Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos returned to earth after his maiden space voyage. Mark Bezos, Wally Funk and Oliver Daemen were his other co-passengers in this journey. He spent total of 10 minutes in space. He went there on Blue Origin’s New Shepard spacecraft from its Launch Site One located in the West Texas desert (United States).
Jeff Bezos and his other co-passengers ( via Reuters)
Happy, happy, happy!,You have a very happy crew up here!
Jeff Bezos said in space
For the first time in the history a commercial company launched a privately funded and built spacecraft from a private launch range with astronauts on board.
Congratulations to all of Team Blue past and present on reaching this historic moment in spaceflight history. This first astronaut crew wrote themselves into the history books of space, opening the door through which many after will pass
Blue origin released this statement after safely return of the passengers on earth.
Private companies are competing in space travels and explorations, let’s hope this competition may result in affordable space travel ,well within reach of common man. Space travel is still dream of many people.
Have you guys ever heard about the 🦋 butterfly effect.
This theory is about how small changes effect the larger outcome.It describes how the occurrence of large events is due to the small changes or small events that occur.
This metaphor was created by Ray Bradbury in 1952 from a story called the sound of thunder.This story is about how a butterfly’s death in past could cause a very big and impactful change in the future
From Wikipedia
Butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state.
We can observe small details in our nature and how those small things are affecting the whole new and big outcome that is destined to take place.
From:genengnews
Although this butterfly effect is used in terms of weather prediction and also it’s traces can be seen in lorenz’s computerized weather model but nothing could be proven as weather was impossible to predict due to this small instance of butterfly effect.
To prove this theory he used butterfly analogy
The concept is imagined with a butterfly flapping its wings and causing a typhoon but in real it’s flapping cannot cause a big typhoon but they act as catalyst that is they change the rate at which any act is taking place on starting conditions.
To make it more simpler when butterfly flaps its wings it causes an small atmospheric pressure which can cause changes in the typhoons trajectory but cannot create a typhoon
From researchgate.net
This butterfly concept is like an unknown variable in a complex theory where nothing can be predicted but assures us of it existence which cannot be explained simply.
Many script writers got inspired by this theory and many films were made based on it.
From:7tint.com
But isn’t fascinating that a minute thing is the reason that effects gigantic things , that is its small existence is a big part how the changes taking place in a big thing.
Science is simply the word we use to describe a method of organising our curiosity
Want to trade? Stuck choosing between online and offline? You have come the right way. We are here to help you through your decision for trading online or offline. First, you should know the basics of trading. Then we will guide you through some points stating differences between online and offline trading.
Before the age of the internet, trading was carried out by stockbrokers. They dealt with the work of buying and selling equities on behalf of their clients. But the internet made this process a lot easier and faster. Today, both online and offline share trading is prevalent around the world.
To understand more clearly, let us tell you something about Forex trading.
What is Forex Trading?
Forex trading or better known as foreign exchange trading is multipurpose trading carried out around the world. It can be explained as a network of various types of buyers and sellers willing to transfer currency between each other at an agreed price.
Forex trading or any other type of trading can be carried out by individuals, organizations, companies, and central banks. They convert currency into one another and transfer the same. The amount of currency they convert daily causes price movements across many countries around the globe.
Now let’s see some differences between online and offline trading.
Differences between online and offline trading
Ease of trade
Online trading is usually done individually and the person makes all the transactions for himself without any guidance. Also, online trading can be done with any device provided by the internet. Here all you need is the internet so it is less expensive.
Whereas in offline trading all the transactions are carried out by the broker. And the individual has to approach the broker and contact him by going to his office. This also makes offline trading more expensive.
Convenience
Convenience is the most important factor to be considered when doing absolutely anything. Similarly, online or offline trading services should be selected based on the convenience of the individual.
Lack of the internet can be a problem for those who prefer online trading. But if you have a mobile and full-time internet then your best option is online trading. But for people who prefer regular guidance, should go for offline trading.
