Poorna Chandra Tejaswi was renown Indian author and novelist in kannada with a pen name poochanthe. He is son of jnanapith awardee, a famous kannada poet, Raashtrakavi kuvempu and Hemavati. Tejaswi was born on 8 September 1938 in kuppalli in Shimoga district of Karnataka state. Tejaswi has written poems, short stories, novels and also translated many English works into kannada.
His first story is “Linga Banda” which described about the western Ghats from a small boy`s perspective. The story got best story award by newspaper Prajavaani. He graduated from from Maharaja college Mysore and moved to Mudigere Chikmagalur district in Karnataka. because of his immense interest in nature Tejaswi took up farming. If you read his works you will understand the immense love he had for nature. He makes you roam Mudigere while you are sitting in your room through is works.
Tejaswi is known as a navya sahithi, a writer of navya period. He is also a Bandaya poet, a genre of protest literature. He was a polymath. He did farming, writing, photography, painting and many more things. Tejaswi has won many awards like Rajyotsava award, Pampa award, kannada sahithya academy award, Karnataka state film award for his many of his works. Some of his famous works include karvalo, Chidambara rahasya, Jugari cross, huliyoorina sarahaddu, Bellandoorina narabhakshaka, Sahaja krushi, Missing link, Hejje Moodada haadi, Papillon and many more.
He is married to Rajeshwari Tejaswi. Susmitha Tejaswi and Eshanye Tejaswi are his children. He died of cardiac arrest on 5 April 2007 at his farmhouse Niruttara, Mudigere, Chikmagalur district.
Why Tejaswi is everyone’s favorite?
Yes, Tejaswi is everyone’s favorite and mine too. That’s mainly because of his storytelling technique. You go into the dark thick forest while reading his books. You feel the presence of that human eating tiger when he describes it. You are in the adventure while reading his books. He hooks the reader right from the start. he is honest, hilarious and clever at the same time.
Lets take a book called karvalo. In the book they take an adventure to find a strange flying lizard Draco dussumieri, a flying lizard which is capable of gliding from tree to tree found in western Ghats. at the end when the characters, scientist karvalo, the farmer and his fellowmen try to catch the weird creature, but it escapes through the jungle. But the reader, you will feel the fatigue of the efforts they made, you will be annoyed because they didn’t able to catch it.
Not only his storytelling, the other thing that make you read Tejaswi again and again is the knowledge he hides in his books. His book missing links talks about human evolution. The set of three books headed Vismaya , talks about variety of species and facts about them you wouldn’t know ever existed. He doesn’t only entertain you, but he gives nutritious food to your brain.
Tejaswi always links science and philosophy. The incidents that happen in his stories become guard and guide your life. he grows morals in the reader. He grows love and appreciation for nature. Tejaswi puts you in a sense of responsibility towards nature. He makes you believe in simple living. He will push you to think about problems of agriculturists. He talks about culture and and history. He perfectly reaches out to youth.
As the name suggests “Incurable India” is a documentary which talks about the basic health issues in India and unfolds many stories of private and public hospitals. The title is very well suited for the documentary and has a deeper meaning than just those two words.
The documentary is directed by Umesh Agarwal which focuses on the poor quality of health facilities in India despite having the best doctors who are exported to other countries and having the largest number of medical colleges and institutions in the world. The main cause of this problem is overpopulation.
It starts with giving a brief about the country, with soothing music. The documentary starts with praising India’s doctors and facilities then criticizing it by pointing out the problem. It talks about various real life problems which poor class people go through in public hospitals. They have to stand in long queues to get their token, even after standing for so long, you are never sure if you’ll get the token or not. Amit after getting his check up done, gets a waiting of 2 years for his operation. As we see, this is a problem of overpopulation. It not only shows the reality of public hospitals but also of private hospitals, how rich people, who can afford such high fi facilities, are scammed.
The two stories are mixed, one of AIIMS, New Delhi, about a man named Amit and a woman named Smrita who belong to a rural area. The stories are shown simultaneously without having any dots which connect each other. It would have been better if both stories were shown separately.
Also, the one problem that I noticed was, bad camera quality at various places. It looked as if the scene had been recorded from a phone. Good camera quality would have resulted in better delivery of the message. But despite the flaws in this documentary, it shows the harsh truth and reality of what goes on in private hospitals. How people are being used and scammed for money.
It shows the efforts, time and thought put into this documentary for the world to know the reality of Indian hospitals. I would say, here the director acts as an investigative journalist who showed us all the scam of private hospitals and brought to us nothing but truth. My mind was angry the moment I finished watching it. I hadn’t thought or could ever think that people would risk each other’s health for the sake of money.
It has less views on YouTube and it is quite underrated. I think more people should watch it and it should reach a larger audience. So, people are aware and can act accordingly in a similar situation. It is the reality check of Indian hospitals, which everyone should watch.
Innumerable theories are formulated by Haberler , Ohlin , Samuelson , Leontief , Hecksher and many others dealing with the macro and micro parts of international trade .
The principle of Comparative Cost theory by Ricardo, despite being the basis of international trade, has been criticized by many economists . Ricardo’s theory of comparative cost is based on the labour theory of value which means that labour is the only factor of production and labour is homogeneous . Such assumptions are found to be unrealistic .
