Journey of the Technologies that shaped today’s world: IC Engine

Steam engines changed a lot. They revolutionized how things were carried around, how people moved around and how industries worked. However, steam engines worked on of course, steam, which is not easy to create. It cannot be stored easily. So, one needed water and coal. Coal needed to be burned, water would heat up and steam would build. To generate sufficient power, the entire setup needed to be significantly large. That meant its applications could not be ubiquitous.

Therefore, despite the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and power of steam engine, it was not practical to be adopted in all the places. Especially for day to day activities, it was not sensible to use such bulky machinery. As a result, steam engine despite their success in industrial and large applications, did not change a lot of things for individuals. For personal usage, the machinery needed to be compact, portable, and most importantly safe. This was achieved when Internal Combustion engines arrived on the scene.

The first Internal Combustion Engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1860. However, the real popularity and application of Internal Combustion Engines came Nicolaus Otto created the modern IC engine in 1876. The IC Engine works on hydrocarbon fuels which are extracted from Petroleum- mostly Diesel, Petrol and Gas. These fuels have high calorific value and they are highly combustible. This makes these fuel very useful but also very dangerous. IC Engines used valves to control the flow of fuel and supply of air. The controlled combustion generates heat which makes the gases expand. As the space is confined with only piston movable. The piston moves and through crank-shaft mechanism the wheel moves.

The most popular IC engines are 4-stroke engines. 4-stroke means there are four steps in each cycle of the engine operation. These steps are-

Intake stroke
Compression stroke
Combustion stroke
Exhaust stroke

As the fuel has high calorific value, a very small engine can generate sufficient power to move a car or a truck or a bike. These can be very compact and highly portable. IC engines have revolutionized how people move individually. The first modern car was built by the German engineer by Karl Benz in 1885. In early 1900s, companies like Ford and General Motors took car-making to next level. Assembly line production made the car manufacturing and later the entire manufacturing industry very fast and highly efficient. In last 100 years, cars and bikes have taken over the roads. More and more people now have cars and bikes. Cars are still costly and remain a status symbol in the society.

The compactness of IC Engines also made it possible to design small but powerful machines. This independence made it possible to design machines that could fly or travel under water. While the independence of owning individual machines is exciting, but this also increases the pollution. The cars and motorbikes are one of the largest polluters across the world.

Our independence to move around is wonderful and precious but we also have to understand that the environment is priceless. We have only one earth. We got it from our forefathers, and we have to handover this to the next generation. We should use our bikes and cars sparingly and responsibly. Pool whenever possible, use public transport whenever possible. Let’s not turn the boons bestowed by the science into a curse.

THE WEIRDOS OF THE UNIVERSE

There’s no questioning the fact that the universe is weird. Just look outside and you’ll see all manner of strange, self-reproducing flora and fauna, crawling upon a blue ball of semimolten rock covered in a thin, hard shell and blanketed by a tenuous film of gases. Yet our own planet represents a tiny fraction of the peculiar phenomena that can be found lurking throughout the cosmos, and every day astronomers turn up new surprises. In this gallery, we take a look at some of the most outlandish objects in space.

Beauty of the universe
Is in the Nature’s serenity
Preserve it and protect it
For the everlasting eternity
The wrath and fury of Nature
As result of man’s arrogance
To win over the Planet
Has to be stopped immediate
So that we have our Mother Earth
Shining and saving us for
An assured future to find
For the benefit of mankind

Mysterious Radio Signals

Since 2007, researchers have been receiving ultrastrong, ultrabright radio signals lasting only a few milliseconds. These enigmatic flashes have been called fast radio bursts (FRBs), and they appear to be coming from billions of light-years away (they’re not aliens, it’s never aliens). Recently, scientists managed to capture a repeating FRB, which flashed six times in a row, the second such signal ever seen and one that could help them unravel this mystery.

Nuclear Pasta

The strongest substance in the universe forms from the leftovers of a dead star. According to simulations, protons and neutrons in a star’s shriveled husk can be subject to insane gravitational pressure, which squeezes them into linguini-like tangles of material that would snap — but only if you applied to them 10 billion times the force needed to shatter steel.

Haumea Has Rings

The dwarf planet Haumea, which orbits in the Kuiper Belt out beyond Neptune, is already unusual. It has a strange elongated shape, two moons and a day that lasts only 4 hours, making it the fastest-spinning large object in the solar system. But in 2017, Haumea got even weirder when astronomers watched it pass in front of a star and noticed extremely thin rings orbiting around it, likely the result of a collision sometime in the distant past.

A moon with a moon

What’s better than a moon? A moon orbiting a moon, which the internet has dubbed a moonmoon. Also known as submoons, moonitos, grandmoons, moonettes and moooons, moonmoons are still only theoretical, but recent calculations suggest that there’s nothing impossible about their formation. Perhaps astronomers may one day discover one.

Dark-Matter-Less Galaxy?

Dark matter — the unknown substance comprising 85 percent of all matter in the universe — is strange. But researchers are at least sure about one thing: Dark matter is everywhere. So team members were scratching their heads over a peculiar galaxy they spotted in March 2018 that seemed to contain hardly any dark matter. Subsequent work suggested that the celestial oddity did in fact contain dark matter, though the finding paradoxically lent credence to an alternative theory positing that dark matter doesn’t exist at all. Get it together, astronomers!

The Most Bizarre Star

When astronomer Tabetha Boyajian of Louisiana State University and her colleagues first saw the star known as KIC 846285, they were flummoxed. Nicknamed Tabby’s star, the object would dip in brightness at irregular intervals and for odd lengths of time, sometimes by as much as 22 percent. Different theories were invoked, including the possibility of an alien megastructure, but nowadays, most researchers believe the star to be surrounded by an abnormal ring of dust that’s causing the darkening.

Highly Electric Hyperion

The title of weirdest moon in the solar system could go to many celestial objects — Jupiter’s overly volcanic Io, Neptune’s geyser-spewing Triton. But one of the strangest looking is Saturn’s Hyperion, a pumice-stone-like irregular rock pockmarked with numerous craters. NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, which visited the Saturn system between 2004 and 2017, also found that Hyperion was charged with a “particle beam” of static electricity flowing out into space.

A Guiding Neutrino

The single, high-energy neutrino that struck Earth on Sept. 22, 2017, wasn’t, on its own, all that extraordinary. Physicists at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica see neutrinos of similar energy levels at least once a month. But this one was special because it was the first to arrive with enough information about its origin for astronomers to point telescopes in the direction it came from. They figured out that it had been flung at Earth 4 billion years ago by a flaring blazar, a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy that had been consuming surrounding material.