In terms of security, online trading is much more secure than offline trading as in online mode, the individual has complete control over the transactions to be made.
In offline trading, the transactions are in the hands of the broker. They carry out the transactions on behalf of the client without any knowledge.
Another advantage of online trading is that the traders can check their tax, brokerage, and other statements. But in offline trading, the broker can easily manipulate the trader.
Real-time information
While trading, the trader needs to keep track of the real-time information. So again online trading has the ball in its court. It is a huge benefit of online trading that all the real-time information is displayed on the trader’s screen. He can have access to updates on any crashes in the stock market.
Whereas in the case of offline trading, the trader can’t keep track regularly as the market keeps updating every second.
Trading fees
In online trading, the client executes the trade themselves so there is no need for middlemen. This reduces the trading fees to almost negligible in online mode.
Whereas in offline trading there is more than one person involved in the process which increases the trading fees significantly.
Guidance
Guidance is necessary during trading. So in online trading, the trader can surf the internet for various expert comments and suggestions.
Whereas in the side of offline trading, the trader has no other option but to depend on the broker’s word for everything.
Platform
It is a huge advantage of online trading that it has all the things under one umbrella. The trader can find everything on a single platform. No need to search here and there. Plus, the broker houses make sure they upload all the necessary things on their site.
Whereas in offline trading, the trader needs to do independent research about everything, before asking the broker to trade.
Quality of service
In online trading, the trader can access detailed reports of trends in the market and can have all information regarding stocks and orders.
Whereas in offline trading, the trader should trust the broker for all information.
Flexibility
With online trading, getting the order at the right time has become easier. All broker houses provide a trading platform like their website or app. There the trader can execute buying and selling of orders and make transactions.
Whereas in offline trading, the trader needs to go to the broker’s office or carry out the trade on call. This is tiresome and inconvenient to almost everyone nowadays because of the busy schedule.
Fraud
Online trading provides the trader with full control over their trades and transactions.
But in offline trading, clients have to take the broker on his word. This sometimes leads to mistakes and cases of fraud.
Now you can easily start trading without depending on anyone for information and all the necessary transactions. Clearly, online trading won the battle online Vs offline. Hope you make the right choice. Happy trading!
Affiliate marketing is the process of earning money (commissions) every time you promote a company’s products or services and drive a sale. You only get paid every time you drive a sale, just like a commission-only sales representati
How Does Affiliate Marketing Work?
Because affiliate marketing works by spreading the responsibilities of product marketing and creation across parties, it manages to leverage the abilities of a variety of individuals for a more effective marketing strategy while providing contributors with a share of the profit. To make this work, three different parties must be involved:
Seller and product creators.
The affiliate or advertiser.
The consumer.
Let’s delve into the complex relationship these three parties share to ensure affiliate marketing is a success.
1. Seller and product creators.
The seller, whether a solo entrepreneur or large enterprise, is a vendor, merchant, product creator, or retailer with a product to market. The product can be a physical object, like household goods, or a service, like makeup tutorials.
2. The affiliate or publisher.
Also known as a publisher, the affiliate can be either an individual or a company that markets the seller’s product in an appealing way to potential consumers. In other words, the affiliate promotes the product to persuade consumers that it is valuable or beneficial to them and convince them to purchase the product. If the consumer does end up buying the product, the affiliate receives a portion of the revenue made.
3. The consumer.
Whether the consumer knows it or not, they (and their purchases) are the drivers of affiliate marketing. Affiliates share these products with them on social media, blogs, and websites.
How Do Affiliate Marketers Get Paid?
A quick and inexpensive method of making money without the hassle of actually selling a product, affiliate marketing has an undeniable draw for those looking to increase their income online. But how does an affiliate get paid after linking the seller to the consumer?
The answer can get complicated.
The consumer doesn’t always need to buy the product for the affiliate to get a kickback. Depending on the program, the affiliate’s contribution to the seller’s sales will be measured differently.