Gottfired Haberler ‘ s theory of opportunity cost overcomes these shortcomings and explains the doctrine of the theory in terms of ” the substitution curve’ ‘ or as Samuelson entitled it as ” production possibility curve “or “transformation curve ” .
Lerner called it the ” production indifference curve ” or ” production frontier .”
Haberler’s theory is found to be more realistic .
The Theory of Opportunity cost
Opportunity cost is the value of loss when choosing between two or more commodities.
To elaborate more , The opportunity cost theory says that if a country can produce either commodity X or Y , the opportunity cost of commodity X is the amount of the other commodity Y that must be given up in order to get one additional unit of commodity X .
The exchange ratio between the two commodities is expressed in terms of their opportunity costs . The decrease in the quantity of the second commodity represents the opportunity cost of the additional quantity of the given commodity.
Haberler used the concept of opportunity cost with production possibility curves to illustrate international trade theory.
Assumptions :-
The following assumptions are formulated by Haberler to illustrate the theory :-
• There are only two countries , (A,B) • Each country possesses two factors of production – labour and capital. • Each country can produce two commodities , ( X and Y ,) • There is perfect competition in both the factor and commodity markets . • The price of each commodity equals its marginal money costs . • The price of each factor equals its marginal value productivity in each employment . • The supply of each factor is fixed . • Factors are immobile between the two countries. •. There is no change in technology . • Trade between the two countries is completely free and unrestricted.
Key terms :-
Production possibility curve :-
A production possibility curve or transformation curve is the curve that shows various combinations of two goods that can be produced with available amounts of resources . Production possibility curve shows that if an economy wants to produce more of one commodity ,it will have to transfer or divert resources from the production of another commodity to produce the one .
Different points on the production possibility curve show different combinations of the two goods . Points outside the curve are unattainable because of the scarce quantity of resources available.
Marginal Cost of Production :- The marginal cost of production measures the change in the total cost of a good that arises from producing one additional unit of that good.
Marginal Rate Of Transformation :- The marginal rate of transformation is the number of units of one product that can be increased by reducing the quantity of another product. It shows the number of goods that will be foregone to produce an additional unit of other goods while keeping the factors of production constant.
Comparative advantages: – A country can produce one commodity at a lower cost than the other because of comparative advantages such as favourable climate, natural resources, geographical situation and efficiency of labour.
Explanation Of the Opportunity Cost Theory
The production possibility curve indicates such combinations of two commodities . The shape of the production possibility curve determines the basis and the gain from international trade under the theory of opportunity curve .
The slope of the production possibility curve is determined by the ratio of units of the commodity given up in order to have one unit of the other commodity i.e by Marginal rate of transformation. (MRT)
MRT xy = ∆Y/ ∆X , where ,
X and Y are being produced by a country and some quantities of labour and capital input are used from the production of Y into the production process of commodity X.
Trade can take place only when each nation has a different MRT. The gains from trade for a particular nation depend on how much the international exchange rates differ from that nation’s MRT. The greater the difference, the greater is the gains from trade. The gains from trade rest further upon the amount of trade taking place. A larger volume of trade allows larger gains from trade and a greater increase in the standard of living.
Following the assumptions , two countries say A and B enter into a trade together .
Two commodities X and Y are being produced by using various alternative combinations that a country can produce most efficiently by fully utilising it’s factor of production i.e labour and capital ,are homogeneous , with the available technology in the fixed proportion due to perfect substitutability .
Conditions :-
1: Trade under Constant Opportunity Cost
The production possibility curve under constant opportunity cost is a straight line .
In the figure , PA is the production possibility curve of country A , PB is the production possibility curve of country B .
Country A can produce either OP of Y , or OA of X
Similarly , Country B can produce OP of Y OB of X .
The slope of the production possibility curve determines the relative price of the two commodities , since the opportunity cost of leaving a unit of one commodity in order to have an additional unit of another is constant , the cost ratio ( relative price ) is the same on all the points on the production possibility curve.
Since , the MRT is constant i.e the slope of the production possibility curve is also constant, trade between the two countries is not possible as no country stands to gain through the trade .
Trade Under Increasing Opportunity Cost :-
The production possibility curve under the increasing opportunity cost is concave to the origin because when a country specialises in the production of one commodity ,in which it possesses comparative advantage ,its opportunity costs increase .
In the above figure , AA1 is the production possibility curve of country A which is concave to the origin . The slope of this curve shows that country A will specialise in the production of commodity X . The larger amount of commodity Y will be given up to have additional amount of commodity X as we move from point A to A1 Thus ,the country faces increasing opportunity costs .
BB1 is the production possibility curve of a country which is concave to the origin . The slope of this curve shows that country B will specialise in the production of commodity Y. The larger amount of commodity Y will be given up to hsv additional amount of commodity Y as we move from B1` to B . Thus , the country faces increasing opportunity costs.
Let us assume the international price ratio is given by the line PL in country A , and PL1 in country B.
The slope of line PL is greater than domestic price line aa ,making commodity X expensive in international market than in domestic market and resulting in the interest of country A to shift some factor of production from the production of commodity Y to commodity X , moving it’s production level from point K to point E.
It will export TR of X and import QS of Y , domestically consuming OT of X ,and OQ of Y . The export and import can be shown by the “trade triangle ” CDE .
