CLAT as a Career Option


“A small story based on an incident that changed Debopriya’s life”

DEBOPRIYA : Oh mom! Look how our fellow men, the Kashmiri Pandits, are suffering in the valley! I wish they had received some fair justice!
MOM : Oh yes darling! Why don’t you try to serve for the humankind? You would too be able to provide a fair justice to them!
DEBOPRIYA : Mum what and how can I do for them?
MOM : Simple, become a lawyer and fight for their rights!
DEBOPRIYA : Yeah mom! You’re right! Thanks for showing me the right path! Love you mum!
MOM : Love you too my dear! Hope you achieve your success, Gob bless you my child!

**Debopriya cracked her CLAT exams from Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow. Now, she’s practicing law in the High Court of Allahabad, under the supervision of her Senior Advocate. **

Now you must be definitely pondering over the term CLAT and might be making guesses with its relationship with “Law “. To give you a sigh of relief, I will tell you what CLAT means and how is it going to help you in making your career.

CLAT – its expanded form is Common Law Admission Test, that is conducted annually by the 22 Law Universities (National Law Universities).

Eligibility –

  1. For LLB – a candidate must have secured minimum marks required in 12th standard, as per the category to which he/she belongs:
    • For General /OBC /Specially Abled Persons (SAP) and other categories- minimum 45% marks are required.
    • For SC/ST Category – minimum 40% marks are required.
  2. For LLM – aspirants appearing for CLAT LLM course should have secured a minimum percentage in qualifying examinations, such as LL.B/ BA LL.B/ any other equivalent exam. The marks again varies as per candidates category to which he/she belongs-
    • For General /OBC /Specially Abled Persons (SAP) and other categories: minimum 50% marks are required.
    • For SC/ ST category – minimum 45% marks are required.

CLAT as a career option and opportunities:-

Surely, CLAT is a good career option with vast amount of opportunities. For instance, think about a situation wherein you want to provide a fair justice to the innocent victims, but you’re unable to do so as you don’t have law degree. So, if you positively crack the CLAT exams, you would be able to become a lawyer in the near future. The following are the benefits of CLAT as a career option –
• LITIGATION- only a law degree is not sufficient to judge your calibers. In order to practice law in the courts, you should learn the basics under the supervision of Senior Advocates. Before joining the court, you have to clear a Bar Exam. Now, litigation offers you employment in both public and private sectors. You are free to choose any field of law, such as Constitution, crime, family law, tax etc.
• JUDICIAL/CIVIL SERVICE- this is one of the interesting jobs one can pursue after acquiring law degree. If you want a government job, you can opt for State Judicial Service Examination conduct by the State High Courts. Besides this, one may also opt for cracking Civil Services conduct by the UPSC.
• LAW FIRMS- you can also work in various renowned law firms that are basically big business groups, dedicated towards practicing law.
• CORPORATE COUNSEL- as a graduate, you can work with company or corporate entity as an in-house counsel, giving legal advices related to business.
• INTERNSHIPS-in order to gain some experiences about functioning of legal matters in the court, you should enroll yourself as an intern while you are pursuing your law studies. This will give a outline about how legal documents are documented.
• PROFESSOR- a law professor is a job that remain open for all those who are aspiring to teach law in colleges or universities.
• CLERK- as a legal clerk, one has to work as a legal assistant in various courts and under various judges.

What are you now waiting for? If you have fire in your belly, then of course go for CLAT and achieve a high flying success. All the best!

“ABOUT” SECTION OF FACEBOOK


If you are visiting a brand page for first time, you should know exact details of “about” section. The “about” section is similar to that of tutoring which provides the additional details. This section provides the details like location, phone number,DOB, etc. The first things visitors see upon landing on a facebook page is “about” section and updating the information in this section is very important.
Sometimes the users may not be aware of the exact usage of this section, there is an individual link called help which provides the exact terms and conditions which are designed by the facebook. By this everyone can easily understand those conditions.
For providing the details of this particular section, there is no requirement of prior preparation. The “about” section only provides the original details of an individual or a company and hence for giving out these personal details, preparation is not required.
College students can usually be hired on at relatively affordable rates. Hiring students early gives them a chance to learn the ropes of your company while they are still in school, so they can be at their full potential once they’ve graduated. But some employers make mistake of not considering the needs of college student recruits by making applications and pre-hiring assignments. This means providing unclear hiring requirements,requiring intense rounds of interviews, or offering all the wrong benefits for college students. Students always mention their education details in their “about” section which is helpful for the recruiters.
Sometimes we can also keep our “about” section private. For this we can make changes in the edit section,which will expand the section and allow you to choose who,if anyone ,sees the relevant information. To keep anyone from seeing it, click on “only me” under “who should see this”.
FaceBook also provides live option which can be irrespective of the “about” section and accounts whether it may be a private or a public account. There are certain steps which should be followed before going into live, like checking the internet connection and also notifying your followers, etc. Since FaceBook have been made virtual, it is very useful for the users to overcome their inconveniences.
FaceBook have been the best photo sharing app before the emerging of instagram. FaceBook have certain conditions for sharing the photos. The “about” section also gives out the best and all required information about an individual or a company.
The recruiters notices all your accounts in social media inorder to track the details of the particular employee. Whenever they view the “about” section, they can easily identify whether the individual suits their company or not. English which you use in the “about” section clearly indicates your proficiency in English.
FaceBook also allows to update the “about” section. Due to the growing technologies, all of the requirements were made online. Hence when we on the internet connection,all social medias indicate your presence as online or certain indications.

