The Agnipath Program is a new program launched by the Government of India on June 14, 2022 to recruit soldiers under Corporal into three armies. The Agnipath program will be the only means of recruiting the military. All new employees will only be hired for 4 years. The personnel hired under this system are called Agniveers, a new military rank. The introduction of this system has been criticized for lack of consultation and open debate. The program is scheduled to start in September 2022. The Agnipath program was approved by the Government of India in June 2022 and will be implemented from September 2022. The announcement was made on June 14, 2022. This program is intended for both male and female applicants between the ages of 17.5 and 21. In widespread protests against the Agnipath program, the central government raised the cap from 21 to 23, but only in 2022. Recruitment under this program is held twice a year by the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force. The available posts are below the executive list. The Agnipath program is the only way to serve in the army.
New employees, under the Agnipath scheme will be called “Agniveers,”who will have a four-year tenure, including six months of training followed by a 3.5-year deployment. After leaving the service, they have the opportunity to apply to continue in the army. Less than 25 percent of the retired group’s total strength is selected for the permanent roster. Employees who retire after four years of work are not eligible for a pension, but will receive a lump sum of approximately Rs 11,71,000 at the end of their tenure. The Government of India plans to hire 45,000-50,000 new employees each year through this program. In September 2022, 46,000 young people will be hired through this program. Prior to the start of the Agnipath program, soldiers were in the army for more than 15 years of service on a lifetime pension. As of 2019, there was no military recruitment for three years. The Government of India quoted the COVID-19 pandemic in India tye reason for no recruitment. Meanwhile, 50,000 to 60,000 soldiers continued to retire each year, leading to labor shortages and beginning to affect the military’s operational capabilities.
Credit- TOI
On June 16, 2022, fierce protests took place in several Indian states, where military candidates who were preparing for the armed forces were angry at the new system, demanding its rollback, and damaging public property. By June 17, 12 trains had been fired, affecting the movement of 300 trains. 214 trains were canceled, 11 trains were detoured, and 90 trains ended short of their destination. This scheme does not include long-term holdings, pensions and other benefits that existed in the old scheme. Individuals who wanted to join the army were disappointed with the rules of the new system. Of particular concern were short tenure, no early retirement pension, and an age limit of 17.5-21 years, making many of the current candidates unsuitable for serving in the Indian Army.
On June 20, a national strike called Bharat Bandh was summoned by a protesting organization calling for the withdrawal of the program. The call was made via social media without naming the organization. More than 600 trains were canceled due to a strike. Section 144 was imposed in parts of Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
In January 2022 , first “China-Horn of Africa Peace, Governance and Development Conference.” was held. During his 17th trip to Africa, China’s foreign minister and state councillor Wang Yi asserted China’s 3 main objectives in Africa : controlling the pandemic, implementing a Forum on China Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) outcomes, and upholding common interests while fighting hegemonic politics. He focused on increasing infrastructural investment in Africa. This is the first time China aims ‘to play a role in the area of security ‘.
What is Horn of Africa?
•The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in Northeast Africa.
•It is located on the easternmost part of the African mainland, it is the fourth largest peninsula in the world.
•It lies along the southern boundary of the Red Sea and extends hundreds of kilometres into the Guardafui Channel, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean. The Horn of Africa is equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer.
•The Horn contains such diverse areas as the highlands of the Ethiopian Plateau, the Ogaden desert, and the Eritrean and Somalian coasts. The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
•The area has experienced imperialism, neo-colonialism, Cold War, ethnic strife, intra-African conflict, poverty, disease, famine and much else.
China’s recent project :
In the 2021 forum, the entire region of the Horn participated, and four resolutions were adopted :
• The Dakar Action Plan : The two sides commend the development of relations between China and Africa, and believe that over the past 21 years since its inception, the Forum has strongly promoted the development of relations between China and Africa, and become an important benchmark for international cooperation with Africa.
• China-Africa Cooperation Vision 2035 : It was formulated to determine the directions and objectives of mid- and long-term cooperation and promote a closer community with a shared future for China and Africa.
• Sino-African Declaration on Climate Change : It is aimed at enhancing coordination and cooperation in the multilateral process on climate, and jointly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of China, Africa and other developing countries.
• Declaration of the Eighth Ministerial Conference of FOCAC : Under the theme ”Deepen China-Africa Partnership and Promote Sustainable Development to Build a China-Africa Community with a Shared Future in the New Era” and committed to the development of FOCAC and to the deepening of the China-Africa comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership, both adopted by consensus the Dakar Declaration of the Eighth Ministerial Conference of FOCAC. The FOCAC promotes China’s role in the infrastructural and societal development of the Horn.
What are China’s Primary Interests in the Region?