The affiliate may get paid in various ways:
1. Pay per sale.
This is the standard affiliate marketing structure. In this program, the merchant pays the affiliate a percentage of the sale price of the product after the consumer purchases the product as a result of the affiliate’s marketing strategies. In other words, the affiliate must actually get the investor to invest in the product before they are compensated.
2. Pay per lead.
A more complex system, pay per lead affiliate programs compensates the affiliate based on the conversion of leads. The affiliate must persuade the consumer to visit the merchant’s website and complete the desired action — whether it’s filling out a contact form, signing up for a trial of a product, subscribing to a newsletter, or downloading software or files.
3. Pay per click.
This program focuses on incentivizing the affiliate to redirect consumers from their marketing platform to the merchant’s website. This means the affiliate must engage the consumer to the extent that they will move from the affiliate’s site to the merchant’s site. The affiliate is paid based on the increase in web traffic.
International Chess Day is celebrated on July 20, every year as the founding day of World Chess Federation (FIDE). The concept of celebrating this was presented by UNESCO and this year marks FIDE’s 97th anniversary.
Chess is likely one of the oldest games of our era. It was invented in India in the fifth century and was then named “Chaturanga”. Later, the game moved to Persia, and when the Arabs invaded Persia, chess became an important part of the Muslim population’s existence, and it spread to Southern Europe from there. Chess took on its modern shape in Europe during the 15th century and evolved into a contemporary sport. Ever since then it has been a popular sport. Today, Chess competitions are held with fresh and interesting variations all around the world
Chess helps you increase your fluid intelligence and processing speed , elevates your creativity and enables you to enter a flow state , leads to better planning and strategy skills, and can improve the symptoms of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Studies prove that Electronic chess may help stave off a panic attack when you play on the right level. Playing Chess also increases the effectiveness of any mental therapy.
Here are few recommendations of books and movies related to chess
Books
Chess 101 by Dave Schloss
Bobby Fischer teaches chess by Bobby Fischer
The steps method by Rob Brunia and Cor Van Wijgerden
Pandolfini’s Ultimate Guide to Chess by Bruce Pandolfini
Winning Chess strategy for Kids by Jeff Coakley
Tips for young players by Matthew Sadler
How not to play chess by Eugene A. Znosko-Borovsky
Pegasus is a spyware developed by the Israeli cyber arms firm NSO Group that can be covertly installed on mobile phones running most versions of iOS and Android. In November 2019, a tech reporter from New York City photographed an interception device displayed at Milipol, a trade show on homeland security in Paris. The exhibitor, NSO Group, placed the hardware at the back of a van, perhaps suggesting convenience of portability, and said it would not work on US phone numbers, possibly due to a self-imposed restriction by the firm. Until early 2018, NSO Group clients primarily relied on SMS and WhatsApp messages to trick targets into opening a malicious link, which would lead to infection of their mobile devices. A Pegasus brochure described this as Enhanced Social Engineering Message (ESEM). When a malicious link packaged as ESEM is clicked, the phone is directed to a server that checks the operating system and delivers the suitable remote exploit.
Pegasus infections can also be achieved via so-called “zero-click” attacks that do not require any interaction from the phone’s owner. It means that your phone could still be hacked even if you’re careful not to click on those malicious links. Most of these attacks exploit vulnerabilities in an operating system that the phone’s manufacturer may not yet know about and so has not been able to fix.
Many of the numbers were clustered in 10 countries: Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Hungary, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, according to the reports.
In India, more than 40 journalists, three opposition leaders and two ministers in Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government were reported to be on list. This included the opposition memeber, Rahul gandhi with two mobile phone numbers belonging to him found in the list. Mr Gandhi no longer has the devices so it was not possible to analyse them to determine if he had been hacked. India’s government has denied using unauthorised surveillance.
