Communication is the most important factor in our lives. Media takes up the role of fulfilling this factor and giving a platform to various individuals and organizations. Media is generally defined as means of mass communication, which includes broadcasting, publishing and the internet regarded collectively. The term “media” is plural of medium, referring to communication channels through which we disseminate news, music, movies, education, promotional messages and other data. News, magazines, television, radio, billboards, telephone, the internet, and fax are ways through which communicate in society. Media rights means with respect to each credit party and its subsidiaries, all licensing rights (as licensor and licensee), manufacturing rights, production rights, and distribution rights and all rights, title and interest of such persons in registered patents, trademarks, service marks, copy rights. Other media rights include: right to broadcast, transmit, display, film and photograph the competition as well as recordings thereof (or any part thereof) in any form in all media now known or hereafter and the right to exploit such rights by means whatsoever. Freedom of media is indeed an integral part of freedom of expression which is part of fundamental rights of the Constitution of India. Media plays a vital role as in enables the citizens to be aware about what is happening in the country and other important factors they need to know. Media has created a platform for the common man to express his opinions and reach to the diplomats in higher positions which are usually not easily reachable. Today it has become one of the major instruments of social change. It is the duty of the media to report cautiously and fairly. Media tends to bring transparency and sometimes it is not good for people’s reputation. Freedom of press is a fundamental right that government itself can not violate but still it’s the most violated right. There has been constant press freedom violation including abuses by political leaders, threats, from criminal groups, police violence or threats by corrupt local officials making journalism one of the most dangerous professions to practice in India. There have been prominent journalists like Sauri Lankesh, Narendra who have paid the ultimate price for uncovering the truths and more than sixty-four journalists have been killed on duty. Uttar Pradesh holds the distinguished place with the highest number of journalists killed since year 2000 and the duty lies with the government to make effective laws and provisions for the protection of the media. The risk factor in the profession of journalism is rapidly increasing the face of violence and intimidation for practicing their fundamental rights. The ranges of danger they are getting include kidnapping, murder, online harassment, cyber bullying, forced detention and torture and defamation among others. There is a need for effective laws for protection of media. The freedom under Article 19(1) (a) is not only cribbed, cabinet and confined to newspapers and periodicals but also includes pamphlets, leaflets, handbills, circulars and every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion. Although the freedom of press is guaranteed as a fundamental right, it is necessary for us to deal with various laws governing the different areas of media so as to appreciate the vast of media laws. Freedom of Press and the Freedom of Expression can be regarded as the very basis of a democratic form of government. Every business enterprise is involved in the laws of the nation, state and community in which it operates. Newspaper publishers find themselves more hemmed in by legal restrictions than any other businesses do regardless of the fact that freedom of press is protected by the India Constitution. The various Acts that have been taken into consideration when dealing with the regulations imposed upon the print media are: The Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867, the Act regulates printing presses and newspapers and makes registration with an appointed authority compulsory for all printing. The enactment provides against the printing and publication of incitement to crime and other objectionable matters. More over the protection of rights of media are internationally recognized. Evidently, the existence of the International Declaration on the protection of journalists. The International Declaration on the protection of journalists is based on thorough research and analysis of existing international mechanisms in the area of journalists and media organizations to ensure maximum safety.

The Constitution of India confers the fundamental right of freedom of the press. Article 105(2) provides certain restrictions on the publications of the proceedings in parliament.  The Supreme Court held that, the publication by a newspaper of certain parts of the speech of members in the House, which were ordered to be expunged by the speaker constituted a breach of privilege. The media is given freedom of speech and press however the limitations given by the country suppress them and hinders them from exercising their rights to the fullest. The limitations imposed also make the work with fear for being found on the wrong side of the law.

What are the challenges faced by the Media in practicing their duty? Authoritarian rule in many developing countries, democracy is formally established by political elites and authoritarian rulers control power beyond the influence of the majority of people. So instead of more democracy there is less, instead of more participation there is more exclusion, instead of the rule of law, there is insecurity, impunity and lack of accountability. Media organizations are not welcomed because they will always question authoritarian rule. Media rights are under pressure Media suffer from obstruction of freedom of press, freedom of expression and to access information. Media regulations become tougher and journalists who are not in line with mainstream elites become more and more endangered and face possible censorship and intimidation the worst being arbitrary arrest and torture.

Because of the above mentioned challenges faced by the media it shows there is need for protection of reporters, editors and journalists. This need of crafting laws for protection of media becomes an important task for media support organizations and the close monitoring of the development of media freedom becomes more relevant.

In conclusion, media plays an important role in our lives as it enables us to communicate at different level. In a national level the journalists, editors and other are the people who are in control of media. However they face so many challenges, with some even life threatening. Hence there is need for laws protecting the rights of the media. In most if not all the countries freedom of press and speech is guaranteed however political elites limit the media from exercising their rights fully.

What are human rights?

Human Rights are those minimal rights which every individual must have against the State or other public authority by virtue of his being a ‘member of the human family’, irrespective of any other consideration.