1. Infrastructure :
• One of its landmark projects was fully funding the USD 200 million African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa.
• China has also invested in the Mombasa-Nairobi rail link in Kenya, and has already delivered on railway projects in Sudan.
• It also has a viable military hardware market in Ethiopia and has built over 80 infrastructural projects in Somalia, including hospitals, roads, schools and stadiums.
• In Djibouti, 14 infrastructural projects are funded by China.
2. Financial Assistance :
• Ethiopia, is one of the top five African recipients of Chinese investments, and also has a debt of almost USD 14 billion.
• China accounts for 67% of Kenya’s bilateral debt.
• In 2022, China promised to provide USD 15.7 million assistance to Eritrea.
3. Natural Resources (Oil and Coal) :
• China is also interested in minerals such as gold, iron-ore, precious stones, chemicals, oil and natural gas in Ethiopia.
• South Sudan, a source for petroleum products, has had continued Beijing investment in the industry since the latter’s initial entry in 1995.
4. Maritime Interests :
• China’s first and only military base outside its mainland is in Djibouti.
• In 2022, China hinted its willingness to develop Eritrea’s coast which would connect to China’s investments in land-locked Ethiopia.
• The U.S. has speculated that China wishes to build another military base in Kenya and Tanzania, thereby increasing its military presence in the region.
China shifts from its Principle of Non-Intervention :–
• For Africa, Chinese investments could lead to stable environments which could help the countries achieve their peace and development objectives. For China, conflict in the region comes at a heavy cost.
• In Ethiopia. when the conflict broke out, over600 Chinese nationals, working on different projects, were evacuated, putting several investments at risk.
• From a trading perspective, the region plays a significant role in achieving the objectives of the China-Africa Cooperation Vision 2035.
• China’s move towards peace in Africa indicates a shift in its principle of non-intervention.
• It is China’s message that its presence in the continent has a larger objective and is not likely to be limited to the Horn of Africa.
• This includes an aim to project itself as a global leader and boost its international status.
• Further, the recent developments imply that China is focusing on a multifaceted growth in the continent for the long run.
• For Africa, China’s presence is an alternative to the European powers, many of whom are facing criticism from African governments.
• Further, African governments, which do not conform to Western standards of democracy, interact better with powers like China and Russia.
Significance of Horn of Africa for India :-
1. Africa has been a Growing Interest : Africa has been of growing interest to India for political, economic and security reasons, especially the sub-region – the Horn of Africa.
2. Proximity to Oil Producing Region : The Horn of Africa is strategically important since it is close to the oil-producing region of the Middle East. Approximately 40% of the oil produced in the Middle East crosses through the shipping lanes of Red Sea.
3. Shipping Routes : Djibouti is the choke point on this shipping route. It is due to this reason that countries like the United States, France, and China have a military base in Djibouti. With the new reliance on the sea lines of communication for India’s economic growth, Delhi declared that its national interests were no longer limited to the Subcontinent but stretched from the “Aden to Malacca”.
India’s Concern over China’s presence :-
• Dominance in the Indian Ocean : Situated on the north-western edge of the Indian Ocean, Djibouti could become another of China’s “string of pearls” of military alliances and assets ringing India, including Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.China has stepped up activity in the Indian Ocean, which India considers within its sphere of influence, in recent days, citing anti-piracy patrols and freedom of navigation. It has forced the Indian Navy to tighten surveillance of the strategic waters.
• China seeks to control over Vital Shipping Routes : The Indian Ocean shipping lanes carry 80% of the world’s oil and a third of the global bulk cargo. China is looking to secure its energy and trade transportation links along the vital shipping route.
• Influencing Indian Ocean Countries : The Indian Ocean is also emerging as the playground for countries eyeing a bigger role in world affairs. China is looking to generate goodwill and influence in the Indian Ocean countries by investing in projects such ports, roads and railways. China is looking to expand its presence in the Indian Ocean, and is building ports and other infrastructure in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Way Forward :-
• What happens in the region has a direct bearing on India’s security and well-being and hence India should pay more attention to the prevailing conditions and power dynamics in the Horn of Africa.
• India would be well advised to become more active in examining and discussing the complex problem in-depth with the governments in Eastern Africa, the African Union and others concerned so as to be able to make a meaningful contribution to its resolution.
