Cyber crime which includes the use of the computer as an instrument to further illegal activities which involves committing fraud, cyber bulling, tracking of their privacy, trafficking in children pornography, stealing identities, creating threats, violating privacy. This cyber crime is also called as computer crime or internet crime. This cyber crime takes place or comes into existence through the internet and it as become an ever more serious and threating problem. It is because all the people or individuals in the present generation carry out more of their daily or personal activities through android smartphone or online and this cyber crime problem is very big and as very much widespread all over the World especially on the life of the youngsters and as the computer or desktop are become central to commerce and other bussiness transactions.
Most of this cyber crime attack takes place on the personal or professional information about an individual’s, youngsters, corporation or Government or any other entities. As we know that this attack do not include physically in human body but still they cause various unforseen situation in the minds of the people or private securities which are in terms of information, photos, chats, or any other confidential documents. In the present digital age our virtual identities are essential elements for our everyday life at present we are living our journey of life with number , data, or websites which are owned by others .
The internet service provider ISP act as the storage body 6obstore all the information, transaction. Cyber crime that targets computers are often involved in change of viruses and other type of malware in order to hack the opposite devices. The persons called the cyber criminals make such disease spread in systems and damage the devices and completely stop their working.
These are the number of cyber crime which we don’t have knowledge about its identities or existence E-mail or websites fraud, theft of financial,card payment data, cyberextortion which involves demanding cash from the individuals, links frauds that identifies fraud which involves taking away the personal information such as login password, OTP, pin number and cyberespionage were the cyber criminals take initiative to hack the Government or organisation or other entities data.
The person or individuals don’t have the technical knowledge to overcome this problem and lack sufficient skills. The technical expertise often lack sufficient training manpower and time to tackle any such issues. To right this problem successful we must engage all the individual in the IT community and those who are affected directly or indirectly by such criminal activities . When planning security one must take consideration not only the method by which internet access is taken to a system but also we should software programs which are used to interact with internet based resources with a bit of effect to keep the software up to date and have two step authentication and security software which will act as an protection to avoid such attacks.
A very prominent example of how caste have its root in Indian Society is the recent Hathras Case. The case brings into limelight the issues of pollution and purity of the caste system which has prevailed in the Indian society from centuries before. The idea of caste and stratification had been existent in India since the times of Varna system. And till date this system has not faded in India especially for the lower classes. As you go higher in the system of stratification the more the chances of caste system fading out.
The case of Hathras throws light on the cruel side of patriarchy and caste system. A 19 year old Dalit girl was gangraped by 4 men. Men belonging to the upper caste. This issue talks about two different aspects. One is the aspect of the caste system about how the women was from a lower caste and the men from a higher one. While the second aspect is about the system of patriarch, which has been ruling India ever since the beginning of times. The case had a lot of controversies attached to it, the police investigating it even claimed that the girl was not raped. To top with all of this the body of the girl was cremated by the police itself without seeking the permission of the family. The girl was not given dignity in her life and death too.
The policemen investigating the crime were adamant about denying that the girl was raped and kept on blaming the victim rather than investigating about the circumstances leading to her inhuman death. Even the media who tried to tell the truth were also manhandled. This shows the cruel side of how money and power can win over the justice and victims. The case gained its momentum because of how the girl was cruelly killed and denied dignity in her death too. This was possible mainly because the men were of higher caste yielding power to control manpower as they wish. The roots of caste system and patriarchy is deeply connected.
Something that we see very common in India is the justice served to the rape victims. The daily raising numbers are worrisome. And the delayed justice acts as a barrier for many victims to even file a case. So many of these problems are connected and erasing of one system can always diminish or erase the other one too.
As a student of marketing we all believe that we are goanna be placed well and we are opportunistic but is that real ? . if u ask me its a big no things will not be standard untill we graduate. we all are being lied that we are gonna be placed in a good company but the truth is.
How do we prepare ourselves for the better future ?
Its simple for us to say work hard but that will be so funny when you cant find rightful resources when this internet is full of ads and paid E – Commerce sites to take our attention away.now let me say how you can prepare yourself best way to learn something is to learn yourself . set a proper goal and try to learn each and everything related to those thing not only learning will help us we have to implement practically.
How to learn digital marketing ?
Digital marketing is nothing new without knowing we are already in digital marketing for example YouTube , Twitter , Instagram , Facebook and so on are the important platform of digital marketing . So , try to create your own website lets a gaming channel or whatever you like and try to find a way to attract people with your contents and make sure you do learn something from it . Don’t make a large investment before you get something in return and try to monetize yourself.
Digital marketing a future
In 90’s people bought products based on what they say on advertisement but now people dont have time watch tv’s and most of them have changed to smart TV so marketing needed a change then came the digital marketing i wont say that advertisement will be total failure that’s for a different conversation . Now its about DM a survey says that Internet users across India spend nearly six and half hours online daily in the third quarter of 2020. by another 5 years it will be doubled so DM is the only way to make people see our product . so people who are planning to take marketing as a career should concentrate on his/her skills on digital marketing ( e- mail , YouTube , twitter , Facebook marketing )
Space debris is the combination of natural(meteoroid) and artificial(man-made) particles. Natural debris orbits around the sun and artificial debris orbits around the earth. Hence they are called Orbital Debris. This can be any man-made object in the orbit moving in the earth’s orbit. Such debris includes nonfunctional spacecraft, abandoned launch vehicle stages, mission-related debris, and fragmentation debris.
In this article, we are going to focus on Artificial Debris, the Reason for its cause, and its prevention.
Space debris
What is Artificial space debris?
Any non-functional man-made object in space is called Artificial debris.
They come from
Satellites and spacecraft which are failed.
Satellites whose life has ended.
Rocket dismantle stages during the launch.
Hardware like nuts, bolts, payload covers, etc.
Solid propellant slag.
Cast aways during space activities like human wastes.
Fragments due to battery explosions, collisions, etc.
When two satellites collide they produce thousands of particles that are dangerous and can cause further destruction which makes Earth’s orbit unfit for satellite launches.