An enzyme that produces some mycotoxins less deadly has been discovered by a group of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) researchers at the London Research and Development Centre in London, Ont.
WHY IT MATTERS?
Mycotoxin infection in crops can have a massive monetary impact for farmers and biofuel producers, and consumption by humans or livestock can have serious health concerns, including death.
The discovery was an accident as per Dr. Mark Sumarah, a mycotoxin and fungal expert at the London Research and Development Centre.
Sumarah and his colleague Dr. Justin Renaud were initially seeking to discover more a few mycotoxin referred to as orchotoxin A and therefore the possible risk of it to contaminate Canadian grapes, and subsequently wine. Sumarah says orchotoxin A may be a significant mycotoxin worldwide, but there was not much data on its effect in Canada. Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites generated by fungi that inhabit crop species which prevents them to survive on plants, but when consumed they will put the health of humans and livestock at risk.
Long time ago, the investigators were observing the fungus Aspergillus to look for orchotoxin A, and located that Aspergillus produced not only orchotoxin A, but another sort of mycotoxin known as fumonisin. Sumarah says this wasn’t unforeseen, but what was a shock is that the fungus produced varieties of fumonisin that nobody had glimpsed in the past. The most interesting thing about these compounds was that although every formerly known fumonisin contains a nitrogen molecule, these new ones didn’t .
This made the scientists curious. Sumarah, and Renaud did further work to decide that nitrogen is the single-most valuable factor in the toxicity of fumonisins.
The scientists figured it had to be an enzyme. The team then successfully separated the enzyme responsible for transforming some fumonisins into types that need nitrogen, and began work in partnership with Lallemand Inc. through a Canadian Agricultural Partnership project to commercially create the enzyme for the decontamination of fumonisins. Lallemand may be a privately held company based in Quebec that produces yeast, bacteria the main target of the enzyme for the corporate like Deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins can contaminate crops and cause infection or develop challenges for livestock, and become concentrated in distillers grains from biofuel production.
Sumarah says that fumonisins are a worldwide problem and he has colleagues in areas where corn is a staple in the diet, such as South Africa and Latin America, who are concerned about fumonisins related to human health. Fumonisins are linked to esophageal cancers and there’s suspicion they’re linked to ectoderm birth defects and other cancers
Although commercialization of the enzyme is several years away, the research trio have an interest find an enzyme which will tackle DON.
The numbers of Unemployment rate of India were not good & this pandemic have done the work of fuel in the fire . In January 2021, India saw an unemployment rate of over six percent. This was a significant improvement from the previous month. A damaging impact on an economy as large as India’s caused due a total lockdown was imminent. Unemployment went up to nearly 24 percent in April 2020. This was possibly a result of a decrease in demand as well as the disruption of workforce faced by companies.
The most drastic impact of pandemic was lockdown , & the most drastic impact of lockdown was on economically backward class ,because these people don’t have good medical system , & people from these sections mostly were of labour class , all factories & construction sites were shut , without employment & with no money left in their hands , these people were left unemployed . In India employment rate in 2019 was 5.36% which increased by over 6 % in 2021. These were not good numbers for India. Before numbers of unemployment one major thing to keep in consideration was these economically backward class . For these people , our honorable prime minister , Shri Narender Modi Ji launched a yojana named as “PRADHAN MANTRI GARIB KALYAN YOJANA” .
Just to give you all a gist of what this yojana is & what are the benefits of this yojana , & how this yojana worked as a magic wand for all the poor people who were left unemployed & lost their loved ones due to COVID19 .
The Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana / Package is a comprehensive relief package of Rs 1.70 Lakh Crore Yojana for the poor to help them fight the battle against Corona Virus. This was announced in March 2020, to reach out to the poorest of the poor, with food and money in hands, so that they do not face difficulties in buying essential supplies and meeting essential needs. The package included the measures listed hereunder from 30th March 2020:
Insurance cover of Rs 50 Lakh per health worker fighting COVID-19 to be provided under Insurance Scheme – extended for one year effective April 2021
80 crore poor people will to get 5 kg wheat or rice and 1 kg of preferred pulses for free every month for the next three months – extended to November 2021 (initially, the package was extended to May & June 2021; originally, it was extended to November 2020)
20 crore women Jan Dhan account holders to get Rs 500 per month for next three months
Increase in MNREGA wage to Rs 202 a day from Rs 182 to benefit 13.62 crore families
An ex-gratia of Rs 1,000 to 3 crore poor senior citizen, poor widows and poor disabled
Government to front-load Rs 2,000 paid to farmers in first week of April 2020 under existing PM Kisan Yojana to benefit 8.7 crore farmers
Central Government has given orders to State Governments to use Building and Construction Workers Welfare Fund to provide relief to Construction Workers.
Our government is providing food , money & insurance facility to the weaker sections of the society, so that though being unemployed they don’t sleep empty stomach. Under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana, 312 billion Indian rupees were accrued and provided to around 331 million beneficiaries that included women, construction workers, farmers, and senior citizens. More aid was announced in mid-May, to mainly support small businesses through the crisis. Coming to the conclusion , though unemployment numbers are rising but government is much concerned about the living of people , & is much concerned about health of people , because govt. knows that is people will live , they can make living too.
In a shocking incident, an elderly man trying to cross rail tracks was saved by the quick action of loco pilots of a running train. A video of the railway staff rescuing the elderly man stuck between the tracks was shared on Twitter by the official Twitter handle of the Ministry of Railway. The incident took place near Kalyan station, Mumbai.
In above picture, we can see it.
“Alert Loco Pilots of Mumbai-Varanasi train (02193) applied emergency brakes immediately after starting the train from Kalyan station & saved the life of a senior citizen who was crossing tracks,” captioned alongside of the video. The picture shows the staff helping the man out from under the railway engine. The man came out without a scratch.
“Please do not cross tracks in an unauthorized manner. It can be fatal,” adds the caption.
Please be careful while crossing the railway tracks, we can get into grave danger if we are not alert.
In a shocking revelation, the minister of Telecommunication, Government of India faced questions on the Project Pegasus report – a research on the pegasus spyware that has been developed by the Israeli NSO for “vetted government clients” only. It can breach all Windows, Mac, Android and iOS security checks upto iOS 14.6.
The Forbidden Stories group and the Amnesty International with the Wire and the Washington Post revealed that governments, politicians and journalists all over the world have been targeted with more than 300 people in India alone been tracked regularly using the spyware. Allegedly, only 10 out of these 300 people had mobiles with conclusive or clear presence of the software. These 300 people however include journalists, politicians, cabinet ministers and a sitting Supreme Court judge. These numbers and cases are similar in countries like Mexico, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Rwanda, Azerbaijan and Hungary.
The Pagasus is developed by Israeli NSO.
The first and foremost question ought to be raised against Israel and all governments that are using the spyware, for a spyware is not how a democracy should work in theory. After all, little is left of “democracy” in most nations in the last decade. The second question is why there is an absence of data protection laws in most countries including India, Pakistan and south Asian nations – that house a large part of humanity. The third question is to be raised against the government in India where an official allegedly replied to a question about the spyware by stating that all monitoring, interception and decryption is or shall be carried out as per a “due process of law” which is ironic because there are no such laws in India.
Now, back to the questions that Mr Ashwini Vaishnav, Minister of Telecommunication, India had to answer in the Parliament several hours ago. The minister out right refused any spyware quoting the Binoy Viswam vs RBI case in the supreme court where the WhatsApp Counsel refused any spyware involvement. However, this might actaully be true because the NSO has quite clearly used the term – “vetted governments”. So, speaking per se, no private contractor is involved. However, this conclusion is only one way of seeing things. The author recommends personal discretion and further research as the press conference against Pegasus took place only on the 18th of July 2021. The Minister also pointed out that the NSO uses data and using data should not be equated to surveillance. He also added that surveillance is not possible in a country like India with so many checks and balances.