Once the session begins, Olympic javelin champion Neeraj Chopra will do his best to win his first medal in Thursday’s Diamond League.Chopra won the silver medal in Turko, throwing 89.30 yards from 89.30 yards in Turko and leading the quarters with 86.60 yards.The match was tightened in these two tournaments in Finland.Due to rain due to rain, Chopra had also fallen on the third attempt but immediately won the title uninjured. After throwing 85.73 meters in August 2018 in Zurich, Chopra played in the Diamond League for the first time.He has played seven Diamond Leagues, three of which were played in 2017 and 2018, but did not win the medal.Fourth place twice.This is Chopra’s biggest tournament ahead of next month’s World Championship in America.There will be three medals from the Tokyo Olympics.Throwing the current round javelin players are most often injured due to Germany’s Johannes Kellner injury.After winning the gold in Koosana, Chopra practices in the substance a hundred kilometers from here.He will not play any other tournament before the Diamond League and the July 15 World Championship.
Once the session begins, Olympic javelin champion Neeraj Chopra will do his best to win his first medal in Thursday’s Diamond League.Chopra won the silver medal in Turko, throwing 89.30 yards from 89.30 yards in Turko and leading the quarters with 86.60 yards.The match was tightened in these two tournaments in Finland.Due to rain due to rain, Chopra had also fallen on the third attempt but immediately won the title uninjured. After throwing 85.73 meters in August 2018 in Zurich, Chopra played in the Diamond League for the first time.He has played seven Diamond Leagues, three of which were played in 2017 and 2018, but did not win the medal.Fourth place twice.This is Chopra’s biggest tournament ahead of next month’s World Championship in America.There will be three medals from the Tokyo Olympics.Throwing the current round javelin players are most often injured due to Germany’s Johannes Kellner injury.After winning the gold in Koosana, Chopra practices in the substance a hundred kilometers from here.He will not play any other tournament before the Diamond League and the July 15 World Championship.
Pink and Thappad actress Taapsee Pannu is busy these days shooting for the movie Dunki starring Shah Rukh Khan.Taapsee works with Shah Rukh for the first time in this film, directed by Rajkumar Hirani.Regarding the film’s title, Taapsee said that the film’s title was not based on anyone’s role.He or Shah Rukh’s character in the film is not named Dunki.Excited about the film, Taapsee says, “I don’t know if I’ll get a bigger film than Dunki in my career or not.In this film I have the opportunity to work with the hero whose name has made Bollywood famous in many countries.When I started watching films in cinemas, all the films in them were Shah Rukh Khan.Working with him and a writer (Rajkumar Hirani) who only does classic films is a big thing for me.No matter how many times you watch each of Hirani’s films, it’s always just as enjoyable.I never thought I would ever get the chance to work with such a director and actor duo.Now it’s been found, so it seems I don’t know if something better will be possible or not.(laughs) Now I keep thinking what could be bigger in my career than that.
Pink and Thappad actress Taapsee Pannu is busy these days shooting for the movie Dunki starring Shah Rukh Khan.Taapsee works with Shah Rukh for the first time in this film, directed by Rajkumar Hirani.Regarding the film’s title, Taapsee said that the film’s title was not based on anyone’s role.He or Shah Rukh’s character in the film is not named Dunki.Excited about the film, Taapsee says, “I don’t know if I’ll get a bigger film than Dunki in my career or not.In this film I have the opportunity to work with the hero whose name has made Bollywood famous in many countries.When I started watching films in cinemas, all the films in them were Shah Rukh Khan.Working with him and a writer (Rajkumar Hirani) who only does classic films is a big thing for me.No matter how many times you watch each of Hirani’s films, it’s always just as enjoyable.I never thought I would ever get the chance to work with such a director and actor duo.Now it’s been found, so it seems I don’t know if something better will be possible or not.(laughs) Now I keep thinking what could be bigger in my career than that.
Ahilya Bai was born write to Mankoji Shinde and Sushila Shinde in the village of Chaundi (now Ahmednagar district) in Maharashtra, and was born in the Marathi Hindu family. His father, Mankoji Shinde, a descendant of the magnificent Dhangar family, served as a patil. At that time, the woman were not allowed to attend school , but her father taught her how to read and write.
According to one legend, Ahiliya once stopped by Chaundi on her way to Pune, where Bajirao I, commander of the Maratha army, and Marhar Rao Holker, the ruler of Malwa, saw eight-year-old Ahilya in a temple worship service. Impressed by her devotion and her personality, Marhar, on the advice of Peshwa, married Ahilya and his son Khande Rao. She married Khande Rao in 1733. Ahilya accompanied Khande Rao on many campaigns. Throughout her marriage, she was raised by her mother-in-law, Gautama Bai. Gautama Bai is believed to have played an important role in bringing out the values that she had planted in Ahiliya. She trained them in administration, accounting, politics, etc. and finally delivered their Khasgi Jagir in 1759.