The Living Fossil Galaxy

DGSAT I is an ultradiffuse galaxy (UDG), meaning it is as big as a galaxy like the Milky Way but its stars are spread out so thinly that it is nearly invisible. But when scientists saw the ghostly DGSAT 1 in 2016, they noticed that it was sitting all alone, quite unlike other UDGs, which are typically found in clusters. Its characteristics suggest that the faint object formed during a very different era in the universe, back just 1 billion or so years after the Big Bang, making DGSAT 1 a living fossil.

Double Quasar Image

Massive objects curve light, enough so that they can distort the image of things behind them. When researchers used the Hubble Space Telescope to spot a quasar from the early universe, they used it to estimate the universe’s expansion rate and found that it is expanding faster today than it was back then — a finding that disagrees with other measurements. Now physicists need to figure out if their theories are wrong or if something else strange is going on.

Infrared Stream from Space

Neutron stars are extremely dense objects formed after the death of a regular star. Normally, they emit radio waves or higher-energy radiation such as X-rays, but in September 2018, astronomers found a long stream of infrared light coming from a neutron star 800 light-years away from Earth — something never before observed. The researchers proposed that a disk of dust surrounding the neutron star could be generating the signal, but the ultimate explanation has yet to be found.

Rogue Planet with Auroras

Drifting through the galaxy are rogue planets, which have been flung away from their parent star by gravitational forces. One particular peculiarity in this class is known as SIMP J01365663+0933473, a planet-size object 200 light-years away whose magnetic field is more than 200 times stronger than Jupiter’s. This is strong enough to generate flashing auroras in its atmosphere, which can be seen with radio telescopes.

The beauty of the sea!
The beauty of nature,
The beauty of the ocean,
The beauty of life,
The beauty of love,
The beauty of the sky! !
The beauty of the rainbow;
The colours of life,
The beauty of the colours on earth;
The beauty of mankind,
With the beauty of the minds when,
The right thing is done.
The beauty of the universe!
The beauty of every positive thing;
Praying always for the peace of the earth. My mind! !
I am who i am with my identity;
Born on earth to carry on peace to the world.
Trust!
The beauty of true love;
With servitude and attitude,
With the joy of the hearts,
Having positive morals! !
The beauty of righteous laws,
The beauty of righteous works,
Going along with my mind;
For peace and love,
To bring joy to all.

What makes someone to write something in a blog rather than writing somewhere¿?

Is Introduction compulsory in every introduction,Is it so¿?If so why did I undo it ¿?Is it to make my Blog writing to look unique¿? If not then why am I mentioning it as unique.Do people who are unique will try to prove them as unique in such an ordinary way¿?To answer such questions would it be necessary to give a glance to this post¿?

What makes someone to write something? Does this happen sometime? To answer this I am questioning myself. Before giving a glance to my writing, you too should pose this question to yourself if at all you have something to write up somewhere sometime or the other time. People who have a thought of giving a thought about my thought should give a thought. People who wanna write a blog are categorized as follows:(I don’t know whether the blog could be also written in this way…I think the blogger have the rights to write the way he likes)

Type 1: people write about something they think they know(but actually not).They are in a urge to share the information (not the actual information but the information that they knew about something)that they had got it somewhere so that the other peers could know that this guy got something or this guy is something..The fact is that the guy is “SOMEONE who knew SOMETHING”, something only not the whole thing.

Type 2:People wanna write because people write. He writes because she does. This is true because people can’t take it the fact If he or she does why can’t I,Is it good. It is really good if someone tries to write something because of someone then it’s something.But we can’t neglect the fact that he only writes because he only wanted to write not because he wanted to write.They only write to write. Think about your category. If you not belong anywhere then you should go somewhere because this isn’t your place.

Type 3:Why can’t people be calm about something they knew?If they knew then they better keep themselves rather than telling the whole world? Does this make something to them if someone gonna know that he or she knew something that no one around us never knew it’s existence. Being calm resists your knowledge to yourself so that no one will ever knew what I knew. Knowing the things and keeping it unknown will be known someday or the other. So they will try to take the knowing by revealing the things only in order to reveal and make sure that he had revealed. Telling the things that doesn’t really matter a much rather than telling the actual thing only in order to make us believe that they too had told. Isn’t it good to be jealous of knowledge?It’s good but not faking the knowledge and writing fake blogs to spread the non existence.

Type 4: They knew nothing and act like that the world is running because of them. It is easy to identify such people because their population is more (or) less more. They try to copy or modify the blog and they make us believe that the blog they copied from will become the copier.They think they are smart because they are only thinking to be smart rather than being smart.

Leave a comment about my category. Do I belong to any of these.If so I may belong to any one of the category,then how could I know about the other categories. Do I belong NOWHERE or only for NOW-HERE?

Anatomy of Corruption and its Remedies

Corruption is known as a snake which is continually poisoning the human mind ever since they are interacting with each other and are striving to live a better life on earth. Widespread of corruption has caused disappointment and discontent among the community. The machinery of government gets rusted and ceases to work in the intended manner. Corruption decreases respect for law and sense of loyalty to the government. In a society governed by corrupt officials, the whole system of moral, ethical and religious values is impaired. The distinction between right and wrong disappears. Revolutions and military takeovers become common. Today every student of history knows that one of the causes of the downfall of nations has been corruption.

Causes of Corruption:

The causes of corruption are many and complex. Following are some of the causes of corruption.

The appearance of political privileged who believe in interest-oriented rather than nation-oriented programmes and policies.
Artificial scarcity created by the people with malevolent intentions wrecks the fabric of the economy.
The broad thinking of people towards corruption, complete lack of strong public protest against corruption and the lack of strong public forum to oppose corruption allows corruption to control over people.
Vast size of population coupled with widespread illiteracy and the poor economic infrastructure lead to endemic corruption in public life.
Complex laws and procedures alienate common people to ask for any help from government.
Remedies of Corruption

Is it possible to contain corruption in our society? Corruption is a cancer, which every Indian must strive to cure. Many leaders come with a power to declare their determination towards corruption but soon they themselves become corrupt and start amassing huge wealth.

Many People become materialistic and money oriented, there is no important of ethics and morals in business dealings. Many people thinking that money which coming to their pocket is good, same way many thinking that money which going out from their pocket is bad, but they don’t consider the way money traveling.

This is because these kinds of people have no moral accountability to anybody; and these kind have people have full trust on money, they strongly believing that money can hold big role in their life, they believing that money can solve their current and future problems, they believing that money can give them life without problems. Some of the remedies are given below:

GOD has given the wisdom to each and every human being, heart of everyone telling him/her that the way he/she following to get money is good/bad. The most important thing is person should listen and follow the good part of his heart.

Foolproof laws should be made so that there is no room for discretion for politicians and bureaucrats. The role of the politician should be minimized. The Application of the evolved policies should be missing in the hands of independent commission or power in each area of public interest. Decision of the commission or authority should be challengeable only in the courts.

Cooperation of the people has to be obtained for successfully containing corruption. The People should have a right to evoke the elected council if they see them becoming indifferent to the electorate.

