of large numbers of critical issues such as technical, environmental, physical, social and many others. Site suitability analysis is the process of determining the fitness of a given tract of land for a defined use. Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS and AHP method is a vital tool for identification, comparison and multi-criterion decision making analysis of urban development site’s proper planning and management.
Since site selection and suitability process are related to geospatial issues, geographical information system (GIS) allows using data related parameters for suitability modelling. One of the advantages of using GIS in site suitability analysis is the capability of GIS in development of alternative scenarios for urban development. Suitability analysis in a GIS context is a geographic or GIS-based process used to determine the appropriateness of a given area for a particular use. The basic premise of GIS suitability analysis is that each aspect of the landscape has intrinsic characteristics that are to some degree either suitable or unsuitable for the activities being planned. Suitability is determined through systematic, multi-factor analysis of the different aspects of the problem. Model inputs include a variety of physical, cultural, and economic factors. The results are often displayed on a map that is used to highlight areas from high to low suitability. A GIS suitability model typically answers the question, ‘where is the best location? Land suitability analysis is used for site selection, impact studies and land use planning. Land use planning plays an important role in site development, urban renewal and achievement of sustainable urban development. Suitability analysis is critical for both marketing and merchandising purposes. The GIS has different applications in urban health studies and can also be used as a decision support tool to allocate health services so that they are geographically accessible for the population that they intend to serve.
The overcrowding of the capital has resulted in many people being confined to small areas,
making planning of the area difficult. Most cities in Mongolia are not planned according to landuse and it is possible to find all kinds of land-uses within a small area. It is therefore necessary to
classify land-use types within the cities, thus identifying the needed spaces for urban
development using land suitability analysis. Additionally, land suitability analysis is valuable not
only for urban planning but in all land management problems.
In addition, GIS (Geographical Information System) is a useful tool for land-use suitability
mapping and analysis for urban, agriculture, mining and all land-use projects. Hopkins and Collins et al. defined land-use
suitability analysis as identifying the most suitable spatial pattern for future land uses according
to specific requirements, preferences, or predictors of some activity.
GIS has been used to analyse land-use suitability in many situations for ecological approaches for
animal habitat and plant species used GIS to
analyse geographical favourability, Cambell et al.1 and Kalogirou also employed GIS
in landscape evaluation and planning. GIS can also be used in private and public property
planning. For example, Eastman et al. (1993) and Church (2002) used GIS to select the best sites
for public and private sector facilities, whilst Janssen and Rietvelt used the same GIS for
regional planning. This makes GIS a very important tool for all planning activities.
Land-use suitability may mean different things to different experts based on the intended purpose
for which the land is desired. For the agriculturist, it would mean the suitability of the land for
cultivation of crops, animal husbandry and pasture, and to the urban planner the suitability of the
land for building houses, landfill sites, etc. No matter what the intended purpose or which expert
is involved, the rule of thumb, according to Cova and Church, is to differentiate between
the site selection problem and site search problem. Site selection analysis will best identify a
specific site for a suitable activity based on its known potentials such as location, size, and other
attributes. Different sites are ranked based on their potentials and the best site is chosen.
The purpose of this study focused on mapping urban and agriculture land suitability so as to use
prior information regarding the present state of different units of the land which will be highly
important when applying site specific management interventions. This is done by linking data on
socio-economic organizational factors and geophysical conditions of the land for decision making
in identifying land management using geospatial techniques. This requires application of
geospatial technologies through the Geographic Information System (GIS) which will provide the
capability to analyse and interpret land suitability modeling on various scales, time and cost
effectively. In land suitability modeling all the factors of environmental conditions will be
weighted based on their level of influence using multicriteria evaluation to produce a land
suitability map. Mapping urban and agricultural land is thus vital to locate and rank which areas
are highly suitable and less suitable, so that coherent managing measures could be suggested and
implemented immediately to plan, protect and use the valuable land planning in a sustainable
manner.