Artificial means man-made satellites
The number of satellite and rocket launches as of April 2021 is given below:
Number of rockets launched(excluding failures) since 1957
5560
Number of satellites carried by rockets launched
11139
Number of satellites still in space
7389
Number of satellites still functioning
3170
Let’s have a look at the number of satellites launched only in 2020 and 2021(April)
Satellites launched in 2020
1283
Satellites launched in 2021 (April)
853(65% of 2020)
History
In the year 2009, 19,000 debris over 5 cm in size were tracked.
In July 2013, more than 170 million debris smaller than 1 cm(0.4), around 670,000 debris of 1 to 10 cm in size, and approximately 29,000 larger debris were detected.
By July 2016, nearly 18,000 artificial debris were orbiting the earth.
In October 2019, nearly 20,000 artificial objects including 2,218 were tracked.
The speed with which the debris travel is more than 28,000 kph(23 times the speed of sound).
Have you heard of Kessler syndrome?
NASA scientist Donald Kessler in 1978, proposed that more launches could increase the junk around the earth which results in the chain reaction of collision of objects in space and further making the earth’s orbit unfit for satellites.
This situation would be extreme, but some experts worry that a variant of this could be a problem one day, and precautionary steps should be taken to avoid the problem.
How do they track space debris?
The USA and Russia have set up tracking networks to monitor the orbital space object population. The European Union is also starting to develop its ways to track debris.
Powerful lasers are used to measure the distance of these objects, like radar or sonar. When a laser beam hits the debris and bounces back to Earth, ground crews can measure how long it takes to figure out where they are and where they are going it alerts the ground stations in case of collisions. But usually, laser technology is used to detect the movement of satellites and if the same technique is used to detect the debris then continuous monitoring should be there since debris are found randomly in space.
Detection of objects through laser technology
India’s status on tracking debris
NETRA(Network for space Objects, Tracking, and Analysis)
Till now, ISRO was dependent on NORAD(North America Aerospace Defense Command) data,
which is available in the public domain, to keep track of space debris and monitor our active and passive satellites. However, this global data is not accurate but NORAD keeps accurate data available for those who are members of its network. Therefore, ISRO cannot access the data.
But now, ISRO has decided to set up telescopes and radars in four corners of the country to get accurate data and avoid unwanted collisions of the satellites.
In September 2019, India launched the early warning system NETRA to secure satellites and other assets in space.
Can satellites be protected from space debris?
There are two ways in which the satellites and spacecraft can be protected:
Computer programs can search for possible collisions between large debris. This system is used in the International Space Station to detect. These operations are expensive and can disturb delicate experiments. Space tracking networks can only track objects more than 100 mm in size. Even a 10 mm object can cause big trouble this cannot be called 100% effective.
A debris shield can be designed to provide additional protection for a spacecraft. One way is to increase the thickness of the craft but that can increase the mass of the craft/satellite. Hence, a specially designed shield called the Wipple shield was used. It was made of two thin walls separated by some space. It was observed that this wall was more resistant to debris. The outer layer absorbs a lot of debris energy so that the inner wall is not punctured.
Protection of satellites through shields
Space debris Removal
Removing space junk, especially larger pieces before they fragment is not easy. The best way to do this is retarding the force and deorbiting the junk. When it drops in altitude less than 400 km above the earth it is burnt.
For years NASA, ESA, and other space agencies are studying debris removal technologies. Some of the ideas include the usage of nets to gather junk and robotic arm. Japanese are now developing a type of satellite that uses magnets to catch and destroy the debris. Last year, UK has successfully cast a net around a dummy satellite.
Clearspace one
Clearspace-1 will be the first space mission to remove debris from the Earth orbit, it was planned to launch in 2025. The technology demonstration satellite was first developed by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne.
Clearspace one
Many countries are trying to invent new technologies to reduce the threat of debris. Russia invented a Self Destroying Satellite. Australian researchers are developing the Hunter-Killer satellite to neutralize space junk. Finland has developed a Wooden Satellite and planning to launch this year.
“Oh no it’s a girl child” started because of practices like dowry. When parents find out that they have to pay a huge fee in return for their daughter, no one would be happy at the birth of a girl child. We also have the society showing pity to parents of the girl child and saying things like:
“Oh you have a daughter in your family, you must have to pay a lot.”
“Thank God I am blessed with sons; money shall come my way”
Practices like dowry are what made female foeticide come to life. They check the gender of the child and undergo an abortion if it is a girl child.
Did you know that 20 women die every day due to the harassment of dowry?
You may think that practices like dowry only exists in the rural areas, but it also exists in the metropolitan cities. Well-educated families with both the men and the women working also believe in paying dowry.
Let’s talk about the concept of modern-day dowry. People no longer ask for dowry directly. They just expect “gifts.” These “gifts” make the bride’s side of the family go broke. The bride’s family spends so much money on the “gifts” and the marriage that a lot of the time they have to take a loan.
Do you think it is fair that the earnings and savings of parents are going to the groom’s family? I am sure a lot of us have heard sentences like “we need to save gold for the girl’s marriage”. Sentences like these are so normalised because the girl’s family has no option but to save money because the groom’s family needs “gifts”.
Tell me one reason why they deserve all the earnings of the girl’s family?
In old times the practice of dowry started because girls would not earn. So, parents would give the groom’s family dowry in return for taking care of their daughter’s expenses and living. But, even if the wives did not have a job they would still cook, clean, do the chores and support the groom’s family.
Now in modern society, when women do earn on their own what are we still giving the dowry for?
We as a society need to stop the practice of dowry because:
It financially drains the bride’s family: these so-called “gifts” which come as cars, gold, furniture, properties, money costs a lot and financially drains the family.
It makes the men more superior: if we pay the groom so much just because he is a man, the society is going to keep celebrating the birth of a boy child and look down upon the birth of the female child because it will cost them a lot.
It stops the women from growing: so many women are not able to study because the parents cannot afford dowry and education. Girls often sacrifice their dreams because their parents want to pay money to an unknown family.