Funding of elections is at the core of political corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in this regard. Several reforms like: State funding of election expenses for candidates; strict enforcement of statutory requirements like holding in-party elections, making political parties get their accounts audited regularly and filing income-tax returns .Responsiveness, accountability and transparency are a must for a clean system. Bureaucracy, the backbone of good governance, should be made more citizens friendly, accountable, ethical and transparent.

The number of courts should be opened for speedy & inexpensive justice so that cases don’t stay remains in courts for years and justice is delivered on time. Local bodies, Independent of the government, like Lokpals, Lokadalats, CVCs and Vigilance Commissions should be formed to provide speedy justice with low expenses. A new Fundamental right is Right to Information should be introduced, which will empower the citizens to ask for the information they want. Barring some confidential information, which concerns national and international security, other information should be made available to general public as and when required. There are several actions against corrupt officials will definitely have a restriction impact.

CORRUPTION is the latest epidemic in the planet,
eating the people, Looting the Nation
no cure, no medicine, no special hospital,

Are we Indians coward,
Or are we shy..
Or we care somehow,
But we dont wanna try,

We have adjusted ourselves,
So well in this corrupted place,
Has it become our tradition ?
Or we lack the guts to face…

We say corruption chokes,
Then why we Indians breathe it ?,
We say corruption kills,
Then why we breed it ?,

The corruption helps,
To set the culprits free,
It blinds the law,
& still we shamely see,

It widens the gap,
Of poor and rich,
Then we continue the same,
Without any hitch… ?

Somehow i feel…

Our coward mind has,
Hurled down his brain,
Come what may,
Even let our money drain…

Has this become, Our way of life ?
To adjust with whatever it is…

And move on, Without a break to re-think, Re-construct, and reform our Corrugated minds…

Is it that no business runs without it ?,
Or is it that we dont wanna put an end to it..?
Are we not prepared for it.. ?
Or we really dont care ?

Many questions in these little brain, And almost all unanswered……

But atleast we can support those,
Who have atleast tried to stand for it,
Some greatones like Anna Hazare.

Conclusion

Corruption is an intractable problem. It is like diabetes, can only be controlled, but not totally eliminated. It may not be possible to root out corruption completely at all levels but it is possible to contain it within tolerable limits. The dedicated persons in public life, control over electoral expenses could be the most important prescriptions to combat corruption. Corruption has a corrosive impact on our economy.

SELF IMPROVEMENT

What is Self-Improvement?
Let’s define self-improvement. The definition of self-improvement is pretty self-explanatory: Self-improvement is the improvement of one’s knowledge, status, or character by one’s own efforts. It’s the quest to make ourselves better in any and every facet of life.

Self-improvement usually starts with becoming more aware of ourselves, our behavior and our reactions. It requires that we earnestly desire to improve and transform ourselves, better our life, and build good relations with people.

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in self growth and self improvement techniques. There is a growing number of books, articles and websites dealing with these topics.

It seems that people are turning within them, to find the solution to their problems. They seek knowledge, techniques, workshops, lectures, and teachers, who can show them the way.

People are beginning to understand that self improvement and self growth can improve the quality of their lives.

The process of inner change requires inner work.

It is not enough to read articles and books. You also have to practice what you read. Inner change requires motivation, desire, ambition, perseverance and dedication.

When you starting with a self improvement program, it is common to encounter inner resistance that comes from your old habits and from your subconscious mind, and also resistance and opposition from the people around you.

The desire to change, build new habits, and to improve yourself must be strong enough to resist laziness, the tendency to give up, and the fear and ridicule of opposition from family, friends or colleagues.

A Simple Self Improvement Technique
Let me tell you something. I have been attracted to self improvement from an early age, and have regarded it as a source of inner strength and happiness, and as a way to a improve my life.

One of the most useful techniques I discovered and used, was a simple, but very effective technique. It consisted of watching how people behave and act in various situations, and then looking inside myself, to find out whether I behaved in the same way under the same conditions.

When I saw people with certain traits of character, or a certain kind of behavior that I did not like, I examined myself to find out whether I possessed those traits of character too.
If I did, I visualized in my mind a different sort of behavior. In my mind’s eye, I saw myself with the opposite traits of character. I visualized myself in various situations, in which I manifested the new behavior.
When I encountered traits of character or behavior, which I liked, I used to think about their advantages and benefits, and about their importance in my life. Here too, I used visualization and affirmations, and strived to enact them in my daily life.
In this way, I learned and benefited a lot from the behavior and actions of the people around me, at work, at home, on the street, and everywhere else.

This exercise was never for the purpose of judging other people or taking advantage of them, but for learning how to act, react and behave in a better way.

This process had another benefit. It increased my knowledge and understanding about how the mind and the emotions affect the behavior and the actions of people. It gave me more understanding of people and their behavior and how to get along better with them.

If you start using this self improvement techniques you will soon see positive changes in your life.

Tips for a Simple Self Improvement Technique

Look around you

Look around you and watch how people behave in various circumstances. Watch the people you meet at home, work, at the supermarket, on the bus, train and on the street. You can also watch people being interviewed on TV and learn a great deal about them and about you.

Watch the behavior of people

Watch how people talk, how they raise their voice or speak calmly. Watch the reactions of people. Look at how people walk, sit and carry their body. you can learn a great deal from watching their behavior.

Watch how people treat other people

A certain kind of behavior creates certain reactions. Often, how we act and behave, determine how people treat us. Try to be aware of how people act, and how other people treat them. This can help you to determine what changed you need to make in your behavior.

The effect of the voice

Pay attention to the way people use their voice and how they react to other people’s voices.

Watch how you feel and how you react when people shout, or speak softly.

Watch what happens when people get angry, restless and upset, and what happens to you and to others, when they are calm and relaxed.

Pay attention to what you do not like

If you do not like what you see, analyze why you do not like it. Then, analyze your own behavior to find out, whether you behave in the same way. Be honest and impartial in your analysis.

Avoid negative behavior

If you discover that you possess some of these undesirable traits of character and behavior that you do not like, affirm to yourself often that every time you catch yourself behaving in this way, you are going to be aware of them, and do your best to avoid them.

Use your imagination to build new habits

Play in your mind a mental scene of how you would like to act and behave. Repeat this mental scene several times a day, every day.

What you imagine in your mind sinks into your subconscious mind and gradually, becomes a habit.

Use your imagination to build good habits

When you detect in someone character traits or habits you like and desire to possess, try to act in a similar way. Here too, imagine several times each day a scene, where you act and behave in that different, better way.

Use visualization often

Think and visualize over and again in your mind how you would like to act and behave.

Remind yourself of the changes you want to make

Constantly, remind yourself of the changes you desire to make, and strive to act according to them. Every time that you find yourself acting according to your old habits, remember your decision to change and improve, and act accordingly.