Our country was one of the original signatories to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and therefore the framers of Indian Constitution were influenced by the concept of human right and recognize as well as guaranteed most of the human rights which were subsequently embodied in the International Covenant 1966. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution reflects the inspiring ideals with the specific mention of “dignity of the individual”.

Human rights under the constitution of India:

Fundamental Rights: Fundamental Rights are the modern name for what have been traditionally known as Natural Rights. The Natural Rights transformed into fundamental rights operate as a constitutional limitation or a restriction on the 4 powers of the organs set up by the Constitution or the State action. Judicial Review, Justiciability or Enforcement became an inseparable concomitant of fundamental rights.

There are six fundamental rights:

1.     Right to equality (article14-18):  includes equality before the law, the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth, equality of opportunity in matters of employment, the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles.

1. Article 14 – Right to equality guarantees equal rights for everyone irrespective of religion, gender, caste, race or place of birth. It ensures equal employment opportunities in the government and insures against discrimination by the State in matters of employment on the basis of caste, religion, etc. This right also includes the abolition of titles as well as untouchability
2. Article 15- The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.  No citizen shall, on ground only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any  of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment.
3. Article 16- There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.
4.  Article 17- “Untouchability” is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability” shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
5. Article 18- No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State. No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State.

2. Right to freedom (article 19-22):  includes freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association or union or cooperatives, movement, residence, and right to practice any profession or occupation.

1. Article 19-  All citizens shall have the right –
   (a) to freedom of speech and expression;
   (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
   (c) to form associations or unions;
   (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India;
   (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and
   (f) to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
2. Article 20- No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, not be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
3. Article21- No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure establishing by law. The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.

d. Article 22- No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.

3. Right against exploitation (article 23-24) : This right implies the prohibition of traffic in human beings, begar, and other forms of forced labor. It also implies the prohibition of children in factories, etc. The Constitution prohibits the employment of children under 14 years in hazardous conditions

a. Article 23- Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.

b. Article 24- No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

4. Right to freedom of religion (Article 25-28) – This indicates the secular nature of Indian polity. There is equal respect given to all religions. There is freedom of conscience, profession, practice and propagation of religion. The State has no official religion. Every person has the right to freely practice his or her faith, establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions.

a. Article 25- Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate religion.

b. Article 26- Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right –
(a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
(b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion;
(c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
(d) to administer such property in accordance with the law.

c. Article 27- No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.

d. Article 28- No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. No person attending any educational institution recognize by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction.

5. Cultural and Educational rights (Article 29-30): These rights protect the rights of religious, cultural and linguistic minorities, by facilitating them to preserve their heritage and culture. Educational rights are for ensuring education for everyone without any discrimination.

a. Article 29 –  Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.

b. Article 30- All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.  The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.

6. Rights to constitutional remedies ( Article 32-35) : The Constitution guarantees remedies if citizens’ fundamental rights are violated. The government cannot infringe upon or curb anyone’s rights. When these rights are violated, the aggrieved party can approach the courts. Citizens can even go directly to the supreme court which can issue writs for enforcing fundamental rights.

Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labor (a crime). They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious establishments.

REFERENCES:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/
2. https://www.clearias.com/

Anxiety is an emotion that’s best described as a prolonged feeling of uneasiness, apprehension or nervousness about potentially threatening events that haven’t happened yet. It’s triggered by objects, people, or modes of thought that suggest the emergence of a physical or social threat. Examples might include preparing for a public speech, hearing a tornado warning, or seeing a bear’s footprint while hiking. These events each foretell an uncertain, unavoidable, or uncontrollable future threat.

Much like pain or fear, anxiety is an unpleasant warning system that tells us to avoid danger. However, unlike these other sensations, it activates well in advance of any real threat, utilizing the imagination and memory to simulate worst case scenarios. Anxiety also causes our cognitive capacities to change. For example, we’ll start scanning the environment for further signs of danger, and interpret stimuli in threatening ways. Thus, anxiety’s fundamental function is to direct thought, behavior and cognition in ways that increase the likelihood of the early detection of danger.

Anxiety and Fear

Anxiety and fear are distinct emotions with different causes and effects. Anxiety is evoked by signs of potential danger, leading one to exhibit increased vigilance and precautionary behavior. Fear is produced when we are faced by an immediate, observable threat. It triggers an instinctive flee, fight, or freeze response.

State and Trait Anxiety

Most psychology textbooks separate the emotion into two parts. State anxiety simply refers to one’s current anxious feelings. Trait anxiety is an affective personality trait, defined as relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness. About 30% of population variance in trait anxiety is described by genetic factors, with the remainder shaped in development.

Traumatic experiences can serve to increase trait anxiety during a person’s life. These experiences form `danger schemas’ in the brain, which are filled with memories, beliefs, and knowledge related to sources of the trauma. Anxiety resurfaces when stimuli are detected that relate to what is in the schema.

Anxiety is probably the most important emotion in our affective repertoire. Like fear, it functions to warn of impending danger; but unlike fear, it remains with us as a constant reminder of the threats we are likely to face. Like all products of evolution, anxiety isn’t a perfect construct.