The slope of line PL1 is less steep than domestic price line bb ,making commodity Y expensive in international market than in domestic market and resulting in the interest of country B to shift some factor of production from the production of commodity X to commodity Y , moving it’s production level from point K1 to point E1
It will import D1C1 of X and export D1E1 of Y , domestically consuming OS1 of Y ,and OR1 of X. The export and import can be shown by the “trade triangle ” C1E1D1.
Trade Under Constant Decreasing :-
When two countries experience decreasing opportunity costs their production possibility curves are convex to the origin. Under decreasing opportunity costs , each country completely specialises in the production of only one commodity after trade because there are increasing returns based on internal economies of production .
In the figure , The production possibility curve of country A is AA 1 and B is BB1.
The pre trade production and consumption point of country A is K where it’s domestic price line aa is tangent to its production possibility curve and country B is K1 , where it’s domestic price line bb is tangent to its production possibility curve.
The international price line being BA1, if both the countries enter the trade , BA1 is steeper than the domestic line of country A , making X more expensive in the international market and resulting in shifting of resources of production to X from K to A1 .
On the other hand , the international price line BA1 is flatter than the domestic price line bb of the country making Y commodity expensive in the international market than in the domestic market and resulting in shifting of resources of production to commodity Y and moving from K1 to B .
Thus , country A will completely specialise in commodity X and B in commodity Y . Now both the countries will move along with the international price line BA1, Country A from A to point A1 upward , country B from B to point B1 downward and reach point C in consumption.
Note :-
The straight line tangent represents :-
‘A straight line tangent to the transformation curve indicates the ratio of market prices of the two commodities, and the condition of tangency expresses equilibrium in production, that is, equality between prices and marginal costs stated in opportunity terms. Domestic demand conditions enter into this construction via community indifference curves, or simply as a consumption point determined by a given arrangement of production and income distribution.”
Finally, tangency of a line representing the equilibrium international price ratio to both transformation function and community indifference curve indicates equilibrium in exchange, that is:
(i) Equality domestically between the marginal rate of substitution in consumption and marginal rate of transformation in production, and
(ii) Equality of the value of exports and the value of imports.
Critical Appraisal
As an alternative to classical comparative theory , the opportunity cost theory is more realistic .
The opportunity cost theory analyses pre- trade and post – trade situations under constant , increasing and decreasing opportunity cost whereas comparative advantage theory is based on constant cost of production within a country and comparative advantage and disadvantage between two countries.
Jacob Viber in his ” Studies in The Theory of International Trade ” ( 1937) criticized the opportunity cost theory of values which is the basis of Haberler’s theory . Some of his criticism were :-
• Neglecting of welfare • Failure in measuring in terms of strain , sacrifice or disutility. • Neglecting Change in Factors of Supplies . • Unrealistic Assumptions .
Despite criticism ,the opportunity cost theory has been regarded as more fertile because it can be readily extended into a general equilibrium system .
KOPPACT is an acronym that stands for Kinesics, Oculesics, Paralanguage, proteomics, Chromatics, Tactics. These all are the variations of different kinds of nonverbal language.
Kinesics
Kinesics discusses different kinds of body language, gestures, postures, facial expressions, and so on. In nonverbal, there are many things like voice quality, adapters, regulators, and many which impact communication. Its say facial expressions are the most important as it takes the impression of 55% of total communication. The postures reflect people’s emotions, quality of thoughts, and personality. Research says postures reflect one’s confidence, receptivity, status to the listener. Gestures are very much related to our daily life. It supports our opinions like moving hands, giving nods, etc. It is very important to take care of the body language while you are representing yourself because it tells half of your personality.
Oculesics
Oculesics include eye contact. Proper eye contact is very important during any conversation. It not only proves your confidence level but helps you to connect with your audience. It helps to bring engagements, interest attention, and so on. It has three basic purposes to serve. Firstly it helps to get feedback. During a conversation or presentation if you look to someone you can easily understand by their eye movements what the are feeling. Secondly, it helps to indicate without uttering a word of address. For instance, if you are talking with some time and when the turn of the next person comes you just look at the person and give a signal of his/her turn. Thirdly it gives a vivid indication if you are liking a person or not. Usually, when we don’t like a person, we try to avoid eye contact.
Proxemics
Proxemics tells about spatial distance. The space distance between two people can reflect the dimension of their relationship. An intimate relation, closeness, group, or society, all can be reflected by their spatial distance. There are zones in the space language, which is called spatial distance. The intimate zone is 0’-18″, Personal Zone is 18”-4′, the social zone is 4’-12′ and the public zone is 12’- rest.
Paralanguage
Paralanguage includes the pitch and tone of the verbal message. Voice is very important because it collects the attention of the people. Not only that it carries the mood of the words, if its sarcastic, anger, happy and more. It highlights the message’s importance. It refers to how something is said, not what is said”.
Artifacts
Artifacts are the artificial things that one carries. For instance, the dressing of a person or some kind of stuff can refer to the personality of the person. It also helps to impress people, drag attention. It helps to analyze better and it also impacts the nonverbal communication.
Chronemics
It indicates a sense of timing. The beginning of the event and the end is very important. It helps to sync between verbal and nonverbal communication. During a presentation, if someone continuously checks the time, it can distract people from listening and also hamper the attention with the presentation quality. So, interval time, temporal processing, cognition all are very important.