Now, here me out. If all the bride’s family stop paying dowry or gifts to the groom’s family what will happen?
The girl won’t get married. Right?
Well, there are many countries where they don’t have to pay dowry to get married.
Shocking isn’t it?
Secondly, we all have to stop our so-called obsession with marriages. When a girl child is born why is marriage the only destination. The woman should be first encouraged to be independent on her own, have her own house, be successful without a man.
So can we all as a society stop these useless practices where we pay the groom’s family for no reason? Instead, can we start fulfilling the dreams of our daughters? The practice of dowry will only stop if all of us come together and say no to it.
Wireless Power Transfer holds the promise of freeing us from the tyranny of power cords. This technology is being incorporated into all kinds of devices and systems.
Wireless Power Transfer holds the promise of freeing us from the tyranny of power cords. This technology is being incorporated into all kinds of devices and systems. Let’s take a look! The Wired Way The majority of today’s residences and commercial buildings are powered by alternating current (AC) from the power grid. Electrical stations generate AC electricity that is delivered to homes and businesses via high-voltage transmission lines and step-down transformers. Electricity enters at the breaker box, and then electrical wiring delivers current to the AC equipment and devices that we use every day—lights, kitchen appliances, chargers, and so forth. All components are standardized and in agreement with the electrical code. Any device rated for standard current and voltage will work in any of the millions of outlets throughout the country. While standards differ between countries and continents, within a given electrical system, any appropriately rated device will work. Here a cord, there a cord. . . . Most of our electrical devices have AC power cords.
Wireless Power Technology Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) makes it possible to supply power through an air gap, without the need for current-carrying wires. WPT can provide power from an AC source to compatible batteries or devices without physical connectors or wires. WPT can recharge mobile phones and tablets, drones, cars, even transportation equipment. It may even be possible to wirelessly transmit power gathered by solar-panel arrays in space. WPT has been an exciting development in consumer electronics, replacing wired chargers. The 2017 Consumer Electronics Show will have many devices offering WPT. The concept of transferring power without wires, however, has been around since the late 1890s. Nikola Tesla was able to light electric bulbs wirelessly at his Colorado Springs Lab using electrodynamic induction (aka resonant inductive coupling).
An image from Tesla’s patent for an “apparatus for transmitting electrical energy,” 1907.
Three light bulbs placed 60 feet (18m) from the power source were lit, and the demonstration was documented. Tesla had big plans and hoped that his Long Island-based Wardenclyffe Tower would transmit electrical energy wirelessly across the Atlantic Ocean. That never happened owing to various difficulties, including funding and timing. WPT uses fields created by charged particles to carry energy between transmitters and receivers over an air gap. The air gap is bridged by converting the energy into a form that can travel through the air. The energy is converted to an oscillating field, transmitted over the air, and then converted into usable electrical current by a receiver. Depending on the power and distance, energy can be effectively transferred via an electric field, a magnetic field, or electromagnetic (EM) waves such as radio waves, microwaves, or even light.
Qi Charging, an Open Standard for Wireless Charging While some of the companies promising WPT are still working to deliver products, Qi (pronounced “chee”) charging is standardized, and devices are currently available. The Wireless Power Consortium (WPC), established in 2008, developed the Qi standard for battery charging. The standard supports both inductive and resonant charging technologies. Inductive charging has the energy passing between a transmitter and receiver coil at close range. Inductive systems require the coils to be in close proximity and in alignment with each other; usually the devices are in direct contact with the charging pad. Resonant charging does not require careful alignment, and chargers can detect and charge a device at distances up to 45mm; thus, resonant chargers can be embedded in furniture or mounted in shelving.
The Qi logo displayed on the Qimini wireless charging plate. Image courtesy of Tektos.
The presence of a Qi logo means the device is registered and certified by the Wireless Power Consortium. When first introduced, Qi charging was low power, about 5W. The first smartphones using Qi charging were introduced in 2011. In 2015, Qi was expanded to include 15W, which allows for quick charging.Only devices listed in the Qi Registration Database are guaranteed to provide Qi compatibility. There are currently over 700 products listed. It is important to recognize that products with the Qi logo have been tested and certified; the magnetic fields they use will not cause problems for sensitive devices such as mobile phones or electronic passports. Registered devices are guaranteed to work with all registered chargers. For more information on Qi wireless charging, check out this article, and for an introduction to and technical evaluation of Qi-compatible transmitter/receiver WPT evaluation boards, click here and here.
The Physics of WPT WPT for consumer devices is an emerging technology, but the underlying principles and components are not new. Maxwell’s Equations still rule wherever electricity and magnetism are involved, and transmitters send energy to receivers just as in other forms of wireless communication. WPT is different, though, in that the primary goal is transferring the energy itself, rather than information encoded in the energy.
WPT transmitter/receiver block diagram. The electromagnetic fields involved in WPT can be quite strong, and human safety has to be taken into account. Exposure to electromagnetic radiation can be a concern, and there is also the possibility that the fields generated by WPT transmitters could interfere with wearable or implanted medical devices. The transmitters and receivers are embedded within WPT devices, as are the batteries to be charged. The actual conversion circuitry will depend on the technology used. In addition to the actual transfer of energy, the WPT system must allow the transmitter and receiver to communicate. This ensures that a receiver can notify the charging device when a battery is fully charged. Communication also allows a transmitter to detect and identify a receiver, to adjust the amount of power transmitted to the load, and to monitor conditions such as battery temperature. The concept of near-field vs. far-field radiation is relevant to WPT. Transmission techniques, the amount of power that can be transferred, and proximity requirements are influenced by whether the system is utilizing near-field or far-field radiation. Locations for which the distance from the antenna is much less than one wavelength are in the near field. The energy in the near field is nonradiative, and the oscillating magnetic and electric fields are independent of each other. Capacitive (electric) and inductive (magnetic) coupling can be used to transfer power to a receiver located in the transmitter’s near field. Locations for which the distance from the antenna is greater than approximately two wavelengths are in the far field. (A transition region exists between the near field and far field.) Energy in the far field is in the form of typical electromagnetic radiation. Far-field power transfer is also referred to as power beaming. Examples of far-field transfer are systems that use high-power lasers or microwave radiation to transfer energy over long distances.