Those with high trait anxiety are tormented by unpleasant feelings that distort the way they view the world. This species-wide variance in our proneness to anxiety could potentially act as a buffer against a deteriorating environment. Indeed, anxiety helps individuals to learn about threats in their environment, and motivates behavior that may prove vital during times of adversity.

No matter how hard we strive to successfully accomplish our mission when and unless we set our pace to manage each job efficiently we will never be able to achieve our aim. Time, being such a vital element of existence, needs to be handled in the most respectable way.And if we strive to practice the art of time management could our lives undergo a meaningful improvement. Since time management is one of the most valuable abilities that can carry you further in your lives-personal as well as professional. Time control basically helps workers to have more and more jobs completed with less time.

Benefits using time effectively:

Understanding the art of time management may have a positive effect especially on your personal life — where most of us fail each and every job to be provided proper time. So let us take a quick glance at the benefits it offers:

Better task management

Higher productivity

No stress levels

Better work-life balance

Tips for managing time :

Wake up early, and spend longer days: 

Once you get up early then you would get more time to workout, meditate, concentrate or even try a hobbies. You’ll increase the everyday efficiency slowly and time management will never be a concern. 

Set SMART goals — Don’t just wish, do

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound.(S.M.A.R.T .)Do you think there is a correct and incorrect method of achieving goals? There’s something incomplete or defective in your strategy when your ambitions don’t achieve rewards. Whereas your efficiency could hit the sky if you set targets the correct way.

Keep mornings for MITs — Most important tasks

Take the most important task into the morning as the first move. Time control and goal management go hand and hand with both. And when you realize what will be accomplished where do you handle your energy efficiently. The aim is to take on, complete a challenging or time-consuming job and concentrate on certain things.

Install a good time tracking software:

Implementing a time tracking app is one of the best ways to maintain track of any minute spent at work. This time tracking app is programmed to establish averages of time, monitor time spent on tasks and hold tracks of every minute you spend working on tasks.

For instance, you should set a time limit for each task and subtask to maximize your time effectively, whether you are working on a project. You should use time scheduling tools such as ProofHub to handle the tasks effectively and with time.

Discover your zone:

You ‘d have found that you’re focused on an arrow in the entire day, and your efficiency shoots up like something else. This occurs while the consciousness is completely in agreement with outside circumstances. Many people term it ‘wind,’ while others term it ‘pace.’

The exploration of the flow or zone will lead directly to the correct time usage. This lets you reach an ideal level of consciousness while you feel and perform your best.

Block Distractions:

Emails, phone calls, and social networking posts are some of the workplace’s frequent and biggest distractions. Whenever you operate on high-priority projects, put the phone on silent mode and switch off data. You ‘d end up spending a lot of time and getting the performance a notch higher

Avoid Multitasking:

Instead of dividing your attention into three different things, it’s better to focus entirely on one thing and marvel at it. To make it more effective, try timeboxing them. It refers to the act of allocating a time-frame for every task which in return, increases the likelihood of its successful completion.

Take some small breaks:

Smart time control doesn’t just consist of performing anything or anything else. This further illustrates the reality that little changes will boost your efficiency to another stage after an hour or two.

Do less but impactful

It’s never a good idea to take up more than you can handle. High achievers and great performers all over the world do less but better. When you prioritize tasks, it gives you clarity and direction so that you can start working on things, save time, and be more productive.

The next time you find it difficult to manage time, take a deep breath and take up a single task, complete it, and start another without stressing yourself too much.

Sleep at least 7–8 hours

Human mind and body make healthier choices, and while well-rested, work more effectively. You will easily determine what to do, where and how. Build a sleep routine, and keep to it regularly. Around the same moment, continue to relax and get up.

Conclusion

Managing time plays an significant part of our everyday lives. Only knowing about the simple time management techniques will do miracles in your life. -Each minute is precious, don’t waste it doing anything that doesn’t bring much benefit to your life.

The business world of the early 21st century is radically different from that of the early 20th century, in two key respects.

First, organizations now have to operate in a vastly more complex environment—one of globalization, hypercompetition, revolutionary technologies, and elaborate regulation. Such complexity implies an increased number of performance requirements for companies (for instance, to satisfy customer needs, address competitive pressures, or comply with the ever-increasing labyrinth of regulation). If you then assign to each requirement its own structural solution (which is the essence of the “hard approach,” described in the sidebar) you end up with an extremely complicated and unwieldy organization.

Second, in most companies the nature of work has changed: from algorithmic work—that is, clerical or manual labor—to knowledge or heuristic work.Knowledge workers differ from clerical or manual workers in that their role is not merely to follow rules and perform specific tasks but also to use their own initiative to further the organization’s mission. They have to interpret the rules, adjust to the changing realities, and make trade-offs among conflicting requirements in order to arrive at the optimal solution.