Tactilics
It helps to judge the people and their intentions. It helps to understand the positive and negative signals. Some touch can make you feel comfortable some are not. A weak handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, and a tight hug or slap on the back can reassure the relationship. You can’t get into someone’s territory without knowing. You should know, whom you can touch, when you can touch and how you can touch.
These languages which impact our daily conversation and make it better.
In the poem, Seven Ages of Man Shakespeare compares the entire world to a theatrical stage, where all the human beings perform their allotted role given by the God. Every individual has to go through seven acts that are seven stages of man’s life.Shakespeare has divided human life into seven stages, with each stage having its own qualities and characteristics. Shakespeare considers the world a stage and men and women actors on the stage of life. They play seven roles on the stage depending upon their age.
The first stage, in this phase of his life man, appears as a child in the world. As a child, he is a helpless creature. He cries in the arms of his nurse for one reason or the other. He cries and vomits.
The next phase of his life man appears as a child in the world. He goes to school with a bag hanging from his shoulder. He goes to the school creeping like a snail. He marches to the school unwillingly.
In the third stage of his life, a man plays the part of a lover. He grows into a young man full of desires, ambitions, and dreams. He becomes a romantic young man. He falls in love and sights like a furnace. He begins to write sad poems to his beloved he cannot control his sad feelings.
In the fourth stage of his life man becomes a foul-mouthed soldier who has learned queer words at this stage, he tries to give himself a formidable look with a beard like a part. He is emotional and jealous. He quarrels with others for his honor and grace. He hankers after temporary and bubble fame.
In the fifth stage of his life, he becomes a judge. He becomes mature and experienced in his thoughts. The heat of youth has completely cooled down and he becomes very realistic. He wishes to grab wealth by foul or fair means. He begins to accept bribe and thus adds much to his material comforts. He becomes ease-loving and therefore becomes fat. His belly becomes round. He eats healthy fowls and chicken presented to him as a bribe. His eyes become severe and he grows the beard of formal cut.
Then, in the sixth stage of his life, man grows old. He looks quite ridiculous in his movements. He wears glasses because his eyesight is weak. His shoes become wide for his feet. His voice suffers a change. It becomes a shrill and quivering whistle
However, in the final stage, the man turns into a child once again. He seems to forget everything. He becomes ‘toothless’. His eyesight is weakened and he is deprived of taste. He is ready to leave this world.
Shakespeare has the seven stages of man’s life with a touch of satire and cynicism. In each stage, man imagines himself great and important, but there is something ridiculous in his behavior all through his life. Shakespeare has described each of the man’s life stage with great economy of words. He uses living and concrete images to describe the different stages of life. The use of the word ‘mewling’ of the infant’s cry and the school boy’s reluctance for going to school described in phases ‘creeping like a snail’ are examples of living images.
Are you confused about what to do or what not ,about your fat loss, and your friend asked you to start Keto diet, and you don’t know about this you can read all about here..
You have heard about the Keto diet which is also known as ketogenic diet, the Fitness trend which people uses to focus on staying fit.
According from the data from Google trends searches for this trendy eating plan which was made by Kim Kardashian who is a huge fan of this diet plan ,quadrupled in 2017! But for those who don’t know about Keto diet you can read all about it here. Keto diet is also well known for low carbs diet .The main aim of ketogenic diet is send the body in ‘ketosis ‘ state using a very low strict low carb diet. Keto diet is basically the diet plan for those who wants to burn fat .The main goal will be quickly lose weight and then feel fuller with fewer cravings .Clinically, the ketogenic diet used in nerurologic medicine. The diet was introduced as a weight loos diet by an Italian professor of surgery ,Dr.gianfranco cappello of sapienza university in Rome. Lower carb diet
These diets provide fewer carbs and are known to bring quick weight loss .
Pros and cons
✔fatty food embraced ✔can cycle in and out ✖strict carb limit ✖can seem extreme
It is a high fat diet. You can get fat from different resources, eg. Avocados,nuts etc .Baiscally keto diet was introduced many year before,to treat epilepsy patients .Its a very monitored diet so, normally I will never recommend Keto diet to someone but talking about the facts we have in 1905 American doctors researched that so if the epilepsy patients consume Keto diet so they gets hypered so they decided to make diet which consists maximum fat low carbs and as the results they are approximately get success to control the effects of epilepsy patients .
What are the things you can eat in keto diet ?
eggs High fat dairy Fish and sea food Meat Natural fat Berries in moderation
What should we don’t eat during Keto diet? Alcohal Candy Fruit Soda and juice
Because nutrient dense food like veggies and fruit aren’t exactly staples with ketogenic diet
The pros of Keto diet
1)Cancer fighting properties
Cancer cells , like normal healthy cells utilize glucose for energy but at a match higher rate. There is an emerging research that suggests that patients who combine with ketogenic diet with their traditional cancer therapies ,such as radiation ,may improve tumor response, or dampen tumor growth.
2)May increase female fertility
Ketogenic diet alters a person metabolism ,may find the following the ketogenic diet seems to help some of underlying issues with fertility
3)Helps in Loos Weight
Stay healthy ,stay fitStay healthy ,stay fit
” Yoga is a light, which one lit, will never dim. The better you practice, the brighter is the flame. “
YOGA AND MEDITATION: 2 PILLARS OF HEALTHY LIFE, a study of balance and essentially a practice for your soul which in turn is works through the medium of your body. It is the science of well being, youthfulness and which beautifully integrates our mind, body and soul. It is very true that we can not always control what goes on outside but we can definitely take control on what goes on inside and thus we say that the nature of yoga is to shine the light of awareness into the darkest corners of the body.