But when considering about the technology developed in online made us stay away from our members. Those members may be family, friends,etc. Hence we can easily conclude that this online mode has major disadvantages than the advantages.

“Why reading books is beneficial for all of us?”

Books are a huge source of information. You can get knowledge about different things and topics by reading various types of books.

Books are very helpful for each and every one of us. Reading a book has numerous benefits. You never actually get bored while reading books. Hence, everyone should adopt the habit of reading books as this habit has no side effects.

So, I have listed below a few advantages of reading books :

● Books give us knowledge about the world, our environment, rich history and geography of our city, state, country and the entire globe. We get to know about our ancestors, mythological stories and also about the varied culture and tradition of our society through books.

● When you read a book, you get a chance to live a completely new life. You start imagining yourself in place of the characters mentioned in the book. Hence, you get an opportunity to live different characters in the fictitious world.

● Books help to improve your mental health. Reading your favourite book will help to reduce your stress. It will also help in fighting depression. You will feel better once you finish reading the books. It changes your mood and brings positivity in your thoughts.

● When you read different types of books your vocabulary becomes better. You get to learn so many different words by reading books written in several languages. This certainly helps to upgrade your writing and speaking skills.

● Books help to strengthen your imagination skills. They boost your creative power. This improvement in your creativity skills definitely proves to be useful in real life.

● Reading books also helps to enhance your concentration. You get so deeply involved while reading a book that you forget the rest of the world and you only focus on the story or the information provided in the book.

● Books are like our companion. They never leave you alone. They always support you and provide the necessary help like your real friends. They help to forget your sorrows and pain just like your friend does.

● Books provide you with unlimited fun and entertainment and that too for free. By reading books of different genres, you stay amused with the beautiful stories, poems and well-researched information written in them.

● Books teach you good human values. They increase your confidence and help to improve your overall personality. You start believing in yourself and this belief helps you to overcome problems in your real life.

● Reading books undoubtedly provides you with knowledge about innumerable things. But apart from providing the required knowledge, books make you aware of real life. You get to learn so many different skills by reading a book. You gain an understanding of how things work in real and how people actually are. Books can help you to deal with people of different personalities as you become well equipped with the necessary skills.

So whenever, you are feeling frustrated or are tired to do anything, then all you need to do is just take a break from your work, keep your mobile phone down and grab a book from the shelf and start reading it. This will make you calm and give you peace of mind. You will feel energised and refreshed, after which you can happily resume your work.

The Importance of Cyber Security awareness in Third World Countries

Importance of cyber security awareness in the third world countries
With the emergence of technology as one of the major driving tools in the field of organizational developments, a plethora of technical advancements have taken place across the world. Each development in any field comes with certain flaws in terms of its security policies or error in economic methodologies which need to be addressed and rectified with effective methods in order for the system to develop further.

Importance of cyber security

Cyber security has emerged to be an effective tool in protecting the privacy of the enormous amount of data stored on computers and other devices by the government, industrial organizations, financial, corporate and medical organizations. Computer security hence has become a major methodology in the field of cyber security. Sensitive/personal or confidential data needs to be secured for it may have negative consequences once leaked. Unauthorized and unethical access to these information may lead to several harmful repercussions due to which cyber security awareness is
important for every individual irrespective of profession, gender or societal position in today’s world.

However, a very common misconception happens to exist due to which many people consider cyber security to be something that only elite and rich industrial personalities need to deal with. Specifically in the third world countries like India, Bangladesh people barely talked about this for years. Therefore, the need for every individual residing in a society to have a basic knowledge about cyber security came into existence after years of research and experimentation in this field by hundreds of experts.

Ethical hacking and its importance

Although the word hacking constantly pops up with an image of some unethical and illegal activities in minds, there is a whole legal methodology which enables and increases data security and privacy. Companies and organizations literally hire ethical hackers in order to ensure their personal data privacy.

It took a huge amount of cybercrimes to create a sense of awareness about the importance of ethical hacking in people. Chiefly the third world countries always lacked awareness of the importance of such things but on an optimistic note, there are enormous amount of websites and organizations that exist to make people aware about these things in a simple yet convincingly logical way.

Bug Bounty awareness

With the growing rate of cybercriminals, a fearful need to protect important data is becoming more and more essential for the organizations to grow in a harmless way. With the bug bounty program, ethical hackers tend to help with finding the vulnerabilities in the system before the unauthorized access is made by cybercriminals.

A bug bounty program consists of several (somewhat risky) steps to ensure the dismissal of the probable illegal and unauthorized access to the private data of an organization.

Jobs and opportunities in India

After U.S and China, the highest numbers of internet users are from India with over 370 million mobile subscriptions with internet connection.