In 1754, Candelao, along with his father Marharla O’Holker, besieged Fort Kumar in Jatrajas Rajimar in Bharatpur at the request of Imadulmark and General Mirbakshi of Mugar Emperor Ahmadsha Bahadur. Suraj Mal supported Emperor Mugar’s rebellious Wajir Safdar Jang. Khande Rao was inspecting his army with an open litter when a shell fired by the Jat army during the battle hit him and died. After the death of her husband, Ahilya Bye was prevented from playing sati by her father-in-law. After the death of her husband, she received military training by Malhar Rao Holker. After the death of Khande Rao.Ahilya Bai gave up all the desires of life and decided to perform a sati to accompany her husband’s funeral cremation. Her people urged her not to commit sati, but she said her husband promised to accompany her for the rest of her life, and now he walked in the middle of her. Finally, when she decided to play Sati and did not forgive her, it was her father-in-law, Malhar Rao, who made a fervent emotional plea to stop her from doing suicide. .
Credit- Wiki
Marhar Rao Holker died in 1766, twelve years after his son Khande Rao died. Male Rao,the grandson of Marhar Rao and the only son of Khande Rao became the ruler of Indole under the rule of Ahilya Bai in 1766, but he also died within a few months in April 1767.
Ahiliya Bai died on August 13, 1795, at the age of 70. The reign of the modern woman Ahiliya Bai is remembered as a golden age in the history of the Maratha Empire. Ahiliya Bai was taken over by her nephew Tucozy Rao Holker, her commander-in-chief. He immediately abandoned the throne in 1797 in support of his son Kashi Rao Holker.
Ahiliya Bai was a great pioneer and builder of Hindu temples and built hundreds of temples and Dharmashala throughout India. Especially well known for the refurbishment and re-dedication of some of the most sacred sites of Hindu pilgrimages that were desecrated and destroyed by Emperor Aurangzeb in the last century.
Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises (MSME’s) are privately owned entities involved in production, manufacturing and processing of goods and commodities. It forms the core of Indian economy and has always acted as the bulwark for the Indian economy, providing it strength and resilience to tolerate global economic shocks and adversities. It requires less than ₹50 crore in investment in plant and machinery and has turnover below ₹250 crore. Thus, serving as a backbone of the Indian economy. The government of India has identified MSME’s as a top priority for achieving Atma Nirbhar Bharat.
Importance of MSMEs for Indian Economy :
• Employment: It is the second largest employment generating sector after agriculture. It provides employment to around 11.1 crore people or 45% of all the workers in India. It accounts for 99% of all the businesses.
• Contribution to GDP: With around 36.1 million units throughout the geographical expanse of the country, MSMEs contribute around 6.11% of the manufacturing GDP and 24.63% of the GDP from service activities. MSME ministry has set a target to up its contribution to GDP to 50% by 2025 as India becomes a $5 trillion economy.
• Exports: It contributes around 45% of the overall exports from India.
• Inclusive growth: MSMEs promote inclusive growth by providing employment opportunities in rural areas especially to people belonging to weaker sections of the society. For example: Khadi and Village industries require low per capita investment and employs a large number of women in rural areas.
• Financial inclusion: Small industries and retail businesses in tier-II and tier-III cities create opportunities for people to use banking services and products.
• Promote innovation: It provides opportunity for budding entrepreneurs to build creative products boosting business competition and fuels growth.
Issues and Challenges :
1. Access to credit :
• 90% of the MSMEs are dependent on informal sources for funding
• Lack of sufficient collateral and high working capital needs
2. Access to Markets :
• Low outreach and non availability of new markets.
• Lack of skilled manpower and ineffective marketing strategy.
• Difficult for MSMEs to sell products to government agencies.
• Competition from MNCs and other big industries
3. Technology Access :
• Limited human resources and weak financial standing.
• MSMEs, particularly in the unorganised sector, show lower adaptability of new technology and innovation.
• Use of traditional machines causes low productivity
5. Ease of Doing Business :
• Cumbersome government procedures and rules for establishing new units.
• Bureaucratic delays in getting clearances.
• Poor litigation system in the country.
Steps to be taken to improve the condition of MSMEs :
• Launch of the 59 minute loan portal to enable easy access to credit for MSMEs.
• 2 percent interest subvention for all GST registered MSMEs, on fresh or incremental loans.
• Trade Receivables e-Discounting System (TReDS) to enable access to credit from banks, based on their upcoming trade receivables from corporate and other buyers.
• Union government announced to launch an e-commerce platform on the lines of “Amazon and Alibaba” to sell products from MSMEs and the Khadi and Village Industries Commission.
• Public sector companies now compulsorily procure 25%, instead of 20% of their total purchases, from MSMEs.
• More than 40,000 MSMEs registered on Government e-Marketplace (GeM) portal. It provides transparency in procurement and facilitates MSMEs to directly reach out to the buyers.