Moreover, land suitability mapping using GIS provides a classification of the urban and
agricultural area into zones each of which has a different likelihood, or risk, of experiencing
specific land using processes. Such maps are fundamental to land-use planning aimed at the
urban and agricultural land. The procedure is based on the processing of directly mapped and
interpreted data, is easy to apply, and allows frequent updating of the land-use planning.
Physical Entity (Urban Area)
The first generic form of the city is the physical expanse or area of continuously built-up urbanization. The urban area is generally observable on a clear night from a high flying airplane. The urban area is simply the extension of urbanization. The urban area is not defined by jurisdictional boundaries, though where national statistical authorities define it is necessary to rely on building blocks such as census tracts and municipalities.
Like metropolitan areas, urban areas can extend across sub national jurisdictional lines (such as state, provincial or regional boundaries) or in special cases, international boundaries. Various terms are used by national statistical authorities in the United Nations.
An urban area will never be the same as a municipality. Usually it will include many municipalities, though in the case of many geographically large municipalities, such as Shanghai, the urban area will be smaller than the core municipality. The Chicago urban area (population over 8,000,000) includes the city of Chicago and many other cities. Some nations formally designate urban areas, which are called “urbanized areas” in the United States, “unites urbaines” in France, “urban areas” in the United Kingdom and Canada, “urban centers” in Australia and “urban agglomerations” in India. An urban area is also an agglomeration. A conurbation is an urban area that forms when two or more urban areas grow together. Four definitions of the city are considered here.
The first involves the city as a physical entity, or the area devoted to primarily urban uses. This Built City (BC) is perhaps the most familiar perception of the city, largely because it is relatively easy to visualize. The BC forms the core or basis of each of the other three definitions of the city. These are as follows: The Consumption City (an area within which most of the consumption of goods and services occurs in the BC); The Employment City (an area in which the bulk of the employed workforce works in the BC); and The Workforce City (an area upon which the BC draws for a given majority of its labour requirements). These four definitions of the city are brought together and shown to be interrelated.
The Functional City (Metropolitan Area)
The second generic form of the city is the functional expanse, which is also the economic expanse. The metropolitan area includes the built-up urban area and the economically connected territory to the outside. The economic relationship is generally defined by patterns of commuting to work into the urban area. Thus, metropolitan areas constitute labor market areas. Metropolitan areas can extend over subnational boundaries, except in rare cases where there is not free movement of labor (such as between Hong Kong and Shenzhen in China). Further, where free movement of labor is permitted by international agreements, metropolitan areas may cross national boundaries (such as in the European Union or between Switzerland and France, in the Basel and Geneva urban areas).
Political Entity
Political entities are basically systems of governing authority organized as governmental power structures. Empires, nation-states, city-states, and kingdoms are just a few examples of political entities. Most political entities are types of states, with the exception of stateless nations and autonomous regions. It is also important to note that when discussing a nation, we’re referring to a group of people with a shared language, religion, ethnicity or other cultural factors.
Social Entity
Social entity is an ideological concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a “living organism”. From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law, family, crime, etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism.
Cities play a vital role in promoting economic growth and prosperity of a nation. The development of cities largely depends upon their physical, social and institutional infrastructure. Transport demand in most Indian cities has increased substantially, due to increases in population as a result of both natural increase and migration from rural areas and smaller towns. Urban productivity is highly dependent on the efficiency of its transport system to move labour, consumers and freight between multiple origins and destinations. The primary function of transportation is the transfer of messages and information. It is also needed for rapid movement of troops in case of emergency and finally movement of persons and goods. The political decision of construction and maintenance of roads has resulted in the development of transportation system. The entire economic, social and political life of a modern country depends upon an efficient system of transport. The benefits of transport can be studied under the following categories.
The economic effects of good transport facilities are as follows.