The growing rate of dependency upon technology has made it essential to ensure data privacy. This has led to a demand for cyber experts in India which has created a new domain of experimentation and research among the youth of the country. It has become a significant and important part of the education system in India. The rate in which pursuing a career in cyber security in India has increased makes the growing necessity of cyber experts clearly evident. Another reason why India is one of the major countries in need of cyber experts is its population. A huge number of people have access to internet which leads to the increasing cybercrime rate, eventually causing a dire need of cyber experts who can help to create an improved and better scenario for people to survive.

– Suvasree Bandyopadhyay

INDIA-CHINA STANDOFF as border dispute flares up with first fatal clash since 1975

With Nepal’s parliament formally to approve a revised map of the country, including three areas it disputes with its giant neighbour India. The redrawing of the map covers a relatively small region high in the Himalayas but it has stirred tensions between two of the world’s biggest powers, India and China. The Nepal-India territorial dispute is seen as a direct contributing factor to the recent flare-up on the Sino-Indian border. A military stand-off between India and China on their disputed border in the Himalayas has escalated into deadly clashes.

What happened in the clash?

The Indian Army Tuesday confirmed At least 20 people have died in clashes between Indian and Chinese in Galwan Valley along the disputed Himalayan border running along the Ladakh area of Kashmir. It is the first fatal clash since 1975 and the most serious since 1967.

Fighting broke out on Monday evening when an Indian patrol came across Chinese forces on a narrow ridge. During the confrontation an Indian commanding officer was pushed and fell into the river gorge. The confrontation came after tensions bubbled up in recent months over a new road India built in Ladakh, along the Line of Actual Control which divides the sides.

That angered China, which deployed troops and built infrastructure of its own in disputed territory, bringing the two sides’ forces in closer proximity and heightening the risk of clashes.

The latest build-up on the China-India border has come as a surprise to many, not just in New Delhi but all over the world. Why would China choose to antagonize India at this point in time? China’s relationship with the United States is on a downward spiral and Beijing is already drawing flak from the international community over the coronavirus crisis, facing new challenges in cross-strait relations and the South China Sea, and in the middle of an unprecedented social unrest, particularly in Hong Kong. What could be China’s motive or intentions behind triggering or intensifying the present crisis with India?

China’s top leadership has been tight-lipped about the development. Unlike during the Doklam stand-off of 2017, China’s state media too has been rather restrained in its coverage of the incident, with just a handful of articles.

In India, the current crisis at the border is mostly seen as a continuation of China’s post-pandemic “assertive foreign policy” across the world and also as a fallout of the overall souring of China-India ties in the recent past. The India-Nepal border row seems to be the main plot, which has acted as a catalyst raising tensions along the disputed border between China and India.

In India, focus has been turned to the Durbuk- Shyok-Daulet Beg Oldi Road (DSBDBO) along the Galwan River — which runs parallel to the LAC and improves India’s access to the Karakoram Highway — as the possible trigger point for the latest blaze between China and India. But discussions on the Chinese internet indicate that China remains much more concerned about the newly constructed 80-kilometer stretch from Dharchula to Lipulekh (the gateway to Kailash-Mansarovar, a site for Hindu pilgrimage in Tibet), completed on April 17.

Tensions have been escalating since late April, when China sent thousands of troops into the disputed territory along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), bringing artillery and vehicles. The Chinese government, which has been more assertive in building infrastructure in the area, is anxious to frustrate any effort by India to upgrade its own military installations.

What is the history of the dispute?

India and China fought a war in 1962 over their contested border in the Himalayas. The war ended with a truce and the formation of a de facto boundary, known as the Line of Actual Control.

No official border has ever been negotiated, the region where the clashes occurred is hostile terrain, at high altitude and sparsely populated, running through the Ladakh region bordering Tibet, home to a Buddhist-majority population. It is a popular tourist destination.

What is the Line of Actual Control?

The LAC is a rough demarcation line separating Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. The exact location of sections of the line, particularly in the western Ladakh region, have remained in dispute. Efforts between the two countries to clarify the LAC have stalled in the past two decades, according to Indian media.

What do the two sides want?

Both countries have sought to establish their claims to territory, by heavily militarising the region. Both have built roads, airstrips, outpost stations, and other infrastructure, such as telephone lines. Troops conduct regular patrols along the disputed border. China claims more than 90,000sq km in the eastern Himalayas and another 38,000sq km in the west, both of which are disputed by India.

What next?

The conflict has enormous geopolitical consequences for the world. China and India are the two most populous nations on earth, and both are nuclear powers. They are led by governments run strongly along nationalist lines, and whose militaries are seen as markers of national status and pride.

Both parties have been working towards de-escalation in recent weeks but the loss of life makes the situation even more complicated and precarious.

Dreams:Into the Unconscious

They can be pleasing and peaceful or even dreadful nightmares, they come and go, they can be strange and irrelevant, we remember some dreams and we forget the others. There is no single relevant theory behind the cause of dreams, many psychologists, oneirologists and experts hold different hypothesis based on their respective studies. They can be some ideas which have creeped their way out from the subconscious or emotions or even images. They say in our life we spend a total of 6 years dreaming.

It is clearly yet not known in which area of the brain do our dreams really originate, many theories and speculations are their more or less similar but yet to be confirmed true. Our mind is like a maze and one of god’s most extravagant creation.