The author has no opinion that supports or opposes the answers Mr Vaishnav presented today. However, just as a note – surveillance is always illegal in any democracy. It is illegal in the US and yet about 5 years ago, news of massive US surveillance across the globe was made public by leaked documents. Surveillance is almost always carried out by the Executive without intimating the legislature or the public. Many-a-times, even the ruling party is unaware of the realities of the state. What we as a democracy can do is to establish stronger laws against the process and establishing a more transparent mechanism to keep the executive in check.
Finally, this article is based only on the events that unfolded on the 18th of July 2021 and the immediate aftermath on the 19th of the same month. Let us await further investigations and reports to build any conclusive opinion about any institution. However, the need for stronger privacy laws is important anyways, irrespective of the type of state one lives in – especially in a democracy.
In this highly competitive world, everyone is trying to prove themselves in their areas of interest. Like men, now women are also pursuing their dream wilfully. They are the most competitive persons when compared to men. This doesn’t mean that men are incapable. Just that women are firm and strong enough to prove themselves. You may have a thought why am I talking about women too much? There is definitely a reason. Yeah! Today, I am going to share with you about an Indian Woman who marked her identity in WHO. I think you may have guesses or you should have found who she is? I think, your guess is correct. It’s our Soumya Swaminathan.
Dr. Soumya Swaminathan
Everyone know about the “Father of Green Revolution of India”, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, right? Soumya Swaminathan was the daughter of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan. She was born on 2nd May 1959 at Kumbakonam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Her full name is Soumya Swaminathan Yadav. Her mother, Mina Swaminathan, was an Indian Educationalist. Soumya has two siblings namely Madhura Swaminathan and Nithya Swaminathan. She was married to Ajit Yadav who was an orthopedic surgeon.
Dr. Soumya Swaminathan with her parents and two siblings
Now, let’s see about Dr. Soumya Swaminathan’s educational qualifications and her academic achievements.
She received her M.B.B.S degree from the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune.
She completed her M.D. in AIIMS, New Delhi.
She got her Diplomate of National Board from National Board of Examinations.
She completed her Ph.D., in neonatalogy and pediatric pulmonology.
Let’s see about her Career achievements.
In 1989, she was a Research Scholar in the Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases in United Kingdom till,1991.
She also worked as a Senior Research Registar, at Cardiopulmonary Medicine Unit in New Jersey.
In 1992, she joined National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, as a coordinator and later she became it’s Director.
From 2009 to 2011, She worked as the Coordinator of WHO/UNICEF/UNDP, for a research and training on Tropical diseases in Geneva.
She was the Director of ICMR and Secretory of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in India from August 2015 to November 2017.
From 2017 to March 2019, Dr. Soumya Swaminathan was the Deputy Director-General of WHO.
In 2019, she has become the Chief Scientist of WHO in research about the SARAS CoV-2 and worked hard in this pandemic getting detailed reports from all the countries. And she conducted interview once in two week to make us know the exact situation of the covid.
Let me tell you some of the awards won by her. In 2008, She received Kshanika Oration Award from ICMR. In 2011, she was given an Lifetime Achievement award by the Indian Association of Applied Microbiologists. In 2016, She received Research Endowment Award from NIPER and ASTRAZENECA.
I am inspired so much by Dr. Soumya Swaminathan. Yes, now I have the spark to achieve something big in my career and want to reach heights like her. What about you? I hope you too have your own dreams. Give your full effort and just do it. She had proven herself and made her Father proud. Let’s be like her and make our parents proud. Her achievements show us, how capable women are!! How strong!! Okay, Come on! Women, have confidence in yourself that you can do anything and everything! If you can’t, who can!! Let’s make our India proud.