Do not be disappointed or frustrated if you do not attain fast results. It does not matter how many times you fail or forget to behave as you desired. Persevere with your efforts and never give up, and you will begin to see how you and your life start changing for the better.

“You are essentially who you create yourself to be and all that occurs in your life is the result of your own making.”
– Stephen Richards

“Change is your friend not your foe; change is a brilliant opportunity to grow.”
– Simon T. Bailey

“Beginning today, set an intention and a relentless focus on living your life as the greatest person you can be, in all situations.”
– Brendon Burchard

Why You Should Consider a Degree in Human Resources

Most organizations need to have a human resources department because effectively managing employees is critical to their success.

Employees are not only a company’s most valuable asset, but they are also the most significant cost and liability. A human resources professional will know how to successfully create and implement programs that capitalize on human assets, minimize costs and address potential liabilities.

As a human resources professional, you will:

Administer salary and benefits:

Salary and benefit programs typically incur the most significant costs for an organization. However, this is also the area where human resources professionals can help an organization achieve a competitive advantage. A generous salary and benefits package will attract and retain well-qualified employees who bring considerable value to the organization.

Oversee recruitment and selection:

A human resources professional often plays a key role in developing an organization’s recruitment and selection strategy. In addition, integrating employee recognition programs, training and development strategies and promotion-from-within policies can bolster employee motivation, resulting in lower turn-over and higher retention.

Manage employee relations:

Another function of a human resources department is to identify and resolve workplace issues. Implementing a workplace investigation process and enforcing fair employment practices are two components of an employee relations program.

Direct employee training:

Human resources professionals are often responsible for creating training and development programs that prepare employees to take on greater responsibilities within the organization. Succession planning, internal promotion policies and performance management are all factors that help an organization cultivate and retain top talent.

Human resources professionals play a critical role in managing the successes and failures of an organization and its employees. However, to become a human resources professional, you’ll need to obtain your bachelor’s degree in human resources management. For more on Herzing University’s Human Resources Management degree, click here: https://www.herzing.edu/business/human-resource-management-degree

Jack McCallum has been with the online business department at Herzing University since 2011. When not teaching, she serves as the President/Principal Consultant for HR Balance LLC—a consulting company specializing in human resources management, organizational development, leadership coaching, and training/development. She started HR Balance LLC in 2003 after years of serving in a leadership capacity for a variety of for-profit and non-profit organizations. A keynote speaker and presenter, Jack has served as an industry expert for radio and print media.

IMPROVE YOUR FOCUS

In this fast-paced world we’ve created, we’re only going to feel more overwhelmed by the ever-increasing directions and distractions we feel pulled toward. With exponentially increasing demands on us in our work and personal lives, sustaining and improving focus on things which matter is getting tougher and tougher.
You’ll be pleasantly surprised to learn that keeping focused is no longer about trying to discover secret weapons of willpower or self-discipline. With these initial self-reflective exercises and different brain-training exercises, you’ll no longer be having arguments with yourself to get on with the job!
Here’re 7 ways on how to improve focus.
1. Have a Plan You Feel Clear AboutOne of the foremost common reasons we struggle to take care of focus is because we lack clarity about what we’d like to try to to next. The next best action step doesn’t feel clear to us.
If you are trying to lose weight but aren’t clear on exactly what activities you need to do, with what intensity, the food you need to eat and the timing of when all this needs to happen, you increase your chances of staggered progress.
If there are not enough parts early in the process to that feel clear for you to make the next step, these emotional obstacles will derail you.
You must also recognize the amount of detail in the steps you need to feel ready and confident to move forward — this will differ between you and the next person. You and another person are often given precisely the same instructions to find out a task. He/she might feel completely ready and confident to get to work. On the other hand, you hesitate.
Work on developing enough detail clarity until you are feeling you’ve got enough resources and know enough to require the steps.
2. Set Your Mood and Environment to maximise Your Capacity to FocusIt’s been argued that in slightly-above-ambient temperatures, you’ll be more creative. You feel more relaxed and your productivity increases. Conversely, lower temperatures have also been found to more positively influence decision-making ability and alertness.
Cornell University conducted a study of office administration workers whereby their productivity positively correlated with increased office temperatures.[1] At 25℃, the workers were typing with 90% accuracy. However, with a drop of 5℃, the typing rate nose-dived along side an increased error rate of 25%. The study also identified other factors which could greatly affect productivity and focus such as air quality and pollution.
It’s not just temperature you need to pay attention to. Good lighting is essential. The wavelength of blue light emitted from neon lights and most electronic devices generally ignites our serotonin levels and keeps us awake. Consider though that natural light is best where possible. When your body is truly getting tired, you can honor its natural rhythms and listen to its cues for rest.
Switch off communication applications (e.g. Facebook messenger, Slack, Yamma). Make it hard for yourself to access such applications and devices by physically putting them in places that are inconvenient for you to access (try the 20-second rule and make it take more time to access). If you have to go outside to the garden shed to retrieve your phone (and it’s cold and raining outside), you’re less likely to do it!
Maximize your exposure to visual messages which direct you to remain on task. Rather than have your eyes cast across post-it-note messages such as: “Don’t get distracted”, have messages of what you want to direct yourself to do: “Keep going. Stay focused.” Surround where you propose to execute most of your day’s work with deliberate messages that directly tell you to remain on target .
3. Create a Distraction Procrastination To-Do ListWhen you know you have to prepare a complex report or assignment, the temptation to be carried away with the social flittings of your friends on Facebook or your colleagues chatting nearby will likely be stronger than ever. That story you spin yourself that you’re only spending a smidgin’ of your time getting ‘up-to-date’ so it can’t really do any harm becomes the sole story you would like to believe.
Trying to resist the temptation completely can cost you valuable time and psychic energy . The guilt you harbor for contemplating digressing from your important activity inflicts an emotional cat-o-nine tails upon you. That doesn’t serve you either.
Submit half-way. Fully indulge at a designated time period to soak up that dopamine rush from scrolling through sporadic events and sponsored posts on your newsfeed or chat to whoever is online at the time.
After pounding through a piece of labor , undergo that guilty pleasure. When you engage in it, do it fully. If you’ve been studying straight for three hours, it’s time to stand up, stretch and stroll to your favourite coffee shop and back. Go for a walk or swing on the swings in your closest public park.
If you work from home, bake a batch of scones, put on a face mask as you soak your feet in a foot spa. Or watch half of the football match you recorded but haven’t gotten ‘round to reviewing yet.
Cold-turkey abstinence is hardly ever effective. Not only are you wasting time and energy resisting the urge. You make the urge stronger by denying yourself! So, don’t deny yourself but manage it wisely.
4. Practice Meditation and MindfulnessIf you’re yet to be convinced of how meditation can help you improve focus, look no further than the declarations made by the American Psychological Society praising its benefits.More and more studies are demonstrating how meditation can reduce rumination, stress, anxiety and improve relationships, emotional stability, focus and working memory capacity.
If you’re not meditating, you are doing yourself a gross disservice. Meditating allows to practice regaining focus. As you practice, you learn and increase your skills to notice when your mind is wandering off track. You then practice bringing it back to what you ought to be directing your attention to.Include in your morning preparations for the day a gentle but directed review of what you need to devote your time to today. Throughout the day, consider that your attention span swings like a pendulum. Exercise it one direction and let it swing into a free-thought space for moments of reprieve.
The world, our bodies and our minds work in rhythms. Learn to exercise your mind and focus intrinsically . If you try to beat yourself cognitively into submission, you’re unlikely to win. You’ll be unnecessarily exhausting yourself in repeated attempts of trying.
Here’s a beginner guide for meditation: Meditation for Beginners: How to Meditate Deeply and Quickly
5. Schedule Planning, Review and Recognition Periods Throughout Your DayManagement consultant and best-selling author of 18 Minutes, Peter Bregman recommends a simple plan to help train your brain to remain focused and help you track your progress.
Before the computer goes on, the first 5 minutes of your day, you invest in planning and write out your ‘today’s activities’ list. Physically writing down your activity goals for the day (using paper and pen, not electronic word processing) engages more functions within your brain (e.g. the generation effect[3]) which train it to acknowledge these activities are highly important.
Bregman then recommends that for 1 minute at the end of each of the next 8 hours, you stop and recall what you have accomplished in that hour. You congratulate yourself for what you have achieved and regain focus, recalibrate expectations and take a pause. You slow down to speed up.
By reviewing what you’ve got accomplished, you attach a positive emotional experience to your work and progress. This action in itself will improve your focus as you fuel your motivation to stay the wheels of your momentum, rolling.
The final 5 minutes at the end of the day are spent in reviewing and planning the next day. Doing so makes it easy for you to sustain laser focus from at some point to subsequent , to subsequent .
These 18 minutes of planning serve as plain but powerful guard rails to keep you mentally on track.
6. Create Goals and Activities That Satisfy Your Highest Priorities and ValuesWhenever you’re resisting doing something, it’s highly likely because it’s not topping your desirability charts.
As a human being, you behave and act in ways which ultimately keep you feeling safe and comfortable. As long as we can see we will get to continue feeling safe and comfortable, it doesn’t matter what activity we’re asked to do.
However, the moment a notion arises of your needing to do something that feels unfamiliar (and hence, uncomfortable), you can guarantee you’ll feel a sting of resistance. It might be slight but it will be there. However, life doesn’t allow us to simply avoid whatever we please.
The key is to examine and reframe what you need to do in a way that does satisfy your highest values and priorities.
If you believe you know what your values and priorities are, take a look at the results you have against the goals you’ve set for yourself thus far.
For example, if you believe one of your highest priorities is to have a healthy bank balance yet your balance statement shows more outgoings than revenue, having a lot of money is actually not a high priority for you.
At now , you would like to explore the variability of activities that yield a healthy bank balance that you’re not currently exercising. Saving, reducing costs, modifying and monitoring spending habits, making wiser purchase choices and finding ways to extend your income are all activities you would like to explore. These things might sound dull and like diligence .
7. Transform Information to Make Things More InterestingAccording to neurobiologists’ findings, we learn better when we actively do different things with the information. Not only are our experiences of learning more enjoyable, we activate more parts of our brain. This serves lessons and memories to be more effectively encoded into LTM .
You need to become clever at delighting and regularly stimulating your senses through variety.
If you’re studying, engage a spread of the way to exercise using the knowledge and skills you want to develop. Discussion groups, creating informal quizzes, teaching someone the knowledge you would like to find out involves you exercising verbal communication skills where you want to both give and receive information. You must adapt to your audience.
Drawing pictures and diagrams, creating voice memos about what you’re learning, using colors and symbols again different activates different parts of the brain. More connections are developed in your neural circuitry to aid your recall.
Furthermore, you become more adaptable and adept at applying what you learn to different situations.
Creating your own personalized manuals and notes becomes a passion project which pushes the personal gratification scale higher and higher.
Before you know it, staying focused no longer feels like a chore