These are some of the theories which have been curated based on the hypothesis done by researchers.

Based on different religions–

All the diverse cultures be it Hinduism, Buddhism or Christianity have their own theories behind the purpose of dreams.eg- According to Hinduism dreams are one of the three states along with sleeping and walking state while Judaism states that dreams are part of this world where we gain new experiences and hence dreams can be interpreted.

Jung and Freud–

On the other hand we had two great experts from the field of psychology that is Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung who had contrasting views on the reason behind dreaming, Freud stated that they sprout out from the unconscious and he states that dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. Dreams show your unconscious desires as well. While Jung states that dreams have messages and can solve many problems, they hold the key to many emotional and personal problems.

Other Theories–

There is no real underlying reason based on our dreams according to many experts, they have no connection to our past memories, thinking process or our thoughts and neither connected with any past incident which moved us, They are just a part of our sleeping cycles.

But many scientist state the complete opposite that is our anxieties, desires, wishes and fears are reflected in our dreams.

ASH(Activation -synthesis Hypothesis)–

One of the other theories is activation-synthesis hypothesis which states that there is no real message or purpose behind the dreams which we experience rather they pull out irrational or random thoughts, emotions and memories which are formed into electrical brain impulses and hence we get dreams.

REM–

REM(rapid eye movement) sleep is said to consist of the most intriguing dreams and these are the kind of the dreams you experience which generally wake you up or which you can easily recall. Even animals dream and most of the mammals also experience REM sleep which is used to compare with the sleep patter and dream pattern of humans.Neurological Theories-

There's No Such Thing As a Universal Symbol in Dreams

Neurological Theories

Continual Activation Theory-

The continual activation theory has been given by Jie Zhang and it states that due to brain activation and synthesis one gets dreams. According to Zhang during the process of sleeping the memory is transferred from temporary memory to long term memory. This theory is a combination of Hobson’s activation synthesis hypothesis and Solm’s theory.

  • ASH(Activation -synthesis Hypothesis)-

One of the other theories is activation-synthesis hypothesis which states that there is no real message or purpose behind the dreams which we experience rather they pull out irrational or random thoughts, emotions and memories which are formed into electrical brain impulses and hence we get dreams.

I would like to quote “You are never to old to set another goal or to dream a new dream”.

Koffie

If you are wondering what is  koffie, it is actually the previous name of the drink which is most consumed in world that is coffee. Before making its debut to the english people the dutch called the drink koffie. Discovery of this amazing drink was actually by an accident, In Ethiopia a goatherd found that his goats became strangely energetic after eating berries from a specific tree. It is also said that a person in Yemen when chewed these berries he found  these very much bitter, then he tried roasting the seeds so that it tastes better but it became hard and then he boiled it in water so as to soften it. This developed a brown liquid which had a very good smell. As he drank it, his fatigue was gone .

What is it about coffee that people like it so much?  There are many reasons that a person likes coffee and also there are many varieties of coffee. Coffee is a subjective thing , everyone has their own taste. Instant coffees are many people’s go to drink , as it is easy to make and nevertheless gives the freshness and energy just to kickstart your work.  Many people prefer  brewed coffee as it keeps the flavor and the aroma of  the coffee beans intact. Coffee is a drink with a high amount of antioxidants that is good for our health and both types of coffee has the same amount , but if you ask the baristas( the person who serves coffee) they would always prefer brewed coffee, they call it ground coffee as they think its the original coffee. The major difference between them is that they are made of two different beans, Robusta and Arabica. Robusta is the one used in the instant coffee, these are cheap and have more amount of  caffeine. Arabica is the one which is used in brewed coffee they are lighter and have a more complicated taste.

There many more  types of coffee which is a little bit different from these two for example espresso where the coffee beans are roasted for more time than for brewed coffee and can also be made by robusta beans. People prefer this as it takes less time for preparation but does captures the essence of coffee. Latte is another type of coffee derivative which has steamed milk and some amount of foam being put on a short of espresso. Latte is really good for health, it is said that it helps to burn fat more efficiently than other drinks. Cappuccino is a Latte which has more amount of foam, this drink was very popular in Europe for a very long time, people used to drink it with their breakfast.

What’s more is if you add chocolate to the coffee it becomes mocha, and an ice cream coffee is called Affogato , if you replace the foam with chocolate sprinkles in an espresso then it is called  flat white.  Not only that if you like cold things more, coffee  is present there too. cold coffee with whip is frappuccino, without whip and nitrogen bubbles its a nitro and many more. From the time it was discovered people never stop experimenting with coffee to make it something which would be different. The last one which I am sure you may not have heard of is the Irish coffee which has whiskey in a black coffee.. don’t you think  that people are now trying really weird combinations!!!

As you have seen coffee is really a versatile drink , its health benefits are also innumerable, but anything consumed beyond a limit is dangerous. If you see when drinking coffee becomes a habit, then we get addicted to it and cannot live without drinking it for a single day. Many people drink it to stay up all the night this can make a person insomniac that is not good for health. For a healthy life one should always eat right thing and in adequate amount, and have at least 7-8 hours of sleep, That means  coffee should be consumed in a proper amount which should not hamper the sleep cycles.

