Ashtanga Yoga

The word “Ashtanga” in Sanskrit is made up of 2 words, “Asht” which means “8” and “Anga” which means “limbs”, thus translating to “8-limbs”, which is a central theory of Yoga Philosophy. Yoga Philosophy has its roots about 5000 years BC as described in Vedic Philosophy and Tantras. Patanjali, a great sage composed this path into a Darshan (Philosophy) in his Book Patanjali Yoga Sutra. In this Sutra, he has also formulated Yoga as an Eight Limbs or Eight-Fold path.

According to Patanjali, the path of internal purification for revealing the Universal Self consists of the following eight spiritual practices:

1. Yama [moral codes]

2. Niyama [self-purification and study]

3. Asana [posture]

4. Pranayama [breath control]

5. Pratyahara [sense control]

6. Dharana [concentration]

7. Dhyana [meditation]

8. Samadhi [absorption into the Universal]

The first two stages are ethical preparations. A Don’ts and Do’s guide.

1. Yama (restraint) denotes abstinence from causing injury (violence), falsehood, stealing, and lust.

2. Niyama (discipline) on the other hand denotes moral culture and cultivation of good habits such as the cleanliness of body, contentment, the study of the Vedas, and devotion to God.

The next 2 stages, i.e., Asana and Pranayama are considered to be stages of physical preparations.

3. Asana is the adoption of steady and comfortable postures that are intended to condition the person’s body and make it supple, flexible, and healthy. Asana is accepted to be mastered only if the person is able to hold one of the prescribed postures for a long period of time without involuntary movement or physical distractions.

4. Pranayama or breath-control is regulated inhalation, exhalation, and retention of breath. It aids in stabilizing the rhythm of breathing that encourages complete respiratory relaxation.

5. The fifth stage, Pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses) involves control, or the ability to withdraw the attention of the senses from outward objects.

Although the first five stages are said to be external aids to Yoga, the remaining three are considered as purely mental or internal aids.

6. Dharana (holding on) refers to the ability to fixing one’s mind to one particular object for a long period of time. For e.g., the tip of the nose or the moon.

7. The seventh stage, Dhyana, which is similar to Dharana in some sense, refers to meditation that is a steady contemplation of an object without any break.

8. The last stage, Samadhi (total self-collectedness) or concentration is that stage in which the contemplative consciousness if lost in the contemplated object and one has no awareness of itself. Thus, the meditator perceives or experiences the object of his meditation and himself as one. This is also the stage where the individual gets released from samsara and attains moksha.

Although the eight limbs do not rank any order of performance, all 8 limbs are integral and mutually inclusive of one another and are required to be followed strictly in order to gain liberation from suffering and self.

If you simplify these 8 limbs paths to one that can be easily integrated in your life, your life will become better, healthier and happier.

Basics of Cyber-Security

Recently I’ve been getting barged with calls from unknown numbers often ending as a nuisance from the other side. Result? Blocked.

I wasn’t very aware of all this cyber security stuff because no one ever explained it to me properly. The small tid-bits that I got was often from here and there from the internet itself. And let’s be honest. Even though this whole self-learning thing is the ‘new-trend’ not many of us have the time in hand or patience to sit down and browse through these millions of articles. If you’d ask my opinion about it, I definitely think it’s high-time that cyber-security as a course is introduced in junior grades and everyone is aware of the basic cyber-security laws and procedures.

Without wasting anymore time, let’s begin this article by asking the “Why?”

Why is it important to know about cyber-security?

Social media, telegram group chats or any other websites that have your personal information stored is susceptible to threats and leakage of your data. When your personal data is leaked it may cause further problems as a possible danger to your bank accounts, personal life information and any such things that can be maliciously used by some people. It may sound “fine”, but it is indeed a big deal. Doxxing which refers to publishing someone’s private information on the internet typically with malicious intent may cause problems such as incessant callings from unknown numbers, or someone actually knowing details such as your exact location and using it to fulfill any of their evil goals. Therefore, it’s important that you stay safe and share your personal details with caution.

How Can We Stay Safe?

Enter your personal details such as Name, age, location, etc only on trusted platforms. Avoid giving out too much information about yourself on Social Media and do not publish your phone number on any site unless it’s an absolute must and the site is safe. Keep your phone number and person details hidden from unknown people if possible.
To recognize safe sites, look for a 🔒and https in the URL of the website. A site with ⚠ and just http in it’s URL is usually a site that’s prone to cyber attacks and thus unsafe.
If you ever need to sign-up on any website for insignificant reasons then do so with a spare email ID that doesn’t reveal much of your credentials and is not associated with any of your bank details or personal secured email IDs.
Do not click on any unknown link sent to you by any unknown number or SMS. It can possibly lead to hacking of your personal details and accounts.
Do not reply back to unknown numbers that call you incessantly and for no genuine reason. Best way is to report and block them.
If you ever find yourself a victim of any of the cyber-bullying or such blank or malicious calls, do not hesitate to report them to the cyber security of India.
To report any such events or seek any further assistance you can contact either an organization called Law Sikho that works pro-bono or report directly to the Cyber Crime Security of India Website.
Lastly, always be cautious to never share any of your personal details to anyone on the internet unless you trust them 100% and know them personally.

That’s it for the tips. I hope you’d keep them in mind and browse safely and securely on the internet!

Kargil Diwas 2021(Kargil war)

Why is Kargil Diwas celebrated? What exactly happened in Kargil? Let us get acquainted with Kargil War and honor our guardians as India celebrates 23 Years of victory in the Kargil war on 26 July 2021.

The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict fought between India and Pakistan from 3 May 1999 – 26 Jul 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control.

Kargil:

Kargil is a City in Kargil district and the joint capital of the union territory of Ladakh. It impinges on the line of control between the portions of the Kashmir region administered by India and Pakistan. After Pakistan’s defeat in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the two nations signed the Shimla Agreement promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary.

How did the war start?

The Pakistani troops who were disguised as Kashmiri militants infiltrated into the Indian side of the LoC and strategically unoccupied areas locations in Drass, Kargil. Pakistan tried to create conflicts between Kashmir and Ladakh by calling the intruders “Kashmir Freedom Fighters” and tried to involve third parties to internationalize this issue. Probably their main aim was to bring Kashmiris on their side by creating upheaval through wars( Constant wars bring uncertainty to citizen’s safety and creates political imbalance). But, later they awarded Pakistani soldiers, removing the doubts regarding their involvement.