If reorganization efforts continue to overlook these two major changes in the world of work, they will continue to fail. A new approach is needed, one that is better suited to the realities of the world in which companies now operate. BCG has developed such an approach, called Smart Design for Performance—or just Smart Design—drawing on the principles of Smart Simplicity. (See “Smart Design, Smart Simplicity.”) The approach has been battle tested and has shown great success in raising company performance, mastering complexity, and enhancing employee engagement.

The basis of new approach

A holistic view of organization design would encompass numerous components: structural elements, roles and responsibilities, individual talent, and enabling mechanisms such as core enterprise decision-making processes, performance management, and talent management. These are the key levers for organizational change, and they are obviously crucial—but their relevance is indirect. To change a company’s performance is to change what happens in the company. And what happens in a company is not directly a matter of organizational levers (such as structures, processes, and systems) but one of behavior—that is, what people do: how they act, interact, and make decisions. Workforce behavior is what determines company performance.

The new approach to redesigning an organization, far more appropriate for the new business environment, has behavior at its core. It involves identifying and explaining the current behaviors of the workforce, defining the desired behaviors—those that would improve company performance—and generating the new behaviors by creating contexts that are conducive to them.

What’s so smart about smart design?

Smart design approach involves three main steps- the why, what and how.

• Define the purpose of the recoganizition (the why)
• Determine the behaviours that will support that purpose and design the organisation in such a way as to promote those behaviours, using a broad range of design elements (the what)
• Make it happen (the how)

An effective way to design role and responsibilities is through the process of role chartering. Each role is defined –

• Individual and shared accountabilities : that is , responsibility for the completion of tasks.
• Decision rights needed for carrying out the accountabilities.
• KPIs for measuring the performance of these accountabilities
• Mission critical corporation requirements : what each person can do make others more effective at accomplishing their accountabilities , and what others can do in return.
• Desired leadership makers for the role : the values, characteristics and style best suited to the role, such as a bias toward action , a sense of urgency , or candor and openness.
• key capabilities required for fulfilling the purpose of the role .

The transformation model

The Transformation Model is the framework we use to help leaders understand their organizations and also guide a successful redesign. The model reduces the complexity of an organization to eight key variables that must be understood and aligned for a business to be successful.  Alignment implies a holistic or systems point of view that finds the best “fit” between all organizational elements.  Paying attention to and understanding these variables will result in major improvements in customer service, quality, efficiency, cycle time, profitability and satisfaction of employees.

These eight variables form the “big picture” or context of an organization and ultimately determine its success. When we talk about organization design we are talking about the relationship and balance between each of these variables.  The role of leaders could be defined as understanding and managing these variables.

▪︎Environment

▪︎Strategy

▪︎core process

▪︎Structure

▪︎systems

▪︎ Culture

▪︎Results

▪︎Leadership

Things like promoting kindness, increasing social connection, finding time affluence, so opening up sometimes we have free time, finding ways to control our thoughts so that we stay in the here and now, and these healthy practices of sleep and exercise that we don’t get as much as we should. And the point of putting these up there is not to say that we never want these things, but how often are we prioritizing all those other things that we started with at the expense of this stuff. And if we could switch our ratio of what we’re investing in we could be a lot happier. “We think that knowing is half the battle but it’s not.” And so what are some strategies we can use to put these habits into practice today? First of these is paying attention to the situation. Finding situations that support you , you can also think about external underrated factors effecting these things. But think about it in the context of like healthy eating or in the context of whether you want to stay off social media, or whether you want to have more social connection or not playing on your phone. The idea is that there are situational factors that we don’t realize that are affecting the extent to which we do this. The point is just the presence of the situation causes certain behaviors. Simply making these tempting bad behaviors go far away and these kind of good behaviors that we want to encourage at the forefront can change the way we interact, and can increase our good habits.

Get rid of the stuff that is tempting you. If you had the goal of getting off social media after all my negative comments about social media, you can delete it from your phone. You can put your phone away when you’re trying to work.All those things you can do to increase this stuff. If you want to change around the bad environment of a place like this where you’re not getting enough sleep and you’re not exercising and so on, you can shape your environment to have less of those cues about grades that you’re worried about or less of those cues about workaholism or affluence. All that stuff. Right. You can shape your environment to have less of the bad cues that are causing you to value the wrong stuff.

   It has to be admitted that this time India has taught a good lesson to China. The leaders of China seem to be narcissistic and that is why because of their imperialistic attitude many countries are against them. And unfortunate incident in the Galwan River valley in June 2020, resulting in a brutal skirmish that killed dozens of Indian soldiers has glaringly revealed that China believes in backstabbing which also happened in 1962.

   I was in China and observed China is not a pluralistic society like India, only one community in China that is Han community with more than 90 percent population dominates their economy, politics, army etc. The nasty behaviour of Chinese leaders towards Muslims of Uyghurs, / Uighurs/ Uygurs/Uigurs is well known to all in the world. Anyway, India has taught a good lesson after the Galwan valley incident which I feel they could not imagine. In this context, few lines from South China Morning Post, 25 July may be quoted. “Since 2010, China has committed or planned more than US$26 billion worth of investment in India but some of that may now be in jeopardy. Public sector construction projects will be tougher for Chinese companies to bag, but private ones will still be largely driven by cost considerations”.  Also another line may be quoted from the newspaper, “Chinese companies in India are bracing for tough times ahead, with some of them scaling down operations or cutting jobs as relations between the two countries worsen”.