1) Extensive Market
Transport helps in the assembly of raw materials and distribution of finished goods. It makes it possible to move goods from the place of production to the place where they are to be consumed. In the earlier days, there were only local markets due to the absence of safe means of transport. Now a days, trade is not restricted to the boundaries of a nation, but has spread throughout the world. Development of the efficient means of transport has knit together all the nations of the world into the one big world market. Even the perishable articles like fish, dairy products, meat etc. are being transported to distant places of the world. But for good transport facilities, such a development in trade and commerce would not have been possible.
2) Mobility of Labour and Capital
Transport reduces the rigours of immobility of certain factors of production. Mobility of labour and capital increases with the development of transport. An efficient network of transport services encourages the movement of people from one place to another. Labour can migrate to the place where they can get better job opportunities, which reduces the exploitation of workers. The development of Australia and United States would not have been possible without immigrations from Europe. With the development of transport, the investment of capital is also channelized to new lands and other places of the world.
3) Specialization and Division of Labour
Transport helps each region and country to make optimum and efficient use of its national resources. Each region can concentrate on production of those goods for which its resources are best suited. Thus, movement of goods and people from one place to another leads to specialization and division of labour which results in minimum wastage of resources and reduction in the cost of production.
4) Economies of Large Scale Production
Transport has helped the development of large scale industries. It would not have been possible for these industries to procure raw materials, gather large number of workers and sell the finished goods, without the efficient facilities of transport. Thus, transport has made possible the various economies of large scale production which tend to reduce unit cost of production and help the economy.
5) Stability in Prices
Transport facilities iron out wild fluctuations. Goods can be transported to places where there is scarcity and the prices are high from places where there is surplus and the prices are low. Such movement of goods helps in maintaining uniform prices throughout the country and further tends to equalize the prices of goods throughout the world.
6) Benefits to Consumers
Improved means of transport benefit the consumers in many ways. The consumers can enjoy the benefit of use of many goods, which cannot be produced at their place, by transporting such goods from other distant places. Further, it helps in reducing the cost of goods of consumers and increases their purchasing power.
7) Employment Opportunities and Increase in the National Income
The various means of transport provide employment to millions of people throughout the world. The economic development of a country depends upon the improved means of transport. Thus, transport contributes substantially to the national income of the nations.
8) Discouragement to Monopoly
The scope of total income is extended by the development of the means of transport. As commodities can be quickly transported from one place to another, local producers cannot charge prices at their own will. This discourages monopoly and encourages competition.
9) Development of Agriculture
Transport has helped in the development of agriculture also. The business of agricultural products has grown to such a large extent only do to the efficient means of transport. It would not have been possible to use modern techniques of agriculture, improved quality of seeds and fertilizers, etc., but for good transport facilities.
10) Industrial Development
Transport facilitates the industrial development of a country. It helps the growth of industries by making available various factors of production. It would not have been possible to make such rapid industrial development without efficient means of transport.
11) Increase in National Wealth
Transport helps in increasing the national wealth of a country by facilitating agriculture, industry, trade and commerce.
Transport has substantially influenced the life of the people. The various social advantages of an efficient transport are as follows.
1) Discovery of New Lands
Transport has helped the discovery of new lands and the growth of cities and urban areas. Due to the availability of long distance cheap transport, land has been utilized to the maximum advantage of the people all over the world. Even the waste lands are now being used. It also increases the value of land.
2) Diffusion of population
It reduces the concentration of population in the area of production. People can reach from distant places if there is an adequate and efficient system of transport.
3) High Standard of Living
Transport helps in the increase of production thereby raising the standard of living of the people. It is possible only through the means of transport that the ‘five M’s – Men, Material, Money, Machinery and Management’ can be assembled at the place of production. So, industries depend upon efficient system of transport and it creates new industries.
4) Mutual Understanding
It removes the problem of distance, helps the people of different regions to come in contact with each other, encourages exchange of ideas and culture and promotes co-operation, understanding the cordial relations, amongst the people of the world.
5) Ability to Face Natural Calamities
Transport enables the society to face natural calamities such as famine, earthquake, drought, floods, etc. In such emergencies, commodities can quickly be transported to the places of mishap.