Conclusion While Tesla’s dream of having power delivered wirelessly for everyone’s use is still far from feasible, many devices and systems are using some form of wireless power transfer right now. From toothbrushes to mobile phones, from cars to public transportation, there are many applications for wireless power transfer.
J.B.S Haldane in his book ” What is Race ” published by UNESCO ,wrote ” Race is a group which shares in common a certain set of innate physical characters and a geographical origin within a certain area .”
A race lives in a definite geographical origin and has some definite innate characteristics.
The term race is a controversial concept for it is understood differently by different people . Race can mean all of humanity , nationality or even group which is mixed in nearly all respects but socially designated as different.
In the past race was considered as a biological concept but Social scientists recognise that there is no such thing as a race based purely on objective biological differences . Hence , races are regarded as social concepts.
Definitions
” A race is a larger , biological human grouping with a number of distinctive , inherited czar sctri which vary within a certain range .” A.W .Green
” A race is a large group of people distinguished by inherited physical differences “ J. Biesanz and M. Biesanz
“A race is a biologically inherited group possessing a distinctive combination of physical trails that tends to breed true from generation to generation ” Hoebel
” A race is short is a group of related inter marrying individual , that is a population which differs from other population in the relative common ness of cert hereditary traits “ L.C . Dunn
“A race is a broad association of persons of similar biological heritage ,who are untied in settlement by common cultural traditions and who in time of conflict seek to claim rights to a better social position on the basis of an inherited quality “ In this definition , race has been biologically interpreted . Sutherland and Woodword
“A race is a large division of characteristics presumed to be biologically inherited and remaining relatively constant through numerous generations .” Paul A.F . Walter .
View by UNESCO
UNESCO arranged a conference of all the prominent Sociologists , anthropologists and psychologists in order to determine a single conception of race .
The judgements given during the conference :-
• Fundamentally , the entire human species has on origin and all men are homo sapiens .
• National groups , religious groups , geographical groups , cultural groups , linguistics groups etc. , are all entirely unconnected with and unrelated to race . These groups do not give indication of any race .
• Distinctions can be made between races on the basis of differences in physical characteristics but not on the basis of cultural characteristics .
• The differences found to exist between the physical characteristics of men are due both to hereditary and to the environment . Differences in heredity arise due to the process known as mutation and in breeding .
• Some races make claims of purity but this is not true . Today pure races cannot be found anywhere in the world . The process of mixing of races originated long back .
• Human races can be classified but these classifications are based solely on physical traits . They have no relation of any kind of mental or intellectual superiority or inferiority .
• The inner capacity for the development of mind and culture is found equally in every race . Hence distinctions between races cannot be based on cultural differences or levels of intelligence . Intelligent people are to be found in all races .
• It is possible that in one nation the degree of racial differences may be greater while in another nation it may be of greater or lesser degree .
• Evidence in support of the fact that the race has no important effect in the social and cultural differences between various human groups has been found in historical and sociological studies . By no stretch of imagination can one conceive of any relation between changes in racial forms and social changes .
• That from a biological viewpoint , mixing of races is deleterious , is an essential incorrect and invalid belief .
Therefore , Race is a group of intermarrying people who are born of common ancestors , possess similar physical traits and a ‘, we feeling ‘ . Inbreeding renders permanent the physical characteristics of the race and due to them one race can be distinguished from another . One major cause of inbreeding is geographical isolation . Besides geographical isolation a race originates due also to mutation , migration , selection and adaptation.
Determinants of Race
How is race determined ?
In the past , race was regarded as a biological concept and so race was determined by physical characteristics .
These physical traits are two types – • Indefinite Physical traits • Definite physical traits.
Indefinite Physical traits These traits which are amenable to any measurement are called indefinite physical traits , such as the colour of the skin . Hence they can be described . These traits included :-
• Colour of Skin :- Usually , on the basis of colour of the skin people differentiate between the white , yellow , brown and black races . But it is difficult to distinguish between the microscopic differences in the colour of the skin since the colour of the skin alters with the effect of the climate . Hence , anthropologists do not lay much emphasis on the colour of the skin in trying to discover the race . The following distinctions can be made by the colour of the skins :- Leucoderma as Caucasian Xanthoderma is Monogolian Melanoderm as Negro .
As the skin is subject to change and subtle variation it is difficult to determine race on the basis of colour .
• Texture and the colour of hair :- The texture and colour of hair is another indefinite physical trait of race . There are the three following distinctions of hair on the basis of texture * Leiotrichous ( soft straight hair ) as of the Mongols and Chinese . * Cymotrichous ( smooth curly hair ) as of the inhabitants of India , Western Europe , Australia and North East Africa * Ulotrichy ( thick curly hair ) as of Negroes .
• Structure and the colour of eyes There are three distinctions of the colour of eyes – white ,grey , brown , black and blue . The structure of the orifice of the eye is usually horizontal but at some places diagonal eyes are found as in Southern Europe and North Africa.
Definite Physical Traits Definite physical traits are those which can be measured . It includes the following :-
• Stature :- Different races are distinguished on the basis of differences in stature . Topinard has classified height in the following manner i ) Tall stature ( 170 cm ) or above ii) Above Average stature ( 165cm ) iii) Short Stature ( 160 cm) .
The average height of the Pategonian people is the greatest and of the African bushmen the shortest .
• Structure of Head :- Heads can be classified on three classes according to the ratio of length and width i) Dolichocephalic ii) Meson- cephalic iii) Brachy – cephalic
The structure of the head can be known by its length to its breath . In India the Brachy cephalic is found in Bengal , Meson-cephalic is found in Bihar and Dolichocephalic in Uttar Pradesh.
In the past much importance was attached to the structure of the head in the determination of race but since Boas proved that changes in environment changes the structure of the head ,it has lost much of its effect as a determinant of race .
