Category: News

Comprehensive, up-to-date news coverage, aggregated from sources all over the world by EduindexNews.

What is Open System Interconnection(OSI) Model ?

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework for network communication that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the 1980s. The OSI model provides a way to understand how data is transmitted over a network by breaking down the process into seven layers. Each layer has a specific function, and the layers work together to ensure reliable communication.

The OSI model provides a standardized way of describing network communication, which allows different network technologies and devices to communicate with each other. For example, a device that uses Ethernet can communicate with a device that uses Wi-Fi because they both follow the same OSI model. The OSI model also allows for easier troubleshooting of network issues because each layer has a specific function that can be tested independently.

However, the OSI model is a theoretical framework and does not correspond directly to the actual implementation of network protocols. In practice, network protocols are often a combination of multiple OSI layers, and some layers may be merged or omitted entirely. Nonetheless, the OSI model remains a useful tool for understanding the complex process of network communication.


Source – https://www.real-sec.com/

The seven layers of the OSI model are:

  1. Physical Layer: The physical layer is responsible for transmitting raw data bits over a physical medium such as copper wires, optical fibers, or radio waves. It deals with the electrical, mechanical, and physical characteristics of the physical medium. It also defines the procedures and functions that physical devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to occur.

  2. Data Link Layer: The data link layer is responsible for the reliable transfer of data frames over a physical medium. It establishes and terminates connections between network devices, performs error detection and correction, and manages flow control.

  3. Network Layer: The network layer is responsible for routing data packets from the source to the destination network. It determines the best path for data to travel and manages congestion control.

  4. Transport Layer: The transport layer is responsible for ensuring reliable end-to-end communication between applications. It segments and reassembles data into packets and provides error recovery and flow control.

  5. Session Layer: The session layer is responsible for managing communication sessions between applications. It establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions and provides synchronization and recovery in case of failures.

  6. Presentation Layer: The presentation layer is responsible for ensuring that data is presented in a format that can be understood by the application layer. It provides data encryption, compression, and decryption.

  7. Application Layer: The application layer is responsible for providing network services to user applications. It provides a user interface and manages application-level protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.

Test tube baby and Women’s independence

Recently I heard about test tube baby and its successful results. So many people get married to get a boy baby who will take care of them. And this greed of getting old age comfort leads to injustice to women.

Test tube baby is one of the great invention of making women empowered . Many people are bound to marry just to get baby and because of this women had to sacrifice their health, body, beauty, career, and personal growth stops due to this.

This invention would be quite costly. Only rich can afford, so I think government subsidies should be given to this invention by which poor people could afford and get benefits and women won’t have to suffer.

But again government have to be careful while making policies regarding this or else it will lead to population growth again. And should promote celibacy and benefits of adopting it . Only by this we can solve lots of problems of society. As a human being women deserve all kind of growth.Because of this common people will be less interested in early marriages and people can have a child in old age too. By doing this every individual of the country will get more time to get personal growth and financial stability in life.

Test tube baby and Women's independence

Recently I heard about test tube baby and its successful results. So many people get married to get a boy baby who will take care of them. And this greed of getting old age comfort leads to injustice to women.

Test tube baby is one of the great invention of making women empowered . Many people are bound to marry just to get baby and because of this women had to sacrifice their health, body, beauty, career, and personal growth stops due to this.

This invention would be quite costly. Only rich can afford, so I think government subsidies should be given to this invention by which poor people could afford and get benefits and women won’t have to suffer.

But again government have to be careful while making policies regarding this or else it will lead to population growth again. And should promote celibacy and benefits of adopting it . Only by this we can solve lots of problems of society. As a human being women deserve all kind of growth.Because of this common people will be less interested in early marriages and people can have a child in old age too. By doing this every individual of the country will get more time to get personal growth and financial stability in life.

Vedic Era

In Vedic era we had varna system which was based on occupation. In present era it is caste based which is getting improvised slowly.

But the concept of having varna system is not only physical or materialistic. It was in the mind of the society that no body is superior or inferior irrespective of the work done by them , or their physical identity. Every one used to get respect of being. People used to understand that everyone is important. They used to uplift the individual, keeping their personal egos aside. They used to worship a woman not physically but giving respect internally. Because humans used to value individuality and their uniqueness.