BENEFITS OF READING NEWS ONLINE

Now-a- days everything is available in online and we are so much dependant on internet, we cant think of our future without internet. We are now entering into a digital future where newspaper may be going to be replaced by online news.

Online news is very convenient as we get news in real time and we don’t have to wait for news till the next day to read from the newspaper.Even newspaper cannot cover every insight or content about any topic,whereas in online we can go deep inside a topic ,get update and deep insights and everything about our topic of interest.Online news is updated every second ,ever minute in real time.The good thing about online news is that it is free of cost provided we should have a internet facility to access the information.Most importantly online news saves trees in result saves the environment whereas newspaper is the reason for cutting of millions and millions of trees and mass destruction of forests and ecosystem.This leads to global warming and far reaching consequences in present as well as in future.Its obvious that newspaper cannot cover every news going on in the world for which they have to selective in publishing content but in online news there is no such boundaries,every big and small news across the world is right within our fingertips.Even we have a lots of news apps for both android and ios in which we get notifications of news happenings across the globe which is a cool benefit of online news.Morever the newspaper printing companies also publish their newspaper online so that people can access them more easily and conveniently.

Traders can incredibly get benefit from the online news about the stock market details ,rise and fall of shares whenever they want.We can also use the newspaper buying cost in a more productive and constructive way.Online news is also a big opportunitiy for the advertisers.They can publish their offers and advertisements in the breaking news or any popular news where they can reach a bigger number of audience.As the era of internet ,digital marketing has a rich future as it helps small businesses to grow and develop when it comes online.They can advertise their products and services in the page of news headlines. Newspapers fail to give us details about any topic but in online we can get each and every details,clarity and update about any topic.People now are slowly ,gradually abandoning traditional newspaper and coming to the online platform for news and magazines,posts etc.

Also, reading newspaper is also hectic for some people as they don’t have the patience to read long boring paragraphs. So it becomes impossible for people to cover or read everything in newspaper whereas in online news its precise ,contains gist headlines summary which is easier to read and grasp more information in less time.Another good thing about online news is that it contains additional links and related information ,so that we can access and get more information about the concerned topic.Morever , in newspaper we can access to only few articles published that day but in online news there is no such limitations regarding how many number of articles we can read.

Business Environment

Business is a very economic activity of buying, selling, manufacturing, and rendering auxiliary services to trade and generating income through this activity. Modern Business is the economic and social organ of the society and also of the country and in today’s world modern business is not independent and it cannot work in isolation and business environment constitute- Government, public and economic, political and social situations constitute the business environment. Business environment may be defined as those conditions and forces external to a business unit under which it operates and these forces include government, suppliers, customers, creditors, political parties, socio-cultural organizations, and internal organizations, etc. Some of these may be direct influence over the business firm while others may operate indirectly. “Business environment encompasses the ‘climate’ or set of conditions, economic, social, political or institutional in which business operations are conducted”- Arthur M. Weimer.