The positions of the enemy made the commutation hard through NH-1A, the national highway from Srinagar to Leh. The Pakistani government denied their involvement and blamed everything on Kashmiri militants. But, the retaliation and proofs like letters gathered by Ladhaki Scouts when they went to check on enemies proved that they were indeed from the Pakistani army.

The Indian Navy also prepared to blockade the Pakistani ports, especially the Karachi port, began aggressive patrols to cut off supply routes under Operation Talwar

India retaliated, forcing remaining Pakistani fighters to retreat from the Indian zone. There were huge causalities. The official death toll on the Indian side was 527, while that on the Pakistani side was between 357 and 453.

Indian Army, Air force and Navy carried out Operation Vijay, Safed Sagar and Talwar respectively to provide India an all-round support.

Pakistan had named its move to take over the control of Indian posts along the LoC as Operation Badr, India called its çounter-offensive Operation Vijay.

Even now, the risk of infiltration and rise in insurgency in Kashmir due to chaos poses a threat. Using a third intervention to negotiate isn’t going to work and just increases misunderstanding. After 2 decades, tensions among LoC never settles down. Cease-fire resolutions have been adopted but they are violated every now and then; costing many lives in Kashmir.

This Kargil Diwas, let more resolutions and active, significant actions be taken to out an to this terrifying regional dispute.

“Vijay Diwas” (Victory Day) is celebrated on 26th July every year to cherish this victory and to honor our soldiers who put their lives on line constantly.

What is Intruders ?

One of the two most publicized threats to security is the intruder (the other is viruses), often referred to as a hacker or cracker. Significant issue for networked systems is unwanted access either via network or local.

Classification of Intruders

Masquerader : An individual who is not authorized to use the computer and who penetrates a system’s access controls to exploit a legitimate user’s account. The masquerader is likely to be an outsider.
Misfeasor : A legitimate user who accesses data, programs, or resources for which such access is not authorized, or who is authorized for such access but misuses his or her privileges :the misfeasor generally is an insider.
Clandestine user : An individual who seizes supervisory control of the system and uses this control to evade auditing and access controls or to suppress audit collection. User can be either an outsider or an insider.

Intruders : Intrusion Techniques

The objective of the intruder is to gain access to a system or to increase the range of privileges accessible on a system. Most initial attacks use system or software vulnerabilities that allow a user to execute code that opens a back door into the system. Typically, a system must maintain a file that associates a password with each authorized user. If such a file is stored with no protection, then it is an easy matter to gain access to it and learn passwords. The password file can be protected in one of two ways:

One-way function : The system stores only the value of a function based on the user’s password. When the user presents a password, the system transforms that password and compares it with the stored value.
Access control : Access to the password file is limited to one or a very few accounts.

On the basis of a survey of the literature and interviews with a number of password crackers, [ALVA90] reports the following techniques for learning passwords:

Try default passwords used with standard accounts that are shipped with the system. Many administrators do not bother to change these defaults.
Exhaustively try all short passwords (those of one to three characters).
Try words in the system’s online dictionary or a list of likely passwords. Examples of the latter are readily available on hacker bulletin boards.
Collect information about users, such as their full names, the names of their spouse and children, pictures in their office, and books in their office that are related to hobbies.
Try users’ phone numbers, Social Security numbers, and room numbers.
Try all legitimate license plate numbers for this state.
Use a Trojan horse to bypass restrictions on access.

Intrusion Detection

Inevitably will have security failures, So need also to detect intrusions so can
 Block if detected quickly
 Act as deterrent
 Collect info to improve security
Assume intruder will behave differently to a legitimate user, But will have imperfect distinction between.

Psychological Disorders Part 9

Introduction

The Psychological Disorders Part 8 discussed Neurocognitive and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders. Both types of disorders need consultation from psychologists to control, monitor, and limit the effects they have on daily life. This article will discuss Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia

This is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality in an abnormal way. People with this disorder require lifelong treatment. The DSM-5 says a person has schizophrenia if they show two or more of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period. At least one of the following must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. The level of functioning in a major area such as work or self-care should be below the level achieved before the onset for a significant portion. And the signs of the disturbance must persist for at least 6 months. The symptoms of schizophrenia are:

Delusions – these are false beliefs that are not based on reality. For example, thinking you are famous, someone is harming you, a major catastrophe is about to take place.
Hallucinations – these involve seeing or hearing things that do not exist. For the person having them, it seems extremely real. The most common is hearing voices. For example, hearing someone whispering about a murder, or seeing aliens in the back alley.
Disorganized thinking – disorganized thinking and disorganized speech are linked. The person might start answering questions with things partially or completely unrelated. At times it is possible for them to make a sentence by mixing two or more words that do not make sense, this is known as word salad. For example, run desk making dinner sunglasses menu.
Abnormal motor behaviour – this can be in many ways such as childlike silliness, resistance to instructions, bizarre posture, and unpredictable agitation.
Catatonia – is a group of symptoms that includes a lack of movement and communication. For example, a person will sit silently in one position for very long stretches.
Negative symptoms – this includes lack of ability to function normally such as, a person neglecting personal hygiene, appear to be lacking emotions, the person may lose interest in daily activities.
Avolition – it is a lack of motivation to do activities that have an end goal such as paying bills.

The symptoms of schizophrenia in teenagers are similar to the ones in adults but they become difficult to recognize because of the similarity to a normal teenage behaviour, some of these symptoms are withdrawal from friends and family, trouble in sleeping, lack of motivation, a drop in performance at school, irritability and depressed mood. Although teenagers have a less chance of having delusions, they have a higher chance of visual hallucinations as compared to adults getting hearing hallucinations.

People with this disorder often have suicidal thoughts and behaviours. The cause of this disorder is not known but it is believed by the researchers that it is a combination of genetics, brain chemistry, and environmental factors. Some naturally occurring neurotransmitters known as dopamine and glutamate might be playing a role. Neuroimaging studies have learnt that there is a difference in the brain structure and central nervous system of the people with schizophrenia.