People did not had idol to worship because every one was like a ‘ living idol’ . After Vedic Era we started doing worshipping and yagya in desire of getting something but we ourself didn’t try to become like our ancestors.

Still there is lots of stuff I can share about vedic era but the important is “do we really want to be like them?”. If yes , then we all have to be the living idols . The one who gives happiness and blessings to everyone irrespective to what they are giving to us . Simply just method of upliftment of others will definitely bring the vedic era back.

Vedic Era

In Vedic era we had varna system which was based on occupation. In present era it is caste based which is getting improvised slowly.

But the concept of having varna system is not only physical or materialistic. It was in the mind of the society that no body is superior or inferior irrespective of the work done by them , or their physical identity. Every one used to get respect of being. People used to understand that everyone is important. They used to uplift the individual, keeping their personal egos aside. They used to worship a woman not physically but giving respect internally. Because humans used to value individuality and their uniqueness.

People did not had idol to worship because every one was like a ‘ living idol’ . After Vedic Era we started doing worshipping and yagya in desire of getting something but we ourself didn’t try to become like our ancestors.

Still there is lots of stuff I can share about vedic era but the important is “do we really want to be like them?”. If yes , then we all have to be the living idols . The one who gives happiness and blessings to everyone irrespective to what they are giving to us . Simply just method of upliftment of others will definitely bring the vedic era back.

Speciality of India

Every country is known by its speciality . And India is known by its spirituality. I have seen so many foreigners who are adopting Indian culture and are interested in spirituality. But so many Indians are being attracted to western culture .

It’s very surprising that despite being very advanced and developed countries, their people are adopting spirituality ,taking salvation. But why is it happening?

It’s said that “Ghar ki murgi,dal barabar” which means – we don’t value what we get easily. The available spiritual knowledge is not valuable to us. And when foreigners come and they get benefits from our knowledge then we start cheering’ how great are we Indians ‘. Which is really not so nice.

You have right to be proud or get respected only for what you have earned , not for what your ancestors or any other individual have achieved.

Speciality of India

Every country is known by its speciality . And India is known by its spirituality. I have seen so many foreigners who are adopting Indian culture and are interested in spirituality. But so many Indians are being attracted to western culture .

It’s very surprising that despite being very advanced and developed countries, their people are adopting spirituality ,taking salvation. But why is it happening?

It’s said that “Ghar ki murgi,dal barabar” which means – we don’t value what we get easily. The available spiritual knowledge is not valuable to us. And when foreigners come and they get benefits from our knowledge then we start cheering’ how great are we Indians ‘. Which is really not so nice.

You have right to be proud or get respected only for what you have earned , not for what your ancestors or any other individual have achieved.

Disrespect of women

Disrespect of women in society shows us about insensitivity and downfall of men. Where women are regarded that place is full of prosperity . Giving regard does not mean just worshipping a woman. It means to stop treating her inferior. How an individual is and what they want to do in life should be decided only by the individual.

There are so many people in India they say ” Women are deities” and on other hand they force women to obey them and in doing so they become cruel and spoil women’s life. Even this kind of people while they themselves are insulting women and say we are protecting you. What kind of protection is this? People just want to feed their ego and nothing else. They have destroyed women’s life.

How can a destructive personality can nourish a child? How a kid will give respect to woman while her own mother and sisters are being treated unfairly? The boy will get the idea of being superior and again other women will become victim of his atrocities.

And I think this is the reason of saying ‘ यत्र नार्यस्तु पूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देवताः ।यत्रैतास्तु न पूज्यन्ते सर्वास्तत्राफलाः क्रियाः ।। मनुस्मृति ३/५६ ।।

 which means where Women are honoured, divinity blossoms there, and where women are dishonored, all action no matter how noble remain unfruitful.

Disrespect of women

Disrespect of women in society shows us about insensitivity and downfall of men. Where women are regarded that place is full of prosperity . Giving regard does not mean just worshipping a woman. It means to stop treating her inferior. How an individual is and what they want to do in life should be decided only by the individual.

There are so many people in India they say ” Women are deities” and on other hand they force women to obey them and in doing so they become cruel and spoil women’s life. Even this kind of people while they themselves are insulting women and say we are protecting you. What kind of protection is this? People just want to feed their ego and nothing else. They have destroyed women’s life.