• 20 hubs and 100 spokes in the form of tool rooms will be established across the country. This will facilitate product design and easy access to latest technology to MSMEs.
• Financial assistance is provided for implementation of lean manufacturing techniques to enhance the manufacturing competitiveness of MSMEs.
• Financial support to MSMEs in ZED(Zero Defect Zero Effect) certification to improve quality of products.
• Government provides subsidy towards the expenditure incurred by enterprises to obtain the product certification licenses from national and international bodies.The return under 8 labour laws and 10 Union regulations must now be filed only once a year.
• Computerised random allotment for inspector visits to the establishment.
• Environmental Clearance under air pollution and water pollution laws, have been merged into one. Also, the return will be accepted through self-certification.
• For minor violations under the Companies Act, the entrepreneur will no longer have to approach the courts, but can correct them through simple procedures. This signifies simplification of government procedures and instilling confidence among entrepreneurs.
Government schemes to promote MSMEs :
• Udyami Mitra Portal : launched by SIDBI to improve accessibility of credit and handholding services to MSMEs.
• MSME Sambandh : To monitor the implementation of the public procurement from MSMEs by Central Public Sector Enterprises.
• MSME Samadhaan -MSME Delayed Payment Portal –– will empower Micro and Small entrepreneurs across the country to directly register their cases relating to delayed payments by Central Ministries/Departments/CPSEs/State Governments.
• Digital MSME Scheme : It involves usage of Cloud Computing where MSMEs use the internet to access common as well as tailor-made IT infrastructure
• Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme : It is a credit linked subsidy program under Ministry of MSME.
• Revamped Scheme of Fund for Regeneration Of Traditional Industries (SFURTI) : organizes traditional industries and artisans into clusters and make them competitive by enhancing their marketability & equipping them with improved skills.
• A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry & Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE) : creates new jobs & reduce unemployment, promotes entrepreneurship culture, facilitates innovative business solution etc.
• National Manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP) : to develop global competitiveness among Indian MSMEs by improving their processes, designs, technology and market access.
• Micro & Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programme (MSE-CDP) – adopts cluster development approach for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness as well as capacity building of MSEs.
• Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS) is operational for upgradation of technology for MSMEs.
Way Forward :
Today enterprises need to adopt best practises and follow international standards to go forward for offering innovative solutions. Focus should be on transfer of information and skill development to effectively use the transferred technology. There is an urgent need to upgrade infrastructure utilities (like water, power supply, road/rail) for any enterprise to run its operations successfully. Entrepreneurs need to develop quality conscious mindsets embedded in the organisational culture. Sensitisation and handholding of MSMEs at different and upgraded level of certification is the need of the hour. Policy makers and society at large need to recognize and support the central socio-economic role that MSMEs play in India.
The anti-defection law punishes individual Members of Parliament (MPs)/MLAs for leaving one party for another. The anti-defection law was enacted to ensure that a party member does not violate the mandate of the party and in case he does so, he will lose his membership of the House. The law applies to both Parliament and state assemblies.It aims to prevent political defection brought about by the lure of the rewards or perks offered by the other parties. The Tenth Schedule or Anti-Defection law was added to the Constitution via the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985.
How did Anti-Defection Law comes into effect ?
• In Haryana, in 1967, an MLA named Gaya Lal changed his party thrice in a day, after which the phrase “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” became popular in Indian politics.
• Due to frequent defections of elected and nominated party members, good governance became elusive and an insecure environment was created for the functioning of the state and central governments.
• It was realized that there was a need for an anti-defection law that would seek to prevent such political defections.
• Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India(1984-1989), proposed a bill to remove the evils of defection.
• The 10th Schedule of the Indian Constitution popularly referred to as the ‘Anti-Defection Law’ was inserted by the 52nd Amendment of the Indian Constitution in 1985.
Grounds for disqualification:
A member can be disqualified if :
1. A member of a house belonging to a political party: • Voluntarily gives up the membership of his political party, or • Votes, or does not vote in the legislature, contrary to the directions of his political party (Whip). However, if the member has taken prior permission, or is condoned by the party within 15 days from such voting or abstention, the member shall not be disqualified.
2. An independent candidate joins a political party after the election.
3.A nominated member joins a party six months after he becomes a member of the legislature.
Power To Disqualify :
• The decision on disqualification questions on the ground of defection is referred to the Speaker or the Chairman of the House, whose decision is final, which can be subjected to Judicial review.
• If a complaint is received regarding the defection of the Chairman or the Speaker, a member of the House who must be elected within the House, shall take the decision.
• All proceedings in relation to disqualification under this Schedule are considered to be proceedings in Parliament or the Legislature of a state as is the case.