   Indians know “Nehru’s China policy is seen as a monumental failure”. “Perhaps the biggest mistake the country made was not to update its assessment of the Chinese in Tibet. In 1950 they clearly did not pose a military threat to India. But by 1960 they did. Yet in this decade, India reduced its military by half and constrained its defence expenditure. It only woke up in 1959 when Zhou Enlai told Nehru that the entire Sino-Indian boundary was yet to be delimited” (The Quint, 27 May 2020).

    I feel China because of their leaders cannot be friend of India presently. Only with the passing of time and change of their leadership future generation can see the reality. Because during Pt Nehru’s period, India was under Congress rule and present Prime Minister Narendra Modi is from BJP, but leaders of China did not change their stand as they are having expansionist attitude.

Dr. Shankar Chatterjee

Former Professor& Head (CPME)

NIRD &PR (Govt. of India),

Hyderabad-500 030

Telangana, India

Email <shankarjagu@gmail.com>

Introduction

Child trafficking can be defined as any person under 18 who is illegally recruited, transported, transferred, harboured or received by threats, force, and coercion or inducing fear for the purpose of exploitation, either within or outside a country. Child trafficking is a common malpractice in India. Child exploitation is done for several reasons. Some of the primary reasons are:

• Sexual exploitation : children, especially girl children are lured into moving to another city and are forced into prostitution, sex tourism and pornography.
• Illegal activities : kidnapped children are often forced to beg, and sometimes their organs like kidney etc. are sold. These children are also often used for drug trafficking purposes.
• Labour : children brought into the city are sold as bonded labour to industry owners. They are often placed at factories of carpet weaving, diamond cuƫng etc.

Trafficking of children is a form of human trafficking and is defined by the United Nations as the “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, and/or receipt” kidnapping of a child for the purpose of slavery, forced labor and exploitation.

Though statistics regarding the magnitude of child trafficking are difficult to obtain, the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 1.2 million children are trafficked each year.

International human rights instruments

These legal instruments were developed by the UN in an effort to protect international human rights and, more specifically, children’s rights.

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
• Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989

Causes of Child Trafficking

Poverty

Poverty is the leading cause for child trafficking worldwide. Often parents are not able to provide for their families and consequentially exploit their children for financial reasons. These influencers lead to children being more inclined to take riskier jobs in order to sustain life for themselves and their families. The decision for parents to expose their children for child trafficking, due to poverty, is not always for money incentives, but also because a lack of education causes them to believe that migration elsewhere will provide their children with more opportunities, which will help them escape chronic poverty.

Lack of Education

A lack of education and literacy furthermore makes families more vulnerable to traffickers. Parents are often unaware of the negative consequences of child trafficking and voluntarily send their children away. Additionally, children are often not aware of their rights and lack understanding regarding which of their rights are violated.

Scenario in India

Child trafficking is a serious problem that is prevalent especially in India. The majority of India’s trafficking problem is internal, and those from the most disadvantaged social strata- lowest caste Dalits, members of tribal communities, religious minorities and women and girls from excluded groups – are most vulnerable.

It is the children of the poor and marginalized communities who are often trafficked to be forced into labour. Parents of these children are either betrayed or lured due to their poor socio-economic conditions thus forcing them to ‘send’ or ‘sell’ their children for better livelihood options. The lack of awareness is a situation that traffickers exploit especially when it comes to uneducated poor living in slums and other backward regions in the country. Traffickers promise daily wages to parents of young children and transport them to big cities where they are often treated as commodities. Families in dire financial conditions are often approached by traffickers with an offer to buy their children and with no other escape from their pitiful conditions, parents comply.

In India, there is a great need for convergence and implementation of comprehensive child protection mechanisms. The Indian children are exposed to multiple vulnerabilities. With thousands of children still working in brick kilns, construction sites, dhabas and agricultural land, trafficking for the sake of forced child labour is widely prevalent. Apart from this children are also sold by their parents to work in factory ,dhabas and industries are highly dangerous with toxic environments.

Constitutional and Legislative Provision in India:

• Trafficking in Human Beings or Persons is prohibited under the Constitution of India under Article 23 (1)
• Protection of Children from Sexual offences (POCSO) Act, 2012,which has come into effect from 14th November, 2012 is a special law to protect children from sexual abuse and exploitation.
• The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA) is the premier legislation for prevention of trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation.
• Criminal Law (amendment) Act 2013 has come into force wherein Section 370 of the Indian Penal Code has been substituted with Section 370 and 370A IPC which provide for comprehensive measures to counter the menace of human.
•  Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006,
• Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976,
• Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986,
• Juvenile Justice Act.

bachelor of legislative laws is the undergraduate professional degree that is sought by students to get into a legal profession. LLB is abbreviated as Legum Baccalaureus, which means Bachelor of Laws.