Conclusion

Schizophrenia is a lifelong disorder but the effect and symptoms can be managed with proper guidance and medication. Following the treatment plan is important to reduce these symptoms.

References

Note: this is just the Part 9 of the Psychological Disorders series.

Covid-19 Pandemic and Child Labor

There is no reason. There is no excuse. Child labor is Child abuse.-The FreshQuotes

Child labor and poverty are inevitably bound together and if you continue to use the labor of children as the treatment for the social disease of poverty, you will have both poverty and child labor to the end of time.-Grace Abbott

We have observed many times that at tea shops there are some children are serving tea to the customer or at different shops attending the customers. Some of you may have been served by these “workers”. This is how child labor looks like. The concern is not that children should not work at dangerous places like mines or factories but the concern is that children should not work at any places.
The Covid-19 pandemic led the world to economic and social crises. The most affected by these crises in society are vulnerable. As in the situation of the economic crisis in poor communities, children are at particular risk. The pandemic is forcing the children out of school and into the farms and factories to work.
Child labor has always been a matter of concern globally and the Covid-19 pandemic has worsened the situation. According to a report released by UNICEF and ILO, the progress to end the child labor has stalled for the first time in 20 years, reversing the previous downward trend that saw child labor fall by 94 million between 2000 and 2016. According to a new report by ILO and UNICEF, the number of children in child labor has risen to 160 million worldwide- an increase of 8.4 million children in the last four years- with millions more at risk due to the impacts of Covid-19.
Consequently, two waves of Covid-19 are affecting each stratum of society. The pandemic led to lockdown because of the risk to the life of people, they had to restrict their movement. Due to this many people lost their jobs especially daily wagers and laborers and this led to the economic crisis in their families. They fell into deep poverty. In a situation like this question arises to their survival and as a solution for themselves some family unwillingly sent their children to work which helps them to survive.
The risk of child labor also increased during Covid-19 because schools are closed for an indefinite period of time and it is not sure that when the schools will run offline. Due to the closing of schools children from poor communities are not able to continue their education. Lack of access to the internet and technology many children are unable to participate in self-guided learning during school closures. In India over three-fourths of children did not have access to online learning and over one-third of children did not have access to any learning material. Due to loss of learning some students may have decided to drop out of school permanently. It is always seen that children and youth not enrolled in schools are at a much bigger risk of child labor. After the reopening of schools, parents without jobs may not be able to pay for school fees, supplies, and uniforms.
According to UNICEF, more than 1.5 billion children missed their schooling due to Covid-19 restrictions, which has compelled the children to work to support their families.
In countries like India, it is very crucial to deal with child labor because “children belong to classes not workplaces”. The government needs to come with more effective programs to eradicate child labor. Coming from families with no financial resources, in this pandemic the children and their families are not left with choices. It is to be ensured that at least the affected families are provided with basic needs which will prevent their children from working. NGOs like CRY is providing children with learning material. According to the CEO of CRY in 2020, close to 4000 cases of child labor were prevented or referred to rescue and support. Organizations like these are coming forward but how many can they help? There is a need for large action to protect children from child labor. One most important thing is that mindset of people should be changed as there is a saying that “Garib ka baccha kamaega nahin to khaayega kya”. These kinds of things demotivate children and their families to stand against wrongs and accept things as their fate.
Also, the UN is planning to eradicate child labor by 2025, but the pandemic is impacting every positive step towards change.

Will Getting Up Early In The Morning Make You Happier?

Mornings may be difficult, particularly when you ‘re striving to squeeze in every additional wink of sleep you can. Waking up early, on the other hand, may make you a happier individual and studies suggest that it can enhance your overall health and general feeling of well-being.

Existing studies have found a relationship between chronotype, or a person’s biological predilection for mornings or evenings, and mood. Night owls, for instance, are more vulnerable as morning persons to suffer depression.

Morning people tend to be more in sync with conventional work-rest patterns, but night owls may struggle to adjust. Getting up early has been shown in studies to improve mood, increase satisfaction with life, and reduce mental health issues. Also there is a relationship between getting up early and having a higher level of well-being among elderly people.

Some Of The Advantages of Getting Up Early

Improved Organizational Skills

Because you have uninterrupted time to yourself in the early morning, this is usually the most productive time of day. When you are not distracted, you can do any work more quickly. You may utilise this calm and quiet time to organise your day ahead of time, allotting a certain amount of time to each of your activities. Mentally planning your day before you begin improves your organisational abilities and promotes productivity.

Avoid Heavy Traffic During Your Commute

If you get up really early, you may leave your house before peak traffic hours. You don’t lose time sitting in traffic on your way to and from work. You’ll also be on schedule for all of your subsequent engagements during the day.

Have a Stress-Free Environment

Getting up early allows you to organise your day ahead of time. You aren’t racing through your day with a crowded head. Preparing ahead of time reduces the anxiety that comes with hurrying to complete tasks. Furthermore, waking up early allows you more time for stress-relieving leisure activities, allowing you to begin your day with a peaceful and focused mind.

Reap The benefits of Quality Sleep

Morning people are more likely to fall asleep quickly. When you get up early, your body becomes fatigued quickly, which leads to great sleep as soon as you go to bed. You become used to the natural circadian rhythm, which causes you to go to bed and wake up early. Heading to sleep early increases your chances of completing all four phases of sleep over the course of four to six sleep cycles, resulting in a well-rested and refreshed feeling the next morning.

Tips to Get Out of Bed Earlier

Begin slowly

Set reasonable goals and don’t begin getting up at an unusual hour. It is better to steadily increase the time. For instance, if you are accustomed to getting up at 7 a.m., set an alarm for 6:45 a.m. When your body has adapted to the change, you can extend it for another 15 minutes. Starting slowly will allow your body to better adjust to the shift.

As Soon as You Wake Up, Get Out of the Bedroom

In the bedroom, your mind has been programmed to feel drowsy. Leaving the bedroom as soon as you wake up prevents you from falling back asleep. While attempting to become early risers, numerous night owls succumb to the urge of going to sleep when they spend some time in the bedroom.