• The law does not provide a timeframe within which the presiding officer has to decide a defection case.
Advantages:
• It prevents the menace of political party members from shifting their allegiances.
• It ensures party loyalty among the elected members.
• It provides for a stable and secure Government at both national and state levels.
• It make members of parliaments more responsible and loyal to the parties with whom they were aligned at the time of their election.
• It strengthen democracy by bringing stability to politics.
• It strengthen democracy by bringing stability to politics, ensuring legislative programs of the Government are not jeopardized by a defecting parliamentarian.
Disadvantages :
• Undermining Representative & Parliamentary Democracy: After enactment of the Anti-defection law, the MP or MLA has to follow the party’s direction blindly and has no freedom to vote their judgment.
• Controversial Role of Speaker: In many instances, the Speaker (usually from the ruling party) has delayed deciding on the disqualification.
• No Recognition of Split: Due to the 91st amendment, the anti-defection law created an exception for anti-defection rulings.However, the amendment does not recognise a ‘split’ in a legislature party and instead recognises a ‘merger’.
• Subversion of Electoral Mandates: Defection is the subversion of electoral mandates by legislators who get elected on the ticket of one party but then find it convenient to shift to another, due to the lure of ministerial berths or financial gains.
• Affects the Normal Functioning of Government: The infamous “Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram” slogan was coined against the background of continuous defections by the legislators in the 1960s. The defection leads to instability in the government and affects the administration.
• Promote Horse-Trading: Defection also promotes horse-trading of legislators which clearly go against the mandate of a democratic setup.
Population: A group of individuals of a given species that live in a specific geographic area at a given time is known as population. Population include individuals of same species but may have different genetic makeup such as hair, eyes or skin color and size between themselves and other population.
The term “population ecology” is often interchangeably used with the term such as population biology or population dynamics. Population ecology is important in conservation biology especially in the development of population viability analysis. The human population is growing at a logistic rate and has been affecting the population of other species in return. Population ecology is the study of how the population sizes of a species change over time and space.
Control Methods of Population:
Population control may involve culling, translocation and manipulation of the reproductive capability.
Culling: It is the process of segregating organism from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics.
Translocation: It is a type of chromosomal abnormality.
Manipulation: skillful handling, controlling or using something or someone.
The growth of a population maybe limited by environmental factors such as food supply or predation.
The main biotic factors that affect population growth include-
Food: Both the quantity and quality of food are important. For example; snails can’t reproduce successfully in an environment low in calcium, no matter how much food there is because they need calcium for their growth.
Predator: As the prey population becomes larger it becomes easier for the predators to find prey. If the number of predators suddenly, falls, the prey species might rise.
Competitor: The organisms may require the same resources from the environment and reduce the growth of population. Competition for territory and for mates can drastically reduce the growth of individual organisms.
Parasites: These may cause disease and slow down the growth and reproduction rate of organisms within a population.
Important a biotic factors affecting growth are:
Temperature: Higher temperature speed up enzyme catalyzed reactions and increase growth.
Oxygen availability: It affects the rate of energy production by respiration.
Light availability: For photosynthesis light may also control breeding cycles in animals and plants.
Toxins and pollutants: Tissues growth can be reduced by the presence of pollutant like sulphur dioxide (SO2) and toxins like oestrogen.
Methods of Population Planning:
Higher taxation of parents who have too many children.
Abstinence: The practice of restrainingoneself from indulging in something.
Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some would survive to adulthood.
Sterilization
Abortion
One child or two child policies
Family planning
Create small family role models
Migration from rural areas to urban areas
Emigration
Family planning: It is used to ensure that a women gets a child when she actually wants it. It reduces accidental pregnancies and ensures an controlled family size.
Raising level of education: Education, particularly that of woman, is very important in population control. It changes cultural beliefs and attitudes. It makes people liberal in approach.
Urbanization is an increase in the number of people living in towns and cities. It occurs mainly because people from rural areas move to urban areas. It can also be explained as the expansion of a city or metropolitan area.
Causes of urbanization
Rural to urban migration of happening on a massive scale due to population pressure and lack of resources in the rural areas.
People living in rural areas are pulled to the city because they believe that standard of living in urban areas are much better than rural areas.
Natural increase of population is caused by a decrease in death rate while birth rate remains high.
Effects of urbanization
A range of economic, political, social, cultural, environmental factors affect urbanization.It is encouraged socially and culturally through social media.
Socio- cultural impacts:
Cities have a strong socio- cultural impact on their surrounding rural areas.
The mass media depicts city life as superior to rural life.
The fertility rates in cities is often lower than rural areas due to absence of agriculture, cost of children, food and living space of cities and family planning.