Structure of Nose :- Nasal index is used to determine the structure of the nose . The nasal index can classify the structure of Nose into three classes i) Leptorrhine ( thin ) mostly found in Punjab . ii) Mesorrhine ( medium ) mostly found in Uttar Pradesh. iii) Platyrrhine ( short wide ) mostly found in Madras , Madhya Pradesh and Chota Nagpur areas of India .
• Perimeter of Chest :- Differences in the chest measurement between people of different races is to be found .
It is impossible to find all the traits of one race in the people of any country . Hence , all races of the world have been intermixed and no race is pure anywhere.
Hence , the concept of Pure Race is a Myth. All existing Sociological and biological evidences point conclude that there is no such things as a ” pure race” Different population groups have been inbreeding for years and categories of race are only the creation of observers, not of nature .
” Human groups have exchanged their genes through mating to such an extent that any attempt to identify ‘ pure races’ is bound to be fruitless “
The concept of Racial Superiority.
The concept of Racial Superiority is a psychological myth . This phenomenon is often interpreted as “racism “. Modern societies consist of people who belong to different racial and ethnic groups . Some of these racial groups are able to live together in harmony and mutual respect but others are in a state of constant antagonism and conflict . The dominant race tries to impose its will on the weaker ones . This domination of one race over another leads to suppression and exploitation .
Some examples of racism , The domination of the western world by European powers during the late 20th century . The partial extermination and subsequent segregation of native American The oppression of Black Americans first as slaves and then as exploited minorities.
“Racism or racialism is set of beliefs , ideologies and social processes that discrimination , exploitation or violent oppression is known as racism “ – Collins Dictionary of Sociology
“ Racism is a phenomenon in which a group that is seen as inferior or different is exploited and oppressed by a dominant group .” – Blauner
The root of racism is said to be the extreme ethnocentric attitudes which are found to be at the root of racism . According to most people their own norms , religion , attitudes , values and cultural practices are right and proper , while those other groups are peculiar , idiotic and sometimes immortal .
The ethnocentric attitudes that are functional for one group may prove to be highly dysfunctional for another group . Under certain conditions , ethnocentric attitudes can take an extreme and aggressive form and can be used to justify the oppression treatment of other racial or ethnic groups. This leads to racism .
Ideology of Racism
“Racism is an ideology based on the belief that an observable , supposedly inherited trait ,such as skin colour ,is a mark of inferiority that justifies the discriminatory treatment of people with that trait “
The ideology of racism supports the existing inequalities by the social process of the “self fulfilling prophecy ”
American sociologist W.I Thomas explained this idea in the form of a simple statement which is popularly known as “, Thomas Theorem ” “If men define situation as real ,they are real in consequences ”
Merton explained further using an example , ” If people wrongly believe that a bank will go bankrupt , they will rush to withdraw their money ” The self fulfilling prophecy is a false definition of a situation but the definition leads to behaviour that makes prediction come true .
Self fulfilling prophecy also causes cases of race relations . The racist ideology of the dominant group defines the minority as inferior and hence considered unfit for higher status jobs , higher education etc.
Root of Racism :-
Simpson and Yinger highlighted four roots of Racism in their classic text
• The doctrine of biologically superior and inferior races • Members of different races have different personalities • That ethical standards differ from one race to another .
J.L.Gillin criticized the theory of Racism and brought forward the objection that Racism is confused with culture and nationality . Modern scientific tests have proved that no race can be consid inferior in any respect and that the conception of racism is completely wrong and unscientific.
It turns out that as an object moves with relativistic speeds a “strange” thing seems to happen to its time as observed by “us” the stationary observer (observer in an inertial reference frame). What we see happen is that the “clock” in motion slows down according to our clock, therefore we read two different times. Which time is correct??? well they both are because time is not absolute but is relative, it depends on the reference frame. Let’s look at the following classic example. There is a set of twins, one an astronaut, the other works for mission control of NASA. The astronaut leaves on a deep space trip traveling at 95% the speed of light. Upon returning the astronauts clock has measured ten years, so yhe astronaut has aged 10 years. However, when the astronaut reunites with his earth bound twin, the astronauthe sees that the twin has aged 32 years! This is explained due to the fact that the astronaut’s twin is traveling at relativistic speeds and therefore his “clock” is slowed down.
Let’s see how we can calculate the time “difference”. The equation for calculating time dilation is as follows:
t = t0/(1-v2/c2)1/2
where: t = time observed in the other reference frame
t0 = time in observers own frame of reference (rest time)
v = the speed of the moving object
c = the speed of light in a vacuum
so in our problem we will let v = .95c, t0 = 10 years and we will solve for t which is the time that the earth bound brother measures.
t = 10/(1- (.95c)2/c2)1/2
t = 10/(1- .952)1/2
t = 10/ .312
t = 32 years (the time the earth bound brother measures)
Now let’s have a closer look at the equation and determine just what impact the speed of the object has on time dilation. We can see that is the velocity is small compared to the speed of light the quantity v2/c2 approaches 0 and the equation simplifies t0: t = t0/1 which is simply t. So at relatively slow speeds (our everyday speeds) time dilation is not a factor and Newton’s Laws are still applicable. Now let’s look at high speeds (close to the speed of light), from the equation that as velocity increases the quantity v2/c2 approaches 1 (but will never quit reach it), causing the quantity(1-v2/c2)1/2 t0 become smaller and smaller….therefore causing the time measured by the other observer t0 become greater thus making our time appear slower (refer back to the example). I know its so confusing!!! read it again, think about it, then study the graph below. As one can see in the graph time dilation starts t0 “show up” between .4c and .5c. Also notice that the closer one gets to the speed of light the greater impact speed has on time dilation (notice how steep the curve gets towards the end)..
Game Of Thrones is an American television series created for HBO by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss released in 2011. This series is based on a novel ‘A Song of Ice and Fire’, a series of fantasy novels by George R.R. Martin. The show got popularity soon after it is released. This show is shot in UK, Canada, Croatia, Malta, Morocco and Spain. It was released as TV show but now available in online at HBO website. The show is full of fantasy, and best for viewers to imagine and feel the fantasy world.