The broad national economic environment is set by the nature of the economic system embodying the nature of property rights, ownership means of production, the role of planning, the functioning of the price mechanism, etc. Judged from these angles, the economic system of a country may be characterized as capitalist, socialist, communist, or mixed. The business environment consists of all those conditions and forces in the surroundings of a business enterprise under which the business operations are to be carried out efficiently and effectively and without any mistake. The management of the environment forces is an important task before every businessman of today and suitable decisions are required to be made in respect of various developments that are expected to take place for shaping the survival and growth of the business.

Characteristics of the business environment

1. The totality of external forces: The business environment is the total of all those factors/forces which are available outside the business and over which the business has no control. It is the group of many such forces, that is why the nature of it is totality.

2. Specific and General forces: The forces that exist outside the business are (a) Specific forces: These are the forces which affect the firms of an industry separately like customers, suppliers, etc. (b) General forces: These are the forces that affect all the firms of an industry equally, e.g., social, legal, political and technical situations.

3. The Business environment is dynamic: It is obvious that the environment is a mixture of so many factors and there are constant changes in some of them, due to these changes the business environment is dynamic.

4. The Business environment is complex: The nature of an environment in any field is the combination of so many factors and all these factors are related to one another. So the influence that they exercise on business cannot be recognized independently. That is why it is difficult for a business to face them.

5. The Business environment has a long-term impact: Any change in the environment has a long-term effect and impact on any kind of business because the changing environment affects the profitability, productivity, and development of the business.

6. The Business environment affects different firms differently: A change in the environment doesn’t need to affect all businesses in the same manner. One business may welcome the change in the environment while the other may not. Therefore, it is a special o environment that affects different businesses differently.

Benefits of Digital Learning.

Digital learning is the future platform for the students to learn and grow effectively having access to the digital world. It is an opportunity for every student to learn at his own pace and path and cover all the required information according to his/her need. It gives access to a lot of learning opportunities at just one click. There are many educational platforms which can guide one thoughtful student to become a Genius and climb the stepping stones to success. There are alot of ED tech companies which provide educational products for the students both online and offline. The study material is prepared by the experts in their fields so the students are in safe pair of hands. They also have their own applications to bring both the teachers and students on the same platform. eLearning has all sorts of quality education products which can very well provide the best digital learning experience for the students and make them excel in their fields. Digital learning will help the students to enable self learning skills,they will identify what they need to learn and which topic they need to more focus on. Digital learning platform will provide all the essential products for a student to excel In his field and strengthen his weakness. With eLearning along with the will to learn and succeed helps the student to reach greater heights. Also to maintain social distance, review the students performance and provide feedback the digital learning platform is the perfect place to learn. This is how Digital learning has a great impact on majority of students.

TOD in India

Indian cities face a multitude of issues such as severe congestion; deteriorating air quality; increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector; increasing road accidents; and an exploding growth in the number of private vehicles (largely motorcycles). With the urban population projected to more than double in the next generation, the situation could easily get out of control and thwart India’s economic development efforts unless remedial measures are soon taken.

The state of public transport in the majority of Indian cities has degraded over the years. Rising population and underdeveloped mass transport has led to a rapid rise of personal vehicles, traffic congestion and an increase in pollution levels. Moreover, the majority of people do not use public transport simply because of the lack of it and inaccessibility to the transit. Therefore, while augmenting public transport, planning for accessibility is the need of the hour. Increased density and improved connectivity through TOD can help achieve that. But one of the most important reasons for thinking about TOD for Indian cities is the recent emphasis on public transport at all levels of government. Scholars have argued that transport sector in India is extremely energy intensive and needs massive investments in mass transit to quell the rise of private motorized mobility.

Post the announcement of mission based programs like Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in 2005, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation, and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and Smart Cities in 2015, there has been huge emphasis on investments in public transport. Transit systems like metro rail and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) have found their way into many cities including Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai. Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Surat, Pune, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Hubli Dharwad, Lucknow, Kochi, Jaipur, Bhopal and Indore among many others.

Some of these cities have gone on to leverage the huge potential accorded by the massive investments in public transit and prepared TOD plans for their cities. In western countries, TOD was used for densifying certain areas but in India the cities already have higher densities. Hence TOD in Indian cities should be looked at as a tool for improving quality of life and financial means to provide infrastructure facilities. India is taking steps towards achieving the TOD guidelines and designing a well-planned city for its people, making itself sustained and pedestrian friendly.

No Automatic Conviction U/s 306 IPC For Abetment Of Suicide Merely Because Accused Was Found Guilty U/s 498A IPC: SC

Coming straight to the nub of the matter, it has to be said that the Supreme Court just recently on November 26, 2019 in a latest, landmark and extremely laudable judgment titled Gurjit Singh vs State of Punjab in Criminal Appeal Nos. 1492-1493 of 2010 has remarkably ruled that merely because an accused is found guilty of an offence punishable under Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code and the death of the wife has occurred within a period of seven years of marriage, the accused cannot be automatically held guilty for the offence punishable under Section 306 of the IPC by employing the presumption under Section 113-A of the Indian Evidence Act. To sustain a conviction under Section 306 IPC, the Apex Court made it clear that the prosecution has to establish that some act or illegal omission by the accused has driven the deceased to commit the suicide. Very rightly so!

To start with, this commendable judgment authored by Justice BR Gavai for himself and Justice Navin Sinha sets the ball rolling by first and foremost observing in para 1 that, “These appeals by special leave challenge the judgment and order dated 20.2.2009 passed by the Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 544-DBA of 2001 and Criminal Appeal No. 959-SB of 2000. All the four accused, including the appellant herein (accused No. 3), who is husband of the deceased, were charged and tried by the learned trial Court for the offence punishable under Section 304-B and Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as “IPC”). The other accused were the father (accused No. 1), the mother (accused No. 2) and the sister-in-law (wife of brother) (accused No. 4) of the appellant. The Additional Sessions Judge, Hoshiarpur, held that the prosecution had succeeded in proving the case against accused Nos. 1 to 3 for the offence punishable under Section 498-A of the IPC but has failed to prove the case against the said accused (Nos. 1, 2 and 3) for the offence punishable under Section 304-B of the IPC. Insofar as accused No. 4 is concerned, it was held that the prosecution has failed to prove the case against her for both the offences and she was accordingly acquitted of the offence charged. The trial Judge, therefore, convicted the appellant and his father and mother for the offence punishable under Section 498-A of the IPC and sentenced them to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three years and to pay a fine of Rs. 4000/- each and, in default of payment of fine, to further undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three months.”