6) Broadens the Outlook of the People
Transport promotes mutual understanding. It has broadened the outlook of the people of the world and has knitted together all the nations of the world.
7) Destroys Ignorance
It promotes culture, removes prejudices and destroys ignorance. It helps in spreading knowledge and furthering the cause of education.
In addition to the economic and social advantages, transport enjoys a great political significance.
1) National Unity, Integration and Peace
Transport helps in maintaining internal peace and national unity of a country. It brings about national integration. A vast country like India cannot be held together without efficient means of transport. Transport encourages economic and political interdependence by promoting specialization and division of labour and this strengthens the need for unity and national integration.
2) National Defense
Transport is essential for strengthening the national defense of a country. In the days of war, it is only through improved means of transport that the defense personnel, material and equipment can be moved rapidly to the border areas. Defense of a country, therefore, necessitates the existence of improved transport facilities.
3) Political Awakening
Efficient means of transport help in creating political awakening in the people and the growth of civilization.
4) Source of Revenue
Transport helps in increasing the national wealth and income of a country. It is also a source of revenue to the Government.
Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Urban planners, economists and geographers have developed several models that explain where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting. Urban structure can also refer to urban spatial structure, which concerns the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility.
The term “urban form” is used to describe a city’s physical characteristics. It refers to the size, shape, and configuration of an urban area or its parts. How it will be understood, structured or analyzed depends on scale. Characteristics of the urban form range from at a very localized scale, features such as building materials, facades and fenestration to at a broader scale, housing type, street type, and their spatial arrangement or layout.
Elements of urban structure includes the following.
The important features to be considered with respect to the site of a town are as follows.
The purpose of the recreation areas is to provide adequate recreational facilities to serve the residents of the development. Open space is any open piece of land that is undeveloped (has no buildings or other built structures) and is accessible to the public. Open space can include: Green space (land that is partly or completely covered with grass, trees, shrubs, or other vegetation). Green space includes parks, community gardens and cemeteries. Schoolyards, playgrounds, public seating areas, public plazas and vacant lots open space provides recreational areas for residents and helps to enhance the beauty and environmental quality of neighbourhoods.
The opportunity to attain and maintain good physical and mental health is an inherent right of all residents of the planning area. The provision of outdoor recreation sites and related open space areas contributes to the attainment and maintenance of physical and mental health by providing opportunities to participate in a wide range of activities. An integrated park and related open space system, properly related to the natural resource base, can generate the dual benefits of satisfying recreational demands in an appropriate setting while protecting and preserving valuable natural resources. Finally, an integrated system of outdoor recreation sites and related open space areas can contribute to the orderly growth of the planning area by lending form and structure to urban.
Table Parks, playgrounds and open spaces
It is defined as an access to activities. Accessibility (or just access) refers to the ability to reach desired goods, services, activities and destinations (collectively called opportunities). Access is the ultimate goal of most transportation, except a small portion of travel in which movement is an end in itself (jogging, horseback riding and pleasure drives), with no destination. It is important term in understanding travel time distances and cost between activity locations.
It is also refers to the ease of movement between places. it is the ability to reach opportunities that is beneficial, not movement itself. Accessibility is the quality of travel and takes place at the community and individual level through access management techniques to provide access to various land uses. It focuses on travel time, travel cost, travel options, comfort and risk while addressing the needs of all within the community. Mobility and accessibility are considered the “ying and yang” of transportation. The goal is to increase the overall capability of the transit system while not compromising efficiency and ease of access.
Mobility refers to the movement of people and goods. This recognizes both automobile and transit modes, but still assumes that movement is an end in itself, rather than a means to an end. Mobility is defined as access to transportation. It is important in travel demand models to determine choices available to a consumer. Mobility is the ability and level of ease of moving goods and services.