Yoga gives us a safe space and time to the simplicity of breath and movement and enables us to connect ourselves. Yoga is invigoration in relaxation and cessation of the movements in the mind. We all are made up of mainly three elements which are “mind, body and soul” and to be perfect in all three elements we need to have knowledge, health and inner peace for which the yoga and meditation plays a key role in achieving it.
Meditation is same like a gym in which you develop a powerful mental muscles of calm and insight. The true meditation is about feeling being fully present in the current moment. It is a best means of personal and spiritual development because we must always remember that when we inhale, we are taking the strength from god and when you are exhaling it represents the service you are giving to the outer world.
To keep the body in a very healthy condition is our duty otherwise we shall not be able to keep our mind stronger and clearer and thus one must practice the 2 pillars of healthy life with firm determination and perseverance without any mental reservation or doubts. By its constant practice, we can easily free ourselves from fear, anguish and loneliness. It greatly helps us in achieving clarity of life and self awareness, it teaches us to cure what need not to be endured and endure what can not be cured.
We feel happy when we are surrounded by our loved one and that makes us comfortable around them and sometimes we get used to that comfort zone. Imagine being get used to it and suddenly they’re not near you or with you. You’ll not feel yourself and you get lonely all by yourself. This can make you to think different things and there may be multiple thoughts. As it is said “An idol mind is the devil’s workshop”.
Especially in these pandemic times there have been many cases of suicide due to depression and loneliness. Inspite of the death due to covid, people have died unable to control their emotions. This made us to think if loneliness is more dangerous than the disease. Recently there was a case where a 45 year old man and 42 year Old women lived in a village. They don’t have any child and lived all by themselves. Recently her husband was suffering from Covid and the wife couldn’t take that thinking what will she do when he died. Thinking about all the loneliness that’s gonna happen future the wife died committing suicide. However husband lived but after knowing about his Wife death he drank poison and died.
This made me devoted for their love but made me sad for their death. They could’ve waited but loneliness made them to do the drastic step. Not every loneliness can lead to death but some can change a person’s life. Loneliness is not a dangerous thing but a life changing thing where one can analyse themselves. If you don’t have anyone to talk, it is better to talk to yourself rather than depend on someone. Loneliness can make a person self-independent and self- survivor. It can improve a individual skill where one can explore and develop their talents. Everything doesn’t come easy to everyone. One has to struggle to get things done.
Yes! This lockdown and pandemic can be tough and separate everyone from their loved one but it doesn’t mean that you have to feel lonely. May be it is time to explore yourself and develop your skills.
How to prepare for a technical interview which will help you to get placed? The syllabus of computer science is very vast in that case Preparation tips for Technical Interviews will definitely help you to focus on the target topics. It is impossible to cover every topic in depth especially when you have less time left for the interview. If you start covering everything little by little and with the correct strategy, you can gain what most students can lack.
Qualifying technical round is not tough and if done with proper planning, everything can be achieved. Let us look at the most important topics:
6 Topics to prepare for your Interview:
C- Programming:
C-Programming is a very basic programming language to start coding. Mostly it is taught in 1st year of your college. It can be an advantage if you have already covered this language during your schooling and then college provides you enough time to revise the topics. But if you are doing it for that first time do not worry it is still not late to get started with C programming.
Where should you start learning C programming:
I myself started learning C programming when I took admission in an engineering college, and this is how I started:
C programming tutorials on Naresh IT channel with instructor Shriniwas on Youtube.
C programming with Sourabh Shukla on Youtube.
Many practice question sites are better, to begin with.
Online portals like Sololearn, Geekforgeek are awesome with their educational material.
These resources really helped me, and I will be glad if you too can be helped with these.
C Programming Interview questions:
Chances of mostly tricky questions to check how and what logic will you apply for the real-world problem.
Don’t forget to revise basic concepts and all the definitions, the inventor name, loop, if-else, pointers, strings, recursion, and application along with Tower of Hanoi problems.
This is the most important area where you can expect a guaranteed question,
Algorithms like Sorting, Time and Space Complexities of algorithms.
Dynamic Allocation of Memoryusing malloc( ) and calloc( ) functions.
Tree traversals
Stacks and Queues and their operations and applications.
Linked lists and their Operations performed(ex: insertion, deletion, searching).
Algorithms:
Dynamic Programming and usage of it in various problem statements. (ex: Travelling salesperson,0/1 Knapsack, etc).
Calculation of Time and Space Complexitiesof algorithms.
Sorting
Databases:
Mainly DBMS is taught in the 2nd year or after they cover C Programming & Data Structure. SQL (or Oracle) will help you to generate a large database along with queries.
What topics are important in DBMS:
DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL commands.
SQL constraints like JOIN, NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK.
NORMALIZATION (1 NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF)
All the keys: primary key, candidate key, super key, and foreign key.
Transaction and its types i.e ACID properties.
Also, don’t forget to cover the basic interview question of DBMS from google and you can cover them from the trusted education websites.
Computer Networks:
Also called Data Communications. Pure theoretical topics which discuss many networking techniques.