RECENT UPDATES ON THE CURRENT SITUATION OF COVID PANDEMIC
The second wave of Covid is making people suffer from its worst effects as the newly affected on a daily basis have reduced to less than 40,000 from 4 lakh of affected within ten days as per the latest reports of WHO organization released recently. The deaths are nearly more than 4 lakh of population and the government of various states are managing to control the spread of this virus. The doses of vaccines are prepared in a full stream as 34 lakhs of vaccines are distributed to several states and countries from the Serum Institute since it was approached by WHO company to prepare these doses. The third wave of Covid have already started in Australia that has affected nearly 20,000 people so far with even more advanced side effects of this virus. Accompanied by the death rate of these fungus as 5 out of 10 people prove fatality with negligence of side effects. As relaxations are made every country government works to control the spread and remove this deadly virus all over the globe.
Generally people think that learning through practice is to make someone better than what he/she was earlier . To think so is not complete appropriate . However, it cannot be denied that there is an improvement as a result of learning . But it can lead towards unwanted or undesired changes . A child who plays football, may also learn wrong technique . Indeed , learning has a detailed explanation . The process of learning begins from the birth and continues throughout life. That is why it is said that learning takes place from womb to tomb. Learning means to adjust or adapt oneself according to the situation . There is a change in the behaviour of an individual after learning and he changes himself according to situations . The various psychologists have defined learning in different ways. However, they reach approximately at the same point . There are following definitions of learning by some eminent psychologists.
According to Guilford, ”We may define the term very broadly in saying that learning is any change in behaviour resulting from behaviour.”
According to R.S. Woodworth and D.G. Marquis, ”Learning consists in doing something new provided, this something new to be retained by the individual and reappears in his later activities.’‘
According to G. Murphy , ‘‘From this point of view it would be legitimate to regard learning as modification both of behaviour and of the way of perceiving.”
According to Whitkar, ”Learning may be defined as the process by which behaviour originates or is altered through training or experience.”
On the basis of the above-mentioned definitions, the following conclusions can be drawn :
We human beings often tend to pay less attention to our mental health than our physical one, but we all should understand its heavy importance and admit the fact that they can be equally or even more dangerous than the physical issues so one should take immediate help of doctor or councilor in case some abnormalities or issues arises.
Importance of mental health :
Mental and physical health are equally important components of overall health. Mental illness, especially depression, increases the risk for many types of physical health problems, particularly long lasting conditions like stroke, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Similarly, the presence of chronic conditions can increase the risk for mental illness.
Some mental illnesses :
Mental illnesses are among the most common health conditions in the united states.
* More than 50% will be diagnosed with a mental illness or disorder at some point in their lifetime.
* 1 in 5 children,either currently or at some point during their life, have had a seriously debilitating mental illness.
Causes of mental illness :
There is no single cause for mental illness. A number of factors can contribute to risk for mental illness, such as
* Early adverse life experiences such as trauma or a history of abuse.
* Experiences related to other ongoing medical condition, such as cancer or diabetes
* Biological factors, such as genes or chemical imbalances in the brain.
* use of alcohol or recreational drugs.
Types of mental illness :
People can experience different types of mental illnesses or disorder and they can often occur at the same time.Mental illness can occur over a short period of time or be episodic. This means that the mental illness comes and goes with discrete beginnings and ends. Mental illness can also ongoing or long term.
There are more than 200 classified types of mental illness. Some of the main types of mental illness and disorders are listed below; however; this list is not exhaustive.
Anxiety Disorders :
People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread or terror. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, panic disorders and phobias.
Hyperactivity Disorder :
It is one of the most common childhood mental disorders. It can continue through adolescence and adulthood. People diagnosed with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors or be overly active.
Disruptive Behavioral Disorders :
It involves a pattern of disruptive behaviors in children that last for atleast 6 months can cause problems in school, at home and in social sitauations.Behavioral symptoms can also continue into adulthood.