Other wise enjoy your cup of coffee……

MECHANISM OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTIBIOTICS

Antibacterial Drugs are classified according to their site of action which are as follows :

CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
There are 3 different mechanisms by which anti-cell wall drugs work and thus they are also classified as following:

  1. First classification involves the drugs that directly interact with Penicillin-Binding-Proteins (PBPs) and inhibit the transpeptidase activity which in turn inhibits the attachment of newly formed peptidoglycan subunit to the pre-existing one.
    This is the main mechanism of β-lactam antibiotics. These antibiotics include Penicillin (penams), cephalosporins, Penems, Carbapenems, and monobactams.
    These antibiotics bind to the penicillin-binding proteins which are enzymes present in the bacterial cell wall. Different β-lactam antibiotics bind in a different way. After the antibiotics bind to the enzyme, it changes the morphological response of the bacteria to the antibiotic.
  2. Second classification involves the drugs that bind to the peptidoglycan subunit, blocking different processes.
    The important class of compounds called as glycopeptides are mainly involved in this mechanism of anti-cell wall antibiotics.
    Vancomycin and Teicoplanin are the major examples of glycopeptide antibiotics.
    Vancomycin kills only gram-poitive bacteria whereas Teicoplanin is active against both. The overall mode of action of glycopeptides antibiotics is blocking transpeptidation i.e. similar to β-lactam antibiotics, they also inhibit the transpeptidase activity, and transglycosylation i.e. they being large in size attach to the peptidoglycan subunits thus creating a blockage which does not allow the cell wall subunits to attach to the growing peptidoglycan backbone.
  3. Third classification involves the drugs that block the transport of peptidoglycan subunits across cytoplasmic membrane.
    The main example of such type of drugs is bacitracin, which is a simple peptide antibiotic originally isolated from Bacillus subtilis.
    The mode of action of these class of drugs is blocking the activity of specific cell membrane lipid carriers which act as the attachment surface for peptidoglycan precursors and help in their movement from cell cytoplasm to exterior of the cell. This activity of lipid carriers is inhibited by bacitracin like drugs and they finally prevent the incoroporation of those precursors into cell wall thus inhibiting its biosynthesis.

Although, its route of administration is mostly oral or intramuscular, bacitracin is also known to show its effects when used as topical ointments like Neosporin.

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Protein Inhibitors can be divided into 2 parts:

  1. Inhibitors binding to 30S subunits
    • Aminoglycosides bind to the bacterial ribosome, after which they cause tRNA mismatching and thus protein mistranslation.
    This occurs by mismatching between codons and anticodons, which synthesize proteins with incorrect amino acid. This mistranslated protein, along with correctly translated proteins move into move into the periplasm where most of the mistranslated proteins are degraded and some of them are inserted into cytoplasmic membrane. This causes disruption of the membrane, ultimately killing the bacterial cells.
    • Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic and block the binding of tRNAs with the ribosome during translation thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Most of the tetracycline class of drugs are broad spectrum and are active against wide range of bacteria.
  2. Inhibitors binding to the 50S subunit
    • Macrolides are the large class of naturally produced secondary antibiotics. They are basically broad spectrum, bacteriostatic antibiotics. Their main mode of action is blocking peptide chain elongation and they inhibit the formation of peptide bond.
    Patients allergic to penicillins are recommended erythromycin which is a macrolide.
    • Lincosamides include lincomycin and clindamycin. Though they are structurally different but functionally similar to macrolides. They are specifically known to inhibit streptococcal and staphylococcal infections.
    • Chloramphenicol also inhibits peptidyl transferase reaction inhibiting peptide bond formation. It was the first broad spectrum antibiotic and is very much active against a broad range of bacterial pathogens but is very toxic and can cause side.

INHIBITORS OF MEMBRANE FUNCTION
Biological cytoplasmic membranes are basically composed of lipids, proteins and lipoproteins. The cytoplasmic membrane acts as a selective barrier which allows the transport of materials between inside the cell and the environment.
A number of antibacterial agents work by targeting the bacterial cell membrane. They basically are involved in the disorganization of the membrane. Polymyxins and Lipopeptides are the main anti- cell membrane agents.

NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
These drugs inhibit nucleic acid synthesis function by either of the following:

  1. Interfere with RNA of bacterial cell
    Antibacterial drugs of this mechanism are selective against bacterial pathogenic cells.
    For example: The drug rifampin, belonging to the drug class rifamycin blocks the bacterial RNA polymerase activity. It is also active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and thus id used in the treatment of tuberculosis infection. It also shows side effects.
  2. Interfere with DNA of bacterial cell
    There are some antibacterial agents that interfere with the activity of DNA gyrase.
    The drug class fluoroquinolones show this mechanism. They are borad spectrum antibacterial agents. Some examples of drugs in fluoroquinolone family are Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, etc

INHIBITORS OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS
There are some antibacterial drugs which act as ANTIMETABOLITES and inhibits the metabolic pathways of bacteria.
• The sulfonamides block the production of dihydrofolic acid.
This blocks the production of purines and pyrimidines required for nucleic acid synthesis by blocking the biosynthesis of folic acid. Their mechanism of action is bacteriostatic and they are broad spectrum antibacterial agents. Though humans also obtain folic acid but these drugs are selective against bacteria.
Sulfones are also structurally and functionally similar to sulfonamides.
• Trimethoprim is used in the same folic acid synthesis pathway but at a different phase, in the production of tetrahydrofolic acid.
• There is another drug, Isoniazid which is an antimetabolite only selective against mycobacteria. It can also be used to treat tuberculosis when used in combination with rifampin and streptomycin.