You Should Reward Yourself

You can encourage the system while training yourself to wake up early. You may spoil yourself with your favourite coffee taste or with more time in the shower. Do something out of the ordinary to make yourself feel exceptional for achieving your goal of getting up early. Rewarding oneself encourages you to stick with the exercise.

Maintain Good Sleep Hygiene

Create a nighttime ritual that signals to your body that it is time to sleep. Take a nice shower, read your favourite book, or reflect on the good things that happened to you that day. All of these things assist you to relax and prepare your body for sleep.

Blue Lights Should Be Avoided

Melatonin synthesis might be suppressed by blue light from your television or other devices. Inadequate or delayed synthesis of this sleep-inducing hormone may have a detrimental impact on your sleep quality. To really be regular with waking up early, you must go to bed early. Keeping away from blue lights for at least an hour before sleeping aids in your objective of falling asleep earlier.

Take Care Of Yourself

If you’re feeling unwell or weary, ease up on yourself and don’t force yourself to get out of bed too early. This adaptability will keep you from hating the thought of getting up early.

Citizenship

Meaning of citizenship– Citizen are the member of the political community to which they belong. They are the people who compose the State.

Constitutional Rights and Privileges of the Citizens of India-

Citizens of India have the following rights under the Constitution: (a) Fundamental Rights mentioned under Article-15,16,19

b) Only citizens are eligible for certain offices such as those of the President, Vice-President, Judge of the Supreme Court, or a High Court, Attorney General, Governor of a State, Advocate General.

(c) The right of suffrage for election to the House of the People and the Legislative Assembly of every State and the right to become a member of Parliament and of the Legislature of a State.

Person who became Citizens on 26th January, 1950:

Under Article 5-8 of the Constitution, the following persons became citizens of India at the commencement of the Constitution –

(1) who was born as well as domiciled in the “territory of India”- irrespective of the nationality of his parents A- 5(a).

(2) who are domiciled in the “territory of India”, either of whose parents was born in the territory of India- irrespective of the nationality of his parents or the place of birth of such person A- 5(b).

(3) who or whose father/mother was not born in India, but-

(a) had his domicile, in the territory of India

(b) had been ordinarily residing within the territory of India not less than 5 years soon after preceding the commencement of the Constitution.

(4) A person who had migrated from Pakistan, provided-

(a) He or either of his parents/grandparents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935

(b) (i) if he migrated before 19 July, 1948

(ii) if he had migrated on or after 19th 1948, he further had made an application before the commencement of this Constitution for registering himself as a citizen of India by an officer appointed by the Government of India.

(5) Person who had migrated from India to Pakistan after 1 March 1947, but had subsequently returned to India under a permit issued under the authority of the Government of India.

(6) A person who, or any of whose parents/grandparents were born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 but who is ordin

Acquisition of Citizenship after 26th January 1950

The various modes of acquisition of Citizenship prescribed by the Citizenship Act, 1955 are as follows-

(a) Citizenship by birth

(b) Citizenship by descent

(c) Citizenship by registration

(d) Citizenship by naturalization

(e) Citizenship by incorporation of territory

(f) In 1985 a special provision was also added as to citizenship of persons of Indian origin covered by the Assam Accord. Under section 6A (2) two conditions are required to be satisfied –

(1) persons who are of Indian Origin came before 1 January 1966 to Assam from the specified territory

(2) have been ‘ordinarily resident ‘ in Assam as it existed in 1985 since the date of entry in Assam.

Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019- The migrants of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian communities from Afghanistan, Pakistan, or Bangladesh who had entered India without valid travel documents or if the validity of their documents have been expired were regarded as illegal migrants and were ineligible to apply for Indian citizenship under section 5 and 6 of the Citizenship Act, 1955.

HOW SHOPPING CAN MAKE YOU HAPPY ?

Many people find happiness, excitement and pleasure while doing their favorite activity. Some people find happiness while shopping. It might be clothing, books or dresses, hardware’s, machines etc. and the point is not what is being [purchased but the fact that shopping brings happiness and pleasure to them. Shopping can be seen as a kind of therapy for many people ( as long as they don’t waste their money in buying unnecessary things which can bring problems in future). Shopping can help in many ways.

According to a study, which was conducted in 2014, it was found that retail therapy not only brings happiness and joy but it can also fight sadness in a lot of different ways. According to studies, sadness is generally associated with a sense where it can control someone’s life goals and outcomes and bring discouragement and embarrassment. But while shopping, the control over your own choices, necessities and needs can be brought back. By shopping one can restore the feeling of personal control and autonomy. Purchasing the things that you like and personally enjoy help in being more effective (up to 40 times) in giving the sense of pleasure and joy.

There are different ways by which shopping can bring you happiness:

#1 DE-STRESS

While having stressful lives, people often try to find some leisure period and some activities which will make them feel lively and stress free. Stress can cause many mental illness such as depression or anxiety etc. and can also have harsh impact on physical health as well. But when people shop, they get an opportunity to forget everything all stressful things and focus on a particular task. Shopping is not an mindless activity because it required concentration for selecting good products and bargains. While buying something we need to compare them with other similar products and find out which product best suits our interest and needs. The stressors in life have less impact on you when you don’t think about them and thus it you get the opportunity to heal. Shopping will provide you a break from all stresses and worrying and will even help you to come with some solution.

#2 IT TAKES MIND OFF THINGS

Online and offline shopping require concentration and taken time to decide the bet product and most suitable product and when you think about what you want or need and try to find the most appropriate item for meeting your requirements, your mind gets diverted from the stresses in your life.

#3 BOOSTS CONFIDENCE

Perfect pair of shoes for your outfit can make you feel amazing because you feel complete and confident about what you’re wearing. The same goes with everything which is around your and which you use. It gives you the compliment: Yes, you’re amazing ! Its not just the wearing or thing being used which helps you, but it’ll also give a big confidence boost when you feel satisfied about what you’re wearing and using.

#4 CONTROLLED

While shopping, the purchaser is the one who will make all the decisions. If you feel that everything is out of your control, then you can go for shopping and this will help you in relieving your stress. Shopping provides complete control which doesn’t happen to be in every aspects of your life. So, when you get the opportunity then you should grab it. Once again, this will boost your confidence level and a day of shopping or retail therapy will remind you that we can make things right. Researches have found that, shopping decisions help us to have the sense of personal control over our environment and help to overcome sadness.