Depression and other mood disorders :
While bad moods are common and usually pass in a short period, people suffering from mood disorders live with more constant and severe symptoms. People living with this mental illness find that their mood impacts both mental and psychological well- being, nearly evry day and often for much of the day.
Eating Disorders :
Eating disorders involve obsessive and sometimes distressing thoughts and behaviors including
* Reduction of food intake
* overeating
* Feelings of depression or distress
* concern about weight, body shape, poor self image
Personality Disorders :
People with personality disorders have extreme and inflexible personality traits that cause problems in work, school or social realtionships. Personality disorders include antisocial personality disorder and borederline personality disorder
Substance use Disorders :
Substance use disorders occur when frequent or repeated use of alochol and or drugs causes significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Substance use problems can be fatal to the user or others. Exsmples include drunk driving fatalities and drug overdoses.
In this busy world our brain gets a lot stressed and its very important that we should take due care of it, some of the practices which will help us to do better with our mental health are:
Yoga plays a great role in keeping our mind calm and also helps us to focus and concentrate on things. It also helps us deal with tough situations and gives us the strength to stay away from negativity.
Exercising regularly is a key to healthy body and we all know that a healthy body and a healthy mind goes hand in hand, so we must ensure that we exercise daily to keep ourselves fit.
The environment that we stay in also the company with which we spend time also plays a major role we should be extremely aware while selecting our company and in case we are not able to adjust we should walk away.
Food is the fuel and is of immense importance we should ensure that we are not nutrient deficient also we should ensure that we intake enough amount of water daily.
Self- confidence is a feelung of trust in one’s abilities, qualities, and judgment.children with a healthy sennsr of self-confidence are able to feel good about themselves and knoe that they deserve respect from others. Confidence can be a tough thing to build up. We’ve put together some handy tips to help you put.
TIPS FOR BUILDING SELF – CONFIDENCE :
There are number of things you can do to build your confidence. Some of them arejust small changes to your frame of mind; others you’ ll have to work on fora big longer to make them familiar habits.
1.LOOK AT WHAT YOU’VE ALEADY ACHIEVED:
It is easy to lose confidence if you believe you haven’t achieved anythkng. Make a list of all the things you’ re proud of in your life, whegger it’s getting a good mark on an exam or learning to surf. Keep the list close by and add to it whenever you do something you’ re proud of. When you’re low in confidence,pull out the list a use it to remind yourself if all the awesome stuff you’ ve done.
2.SET SOME GOALS :
Set some goals and set out the steps you need to take to achieve them. They don’t have to be big goals; they can even be things like baking a cake or planning a nighy out with friends. Just aim for some achievements that you can tick off a list to hrlp you again confidence in your ability to get stuff done.
3.THINK OF THINGS YOU’RE GOOD AT :
Everyone has strengths and talents. What are yours? Recoginising what you’re good at,and trying to build on those things,will help you to build confidence in your own abilities.
4.TALK YOURSELF UP :
You’re never going to feel confident if you have negative commentary running through your mind telling you that you’re no good. Think about your self- talk and how that might be affecting your self- confidence. Treat yourself like would your bestfriend and cheer yourself on.
5.GET A HOBBY :
Try to find something that you’re really passionate about. It could be photography, sport, knitting or anything else! When you’ve workef out your passion, commit yourself to giving it a go.chances are, if you’re intetested or passionate about a certain activity, you’re more likely to be motivated and you’ll build skills more quickly.
Confidence helps us feel ready for life’s experiences. When we’re confident, we’re more likely to move forward with people and opportunities no back away from them. And if things don’t work out at fisrt , confidence helps us try again. It is the opposite when confidence is low.
Self- confidence is a feeling of trust in one’s abilities, qualities, and judgement. Some of the many causes of low self- esteem may include. Unhappy childhood where parents were extremly critical. Poor academic performance in school resulting in a lack of confidence.
Eduindex News 
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