Some examples of mobility include: Interstate highways providing designated truck lanes to increase the overall amount of goods transported, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems with bus only lanes that increases the efficiency of moving people while removing automobiles from the roads. Congestion management systems are the trend in mobility due to the lack of funds and the land constraints to keep expanding the transit system infinitely. These systems manage travel demand through innovative ideas to increase volume and capacity.
Mobility is how far you can go in a given amount of time. Accessibility is how much you can get to in that time.
Connectivity is the relative location of an object to the destination centers. There are many different levels of hierarchy to connectivity. For example, subdivisions with many dead end cul-de-sacs may have poor connectivity with surrounding land uses. It may take a long time for a family living at the end of a cul-de-sac to get out of the neighborhood and to the main road right behind their house. The destination might not be that far away by distance, but by travel time it is. Traditional downtowns on the other hand usually have higher connectivity with surrounding neighborhoods. Residential areas designed with streets in a grid format adjacent to the downtown are often well connected with the business district and decrease the travel time and congestion.
The planning of amenities and utility services include the facilities like educational, medical, transport, housing, electricity, post and telegraph, telephone exchange, police station, fire station, community hall and library, cinema theatre, swimming pool, stadium, open air theatre, religious building, auditorium, parks, play grounds, water supply, drainage, sanitation, burial ground etc.
Medical facilities
Water supply consumption
Desirable land use pattern (Percentage)
One of the original and most popular definitions of the transit oriented concept came from Peter Calthorpe, an architect and proclaimed urbanist. According to Calthorpe TODs are: Mixed use communities within an average 2,000 foot walking distance of a transit stop and a core commercial area. TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space and public uses in a walkable environment, making it convenient for residents and employees to travel by transit, bicycle, foot or car.
TOD integrates land use and transport planning and aims to develop planned sustainable urban growth centers, having walkable and livable communes with high density mixed land use. Citizens have access to open green and public spaces and at the same time transit facilities are efficiently utilized.
TOD increases the accessibility of the transit stations by creating pedestrian and NonMotorised Transport (NMT) friendly infrastructure that benefits large number of people, thereby increasing the ridership of the transit facility and improving the economic and financial viability of the system. Since the transit corridor has mixed land use, where the transit stations are either origin (housing) or destination (work), the corridor experiencing peak hour traffic in both directions would optimize the use of the transit system.
Transit oriented development is generally considered to be mixed use development near and oriented to, public transport facilities. Common TOD traits include urban compactness, pedestrian and cycle friendly environments, public and civic spaces near stations, and stations as community hubs. Typically, a multimodal TOD neighbourhood is built around a public transport station or stop (e.g. train station, metro station, tram stop, BRT stop (Bus Rapid Transit), bus stop or even ferry stop), surrounded by relatively high density development with progressively lower density development spreading outward from the centre. TODs are generally located within a radius of 400 to 800m from the transit stop. This is considered to be an acceptable walking distance at the start or end of a journey by transit. In some parts of the world, the TOD approach reaches further than single locations towards a network or corridor approach, which aims at realigning entire urban regions around rail transport and away from the car.
Transit oriented development
This type consists of a single neighbourhood based around heavy rail stations. Its location can be urban or suburban. The development takes place in a circular pattern cantered on a train station. The radius varies from 0.5 km in the US (to allow for pedestrian access) to 2-3 km in the Netherlands (where bicycle access is more common).
Single node TOD
To manage the transformation of India’s cities and towns and effectively manage new growth requires effective urban planning protocols, processes and institutions underpinned by effective legislation. To effectively manage the new growth, it is essentially means that the irregular landholdings and plots will have to be given regular shapes they must be ordered each plot must be given access; infrastructure services such as water supply and drainage must be provided; land must be appropriated for providing roads, parks, social amenities, and low income housing, development controls must be prescribed to result in a good quality built form and levy development or betterment charges to offset the cost of developing the physical and social infrastructure.
Principles of Town Planning
1. Lack of essential amenities like electricity, watersupply and drainage.
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