As a consequence what ensued then is stated in para 2 that, “Being aggrieved by the conviction and sentence under Section 498-A of the IPC, the appellant along with his parents preferred an appeal (being Criminal Appeal No. 959-SB of 2000) before the High Court. So also, the State preferred an appeal (being Criminal Appeal No. 544-DBA of 2001), being aggrieved by that part of the order by which the trial Court acquitted accused No. 4 and also acquitted accused Nos. 1, 2 and 3 for the offence punishable under Section 304-B of the IPC. The High Court upheld the conviction of accused Nos. 1, 2 and 3 for the offence punishable under Section 498-A of the IPC. It also upheld the acquittal of accused No. 4 and further held that, though the prosecution could not bring the case under Section 304-B of the IPC, the appellant herein was liable to be punished for the offence punishable under Section 306 of the IPC. The High Court maintained the order of the sentence and fine as recorded by the trial Judge for the offence punishable under Section 498-A of the IPC. For the offence under Section 306 of the IPC, the High Court sentenced the appellant herein to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of five years and to pay a fine of Rs. 5000/- and in default of payment of fine, to further undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of five months. Being aggrieved thereby, the present appeals are preferred by the appellant.”

To be sure, it is then elegantly observed in para 5 that, “The perusal of the record would reveal that though the appellant has disputed the date of marriage to be 04.02.1989, both the courts have disbelieved him and rightly so. The deceased died an unnatural death on 28.09.1994 by consuming poison. As such, the unnatural death occurred within a period of seven years of the marriage. The learned trial Judge has acquitted the appellant for the offence punishable under Section 304-B of the IPC since the prosecution has failed to prove the demand for dowry, while convicting him along with the parents for the offence punishable under Section 498-A of the IPC. The High Court maintained the conviction under Section 498-A of the IPC, however, it also convicted the appellant for the offence punishable under Section 306 of the IPC with the aid of Section 113-A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.”

More importantly, it is then rightly envisaged in para 33 that, “Applying the aforesaid principles to the present case, we find that though the prosecution is successful in proving the case under Section 498-A of the IPC, we are of the view that the prosecution has failed to prove that the cruelty was of such a nature which left no choice to the deceased than to commit suicide. The prosecution has not been in a position to place on record any evidence to establish beyond reasonable doubt that any act or omission of the accused instigated the deceased to commit suicide. There is no material on record to show that immediately prior to the deceased committing suicide there was a cruelty meted out to the deceased by the accused due to which the deceased had no other option than to commit the suicide. We are of the view, that there is no material placed on record to reach a cause and effect relationship between the cruelty and the suicide for the purpose of raising presumption.”

What’s more, it is then elaborated in para 34 stating that, “It could further be seen from the evidence on record that the time gap between the last visit of the deceased to her parents with regard to the illegal demand and the date of commission of suicide is about two months. As such, there is nothing on record to show that there was a proximate nexus between the commission of suicide and the illegal demand made by the appellant. In the case of Sanju Alias Sanjay Singh Sengar vs. State of M.P. [(2002) 5 SCC 371] this Court found that there was time gap of 48 hours between the accused telling the deceased ‘to go and die’ and the deceased ‘committing suicide’. As such, this Court held that there was no material to establish that the accused had abetted the suicide committed by the deceased.”

It cannot be lost on us that it is then pointed out in para 35 that, “Another aspect that needs consideration is that the cases wherein this Court has held that the conviction under Section 306 of the IPC was tenable though charge was only under Section 304-B of the IPC, it was found the charge specifically stated that the deceased was driven to commit suicide on account of cruelty meted out to the deceased. However, in the present case, the charge reads thus:

“That you all on 28.9.94 in the area of Village Bohan, the death of Jaswinder Kaur wife of you, Gurjit Singh and daughter-in-law of you, Gurdial Singh and Mohinder Kaur and sister-in-law of Ranjit Kaur, was caused otherwise than under normal circumstances, you all being her relatives, within a period of seven years of her marriage subjected her to cruelty and harassment for all in connection with demand for dowry and thereby committed an offence of dowry death punishable under section 304-B of the Indian Penal Code and within my cognizance.””

Needless to say, a bare perusal of para 35 would make it clear what is then mentioned in para 36 stating that, “It would thus be seen, that the charge does not state that the deceased was driven to commit suicide on account of the harassment meted out to the deceased. It also does not mention that the accused had abetted in commission of suicide by the deceased. In that view of the matter, we are of the considered view that the cases wherein conversion is held to be permissible are clearly distinguishable.”

No wonder, the Apex Court Bench then rightly held in para 37 that, “In the foregoing circumstances, the appeals are partly allowed. Conviction under Section 498-A of the IPC is maintained and the conviction under Section 306 of the IPC is set aside. The appellant is acquitted of the charge under Section 306 of the IPC.” Finally, it is then held in the last para 38 that, “The appellant is stated to be on bail, his bail bonds shall stand discharged and he is directed to surrender within four weeks for serving the remaining period of his sentence, if not already undergone.”

It is quite discernible from the above foregoing discussion that the Supreme Court while citing leading case laws like Ramesh Kumar vs State of Chhattisgarh (2001) 9 SCC 618 minced no words to conclude unambiguously that there shall be no automatic conviction U/s 306 IPC for abetment of suicide merely because accused was found guilty U/s 498A IPC by employing the presumption U/s 113-A of the Indian Evidence Act. It is imperative that to sustain conviction under Section 306 IPC, the prosecution has to establish that some act or illegal omission by the accused has driven the deceased to commit suicide. As nothing of any act or illegal omission by the accused could be proved that could be considered as having driven the deceased to commit suicide, therefore the accused conviction under Section 306 IPC is set aside even while he is held guilty under Section 498A of the IPC! Very rightly so!

Sanjeev Sirohi, Advocate,

s/o Col BPS Sirohi,

A 82, Defence Enclave,

Sardhana Road, Kankerkhera,

Meerut – 250001, Uttar Pradesh.

Easing out the lockdown

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that the rate of infection of coronavirus has increased in those countries that relaxed the lockdown at once. They have indicated that underestimating the challenges that may arise in the future needs to be taken into consideration by the stakeholders.

WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus has said that China and Germany have reported an increase in cases after a lockdown was relaxed. Any lifting of restrictions imposed for safeguarding the people be done with proper planning and catering for the contingencies, which includes testing on priority and vigilance of the government on every development.

The country lifting the lockdown should possess enough medical potential to deal with the development of new clusters of the coronavirus. Easing out the pressure on medical fraternity is the need for time as they are under stress for the last couple of months. A gradual and firm approach in lifting the restrictions is required. Indian public health system has been doing well when we think of coping up with the coronavirus pandemic.

India needs to facilitate investment in the health system to cope with any development of the second wave. The limitations of testing can be addressed by the government on top priority to avoid any resurgence going unnoticed for a longer period. A steep rise in the infected coronavirus cases can be seen for the last three days, India is about to touch the figure of the daily rise of coronavirus infected cases to ten thousand which is a matter of concern.