INHIBITORS OF ATP SYNTHASE
There is a class of drug compounds called as Diarylquinolones that are specifically active against mycobacterial growth. They block the oxidative phosphorylation process and finally leading to reduced ATP production which either kill or inhibit the growth of mycobacterial species.

How to find whether a website is fake or genuine

There are over 1.74 billion website on net today .Unfortunately,the internet is full of fake websites also .The evolution in the internet have make convenient to shop ,bank and interact with people all around the globe .But it has also open the ways for Cyber crime. Criminals through a practice called phishing, fraudsters copy a legitimate site and bait customers to provide them personal information.For instance -Debit or credit card numbers,Passport Number.Once customer provide them data they can make use of it to buy and to transfer money which eventually lead to loss of all the money in your bank account.

It can be difficult to detect whether a site is fake or scam sites .Fraudsters are very clever and create a very convincing sites and these phishing sites tend to look original .Criminals can easily target the customers who doesn’t pay attention to small details and trick them easily into provide them sensitive information .

Here are some signs through which one can determine whether a website is fake or genuine .

Ask yourself how you reach here ?

First and foremost ask yourself a question how you get to the site .Through link on email or social media sites.Reason being emails or social media sites are the most effective way criminals used to track customers .Never click on the link given instead simply google it.

Review the result

While visiting the site make sure firstly to read someone reviews about the site on quora or similar forums.Do not trust on the reviews so easily .Go through several forums and even explore their last activities on social media handles . One can also read customers feedback and check the website connection type .A https is a more secured sites rather than site having http designation.Hence ,more trustworthy .This is because most of the fake sites do not go through the process of having https connection type.But we should not rely on this only we should verify it further.

Inspect domain name

A lot of illegitimate websites use domain name as the reference to brand name .But it’s not brands officially site .It’s red signal that something is fishy.AdiDas etc.

Usually most of the shopping site don’t use .org or .biz domain extensions .Be cautious it might be a fake site.

Low prices

Sites offer sometime good discount , if you find that a site is having very low prices with heavy discount more than 50-70%.

Illegitimate sites use heavy discount as a bait for hungry shoppers. Be alert.

Spelling or Grammar mistake

Search for spelling or grammar mistake .Every browser have in built spelling checker and thus there can’t be any justification for spelling mistake.It the website has lot of grammatical mistake .This can be only happen when someone has in hurry built a site to trap the people in intention of making quick profit.

Opt only for secure payments option

Pay only through safe refundable payment option such as credit card or paytm.It’s a red signal if shopping website accept pay via bank transfer.Never opt for non -refundable payment option .

Google safe browsing

Google Safe Browsing is a service offered by Google’s security team built to identify illegitimate websites across the web and tell users of potential harm. They reveal details about the threats they detect and the warnings they show to users.

As the cyber crime reportedly is increasing .Be alert and go through the details of site carefully .

Please comment tour thoughts in the comment below and have a wonderful day.

Yoga – The art of mind and soul.

Yoga is the mixture of physical, mental and spiritual practices and discipline which was originated in India. The most essential purpose of yoga is to bring together the body, mind and spirit into a whole. Yoga leads an individual to a healthy lifestyle, good eating habits, better mental attitude and positive approach towards the world. The exercises performed during yoga will enhance an individual’s fitness and also benefit in mental well being.

The most common methods of yoga are the physical postures known as asanas and breathing techniques known as pranayama. Yoga teaches an Individual how important your body is and how you can improve your body’s flexibility and make it more strong. As the person starts to understand and value its body, the individual gets more connected with his body. Yoga makes sure a person is evolved for constant progress and has not time to get involved in other thoughts which could lead to anxiety and depression. This leads to a better approach towards the life.

Who can practice yoga?

Every person can perform yoga. There is always a suitable way for an individual to practice yoga, whether they are old or young, injured, fit or unfit, supple or inflexible, male or female. You just need to find the right mentor for you.

Physical benefits of yoga

  • Improved posture
  • Better sleep
  • Increased natural energy level and vitality
  • Greater flexibility, strength and stamina
  • Better balance
  • Stronger immune system
  • Pulse and respiratory rate decreases
  • Blood pressure decreases
  • Cardiovascular efficiency increases
  • Respiratory efficiency increases
  • Cholesterol decreases
  • Cleansing and regulating of all the body’s systems  

Mental benefits of yoga

  • Calm and clarity
  • Greater confidence and generally more positive mood
  • Sense of inner well-being and ‘centredness’
  • Increased awareness of body and movement
  • Counters depression and anxiety
  • Ability to concentrate improves
  • More self-acceptance
  • Increased social skills

Different types of Yoga.