The course covers legal procedures, legal principles, ideals of corporate governance, and laws and regulations of countries. There are ample career opportunities in India after completing LLB.

LLB graduates can enter three major organs of the Government— Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Perhaps, LLB opens the door to a wide set of opportunities that cannot be boasted by other career options.

Below are some of the major options available to LLB graduates after completion of their courses.

Career Path After Law in India – Top Options

Advocate

Advocacy is one of the chief professions chosen by ing this path can practice in the courts. Note that the aspirants have to qualify the examination conducted by the All India Bar council first, in order to qualify for their practice.

Once they enroll with All India Bar Council, they can opt to practice in any court across the country.

Before becoming a good advocate, every aspirant has to first gather some experience as a Junior assistant with a senior advocate.  This involves drafting files and studying legal documents and cases.

Government Services

Students can opt to join Government Services after completing their LLB. If they prepare themselves, they would be eligible for Indian Legal Services and the various posts that it offers. This includes Legislative Counsel in the Legislative department and Legal advisors in the Department of Legal Affairs.

This requires the aspirants to qualify the exam held by the Public Service Commission. Certain legislative counsels are appointed under the legislative department Hindi as well as regional languages.

Those qualified would also be eligible to join the Air Force, Indian Army, and the Navy. They are also eligible to crack the exams like HAS and IAS organized by UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) or SPSC (State Public Service Commission). They also have the option of becoming an Assistant Public Prosecution or Public Prosecutor.

The law graduates can study in detail about the Indian Constitution, about powers and functions of government, how government works and many other things in detail which make him easy to Crack these exams after some preparations. And they also can become Public Prosecutor or Assistant Public Prosecution.

For this, after gaining some experience from the practice they are appointed through an exam conducted by the Union Public Service Commission or by the State Public Service Commission.

Legal Advisor

After completing your LLB, you can become a legal advisor or join law firms, Private Companies, Corporate firms, or Banks. You can provide advice on various legal matters. Furthermore, your legal expertise could also be used in NGOs. These provide their clients with legal advisory services. They also help people to make the correct decision in a given situation. Most large corporations and government organizations hire legal advisors.

Judiciary

Students are also free to work for the Judicial machinery of Country as a Judge or  Magistrate. This requires them to pass a Judicial examination conducted by the Public Service Commission. This is a very difficult exam to pass.

The lowest post of the Magistrate, Subjudge, or Munsif is filled up by the latest recruitments through Public Service Commission or by the supervision of High Court. The Magistrate judges the Criminal cases and the Sub Judge decides the Civil Cases. Through promotion, these judges could become district judges and also attain higher posts.

They would be able to gain promotion based on their experience and seniority. The initial requirement of these posts is an LLB degree from an approved University and should not have crossed the limit of 35 years of age.

Teaching

Students with impressive academic ability and with the skill of explaining and narrating different topics to a group of people are good fits to become a lecturer in one of the best-recognized Universities or a Law College of the country.

If they choose to do LLM, they could go on to complete research in their respective field of study and earn a PhD./ this way you can also become the professor in Government Universities and Private Universities too.

Legal Outsourcing

Legal outsourcing refers to the practice of a law firm that acquires legal services from an exterior firm. This service is called off sharing if the outsourced entity has its origins in another country.

This is one of the fields where the potential has not fully been reached. There are several opportunities for the people of the country to grab the opportunities in this field.

Private Companies

There is great scope for law graduates to join private firms across the country. They can choose to become the legal advisor and help the company with legal decisions. In case someone is looking for a well-paid job, they can get an MBA after their LLB.

This way, they would be able to get a dual post in companies. Firstly, they could work as legal advisors. Secondly, would be able to take part in the business administration. The dual package will guarantee excellent pay for the employees.

Higher Education

In case you wish to gain better knowledge in a specialised area of law, you can choose from among several options available for higher studies in Law. This includes research work, or LLM Ph.D. in fields like  International Law, Constitutional Law, Labour Law, Cyberlaw, and Family Law.

Writer Of Law Books /Reports /Journalist

If you excel at writing, and you understand the law well, then this profession is the right one for you. If you are capable of writing and editing law books used by law students or if you are able to write legal reports for various publications or newspapers, this job would fit you well. You can also work with a journalist as a guide who guides them all the time.

Legal Analyst

Law graduates could join law firms or corporate fir and conduct analyses regarding the law sphere about the company and its functions. This requires aspirants to own a license in order to practice law.

Legal Analysts also have the ability to assist in drafting various legal documents and also assists attorneys. In the case of financial law, this is a great option. It also requires you to be well analytical and organisational along with the great athlete.

Legal Researcher

A legal researcher is someone responsible for researching various cases and finding ways to win a case. It includes general topics regarding the laws. In other words, they are the ones that the lawyers hire in order to gain a deeper insight into the cases and legal nuances.  Therefore, this is also an interesting profession for you if you are an LLB graduate.