Socio- economic impacts:
As the city grows, the cost of housing and infrastructure also grows and there will be less water, land and building materials available and causes congestion problems.
Unemployment grows and drug abuse, crime rates and homelessness also grows.
Environmental issues:
Wastes are a major problem in large cities.
Air pollution results from over dependence on motorized transport systems and from burning of coal to supply energy.
Water pollution results from poor sewage facilities and disposal of industrial heavy metals into water bodies.
Vast quantities is solid wastes are produced in the industries and pollute the environment.
Traffic congestion and noise pollution are major environmental impacts of large cities.
Benefits of urbanization
Moderate urbanization helps in improvement of economy.
It helps in the growth of commercial activities.
There is a socio- cultural integration as a result of urbanization.
There is an efficient use of resources.
There is an increase in the supply of labour.
The problem of this rapid urbanization is faced by the whole world. The greatest challenge is to minimize the negative aspects of urbanization and build the benefits of urbanization. For this, more opportunities should be created in the rural areas for people to take up. The rural infrastructure also needs to be taken into consideration in order to keep urbanization in check.
Photos are memories that you can visit every time you look at them. It could be on your phone, in a frame, or on your camera itself. With the advance in technology, we are able to take photos in mobiles at par with traditional DSLRs. The technology doesn’t stop evolving and it is amazing to see the quality of photos improve over time. But you want to take photos better, better composition and with a better angle. So what kind of equipment can enhance your photography to the next level?
1: A Camera
Of course, you cannot buy camera gear if you don’t have a camera. You don’t need to invest heavily into the camera but don’t cheap out on it either. Instead, buy a decent camera that you can use without worrying about the price. A camera is great around the house with family or with friends when out on a trip. It captures various memories for you to relish after your trips. It is an investment for your hobby. Of course, don’t buy a camera that is too advanced because it will be expensive as well as very hard to handle.
Now a tripod is an investment. You need a sturdy tripod to shoot clear and sharp pictures. It also helps you with taking photos of places if you can’t hold it steady. If you want to improve your photography level, a tripod helps a lot. If you want to shoot a cinematic scene or take a long time lapse of sunrise/sunset/full moon nights or any shot that requires a long time for the camera to be held steady, a tripod enhances the stillness. There are many tripods in the market and Amazon also became one of the tripod sellers with their own brand.
Different Tripod sizes
3: Memory Cards
Buying a memory card is essential for a DSLR camera. The camera uses the memory card to load photos onto. This memory card holds your memories until you pass it onto your computer. It is the delivery guy for your treasure. Due to its petite size, hold it carefully and store it with caution. You get memory card boxes for a few bucks that hold them carefully for you to transfer.
Now you know your way around your camera. You can switch from different modes and know when to change your ISO, shutter speed and also your aperture. You take beautiful shots and amazing photos but you want to improve your video shots and take them with more precision and cinematically.
4: Lens
You keep taking photos but you don’t feel the spark or the connection you had with your shots, you have reached the end with your current lens. No matter how many shots you can take with your kit lens ( The lens that comes with the camera), there’s only so much you can do. It’s time to take a new lens to explore more with your camera. Your lens has more to do with the shots you want to take than with which lens you have to purchase. As a beginner, it’s always appreciated to ask your mentor or a friend who has been in photography a long time for advice on new lenses.
Now, you have all the equipment but if you don’t have the basic accessories, then how do you move the equipment from your home to the different places? Checklist these all items with the above ones so you don’t damage your equipment and carry them safely without any worries.
Camera Bag: You can purchase the camera bag while purchasing your camera and it’s pretty standard. You can carry your camera with your kit lens and it’s a nice place to hold your memory cards too.
Lens Cleaner: A lens cleaner is an absolute necessity if you are carrying around multiple lenses. It includes a lens cleaning liquid, a microfiber cloth and a small brush. Clean the dust with the brush, then apply the liquid and finish it up with the microfiber cloth
Sensor Cleaner: A sensor cleaner is also needed because you will be changing lenses on the camera when you are out and about. If the sensor has dust on, use the sensor cleaner to clean it and get it ready for the next shot.
Congratulations! You have the basic camera gear and the necessary skills to improve your Photography and Videography game! Remember, you don’t become the best instantly. Keep taking photos, keep taking shots, they may not always work but you will improve over time. Take your time, and don’t stop clicking!
Photos are memories that you can visit every time you look at them. It could be on your phone, in a frame, or on your camera itself. With the advance in technology, we are able to take photos in mobiles at par with traditional DSLRs. The technology doesn’t stop evolving and it is amazing to see the quality of photos improve over time. But you want to take photos better, better composition and with a better angle. So what kind of equipment can enhance your photography to the next level?