There are many types of Yoga, today let’s discuss one of the most important type of yoga which is Bhastrika.

The Sanskrit word “bhastrika” means “bellows” mostly employed by blacksmiths to melt metal. Like the bellows fan the hearth similarly Bhastrika Pranayama surges the flow of air into the body to supply heat at both the physical and subtle level–stoking the inner fire of mind and body. When this pranayama is done regularly it tends to remove blockages from the nose and chest. It is suitable for asthmatic patients and removes inflammation of the throat. Bhastrika increases the gastric fire. Pranayama improves appetite and digestion capacity. Bhastrika, when practised with Kumbhaka Pranayama, can generate heat within the body and keep it warm in rainy and weather .

Starting position: Do preliminary conditioning in Sukhasana or the other meditative posture. Sit on a firm chair with an upright backrest, if unable to take a seat on the ground . Keep the body above the waist straight and therefore the spine erect. Eyes can be kept closed.

How to do Bhastrika Pranayama?

The Sequence of steps:

Take in a deep breath and exhale forcefully through the nose, with none strain.
Immediately, breathe in with the same force.
Inhale and exhale repeatedly, deeply and thoroughly, using the diaphragmatic muscles with vigour. The abdomen moves out during inhalation, while the diaphragm descends. The converse happens while exhaling.
The above movements should be slightly exaggerated. A strong nasal sound will accompany such breathing. The process should be rhythmic and controlled, maintaining the speed as per capacity.
Do ten cycles to finish 1 round of Bhastrika Pranayama.

Best practice: Practice 3 rounds/session, with pause in-between rounds. Bhastrika Pranayama should be practised on an empty stomach, after evacuation within the morning.

Few limitations : Heart ailments, hypertension, high BP, fever, vertigo, pregnancy, intestinal disorders, spinal abnormalities and eye ailments, e.g. like a detached retina, glaucoma.

Benefits of Bhastrika Pranayama:

Favourable effect on the respiratory and digestive system.
Drains excess phlegm from the lungs.
Provides oxygen to the blood increasing the vitality of all the organs and tissues
Strengthens and tones the abdominal region.
Calms the mind
Energizes the entire body and mind.
Now that the question of what’s Bhastrika pranayama & its benefits are answered – Do try it out and luxuriate in this monsoon season with radiant health.

So as we come towards the end we can say that yoga is the medicine to every problem. From physic attributes to the inner peace, yoga takes care of everything. Yoga is not something you do for a day but it is a life long commitment to enjoy a healthy and beautiful life.

“Nuclear Energy And Fight For Its Credibility”

Humans, since the age of their existence have invested money, efforts and ideas into developing new sources of energy generation. Which earlier focused on mostly focused manual work and manpower or animals usually has shifted to machines making the work more easily and efficiently done. The transition after the industrial revolution and drastic drift towards these technologies gave new origin to energy sources. While initially more of the non sustainable resources like coal were used as a source of energy, be it in trains, or for ironing of clothes or be it for warming oneself from the freezing cold environment. Cutting of woods for fire and cooking was also an opted source of energy in earlier times. But sooner the effects if these machines were seen and how they deteriorated our health, glaciers of the antarctic and most important lead to phenomenon called global warming which has nowadays led to climate change. The need for sustainable and eco-friendly sources of energy was a great demand in the early 40’s and then came the idea of “Nuclear Power Generation”. 

As soon as the nuclear atomic bomb was used as a weapon, it came into the mind of people,that it has an enormous amount of energy in it and thus could be used so as to generate energy from it and utilize it in a better and peaceful way. It was thought to be a classic idea to fight back every problem , people warriors facing. Nuclear power generation meant the cost of electric utility to go down while it’s production to achieve height,shifting to this house would lead to less consumption of fossil fuel like coal and other sustainable resources like petrol as a source of energy to run vehicles, and thus the problem of global warming could drop. And many other factors which seemed to solve energy related problems for mankind. 

But soon as most of the companies started investing in nuclear plants , it turned out to be totally different as it was assumed to be. The technicality and most important the cost to build it were more as they were right of. Complexities in the design and working were still unknown to many of the scientists. But still most of the counties thought of investing in these plants. The growth of nuclear plants significantly grows as soon as the oil prices hit the stock to highest amounts. Thus nuclear energy was thought of to be the best and better alternative. But it was soon seen that this nuclear power generation was too risky not only for the company but also for their country as well as the whole world, if not properly taken care of, since many accidents were observed in quick span . 

But still various countries are using nuclear energy as a energy generation with almost covering 10% of total energy demand around the world while most of the power still depending on coal. But the main question which comes to mind is “Do we really need these nuclear plants knowing their harmful effect to humanity”. There have been many accidents which have led man to lose life and still it’s outcome are observed in the future genes. Nuclear energy has enormous power to destroy the population around the world if used in the other way. So “Why do we still focus on nuclear energy rather than investing in other sustainable energy resources easily available with almost the same setup cost”. Also the waste of these plants which are mostly chemicals is very dangerous and the smoke which comes out in the form of emissions is too toxic, which could lead to breathing problems in living beings and also add up to the pollution. 