Politics

If you are interested in taking part in the governance of the country or if you have a political background, you can enter politics if you are an LLB graduate. This is helped by the fact that you will have deep knowledge regarding all three domains of the government- Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. This allows them to contribute actively to the nation and become a politician.

Note that in India, joining politics does not mandate any educational qualification. However, there are several of the top political leaders in the country who are law graduates.

Besides, Indian political history is the best proof for the fact that the lawyers are the best politicians out there. Remember that the 250 member assembly that formed the constitution comprised entirely of lawyers. Therefore, studying LLB is one of the best options if you have an interest in pursuing politics.

LLM

If you want to study further about law, you can choose to study LLM. This will help you gain a specialised view on a particular branch of law and you would be able to master that particular section.

This might also be an opportunity to choose a career path as the specialization means that they would spend their time in that area of law. An LLM course will not just help you gain a deeper perspective, but it will help you get jobs that pay you better.

Remuneration

The remuneration available in the field of law is dependent on the type of career one chooses. In the case of government jobs, there would be many additional benefits apart from the basic pay.

Government servants are receiving a considerably good salary package in the country. The other professions, even though private also earn a significant amount of money.

Conclusion

Overall, completing an LLB is one of the first steps to a successful career as there are numerous opportunities for you to pursue a successful career. Know the options well, and choose wisely before you take up a career path.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

Sustainability is development that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.

it is a concept that appeared for the first time in 1987 with the publication of the Brundtland Report, warning of the negative environmental consequences of economic growth and globalization, which tried to find possible solutions to the problems caused by industrialization and population growth.

HOW TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

Many of the challenges facing humankind, such as  inequality and hunger, can only be resolved at a global level and by promoting sustainable development: a commitment to social progress, environmental balance and economic growth.

As a part of a new sustainable development roadmap, the United Nations approved the 2030 Agenda, which contains the Sustainable Development Goals, a call to action to protect the planet and guarantee the global well-being of people. These common goals require the active involvement of individuals, businesses, administrations and countries around the world.

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WHAT ARE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS?

The Sustainable Development Goals, also known as the Global Goals, are a call from the United Nations to all countries around the world to address the great challenges that humanity faces and to ensure that all people have the same opportunities to live a better life without compromising our planet.

17 GOALS FOR A BETTER WORLD

These 17 objectives are interrelated and often the key to one’s success will involve the issues most frequently linked to another. They can be summarised as follows:

• Eradicate poverty and hunger, guaranteeing a healthy life
• Universalize access to basic services such as water, sanitation and sustainable energy
• Support the generation of development opportunities through inclusive education and decent work
• Foster innovation and resilient infrastructure, creating communities and cities able to produce and consume sustainably
• Reduce inequality in the world, especially that concerning gender
• Care for the environment combating climate change and protecting the oceans and land ecosystems
• Promote collaboration between different social agents to create an environment of peace and sustainable development.

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WHAT IS ACCIONA DOING IN THE AREA OF SUSTAINABILITY?

At ACCIONA we want to contribute to achieving sustainable development by responding to the planet’s great challenges, so that current and future generations may enjoy a better life.

HOW DOES ACCIONA CONTRIBUTE TO THE GLOBAL GOALS?

ACCIONA contributes to each SDG through the impacts generated by its projects in countries in which improvements are needed in relation to that SDG.

The company offers solutions to present and future challenges such as water shortage and sanitation, the decarbonisation of the energy system, resilient infrastructures and innovation, the new and growing needs of populations concentrated in cities, and mitigating climate change.

The Department-Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Information Technology presented its 47th report on the “Issues Related to Paid News” in the Lok Sabha on May 6, 2013.  The Committee is headed by Mr. Rao Inderjit Singh.