There are total 10 episodes of approximately 55 minutes. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles recast. In March 2010, HBO ordered the first season, which began filming in July 2010, primarily inBelfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta.
There are total 10 episodes of approximately 55 minutes. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles recast. In March 2010, HBO ordered the first season, which began filming in July 2010, primarily inBelfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta.
The story is primarily upon continent Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east, Essos. Like the novel, the story focuses on Nobleman Eddard Stark also called Ned, the Warden of North and ruler of Winterfell. He asked to be ‘Hand’ of the King of Seven Kingdoms Robert Baretheon, also he was his best friend. They won many battles together before Robert became King, and only one Robert trusts is Ned. Later on Ned seeks to find the mystery behind the murder of his predecessor Jon Arryn. He also finds out that the son of Robert is not actually his. He uncovers the dark secret of Lannister family, which includes Robert’s queen, Cersei, that his predecessor died trying to expose. Ned fooling tells this to Cersei(Robert’s wife), and this leads to the murder of Robert. But Robert before dying orders a letter to make Ned the king of Seven Kingdoms till his son(Robert’s) come to a proper age. Ned is killed at the order of Cersei’s tyrannical teenage son, King Joffrey Baratheon.
Meanwhile, in Essos, the exiled Viserys Targaryen, son of the former king, forces his sister Daenerys to marry a Dothraki warlord in exchange for an army to pursue his claim to the Iron Throne. The season ends with Viserys dead and Daenerys becoming the Mother of Dragons.
The story is not only this much, I have given a very very brief from all 10 episodes. There is more to find out by seeing this show. Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast. Critics praised the show’s production values and cast.
The first season won two of the thirteen Emmy Awards for which it was nominated: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage) and Outstanding Main Title Design. It was also nominated for Outstanding Drama Series. U.S. viewership rose by approximately 33% over the course of the season, from 2.2 million to over 3 million by the finale.
However this show is also criticized for its foul language, nudity, high violence and sexual violence. So this is show is highly recommended for adults and one who can see violence. Here violence is not only killing, but it is like to see a surgeon operation. These have showed organs after being cutted by swords, what a head will look if one cuts into half. So I recommend not to watch if you start screaming just seeing blood as there is lot more than just blood.
But this show is must watch. For its locations, natural beauty, fantasy beauty and more.
Keynesian Economics is a macroeconomic theory that came into existence after the fall of Classical Economics. It was given by John Maynard Keynes in order to understand the Great Depression of the 1930s. His theory focussed on aggregate demand and aggregate supply. This theory was the refutation to the classical economics. Keynes theory of employment was based on the principle of effective demand. According to this, the level of employment in a capitalist economy depends on the effective demand. Unemployment is the result of deficiency of effective demand. Keynes used the term aggregate demand price and aggregate supply price to explain effective demand. Aggregate demand price refers to the amount of money which entrepreneurs expect to get by selling the output. It is basically the expected revenue from the sale of outputs at a certain level of employment. Aggregate supply price on the other hand refers to the proceeds necessary for the sale of output at a particular level of employment. Basically each level of employment is related to a particular aggregate supply price. The determination of effective demand is done by using aggregate demand price and aggregate supply price. The level of employment is determined when aggregate demand price is equal to the aggregate supply price. This level of employment is also the point of effective demand and here entrepreneurs earn normal profits.
Keynes also criticized the idea of excessive saving, unless it was for a specific purpose such as retirement or education. He saw it as dangerous for the economy because the more money sitting stagnant, the less money in the economy stimulating growth. Instead, he focussed more on investment and highlighted it’s role in determining the level of employment in the economy. According to him, aggregate demand function depends on the consumption function and investment function. A fall in any of these two functions result in unemployment. Thus it is the aggregate demand function which is the effective element in the principle of effective demand. Keynesian economics focuses on demand-side solutions to recessionary periods. The intervention of government in economic processes is an important part of it. Keynesian theorists argue that economies do not stabilize themselves very quickly and require active intervention that boosts short-term demand in the economy.
Keynes also reformulated the Quantity Theory of Money. He criticised the classical idea of money being neutral. According to him money is the link between the present and the future. The Keynesian theory emphasises that the price level is in fact a consequence of aggregate demand or expenditure relative to aggregate supply rather than of quantity of money.
The multiplier effect was developed by Keynes’s student Richar Kahn. According to Keynes’s theory of fiscal stimulus, an injection of government spending eventually leads to added business activity and even more spending. This theory proposes that spending boosts aggregate output and generates more income. The magnitude of the Keynesian multiplier is directly related to the marginal propensity to consume. Keynes and his followers believed individuals should save less and spend more, raising their marginal propensity to consume
On Monday, Germany’s Health agency said they will lift the ban on travelers from some countries which are hit by the delta variant of Covid-19 namely; U.K, India, Russia, Portugal, and Nepal. Also, the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) said these nations would be reclassified from so-called virus variant countries to high incidence areas, by Wednesday.
This change will allow travelers to visit Germany as long as they follow quarantine and testing protocols.
Germany has introduced the ‘virus variant country’ travel category to put a stop to the new virus variant of coronavirus as it was not spread widely on the land. But, Health Minister (Jens Spanh) said last week that the Delta variant is becoming dominant in Germany, indicating that bans on countries affected by this variant of the virus may be lifted. As the research suggesting vaccines are effective against it, “we’ll look into the situation in few days”, said Spanh.
Last month, Chancellor Angela Merkel had taken a tough call and had put restrictions and longer quarantines for people traveling from Britain, where the Delta Variant has caused an explosion in cases. Last Friday on her visit to London, she indicated that the restrictions might be on ease for the travelers from Britain. She said, “We think that in the foreseeable future, those who have received double jabs will… be able to travel again, without having to go into quarantine”.
Anyone can visit Germany from high incidence areas as long as they provide a negative test on the arrival. Visitors must follow the 10 days quarantine protocol, although they can end it after five days with another negative report. Travelers from high incidence areas are also spared if they have been fully vaccinated.