How can a destructive personality can nourish a child? How a kid will give respect to woman while her own mother and sisters are being treated unfairly? The boy will get the idea of being superior and again other women will become victim of his atrocities.

And I think this is the reason of saying ‘ यत्र नार्यस्तु पूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देवताः ।यत्रैतास्तु न पूज्यन्ते सर्वास्तत्राफलाः क्रियाः ।। मनुस्मृति ३/५६ ।।

 which means where Women are honoured, divinity blossoms there, and where women are dishonored, all action no matter how noble remain unfruitful.

Is education cause of corruption?

One side it can be said that education is the main cause of corruption but it’s not the root cause of it. Even before the education revolution so many corrupt practices were in society. We had dowry,sati pratha, devdasi, Bali pratha etc .In the name of god so many I’ll practices were part of our society even today so many I’ll practices still happen in society in the name of culture. Then how can we say the education is the cause of corruption? People are already corrupt.But because of education and media, now we get to know about the world corruption very easily.

Before the corruption was hidden .And now it’s common to see (By corruption I mean I’ll practices ) . Because torturing somebody, violating somebody’s Fundamental rights too is corruption. Making somebody’s life miserable is also corruption. Anything which is related to exploitation is corruption.

. In the past, people were corrupted but it was mostly happened to women. Women were the victim and no one wanted to accept the fact of being corrupted . Now because of media women are raising voices. Even today so many people are greedy and mean. They are still continuing corrupt practices by hook or crook. And the orthodox and paradox type of people are the one who are corrupted but doesn’t want to accept it.

Education is just tool of knowledge but the intention of being corrupted is a choice. And the root cause of corruption is greed not education.

Is education cause of corruption?

One side it can be said that education is the main cause of corruption but it’s not the root cause of it. Even before the education revolution so many corrupt practices were in society. We had dowry,sati pratha, devdasi, Bali pratha etc .In the name of god so many I’ll practices were part of our society even today so many I’ll practices still happen in society in the name of culture. Then how can we say the education is the cause of corruption? People are already corrupt.But because of education and media, now we get to know about the world corruption very easily.

Before the corruption was hidden .And now it’s common to see (By corruption I mean I’ll practices ) . Because torturing somebody, violating somebody’s Fundamental rights too is corruption. Making somebody’s life miserable is also corruption. Anything which is related to exploitation is corruption.

. In the past, people were corrupted but it was mostly happened to women. Women were the victim and no one wanted to accept the fact of being corrupted . Now because of media women are raising voices. Even today so many people are greedy and mean. They are still continuing corrupt practices by hook or crook. And the orthodox and paradox type of people are the one who are corrupted but doesn’t want to accept it.

Education is just tool of knowledge but the intention of being corrupted is a choice. And the root cause of corruption is greed not education.

Dowry

We all know about so many merits and demerits about dowry . We have both kind of people in society. But in both the cases women are still in loss . Because the money or dowry she gets in marriage is used by her husband and his family.

What about a girl or lady who have nothing to own and even in the name of marriage, if she gets something that too is owned by somebody else. And we all know the greed of capturing the property is the main cause of women’s forceful marriage . And so many people get married just to gain money. How the marriage will work? Then people criticise about mental stress.

People themselves are responsible for the life they are living. If they want to change life, they have to change the choices and priorities they are making. Watch the people you are surrounded by “how satisfied they are” . If they are satisfied with their own life, then why are they taking too much interest in yours?

Do you ever see somebody’s food if your stomach is full ? No ,because you are enjoying your own food,so is the life.

(A.P.)

Dowry

We all know about so many merits and demerits about dowry . We have both kind of people in society. But in both the cases women are still in loss . Because the money or dowry she gets in marriage is used by her husband and his family.

What about a girl or lady who have nothing to own and even in the name of marriage, if she gets something that too is owned by somebody else. And we all know the greed of capturing the property is the main cause of women’s forceful marriage . And so many people get married just to gain money. How the marriage will work? Then people criticise about mental stress.

People themselves are responsible for the life they are living. If they want to change life, they have to change the choices and priorities they are making. Watch the people you are surrounded by “how satisfied they are” . If they are satisfied with their own life, then why are they taking too much interest in yours?

Do you ever see somebody’s food if your stomach is full ? No ,because you are enjoying your own food,so is the life.

(A.P.)