• The Press Council of India (PCI) defines paid news as any news or analysis appearing in print or electronic media for consideration in cash or kind.
• Definition of ‘paid news’: The Committee acknowledged challenges in defining and determining what constitutes or qualifies as ‘paid news’.  It cited advertisements camouflaged as news, denial of coverage to select electoral candidates, exchanging of advertisement space for equity stakes between media houses and corporate and the rise in paid content as manifestations of paid news.
• The Committee asked the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoIB) to formulate a comprehensive legal definition of ‘paid news’ in consultation with stakeholders and suggest measures for usage of ‘circumstantial evidence’ in indentifying paid news.
• Reasons for rise in paid news: The Committee identified corporatisation of media, desegregation of ownership and editorial roles, decline in autonomy of editors/journalists due to emergence of contract system and poor wage levels of journalists as key reasons for the rise in the incidence of paid news.  It urged the MoIB to ensure periodic review of the editor/journalist autonomy and wage conditions.
• The Committee opined that financial accounts of the media houses should be subject to examination, especially the revenue source for a suspected paid news case. It recommended mandatory disclosure of ‘private treaties’ and details of advertising revenue received by the media houses.
• Regulators lack adequate powers: The Committee found the exiting regulatory set-up dealing with paid news as inadequate.  It described voluntary self-regulatory industry bodies like the News Broadcasting Standards Authority and Broadcasting Content Complaints Council as an ‘eye wash’. It found the punitive powers of statutory regulators like the PCI and Electronic Media Monitoring Centre (EMMC) to be inadequate.  It also highlighted the conflict of interest inherent with appointment of media-owners as members of the PCI or self-regulatory bodies.
• Need for regulatory overhaul: The Committee recommended establishment of either a single regulatory body for both print and electronic media or enhancing punitive powers of the PCI and setting-up a similar statutory body for the electronic media.  Such regulator(s) should have the power to take strong action against offenders and should not include media owners/interested parties as members.
• Inaction by the government: The Committee censured the MoIB for its failure to establish a strong mechanism to check the spread of paid news.  It accused the government of dithering on important policy initiatives, citing the lack of action on various recommendations of the PCI and Election Commission of India (ECI).
• The PCI has sought amendment in the Press Council Act, 1978, to make its directions binding on government authorities and bring the electronic media under its purview. The ECI has made a reference to the Ministry of Law and Justice to amend the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act) in order to include indulgence of an electoral candidate in paid news as a corrupt practice. It also recommended inclusion of abetting and publishing of such paid news as an electoral offence with minimum punishment of two years imprisonment.
• Penal provisions and jurisdiction: The Committee observed that existing penal provisions have not served as an effective deterrent for the practice of paid news and stricter penal provisions are needed.  It highlighted the lack of clarity regarding the jurisdiction of the designated authority to penalise offenders, given existence of multiple bodies like the MoIB, PCI, EMMC and ECI.
• The Committee recommended that the ECI should have the authority to take punitive action against electoral candidates in cases of paid news.  It endorsed the ECI’s proposed amendments to the RP Act and urged the government to provide the ECI with more powers to deal with paid news.
• Concentration of media ownership: The Committee expressed concern that the lack of restriction on ownership across media segments (print, TV or internet) or between content and distribution could give rise to monopolistic practices.  It urged the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (currently examining the issue) to present its recommendations and the MoIB to take conclusive action on those recommendations on a priority basis.
• Distribution of government advertisements: The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) is the nodal advertising agency for the central government under the MoIB. It is responsible for execution of advertisements on behalf of various ministries, autonomous bodies and PSUs. Various stakeholders alleged that the government uses advertisements to arm-twist media houses for favourable coverage.
• The Committee found the DAVP’s existing policy on distribution of advertisements amongst various media houses to be unsatisfactory. Hence, it recommended a transparent and unbiased policy for distribution of advertisements by the central and state governments, with provisions for scrutiny. It asked the DAVP to disclose details about disbursements of advertisements expenditure on its website.
• Adoption of international best practices: The Committee expressed concern that the MoIB and self-regulatory bodies have not conducted any study to evaluate the mechanism adopted by other countries to tackle the problem of paid news.  Taking note of the Justice Leveson Report on the press and existing regulatory structure in the UK, it asked the MoIB to consider the report’s recommendations and progress of their implementation while dealing with the issue.

A central bank is an independent national authority that conducts monetary policy, regulates banks, and provides financial services including economic research. Its goals are to stabilize the nation’s currency, keep unemployment low, and prevent inflation.

Most central banks are are governed by a board consisting of its member banks. The country’s chief elected official appoints the director. The national legislative body approves him or her. That keeps the central bank aligned with the nation’s long-term policy goals. At the same time, it’s free of political influence in its day-to-day operations.

Functions of Central Bank:

Central bank of every country is established with view to regulate total money supply in the economy.

Issue of currency:

The Central bank of India has the monopoly of issuing notes or paper currency to the public. This is the first important function of the Central bank.

Bankers to the government:

Another important function of the Central bank is to act as a banker to the government, both Central and State Governments. It carries out banking business of the government and the government keeps its cash balances on current account with the Central bank. Central bank also provides short term credit to the government. In fact, the Central bank is the monetary agent of the government advises the government on all financial matters, and in the formulation of economic policy.

Banker to banks:

A Central bank is also act as banker to the Commercial banks. The Central bank holds a part of cash reserve of banks, lends them short term funds and provide them with centralised clearing and remittance facilities. The Central bank also supervise, regulate and control the credit creation policy of the Commercial banks.

Lender of the last resort:

The Central bank also acts as the lender of the last resort. This means that the central bank lends to such institutions in order to help them at times of stress, so as to save the financial structure of the nation. Central bank helps through discounting of approved securities and collateral loans and advances.

Custodian of foreign exchange reserves:

An important function of the Central bank is to manage and control the foreign exchange reserves. Central bank tries to stabilise the exchange rate by selling and buying gold, foreign securities.

Controller of credit:

The most important function of the Central bank is to control the credit creation by the Commercial banks. Quantitative as well as qualitative instruments are used to control the volume of credit in the economy.

Other functions:

Apart from the above important functions, a Central bank also performs the following other functions:

(a) Central bank is entrusted with the responsibility of extending a strong banking” system.

(b) Central bank also helps in accelerating the agricultural and industrial growth rates of a country.

(c) Central bank published periodical economic and statistical information relating to different aspects of the economy.