#5 GET TO SPEND SOME TIME WITH FRIENDS

In today’s busy world it is very difficult to meet and hang out with your loved ones and favorite persons and a shopping trip is the perfect opportunity to get everyone together and have fun. Shopping is something which gives more happiness and joy when done with friends or people you love. Time spent with our favorite people will make you feel more happy and good.

Following tips can be included in you shopping trip to make it more exciting and enjoyable:

Include lunch or dinner in the plan (or even breakfast if you’re shopping in the morning)
Include movie or some cocktails to relax if you get tired
Hangout in your friend’s house and try out the things that you’ve purchased.
Spending time with your friends and people you love is a great therapy and when this is done with shopping, then it will make the life more good.

#6 GRATIFYING

In shopping, Gratification comes in two forms:

Instant Gratification, which means seeing something that you need or want and then buying it.
Delayed Gratification, which means seeing something that you want and not buying it right away and saving up money for buying it and returning home and expecting to buy it some other time.

#7 IMPROVE SELF IMAGE

The way you present yourself to the world is one of the important factors which determine the image which will formed about you in others mind. Effectively creating the image that you want will make you feel good and you can shop according to your own style and image that you want to show to the world. You can buy something wither in online or offline mode to add on or perpetuate your image.

Every time you’re buying something, you are adding to your image and this will make you feel more confident about yourselves.

#8 REFRESHING

Everyone wants to have something and new things now and again. You can shop to enhance your look and image or new look to your room or wardrobe. Shopping always incorporates some thing new into your life and always feels refreshing.

#9 IT BRINGS CHANGE

We do shopping when we want to change anything in our life or want to add something new into our life. This may be because of some life event or we want people to see us differently etc. There are numerous reasons to do shopping and can change their life and outlook towards life.

So there you go and next time when you’ll be feeling down or sad, then boost your mind and spirit by shopping your favorite things with your favorite people.

Tell me your experiences from your last purchase in the comments…

Education

Education is a very powerful medium to grow in life and perceive something important. In a human’s life, education benefits a lot in decreasing the difficulties of a hard life. The expertise obtained through the education era encourages everybody regarding their life.Education is a way to enter into several doors for possibilities to obtain more real prospects in life to improve career growth. Government is also arranging various programs to educate everyone about education and its benefits in our life especially in rural areas. Education delivers knowledge of equality among everyone in society and encourages the growth and improvement of the nation.

In this modern technology-based era, education performs a supreme role in our life. And in this era, there are so many methods to boost the level of education. The complete criteria of education have now been modernized. And education makes a big impact on anyone’s life.

To say Education is important is an understatement. Education is a weapon to improve one’s life. It is probably the most important tool to change one’s life. Education for a child begins at home. It is a lifelong process that ends with death. Education certainly determines the quality of an individual’s life. Education improves one’s knowledge, skills and develops the personality and attitude. Most noteworthy, Education affects the chances of employment for people. A highly educated individual is probably very likely to get a good job. In this essay on importance of education, we will tell you about the value of education in life and society.

Importance of Education in Life

First of all, Education teaches the ability to read and write. Reading and writing is the first step in Education. Most information is done by writing. Hence, the lack of writing skill means missing out on a lot of information. Consequently, Education makes people literate.

Above all, Education is extremely important for employment. It certainly is a great opportunity to make a decent living. This is due to the skills of a high paying job that Education provides. Uneducated people are probably at a huge disadvantage when it comes to jobs. It seems like many poor people improve their lives with the help of Education.

Better Communication is yet another role in Education. Education improves and refines the speech of a person. Furthermore, individuals also improve other means of communication with Education.

Education makes an individual a better user of technology. Education certainly provides the technical skills necessary for using technology. Hence, without Education, it would probably be difficult to handle modern machines.

People become more mature with the help of Education. Sophistication enters the life of educated people. Above all, Education teaches the value of discipline to individuals. Educated people also realize the value of time much more. To educated people, time is equal to money.

Finally, Educations enables individuals to express their views efficiently. Educated individuals can explain their opinions in a clear manner. Hence, educated people are quite likely to convince people to their point of view.

Importance of Education in Society

First of all, Education helps in spreading knowledge in society. This is perhaps the most noteworthy aspect of Education. There is a quick propagation of knowledge in an educated society. Furthermore, there is a transfer of knowledge from generation to another by Education.

Education helps in the development and innovation of technology. Most noteworthy, the more the education, the more technology will spread. Important developments in war equipment, medicine, computers, take place due to Education.

Conclusion

Education is a ray of light in the darkness. It certainly is a hope for a good life. Education is a basic right of every Human on this Planet. To deny this right is evil. Uneducated youth is the worst thing for Humanity. Above all, the governments of all countries must ensure to spread Education.

Importance of Tree plantation

“A tree is the best friend of man on earth.” When we use trees respectfully and economically, we have one of the greatest resources on earth. Trees are rightfully called the ‘lungs of the earth.’ Life on earth would cease to exist in the absence of trees. Trees are responsible for sustaining the environment in several ways.Trees release life-supporting oxygen and absorb harmful gases like carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis. They act as sponges by taking in toxic emissions and other pollutants, released into the atmosphere by industries and vehicles. The roots of trees bind the soil together thereby preventing erosion. The blatant and increased rate of deforestation is the primary cause of landslides. In addition to being the bearers of delicious fruits, trees are the natural habitat of several species of animals, birds, and insects. Thus, the destruction of a tree implies the destruction of an entire ecosystem.We have inherited this planet with its many resources, from our ancestors. The onus rests on us to protect the earth’s fragile ecosystem, so that future generations have a place they can call home. It is indeed ironic that despite being at the top of the food chain Homo Sapiens are intent on destroying the very things that guarantee their survival. However, there is a silver lining. The situation can be remedied by restoring the earth’s green cover and taking concrete measures to reduce carbon emissions. Let’s all take a vow to go green and save the earth from destruction.

Trees are our best friends because they clean the air we breathe. Likewise, they also clean the water and soil and ultimately make the earth a better place. It is also a fact that people who live near trees are healthier, fit, and happier than people who do not.Moreover, it is our responsibility to look after our friends who serve us in many ways. Most importantly by saving plants, we are not doing any favor to plants but to ourselves only. Because trees and plants life does not depend on us but our lives depend on them.