This could increase your confidence as most of the Operating system topics are theoretical and you can easily cover them all by hand in less than a week.
The basic definition of OS, advantages, application, types, etc.
All scheduling algorithms PROCESS and CPU scheduling algorithms.
Exception Handling and Multi-tasking (Multiprocessing & Multi-Threading).
Collection framework.
Servlets and JSP’s.
Applet
Revise these all topics as mentioned also check the resources through youtube and many helpful education sites which are doing great in giving students ease to easily read the topics online without notes.
Preparation tips for Technical Interview
These tips helped me so much and I will want you to follow these steps to get well with your topics:
Don’t wait for last-minute study for placement rather cover the topic together with your university.
Make notes, this is key to success point, how you understand your handwritten notes, you can never understand the same way from any other resource.
Keep revising topics in your semester break that will build your concepts more and will make it easy for you in your 4th year of college.
If you are unclear with any topic, don’t wait for the instructor to teach you or visit many sites offering you all the materials for free. They are: Geeksforgeeks, Sololearn, Tutorialspoint, Javapoint, etc
If still you remain unclear then watch tutorials from youtube on the topic you are interested in. I hope this helps you, comment below for any further queries/doubt will be happy to help you.
THE POWER OF PERSEVERANCE 2 SUCCESS, the journey to our dreams and great ambition are often mixed with hardships and failures and this where the true test of perseverance unfold. Perseverance is the stubbornness with a great purpose. Perseverance is to persist in anything undertaken, maintain their purpose no matter how much difficulty or obstacles may occur in their path and it is the perseverance and courage which make their difficulties magically disappear.
“THE WILL TO PERSEVERANCE IS OFTEN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FAILURE AND SUCCESS”
Perseverance is the ability to go on when the things seem to be completely hopeless and the continuous effort is the key to unlock our inner potential. To achieve our great dreams there are no shortcuts and no easy way outs. Against all the odds perseverance reminds us of the highest hopes and reminds us the picture of our dreams and provokes us to forge ahead despite setbacks that threaten to undermine all efforts to succeed.
The essence of perseverance is rising every time we fail and finding a strong will to get up more intelligently and wisely even though you know you are knocked down. The goals need hard work to be accomplished and when you work hard even after you are discouraged and tired of doing the same is perseverance. The great scientist Thomas Alva Edison is the true inspiration for perseverance who failed ninety nine times and got up more wisely than before and made it happen in the hundred time so a little more effort and persistence made him achieve what seemed to be impossible.
THE POWER OF PERSEVERANCE 2 SUCCESS IN THE FLOW OF WATER
Perseverance is largely influenced by the flow of water. Water does not stop flowing rather it always keep moving. When you try stopping the flow by putting your hands into it all you feel is the water flowing. So the water beautifully tries us to explain that “if you cant go through the obstacle then go around it.” A person with perseverance and patience never admits his or her defeat as a failure rather they take it as their learning and come up more wisely.
THE POWER OF PERSEVERANCE 2 SUCCESS: HOW TO BE PERSEVERANT?
THE POWER OF PERSEVERANCE 2 SUCCESS: SUCCESS STORIES WITH PERSEVERANCE
JACK MA : He is the richest man in the entire Asia but this took him a lot of effort and perseverance as he didn’t do overnight . He faced a lot of rejections , each and every step he faced a lot of failures and handful of rejections but the best part was he NEVER GAVE UP.
COLUMBUS: He is yet another example of perseverance. He struggled a lot to reach his destination and never gave up whenever he had a low motivation . In a long run he discovered the way from Spain to America and surprised the world with a new route of communication with America
WALT DISNEY: While everyone knows the iconic brand of Disney, the story of how Walt Disney created the empire is very inspiring. At young age Walt Disney was fired from a local newspaper as his boss was not satisfied with his work. After failing in the company he was not able to pay his bills and struggled a lot but he too never gave up and went on to grow the company with amusement parks, feature films, and is known as a cultural icon.
Man’s success stories does not depend on his achievements rather the failures which they used as a learning tool and never gave up. The key to success is action and the essential in action is perseverance.
Research grants in environmental studies vary widely in terms of scope, focus areas, and funding amounts. While it’s difficult to definitively list the “top ten” grants due to their diversity and changing nature, here are ten notable grants that have historically supported environmental research:
National Science Foundation (NSF) – Environmental Research and Education: NSF offers various grants supporting environmental research, covering areas like sustainability, climate change, biodiversity, and more. Their programs often focus on interdisciplinary approaches and collaborations.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) – Environmental Health Sciences: NIH funds research focusing on the impacts of environmental factors on human health, including air and water quality, exposure to pollutants, and related health risks.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Grants: The EPA provides grants for research on environmental issues such as pollution prevention, ecological conservation, environmental justice, and sustainable practices.
National Geographic Society Grants: National Geographic supports research through various grants aimed at conservation, exploration, and understanding the interconnectedness of human and natural systems.
The Nature Conservancy Grants: This organization offers grants to support research and conservation efforts focused on protecting ecosystems, wildlife, and promoting sustainable land and water use.
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Grants: WWF provides grants for scientific research that contributes to conservation efforts, biodiversity protection, and sustainable development.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) Grants: Focused on tropical ecosystems, STRI offers research grants for studying biodiversity, climate change impacts, and ecosystem dynamics in tropical regions.