Although the countries with other variants apart from the Delta variant such as Brazil and South Africa will remain in the variant category.
RKI has reported that the conditions are getting better for Germany with a decline in the overall prevalence in recent weeks. On Monday, it has reported 212 new cases in the past 24hrs and a prevalence rate of 5 new infections per 100,000 people over the last seven days.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines zoonosis as an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. These zoonotic pathogens can be bacterial, viral, or parasitic and they can be spread to humans through direct contact or food, water, or the environment. World Zoonoses Day was first celebrated on July 6, 1885, in honour of the French biologist Louis Pasteur who managed to administer the first vaccination against a zoonotic disease on the very day, this vaccine was for rabies. The theme for World Zoonoses Day 2021 is “Let’s Break the Chain of Zoonotic Transmission” and it holds more importance in light of COVID-19.
About Louis Pasteur
Scientific Identity, Portrait of Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was born on 27th December 1822 in France and died on 28th September 1895. He was a French chemist and microbiologist who is known to be one of the most important founders of medical microbiology. He introduced the study of molecular asymmetry; originated the process of pasteurization; discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; saved the beer, wine, and silk industries in France; and developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies. He earned France’s highest award of the Legion of Honour. He was also gifted in drawing and painting. He had a bachelor in arts degree and a bachelor in science degree from the Royal College of Besancon.
Vaccine Development
Pasteur’s first discovery in the study of vaccination was in 1879 which was for the disease named chicken cholera. He then started working on anthrax in 1879 also because of the anthrax epidemic in France at that time. Pasteur had also unknowingly created a second class of vaccines known as an inactivated vaccine by accidentally creating a neutralized version of rabies. On July 6, 1885, he vaccinated a nine-year-old boy named Joseph Meister who was bit by a rabid dog and the vaccine was a huge success.
Relevance Today
This day should raise more awareness now as it is said that COVID-19 originated from the bats and then entered the human circle through the wet markets of Wuhan, China. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that almost 75% of new zoonotic diseases originate from animals that can be transmitted to humans by the act of consuming meat or even by coming in contact with the animal which is affected. WHO has said that poultry farmers, meat sellers, and the people living near the forest region have a higher chance of risk of being affected by these diseases. Some of such diseases are HIV (started as zoonosis but later mutated into a human-only strain), Ebola virus, salmonellosis. Some of these zoonoses have the potential of causing recurring disease outbreaks like Ebola and as we have seen, different waves of COVID-19.
Prevention
The method of prevention for zoonotic diseases differs for different pathogens. But some general practices are seen as effective. A safe and appropriate guideline for animal care in the agricultural sector would help in reducing foodborne zoonotic disease outbreak through meat, eggs, dairy, and vegetables. There should be a set standard for drinking water and waste removal. Education campaigns should be promoted all across the world related to awareness of the diseases and handwashing after coming in contact with an animal.
Conclusion
It is important to learn the history of zoonotic diseases and learning the precautions for them and how to prevent them. With the recent developments of the COVID-19, we know more about how bad the impact of these diseases can be, and it is now more important than ever to learn more about it.
Addiction is just a way of trying to get at something else. Something bigger. Call it transcendence if you want, but it’s a rat in a maze. We all want the same thing. We all have this hole. The thing you want offers relief, but it’s a trap.
“ DRUGS ” A five letter word that is destroying human race. A word that could get you to the cloud nine and than kick you from the top.
What do you think it is ?
Is it a pleasure or a pain ?
Some says ‘it gives you wings ‘, others says ‘it makes you insane ‘ . What would you do , if someone is taking drugs ? Well , I would fly (its a joke ).
Ok , Let’s just get over with the topic .
Introduction
All the suffering, stress, and addiction comes from not realizing you already are what you are looking for.
– Jon Kabat-Zinn
Drugs are substances that change a person’s mental or physical state. They can affect the way your brain works, how you feel and behave, your understanding and your senses. This makes them unpredictable and dangerous, especially for young people.
Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease. It causes a person to take drugs repeatedly, despite the harm they cause. Repeated drug use can change the brain and lead to addiction. That can destroy one’s life .
Signs that shows someone has a drug problem
Changing friends a lot .
Spending a lot of time alone.
Losing interest in favorite things.
Not taking care of themselves – for example, not taking showers, changing clothes, or brushing their teeth.
Being really tired and sad.
Eating more or eating less than usual.
Being very energetic, talking fast, or saying things that don’t make sense.
Being in a bad mood.
Quickly changing between feeling bad and feeling good.
Sleeping at strange hours.
Missing important appointments.
Having problems at work or at school.
Having problems in personal or family relationships.
If a person shows these signs than he / she is using drugs . But it’s not , it’s a probability . The person may or may not be using drugs . For the assurance you have to ask the person (well they can lie ) . Take them for the blood test . It will show if the person is taking drugs or not . It’s a simple procedure .
Why can’t people stop using drugs on their own?
Repeated drug use changes the brain, including parts of the brain that give a person self-control. These and other changes can be seen clearly in brain imaging studies of people with a drug addiction. These brain changes explain why quitting is so difficult, even when an addicted person feels ready.
Many people are compelled to enter treatment by the pressure of their family, friends, or a court system. People of all ages with substance use disorders live in fear of what will happen if their drugs are taken away.
Due to the addiction , they experience a variety of physical and emotional withdrawal symptoms, including depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders; restlessness, and sleeplessness . It may lead you to the death bed .
Treatment :
Counseling and other behavioral therapies are the most commonly used forms of treatment. Medications are often an important part of treatment, especially when combined with behavioral therapies. Treatment plans must be reviewed often and modified to fit the patient’s changing needs.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Detoxification.
Treatment with Medication.
12-Step Facilitation.
One of the hardest things was learning that I was worth recovery.