Importance of Trees

Trees are important to us in a lot of ways and we cannot ignore their importance. They are important because they give us fresh air to breathe, food to eat and shelter/shade from sunlight and rainfall. Besides this, there are many medicines in the market that are made up of trees extracts. Apart from this, there are plants and trees that have medicinal value.

They bring peacefulness; create a pleasing and relaxing environment. Also, they help in reflecting the harmful rays of the sun and maintaining a balanced temperature. Besides, they also help in water conservation and preventing soil erosion. They also manage the ecosystem and from ancient times several varieties of plants are worshipped.

Benefits of TreesTrees provide us many benefits some of which we can’t see but they make a huge difference. They help in fighting back the climate changes by absorbing greenhouse gases which are the main cause of climate change.Moreover, they replenish groundwater and filter the air from harmful pollutants and odors. Besides, they are a great source of food and the king of fruits ‘Mango’ also grow on trees.

Value of Trees When a seed of a plant or tree grow it makes the area around it greener. Also, it supports many life forms. Birds make their nests, many reptiles and animals live on it or near it.Besides, all these many beautiful flowers, food growing on it. Moreover, many parts of trees such as roots, leaves, stem, flower, seeds, are also edible. Most importantly they never ask anything in return for their services and the gifts they give. Trees also keep the balance in the ecosystem and ecology.To conclude, we can say that trees are very important and beneficial for every life form on earth. Without them, the survival of life on earth will become difficult and after some time every species starts to die because of lack of oxygen on the planet. So, to save our lives and to survive we have to learn the importance of trees and also have to teach our children the importance of trees.

SHORT STORIES WITHIN NOVELS:

A story within a story is referred to as an embedded narrative. The embedded narrative is a literary device in which a character within a story becomes the narrator of a second story within the first one. Multiple layers of stories within stories are sometimes called Nested Stories. These stories mostly exist in a book to enlighten people. Sometimes the author himself wrote some short stories which are really motivating and alluring, then he might include them in his novels. In the other case, the author pushes himself to write short stories which will be suitable within his/her novels.

We all love stories, especially short stories. So, we will look at some stories within stories or stories within novels or dramas one by one as parts of segments.

THE ALCHEMIST: BY PAULO COELHO

The shopkeeper sent his son to learn about the secret of happiness from the wisest man in the world. The lad wandered through the desert for forty days, and finally came upon a beautiful castle, high atop a mountain. It was there that the wise man lived.

“Rather than finding a saintly man, though, our hero, on entering the main room of the castle, saw a hive of activity: tradesmen came and went, people were conversing in the corners, a small orchestra was playing soft music, and there was a table covered with platters of the most delicious food in that part of the world. The wise man conversed with everyone, and the boy had to wait for two hours before it was his turn to be given the man’s attention.

“The wise man listened attentively to the boy’s explanation of why he had come, but told him that he didn’t have time just then to explain the secret of happiness. He suggested that the boy look around the palace and return in two hours.

“‘Meanwhile, I want to ask you to do something,’ said the wise man, handing the boy a teaspoon that held two drops of oil. ‘As you wander around, carry this spoon with you without allowing the oil to spill.’

“The boy began climbing and descending the many stairways of the palace, keeping his eyes fixed on the spoon. After two hours, he returned to the room where the wise man was.

“‘Well,’ asked the wise man, ‘did you see the Persian tapestries that are hanging in my dining hall? Did you see the garden that it took the master gardener ten years to create? Did you notice the beautiful parchments in my library?’

“The boy was embarrassed and confessed that he had observed nothing. His only concern had been not to spill the oil that the wise man had entrusted to him.

“‘Then go back and observe the marvels of my world,’ said the wise man. ‘You cannot trust a man if you don’t know his house.’

“Relieved, the boy picked up the spoon and returned to his exploration of the palace, this time observing all of the works of art on the ceilings and the walls. He saw the gardens, the mountains all around him, the beauty of the flowers, and the taste with which everything had been selected. Upon returning to the wise man, he related in detail everything he had seen.

“‘But where are the drops of oil I entrusted to you?’ asked the wise man.

“Looking down at the spoon he held, the boy saw that the oil was gone.

“‘Well, there is only one piece of advice I can give you,’ said the wisest of wise men. ‘The secret of happiness is to see all the marvels of the world, and never to forget the drops of oil on the spoon.’”

Through this story author express, that one should follow his dreams and must take care of his responsibilities also. That’s the secret of happiness.

The Alchemist

WHERE TO GET FREE EBOOKS https://eduindex.org/2021/07/20/where-to-get-free-e-books/

THE DETECTIVE NOVELS https://eduindex.org/2021/07/21/the-detective-novels/

BUDDHA’S NOBLE EIGHT FOLD PATH

Buddha gave eight principles to follow as his noble eight-fold path.

Right Vision
Right Aims
Right Speech
Right Action
Right Livelihood
Right Efforts
Right Mindfulness and
Right Meditation

Right vision:

Buddha meant that man should realize how sorrowful was this world for man’s greed’s , desires and selfishness. Man should, therefore, rise above for a new vision for his own happiness and for the happiness of all.

Right Aims:

Man should not run behind his power and wealth, and should not run for passion, pleasures and enjoyment. Instead, he should aim at loving other fellow men and giving them happiness.

Right Speech :

Man should give up falsehood, lies, criticism of others and quarrels which spoil the peace of others and of the society. Instead, man should be truthful in his words and friendly and kind in his talks.

Right Action :

Man should avoid violence and killing, give up harmful acts like theft, and stealing, and instead could work for the good of all in a virtuous way.

Right Livelihood :

Buddha advised man to live by harmless means, not by selling or taking wine or butchering animals for himself or others. Instead, he should live an honest and simple life for peace within and peace outside.

Right Efforts:

Buddha meant a correct discipline in mind and action not for any evil thought or practice, but for a proper exercise towards all that was good. Man was asked to give up evil designs from his thought and to develop nobler feelings for better efforts.