“The results show the how the disadvantages of these nuclear plants are way ahead of its positive outcomes as being positive being the fact that it leads to reducing of carbon dioxide emissions in the environment or be it providing more jobs as workers in construction and worker in the plant but still seen the bad side of these, it seems to be more dangerous and harmful for the humanity. We believe that it’s high time to think for nature and shift towards more better energy sources like sustainable energy sources which are present in enormous amounts and which do not harm nature , along with the fact of not risking life’s and finding alternatives at the cost of human life”. 

UN Security Council to elect 5 new non-permanent members today

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) will elect five new non-permanent members to the council today. France took over the Presidency of the powerful 15-member Security Council for the month of June. The United Nations General Assembly last month adopted a decision to hold the Security Council Elections under new voting arrangements taking into account restrictions in place due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
 
India is a candidate for a non-permanent seat from the Asia-Pacific category for the 2021-22 term. Its victory is given since it is the sole candidate vying for the lone seat from the grouping. New Delhi’s candidature was unanimously endorsed by the 55-member Asia-Pacific grouping, including China and Pakistan, in June last year.  Each year the General Assembly elects five non-permanent members out of ten in total, for a two-year term.
 
The 10 non-permanent seats are distributed on a regional basis. This year, Canada, Ireland and Norway are vying for two seats in the Western Europe and Other countries category, Mexico is the only candidate for the one Latin America and Caribbean seat while Kenya and Djibouti will contest the seat available for the African group. Beginning in January 2021, the new members will serve a two-year term on the UNSC.

India amongst countries with least deaths due to coronavirus: Prime Minister

On the first day yesterday,Prime Minister Narendra Modi interacted with 21 States and Union Territories through video conferencing. During his interaction, the Prime Minister observed that timely decisions taken to combat the pandemic have been effective in containing its spread in the country. He said, its early preparedness approach helped the country to chalk out measures to save many lives.
 
Mr Modi said, when India’s fight against COVID-19 will be analysed in the future, the time will be remembered for how the Centre and States worked together to fight the pandemic. The Prime Minister said, they have presented an example for cooperative federalism to the world. Mr Modi said that even a single loss of life due to coronavirus is saddening and the nation should not lower it’s guard even during the unlock. He urged every citizen to strictly follow all necessary precautions including wearing mask, maintaining Do Gaj ki Doori and washing hands regularly with soap. Mr Modi said, they have tried to save each and every life.
 
The Prime Minister said, even though India has a huge population, coronavirus has not assumed as life threatening a form as in the rest of the world. He said that health experts worldover are praising the discipline shown by Indians, adding that the recovery rate in the country is now over 50 percent. He also noted that India is amongst the nations with the least deaths due to coronavirus.
 
First part of the two day interaction yesterday witnessed participation of States and Union Territories including Punjab, Assam, Kerala, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Goa, Manipur, Nagaland, Ladakh, Puducherry, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra Nagar Haveli and Daman Diu, Sikkim and Lakshadweep.

COVID-19 National recovery rate reaches to 52.79%; 5 states, UTs register above 72%

The Union Government today said that the recovery rate has reached to 52.79 per cent in the country and a total of one lakh 86 thousand 935 people affected with Corona virus have cured so far. During the last 24 hours, six thousand 922 people recovered from this virus. Presently, the total number of active Corona cases in the country is one lakh 55,227.
 
Health and Family Welfare Ministry said that a total of 10 thousand 974 new cases of COVID-19 were reported in the last 24 hours taking the total number of cases to three lakh 54,065. India registered the highest death toll today since the outbreak of Corona virus in the country. In one day, a total of two thousand three deaths were reported taking the nationwide toll to 11 thousand 903. With this, the case fatality rate reached to 3.36 per cent. Meanwhile, Indian Council of Medical Research, ICMR said that a total of one lakh 63 thousand 187 tests of Corona virus samples were conducted by the various laboratories in the country within 24 hours. This is the highest number of tests conducted by the laboratories in a single day. So far, 60 lakh 84 thousand 256 tests have been conducted.
 
ICMR is continuously scaling up its testing facilities for COVID-19 by giving approval to government and private laboratories. As of now, total 924 laboratories across India have been given approval to conduct the test for COVID-19 including 674 government laboratories and 250 private laboratories’ chains.
 
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare data reveals that more than 69 per cent COVID-19 cases are from the five States and Union Territories – Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. In terms of recovery rate, top five States and Union Territories are Chandigarh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab wherein the recovery rate is above 72 per cent. There are 17 States and Union Territories in India, wherein the recovery rate is above the national average of cured patients.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh pays homage to martyred soldiers in Galwan Valley

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh paid homage to the martyred soldiers in Galwan Valley and said, the loss of soldiers is deeply disturbing and painful. He said, the soldiers displayed exemplary courage and valour in the line of duty and sacrificed their lives in the highest traditions of the Indian Army.
 
In a tweet, Mr. Singh said, the nation will never forget their bravery and sacrifice. He said, his heart goes out to the families of the fallen soldiers. Defence Minister said, the nation stands shoulder to shoulder with them in this difficult hour and the Nation is proud of the bravery and courage of the breavehearts.