Every hour one student commits suicide in India, with about 28 such suicides reported every day, according to data compiled by the National Crime Records Bureau ( NCRB ). The NCRB data shows that 10,159 students died by suicide in 2018, an increase from 9,905 in 2017, and 9,478 in 2016 . As per reports from the National Crime Records Bureau(NCRB) between 2014 and 2016; 26,476 students committed suicide in India. Of these around 7,500 committed suicide due to failure in various examinations .
This is shocking right ? no one ever thought about this while everyone is talking about cancelling NEET a student is committing suicide, a family is loosing their daughter or son . Do we ever taught what would be the reason behind a suicide. No , we just frame a story ourselves But reality is kept unknown. Most of the students commit suicide because of stress of getting good marks , getting into a good college . We still live in a society where marks are important than knowledge even though time as proved it wrong
Now – a – days students enter into a examination hall like they are entering into a life or death situation there is nothing wrong with a teenager going with such a mindset but it is responsibility to make them realize its just a assessment parents , teachers and school management .
But the reality between each and every suicide is there parents who refuse to see there is a better future for their son/daughter beyond this marks and teacher who just wants to give 100 % just to get an increment and management who wants to provide 100% results to get more admission but is it really worth a young life ???
There are many organisations really working hard to avoid this kind of situation and they saved many lives but we all are seeing this situation from a wrong perspective its not student who need to be educated or motivated its their parents and educational institution .
Once Dr.A.P.J abdul kalam said “If you fail, never give up because FAIL means “First Attempt In Learning”. “Failure will never overtake me if my determination to succeed is strong enough.” “All of us do not have equal talent. But , all of us have an equal opportunity to develop our talents.”
I still strongly believe in his words that this nation lies in the hands of youth . So , I am not trying to say that education is not important all i am trying to say is we a life is more important.
After 2,000 years under thesea, three flat, misshapen pieces of bronze at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens are all shades of green, from emerald to forest. From a distance, they look like rocks with patches of mold. Get closer, though, and the sight is stunning. Crammed inside, obscured by corrosion, are traces of technology that appear utterly modern: gears with neat triangular teeth (just like the inside of a clock) and a ring divided into degrees (like the protractor you used in school). Nothing else like this has ever been discovered from antiquity. Nothing as sophisticated, or even close, appears again for more than a thousand years.
For decades after divers retrieved these scraps from the Antikythera wreck from 1900 to 1901, scholars were unable to make sense of them. X-ray imaging in the 1970s and 1990s revealed that the device must have replicated the motions of the heavens. Holding it in your hands, you could track the paths of the Sun, Moon and planets with impressive accuracy. One investigator dubbed it “an ancient Greek computer.” But the X-ray images were difficult to interpret, so mainstream historians ignored the artifact even as it was championed by fringe writers such as Erich von Däniken, who claimed it came from an alien spaceship. It wasn’t until 2006 that the Antikythera mechanism captured broader attention. That year, Mike Edmunds of Cardiff University in Wales and his team published CT scans of the fragments, revealing more details of the inner workings, as well as hidden inscriptions—and triggering a burst of scholarly research.
The Antikythera mechanism was similar in size to a mantel clock, and bits of wood found on the fragments suggest it was housed in a wooden case. Like a clock, the case would’ve had a large circular face with rotating hands. There was a knob or handle on the side, for winding the mechanism forward or backward. And as the knob turned, trains of interlocking gearwheels drove at least seven hands at various speeds. Instead of hours and minutes, the hands displayed celestial time: one hand for the Sun, one for the Moon and one for each of the five planets visible to the naked eye—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. A rotating black and silver ball showed the phase of the Moon. Inscriptions explained which stars rose and set on any particular date. There were also two dial systems on the back of the case, each with a pin that followed its own spiral groove, like the needle on a record player. One of these dials was a calendar. The other showed the timing of lunar and solar eclipses.
Experts have been working to decipher inscriptions hidden inside the mechanism, in particular to understand the mechanism’s missing pieces, some destroyed, some probably still at the bottom of the sea. Though the pointers on the front face don’t survive, Alexander Jones, a historian at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World in New York, says an inscription reveals that they carried colored balls: fiery red for Mars, gold for the Sun.
Also missing are the parts that drove the planetary pointers, leading to debate about exactly how they moved. Because planets orbit the Sun, when viewed from Earth they appear to wander back and forth in the sky. The Greeks explained this motion with “epicycles”: small circles superimposed on a larger orbit. According to Michael Wright, a former curator at London’s Science Museum who has studied the mechanism longer than anyone, it modeled epicycles with trains of small gears riding around larger ones. Though some experts have dismissed this as beyond the Greeks’ abilities, Jones says he will publish evidence supporting the idea later this year.
Other inscriptions hint at where the mechanism was made. Paul Iversen, a classicist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, reports that the calendar includes month names used in Corinth and its colonies in northwest Greece. A dial that displayed the timing of major athletic festivals, including the Olympics, lists Naa, a festival held in northwest Greece, and Halieia, held to the south on the island of Rhodes. Perhaps the mechanism hailed from Rhodes and was being shipped north. The ancient philosopher Posidonius had a workshop in Rhodes that could have been the source; according to Cicero, Posidonius made a similar model of the heavens in the first century B.C.
The tradition of making such mechanisms could be much older. Cicero wrote of a bronze device made by Archimedes in the third century B.C. And James Evans, a historian of astronomy at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington, thinks that the eclipse cycle represented is Babylonian in origin and begins in 205 B.C. Maybe it was Hipparchus, an astronomer in Rhodes around that time, who worked out the math behind the device. He is known for having blended the arithmetic-based predictions of Babylonians with geometric theories favored by the Greeks.
Regardless, the Antikythera mechanism proves that the ancient Greeks used complex arrangements of precisely cut wheels to represent the latest in scientific understanding. It’s also a window into how the Greeks saw their universe. They came to believe that nature worked according to predefined rules, like a machine—an approach that forms the basis of our modern scientific views. Edmunds argues that this “mechanical philosophy” must have developed as a two-way process. The ancient mechanics who captured the cosmos in bronze weren’t just modeling astronomical theories but were also inspiring them.
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