Right Mindfulness :

Buddha wanted man to be conscious of the unrealities of his existence, unrealities of the body and the bodily pleasures, the meaninglessness of the worldly bonds and attachments. Instead, he was to search for the real happiness beyond the flesh and material existence which had no substance.

Right Meditation:

Buddha wanted man to concentrate his mind on the real truth of existence. It was necessary for the discipline and training of the mind towards the higher goal.

Earthquake

An earthquake is a natural disaster whose arrival cannot be announced in advance. Earthquakes are more frequent in mountainous areas. Earthquake has many causes such as volcanic eruption due to excess heat. Sliding rocks under the earth. Collide or move existing plates under the earth. Earth quakes when an earthquake strikes, due to which houses, trees, plants etc. fall and millions of humans and animal birds die under them. Whenever an earthquake comes, there is a lot of destruction.

Earthquake also comes due to the burden on the earth and when it comes, the biggest danger is the collapse of high buildings. In the event of an earthquake, all people should go out of the house to the open ground. An earthquake cannot be predicted, but many preparations can be made to avoid it. For this people are advised to stay in wooden houses. They must keep a mobile phone and flashlight with them. It is not possible for humans to stop earthquakes but tree plants protect us from earthquakes. So to prevent disaster like earthquake, we should plant more and more trees.

Simply speaking, Earthquake means the shaking of the Earth’s surface. It is a sudden trembling of the surface of the Earth. Earthquakes certainly are a terrible natural disaster. Furthermore, Earthquakes can cause huge damage to life and property. Some Earthquakes are weak in nature and probably go unnoticed. In contrast, some Earthquakes are major and violent. The major Earthquakes are almost always devastating in nature. Most noteworthy, the occurrence of an Earthquake is quite unpredictable. This is what makes them so dangerous.

Types of Earthquake

Tectonic Earthquake: The Earth’s crust comprises of the slab of rocks of uneven shapes. These slab of rocks are tectonic plates. Furthermore, there is energy stored here. This energy causes tectonic plates to push away from each other or towards each other. As time passes, the energy and movement build up pressure between two plates.

Therefore, this enormous pressure causes the fault line to form. Also, the center point of this disturbance is the focus of the Earthquake. Consequently, waves of energy travel from focus to the surface. This results in shaking of the surface.

Volcanic Earthquake: This Earthquake is related to volcanic activity. Above all, the magnitude of such Earthquakes is weak. These Earthquakes are of two types. The first type is Volcano-tectonic earthquake. Here tremors occur due to injection or withdrawal of Magma. In contrast, the second type is Long-period earthquake. Here Earthquake occurs due to the pressure changes among the Earth’s layers.

Collapse Earthquake: These Earthquakes occur in the caverns and mines. Furthermore, these Earthquakes are of weak magnitude. Undergrounds blasts are probably the cause of collapsing of mines. Above all, this collapsing of mines causes seismic waves. Consequently, these seismic waves cause an Earthquake.

Explosive Earthquake: These Earthquakes almost always occur due to the testing of nuclear weapons. When a nuclear weapon detonates, a big blast occurs. This results in the release of a huge amount of energy. This probably results in Earthquakes.

Effects of Earthquakes

First of all, the shaking of the ground is the most notable effect of the Earthquake. Furthermore, ground rupture also occurs along with shaking. This results in severe damage to infrastructure facilities. The severity of the Earthquake depends upon the magnitude and distance from the epicenter. Also, the local geographical conditions play a role in determining the severity. Ground rupture refers to the visible breaking of the Earth’s surface.

Another significant effect of Earthquake is landslides. Landslides occur due to slope instability. This slope instability happens because of Earthquake.

Earthquakes can cause soil liquefaction. This happens when water-saturated granular material loses its strength. Therefore, it transforms from solid to a liquid. Consequently, rigid structures sink into the liquefied deposits.

Earthquakes can result in fires. This happens because Earthquake damages the electric power and gas lines. Above all, it becomes extremely difficult to stop a fire once it begins.

Earthquakes can also create the infamous Tsunamis. Tsunamis are long-wavelength sea waves. These sea waves are caused by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. This is because of an Earthquake in the ocean. Above all, Tsunamis can travel at a speed of 600-800 kilometers per hour. These tsunamis can cause massive destruction when they hit the sea coast.

In conclusion, an Earthquake is a great and terrifying phenomenon of Earth. It shows the frailty of humans against nature. It is a tremendous occurrence that certainly shocks everyone. Above all, Earthquake lasts only for a few seconds but can cause unimaginable damage.

India at Olympics 2021

Saikhom Mirabai Chanu paved a path for India at Olympics by securing Silver in weightlifting.

Krishan Vikas, Sutirtha Mukherjee and Manika Batra, Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat, S. Nagal and more players at Olympics today, 24 July 202. Updates.

25 July 2021: P.V. Sindhu, Sania Mirza, P. Nayak, Mary Kom, M. Kaushik, Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat, Nethra Kumanan, Maana Patel, Manika Batra.

26 July 2021: Manika Batra, C.A. Bhavani Devi, S. Rankireddy + C. Shetty, Ashish Kumar, Sharath Kamal Achanta, Sutirtha Mukherjee,Sajan Prakash, P.V. Sindhu, Sajan Prakash.

27th July 2021: Sharath Achanta, Indian hockey team, Lovlina Borgohain(Boxing), C. Shetty and Rankireddy, Sumit Nagal, Sailing.

28th July 2021: Pravin Jadhav (Archery), Tarundeep Rai (Archery), Deepika Kumari (Archery), P.V. Sindhu (Badminton), Pooja Rani(Boxing), Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat (Rowing).

29th July 2021: P.V. Sindhu (Badminton), Manu Bhaker (Shooting), Mary Kom (Boxing), Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat (Rowing), Atanu Das (Archery), Satish Kumar (Boxing).

https://eduindex.org/2021/07/31/india-at-olympic-2021-updated/
30 and 31 July updates

Weightlifting. (Women)

Saikhom Mirabai Chanu lifted a total of 202Kg in four successful attempts. 87Kg in snatch, 115 Kg in clean and jerk.

Z.H. Hou from China secured Gold medal by lifting a total of 210Kg.
W.C. Aisah from Indonesia secured Bronze medal by lifting a total of 194Kg.