Rolling out of effective plans to revive the economy amidst the spread of coronavirus after keeping a lockdown for a considerable period is understood. However, hurried opening or relaxing the restrictions may boomerang on society and can cause a huge spread of coronavirus. Social distancing measures can be converted to the law for a certain period and people breaking the same can be imposed a penalty to stay in quarantine etc. this will reduce the unnecessary burden of movement of people.

Health and survival of the people be given the topmost priority over giving impetus to economics. A steep rise in the coronavirus cases during the past week in India is a sign to the government to monitor the cases more closely. The government needs to plan an effective exit strategy for a smooth transition from a complete halt.

Workplaces that require less manpower and contribute more to the development of the economy can be opened by the government on priority rather than the opening of malls and educational institutes that may become a hub of the spread of the infection. India has succeeded in keeping the mortality rate low due to coronavirus at a bare minimum in comparison with the developed countries of the world who delayed the lockdown and suffered the loss of lives.

Migrant workers moved to their native place causing economic loss to the place from where they moved and adding to the burden of accommodating them to their native place. Unemployment is increasing in urban areas and the migration of people has carried the infection to rural areas too. Unambiguous guidelines of the government are required and center-state face-off must be avoided on political grounds by both, rather the states should support the central government in dealing with the entire scenario diligently.

Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Alcohol and drug abuse is one of biggest problems the world faces today. It is not only a personal problem that dramatically affects people’s lives, but is a major social problem that affects society as whole.

Drug abuse is mainly caused by rapid social, economic and technological changes which under certain circumstances, weaken the sense of family and reduce the sense of belonging to other people, groups and places. Stability of relationships, environment and expectations is a powerful force in helping people manage their lives, especially important for children and young adults. In some societies, the classical problem of balancing discipline and control of children with nurturing support to encourage their exploration, understanding of the world and self-realization may be complicated by substance abuse problems as well as a wide range of other conditions. Alcohol abuse and other substance abuse have been studied among family members. It is well known that having biological relatives with alcoholism increases the risk in individuals for alcohol problems. Persons who are heavy users of alcohol or other drugs may show psychiatric symptoms such as depression, severe anxiety etc.

The most widely used addictive substances include alcohol and tobacco which are harmful causing extensive damage to the individual mind and body along with other diseases. All of these substances have several important characteristics in common as alter the function of the human brain and have an impact on behavior . Despite this, they are widely used throughout the world and they burden society by increasing social and economic costs for productive enterprises .

Drug addiction is difficult to treat as it is a chronic disease and requires intense, on-going care and is a long term process. Treatments such as behavioral counselling, medication , medical devices and application used to treat withdrawal symptoms and also treatment for mental health issues like depression and anxiety are the various ways to overcome drug addiction and stay drug-free.

Concerning alcohol, it remains one of the most widely used addictive substance with alcohol abuse being considered to be an age old problem. Alcoholism is the reflection of socio-cultural factors of an individual and sometimes society as a whole. For may people, this is a part of their daily life. People who have been drinking excess amounts of alcohol for longer periods of time come under the category of alcohol abuse. These people put themselves in the risk of developing serious and persistent changes in various organs including the brain. The effect of alcohol on the organs may be direct or indirect depending upon the general health status of the person. The studies have suggested that the brain functions are affected due to the interaction of alcohol with multiple neurotransmitter systems. Alcohol abuse also leads to different nutritional deficiencies and diseases as alcoholic people suffer from vitamins and minerals deficiencies. Also alcohol has been found to be associated with diseases like tumors, cancers, numerous digestive diseases and other conditions.

Both alcohol and drug abuse requires a global approach, given their serious consequences to the social , professional and personal environment of the individuals and the society. Hence it is necessary to educate all individuals and spread awareness among people about the realities of addiction for a better society and for improving the lives of millions worldwide.

Worst incidents of 2020 till date!!!

2020 is probably the year of histories to be created and to taught in the coming decades that how intelligent and cruel are the humans!!!

There is the series of bad events on it self starting of the year…again and again humans are proved that the level of damage can be upmost by them. We are taking ourselves to the path of destruction which might not have any end. Let us see what are the events that give us hint that 2020 will be written in history.

1- Australian forest fire

Australia encounters fires almost every year but this time it gave a new signal. Over 1 billion animals are believed to be dead and an estimated 2,000 homes were lost, the overall damage and economic losses would reach 100 billion US$.

brown open field — Photo by Matthis Volquardsen on Pexels.com

2- Flood in Jakarta- Indonesia

In Indonesia, flooding is common particularly during the rainy season of October-April, but this particular flood occurred in January and killed almost 70 people on Sulawesi Island and hundreds of people were displaced by heavy rain in West Java.

man pouring water from dipper on blue and grey house — Photo by hitesh choudhary on Pexels.com

3- Riots in Delhi

Riots in Delhi was based on anti-CAA protest in which violence, property destruction and also rioting that killed 53 people, most of whom were Muslims shot, slashed with kicks and set on fire by Hindu mobs in North East Delhi.

Image source: This week

4- The Pandemic- COVID-19

This is the worst situation till date of 2020 a 2 gm virus( research says that total molecules of corona virus from all over the world would weigh 2 gm i.e. equal to a coin weigh) it almost broke the economic condition of every country in the world.

5- Olympics & IPL- 2 biggest event of world brought to halt.

Due to COVID-19 outbreak 2 most popular event were called off which was very disappointing for the players as well as their supporter.

6- Brutal killing of Saints

This incident took place in Palghar were people of village mysteriously attacked the van on saints which was heading towards their senior saints funeral program. People on investigation said that they were informed that this van contain corona virus patient, it was more worse when police also joined people in this attack.

Man-Lynched

Image source: Siasat.com

7- Gas leakage- Visakhapatnam

This was a major gas leak in LG polymers chemical plant in Visakhapatnam which killed 11 people, 800 were hospitalized and many more faced issues like headache, ill, vomiting etc.

Image source: The Hindu

8- Justice for Blacks

The conflict raised when George Floyd, 46, died on May 25, after a video showing a white Minneapolis police officer kneeling on his neck for almost 9 minutes.

crowd of protesters holding signs — Photo by Josh Hild on Pexels.com

9- Indian cinema lost 2 gems

Bollywood lost 2 precious gems Irfan Khan an Rishi Kapoor. Actor Irfan Khan were facing problem related to Neuroendocrine tumor which became the reason for his death where as on the other hand actor Rishi Kapoor died by Leukemia.

10- Brutal death of a pregnant Elephant- Kerala

This incident took place in Velliyar River in Kerela where a pregnant elephant came in search of food where local offered a pineapple loaded with fire cracker which exploded in her mouth, doctors tried to save her but unfortunately couldn’t save. Suspect was arrested by forest officials and was interrogated. This shows how cruel has mankind became over the years.

Image source: Facebook

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