The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Environmental Conservation Grants: This foundation funds research in environmental conservation, with a focus on promoting sustainability and supporting innovative approaches.
The David and Lucile Packard Foundation Grants: Packard Foundation supports research and initiatives aimed at sustainable ocean and land use, biodiversity conservation, and mitigating climate change impacts.
The European Commission Horizon Europe Grants: Horizon Europe provides funding for various research projects, including those addressing environmental challenges such as climate change, renewable energy, and sustainable resource management.
Funding opportunities are made available through the Collaborative Research Programme (CRP) – ICGEB Research Grants, which is a dedicated source of funding aimed at financing projects addressing original scientific problems of particular relevance for the host country and of regional interest.
Established in 1988, the programme aims to stimulate collaborative research in Member States and with the ICGEB Component laboratories, to promote training of young scientists and to facilitate the creation of appropriate research facilities. The programme provides support for research projects in basic science, human healthcare, industrial and agricultural biotechnology and bioenergy. A call for applications is launched yearly.
We are pleased to confirm that over 510 applications from across 44 Member States have been received under the 2021 call for Grants.
Type of Support
Grants are awarded to contribute to the implementation of outstanding scientific research projects. An important element of successful applications is the feasibility of the proposed project within the designated time-frame (maximum 36 months). The maximum annual contribution from ICGEB is Euro 25,000.
Funds can only be used to cover expenditures that are directly relevant to the project. This may include purchasing consumable items, scientific literature and basic standard laboratory equipment. Travel and training costs can also be covered.
Salaries of the Principal Investigators and infrastructural support (e.g., normal administrative and overhead expenses of the Institution, maintenance and rental of capital equipment, building, etc.) are not admissible and cannot be funded.
To read about the kind of ground-breaking research on infectious diseases, cancer, metabolic and genetic diseases, plant science, immunity, genetics and many biotechnology applications that are being supported by ICGEB
Applications.Eligibility
Applicants for research grant proposals (identified as “CRPs”) should hold positions at Universities or Research Institutes in any of the ICGEB Member States.
International collaboration is an essential feature of all ICGEB grants and must be fully integrated into the project. Active collaboration with ICGEB Research Groups is welcome but not mandatory. Particular attention will be given to projects addressing issues of interest for specific geographic regions and presented by groups collaborating across more than one country.
Investigating groups do not qualify for submission of applications:if previously awarded projects have not been evaluated and satisfactorily concluded; if the University or Research Institute of the Principal Investigator is based in Italy.
A special category of CRP-ICGEB Early Career Return Grants is intended to fund young researchers with an outstanding track record, who have spent a minimum of 2 years abroad and have recently returned to an ICGEB Member State to establish their own independent laboratories. Applicants for Early Career Return Grants should be no more than 40 years of age at the time of application. Applicants should have returned to an ICGEB Member State (except Italy) no more than 2 years prior to submitting the application.
Thanks to a contribution of the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS) within the framework of the BIOTECHNET initiative (AID n. 12098), dedicated resources are available for candidates from Ethiopia and Djibouti applying to the CRP–Research Grants Call for proposals.
These grants often support a wide range of research, including fieldwork, data analysis, policy development, and community engagement. Researchers in environmental studies can explore these opportunities to advance knowledge and contribute to addressing pressing environmental challenges.
20 diverse research grants available across various fields:
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grants: Offering numerous opportunities across biomedical and health-related research.
National Science Foundation (NSF) Grants: Supporting fundamental research and education in all fields of science and engineering.
European Research Council (ERC) Grants: Funding for groundbreaking research across various disciplines in Europe.
Wellcome Trust Grants: Supporting biomedical research, healthcare, and medical innovation globally.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Grants: Focusing on global health, poverty alleviation, and education initiatives.
Google Research Awards: Funding for innovative computer science research projects.
US Department of Energy (DOE) Grants: Supporting research in energy, technology, and national security.
American Heart Association Grants: Funding cardiovascular research and initiatives.
MacArthur Foundation Grants: Supporting projects aimed at addressing critical social challenges.
Smithsonian Research Grants: Funding opportunities for various fields in science, art, history, and culture.
Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) Grants: Supporting international collaborations in life sciences.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Grants: Funding for biomedical research and science education.
European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Grants: Supporting life sciences research and training in Europe.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Grants: Focusing on science, technology, economics, and more.
National Geographic Society Grants: Funding for research and exploration in natural sciences, conservation, and anthropology.
European Union Horizon 2020 Grants: Funding various research and innovation projects across Europe.
Spencer Foundation Grants: Supporting education research aimed at improving outcomes.
Simons Foundation Grants: Funding mathematics, theoretical physics, and autism research.
Arts Council England Grants: Supporting arts, culture, and creative projects across England.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants: Funding for international collaborative research in Japan.
These grants cater to diverse research interests, providing opportunities for scientists, scholars, and innovators worldwide to pursue impactful projects in their respective fields.
Are you interested in conducting research in Germany or pursuing a research career in Germany? Here you will find information about where you can conduct research and work in Germany, as well as the various opportunities science and research can offer in Germany. Support ranges from funding for conferences to language programs in Germany.
The German Academic Exchange Service, known as DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst), offers an array of research grants for PhD students and postdoctoral researchers from around the world. These grants provide financial support, allowing recipients to pursue research opportunities at universities, research institutions, or other academic organizations in Germany.