Shooting

Women’s 25m pistol

Manu Bhaker secured 5th Position in the qualifications.

Men’s 10m air pistol

J. Foroughi from Iran secured Gold medal with 244.8 points. Likewise, D. Mikec from Serbia and w. Pang from China secured Silver medal respectively.
C. Saurabh from India secured 7th position with 137.4 points

Table Tennis singles

Sutirtha Mukherjee and Manika Batra have passed Round 1 with flying colors. Both have advanced to second round in Table tennis Women’s single.

— Manika Batra knocks out second room and moves on confidently.

Women’s singles

Sutirtha Mukherjee lost to Fu Yu in the second round.

Polcanova Sofia defeated Manika Batra in the 3rd round.

Men’s singles

Sharath Achanta won against Tiago Apolónia, Portugal, in the second round

Sharath Achanta lost to Ma Long, china in 3rd Round,

Table Tennis mixed doubles

Sharath Kamal Achanta and Manika Batra lost to Yun Ju Lin and Ching Cheng of Chinese Taipei straight games in Table Tennis mixed doubles round of 16 match.

Hockey

The Indian men’s hockey team defeated New Zealand in their first match with scores 3-2 respectively at pool matches.

—–Australia defeats India with a margin of 7-1 in their next match.

In, Men’s tournament, India defeats Spain with scores 3-0

India won against Argentina 3-1. (29th July) ———————

Woman’s tournament

The Indian women’s hockey team have their match scheduled at 5:15 pm against Netherlands.

They lost to Netherlands with a margin of 5-1

India vs Germany today at 5:45pm. (26th July) Germany won 2-0

India lost to Great Britain with margin 4-1 (28th July)

Boxing

Men’s Welterweight

We have Indian boxer Krishan Vikas against OKAZAWA Sewonrets Quincy Mensah at 19:24 (Japan), i.e. here in India the match will be shown at 15:24 (3:24)

Krishan Vikas gave his best but lost to OKAZAWA.

Men’s lightweight

Luke McCormack defeated M. Kaushik with scores as Luke McCormack

Women’s flyweight

Our eternal boxer, Mary kom won her first match against Miguelina Hernandez, Dominican Republic — 4-1—

Mary Kom vs Ingrit Valencia, Colombia at 3:36pm. (29th July )

Women’s welterweight

Lovlina Borgohain, India defeated Nadine Apetz of Germany with score 4-3 in round 16.

Men’s Middleweight

Tuoheta Erbieke from China vs Ashish Kumar today (26th July) at 3:06pm

Women’s Middleweight

Pooja Rani defeated Ichrak Chaib from Algeria

Men’s super heavyweight

Satish Kumar defeated Ricardo Brown in Round 16. ———————

Badminton

Men’s Doubles Group Play Stage – Group A

C. Shetty and Rankireddy won their opening match in Group A. Their next match is on 26th Jul.

Indonesia Defeated them in the next stage with scores 21-13, 21-12.

C. Shetty and Rankireddy defeated S. VendyB. Lane of Great Britain at Group play stage with scores 21-17 and 21-19. ——————– 27th July 2021

Women’s singles (Group play stage)

P.V. Sindhu gloriously won her first match with scores as 21-7 and 21-10.

P.V. Sindhu defeats N.Y. Cheung from Hong king with scores 21-9 and 21-16. (28th July)

P.V. Sindhu wins Round 16 by defeating Mia Blichfeldt, Denmark with scores 21-15 and 21-13. ————————–

Rowing (Men’s lightweight double sculls)

India’s pair of Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat finished fifth and eventually qualified for the repechage round.

They secured 3rd Position at Repechage 2 today(25 July).

They secured 6th Position at semifinals. (28th July)

Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat took 5th Place in the Final B (29th July) ———————–

Tennis

Sumit Nagal passed the first round of Men’s singles defeating D. Istomin from Uzbekistan. Next match on 26 July.

Daniil Medvedev defeated Sumit Nagal in the second round. ——————————

Women’s doubles

L. KichenokN. Kichenok defeated S. Mirza, A. Raina

Swimming

Women’s 100m backstroke

Maana Patel finished second in Heat 2.

Men’s 100m and 200m BUtterfly

Sajan Prakash will be competing in men’s 200m and 100m butterfly today.

Sailing

Laser Radial / Laser

Nethra Kumanan secured 27th Position and 33rd Position resp.

49er

India secured 18th position qualifying for race 2

India secured 18th position again in race 4

Archery

Men’s team

India defeated Kazakhstan to qualify for Quarterfinals

But, in Quarter-finals India lost to South-Korea with margin as 6-0

Men’s individual

Pravin Jadhav defeated Galsan Bazarzhapov from ROC (Russua) in 1/32 Eliminations.

Pravin Jadhav continues to shine after he defeated Brandy Ellison from US in 1/16 Eliminations.

Tarundeep Rai won in 1/32 eliminations but lost in the next round.

Atanu Das defeated Oh Shin-Hyek from South Korea with scores 6-5 in 1/16 Eliminations. ———————-

Women’s individual

Deepika Kumari won both 1/32 and 1/16 Eliminations today (28 July)

Fencing

Women’s individual sabre

C. A. Bhavani Devi defeated N. Ben Azizi from Tunisia with score of 15-3 in her first match.

SHE BECAME THE FIRST FENCING INDIAN PLAYER TO WIN A MATCH. ————————-

But, she lost against Manon Brunet, a world top 3 player, in the second round.

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Why is Kargil Diwas celebrated? What exactly happened in Kargil? Let us get acquainted with Kargil War and honor our guardians as India celebrates 23 Years of victory in the Kargil war on 26 July 2021.

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Introduction

Schizophrenia

Conclusion

References

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Importance of Education in Life

Importance of Education in Society

Conclusion

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Importance of Trees

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THE ALCHEMIST: BY PAULO COELHO

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Types of Earthquake

Effects of Earthquakes

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Saikhom Mirabai Chanu paved a path for India at Olympics by securing Silver in weightlifting.

29th July 2021: P.V. Sindhu (Badminton), Manu Bhaker (Shooting), Mary Kom (Boxing), Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat (Rowing), Atanu Das (Archery), Satish Kumar (Boxing).

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