PhD Research Grants: For individuals pursuing a doctoral degree, DAAD offers various funding options such as the Research Grants – Doctoral Program, which supports short-term research stays for doctoral candidates. It enables them to conduct research in Germany for a period of 1-10 months.
Postdoctoral Research Grants: These grants cater to scholars who have recently completed their doctorate and are seeking opportunities to advance their research. The Postdoctoral Researchers International Mobility Experience (P.R.I.M.E.) program is one such initiative by DAAD. It provides funding for up to 18 months, split between research abroad and reintegration phases in Germany.
Specialized Grants: DAAD also offers specific grants targeting particular fields of study, interdisciplinary research, or collaborative projects. These could include grants for subjects like renewable energy, sustainability, medicine, engineering, social sciences, and humanities.
Eligibility and Requirements: The eligibility criteria for these grants typically involve academic excellence, a well-defined research proposal, and a collaboration agreement with a German host institution or supervisor. Proficiency in German may be required for some programs, although many research opportunities are available in English.
Application Process: Applicants usually need to submit a detailed research proposal, academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, and a statement of purpose outlining their research objectives. The application process is competitive, and candidates are selected based on the quality and feasibility of their research proposals.
Benefits: Successful applicants receive financial support in the form of stipends, travel allowances, health insurance, and sometimes assistance with language courses. Additionally, they gain exposure to Germany’s renowned research facilities, academic networks, and cultural experiences.
Duration and Extensions: The duration of these grants varies based on the specific program. Extensions might be possible, subject to funding availability and the approval of the host institution.
DAAD’s research grants play a vital role in fostering international collaboration, supporting academic exchange, and promoting innovative research endeavors. They contribute significantly to the development of global academic networks and the advancement of knowledge across various fields of study. Prospective applicants should regularly check DAAD’s official website for updated information regarding available programs, eligibility criteria, and application deadlines.
Click on the links below to see what opportunities may be relevant for you.
There are several different Research Grants available ranging from short time periods to several years. If you would like to pursue research in the field of German Studies, you may want to consider looking into our German Studies Research Grant.
DAAD has partnered with other research institutes in order to offer you a breadth of research opportunities in various fields. Take a look at the offers below to find just the right fit for you.
You can gain practical research or work experience by doing an internship in Germany. From research in academia to internships at German companies – the choice is yours.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) stands as a cornerstone of biomedical and health-related research, driving innovation and scientific breakthroughs. At its core, NIH functions as the primary agency of the United States government, dedicated to advancing knowledge about health and disease. Among its myriad initiatives, the NIH offers grants that serve as lifeblood for researchers, funding groundbreaking studies across diverse scientific domains. These grants provide not only financial support but also an invaluable endorsement and recognition that catapults research endeavors forward.
The NIH grants cater to a wide spectrum of research areas, covering everything from basic science to clinical trials, public health interventions, and translational research. This expansive reach ensures that investigations into fundamental biological processes, disease mechanisms, therapeutics, and population health are consistently supported and propelled forward.
The significance of NIH grants lies not just in the financial backing they offer, but also in the stamp of credibility they confer upon researchers and their work. The NIH grant review process is rigorous, emphasizing scientific merit, innovation, and potential impact. Successful applicants gain more than just financial resources; they also receive validation and recognition within the scientific community, paving the way for future collaborations and opportunities.
Securing an NIH grant, however, is no easy feat. The process demands meticulous planning, a well-crafted proposal, and a clear understanding of NIH guidelines and priorities. Here are key steps to navigate the NIH grant application process:
Identify the Right Grant Opportunity: NIH offers various grant types (R01, R21, etc.) for different stages and types of research. Choose the grant program aligning best with your research goals.
Develop a Strong Research Proposal: Craft a compelling proposal that outlines the significance, innovation, approach, and potential impact of your research. Emphasize how your work aligns with NIH priorities.
Understand NIH Guidelines: Familiarize yourself with NIH guidelines, submission deadlines, and specific criteria for the grant you are applying for. Follow instructions meticulously.
Collaborate and Network: Collaborate with experts, build collaborations, and seek mentorship. Networking within your field can provide insights and support.
Seek Feedback: Prior to submission, seek feedback from colleagues, mentors, or NIH program officers. Constructive criticism can significantly improve your proposal.
Submit and Follow-up: Submit your application through NIH’s electronic system and monitor the review process. Even if your application is not funded initially, use reviewer feedback to strengthen future submissions.
Persistence and Continuous Learning: Grant writing is a skill that improves with practice. Learn from both successful and unsuccessful attempts to refine your approach.
The National Institutes of Health is the largest public funder of biomedical research in the world. In fiscal year 2022, NIH invested most of its $45 billion appropriations in research seeking to enhance life, and to reduce illness and disability. NIH-funded research has led to breakthroughs and new treatments helping people live longer, healthier lives, and building the research foundation that drives discovery.
Grant applications and associated documents (e.g., reference letters) are due by 5:00 PM local time of application organization on the specified due date.
By accepting a grant award, recipients agree to comply with the requirements in the NIH Grants Policy Statement unless the notice of award states otherwise.
The NIH Loan Repayment Programs repay up to $50,000 annually of a researcher’s qualified educational debt in return for a commitment to engage in NIH mission-relevant research.
Eduindex 
You must be logged in to post a comment.