1: A Camera
Of course, you cannot buy camera gear if you don’t have a camera. You don’t need to invest heavily into the camera but don’t cheap out on it either. Instead, buy a decent camera that you can use without worrying about the price. A camera is great around the house with family or with friends when out on a trip. It captures various memories for you to relish after your trips. It is an investment for your hobby. Of course, don’t buy a camera that is too advanced because it will be expensive as well as very hard to handle.
Now a tripod is an investment. You need a sturdy tripod to shoot clear and sharp pictures. It also helps you with taking photos of places if you can’t hold it steady. If you want to improve your photography level, a tripod helps a lot. If you want to shoot a cinematic scene or take a long time lapse of sunrise/sunset/full moon nights or any shot that requires a long time for the camera to be held steady, a tripod enhances the stillness. There are many tripods in the market and Amazon also became one of the tripod sellers with their own brand.
Different Tripod sizes
3: Memory Cards
Buying a memory card is essential for a DSLR camera. The camera uses the memory card to load photos onto. This memory card holds your memories until you pass it onto your computer. It is the delivery guy for your treasure. Due to its petite size, hold it carefully and store it with caution. You get memory card boxes for a few bucks that hold them carefully for you to transfer.
Now you know your way around your camera. You can switch from different modes and know when to change your ISO, shutter speed and also your aperture. You take beautiful shots and amazing photos but you want to improve your video shots and take them with more precision and cinematically.
4: Lens
You keep taking photos but you don’t feel the spark or the connection you had with your shots, you have reached the end with your current lens. No matter how many shots you can take with your kit lens ( The lens that comes with the camera), there’s only so much you can do. It’s time to take a new lens to explore more with your camera. Your lens has more to do with the shots you want to take than with which lens you have to purchase. As a beginner, it’s always appreciated to ask your mentor or a friend who has been in photography a long time for advice on new lenses.
Now, you have all the equipment but if you don’t have the basic accessories, then how do you move the equipment from your home to the different places? Checklist these all items with the above ones so you don’t damage your equipment and carry them safely without any worries.
Camera Bag: You can purchase the camera bag while purchasing your camera and it’s pretty standard. You can carry your camera with your kit lens and it’s a nice place to hold your memory cards too.
Lens Cleaner: A lens cleaner is an absolute necessity if you are carrying around multiple lenses. It includes a lens cleaning liquid, a microfiber cloth and a small brush. Clean the dust with the brush, then apply the liquid and finish it up with the microfiber cloth
Sensor Cleaner: A sensor cleaner is also needed because you will be changing lenses on the camera when you are out and about. If the sensor has dust on, use the sensor cleaner to clean it and get it ready for the next shot.
Congratulations! You have the basic camera gear and the necessary skills to improve your Photography and Videography game! Remember, you don’t become the best instantly. Keep taking photos, keep taking shots, they may not always work but you will improve over time. Take your time, and don’t stop clicking!
Hello friends, today we are going to tell you about How to be emotionally strong and independent. If you want to be mentally strong then this information is going to be very useful for you.
Recently people become mentally weak due to many different reasons and they get to see many bad consequences of this, in such a situation everyone wants that they remain mentally fit and for this people also make many different efforts. We are going to tell you a very special and useful way in this article about How to be emotionally strong and independent, by which you can become mentally strong in a very short time.
How to be emotionally strong and independent
If you want to become mentally strong, then for this you have to work very hard and you have to adopt the right method, only then you can stay mentally fit, there are many different ways that you can adopt, we will give you that Will tell all the ways which can make you emotionally strong in a short time, for this you can adopt these methods.
Never feel weak
Often a person’s mental weakness starts from there when he starts to consider himself weak, if you want to become mentally strong then you have to practice it yourself and if you consider yourself weak then from today Stop thinking that you are weak, rather think that you are physically and mentally fitter than many people.
Often people come under such negative feelings in their mind, they come under their emotions and even after everything is right, they see a lot of flaws in themselves, sometimes it is related to feelings only, so in this situation, you have to take care of yourself. It is very important to change your thinking and sometimes you make a mistake, then think that every person makes a mistake and in return for that mistake, you will see everyone doing a lot less.
Always be happy
You should be happy in every situation, often there are many good and hard situations in a person’s life, due to which there are changes like the person etc. If you learn to be happy, then it directly affects your mental state and you start getting mentally fit due to being happy, so, first of all, you have to make a habit of being happy always, if there is any problem then this is Think that that problem is not forever and very soon that problem will also go away, in this way you will be able to keep yourself happy.
Be prepared for a bad situation
Often many people have this flaw that they are always preparing for a good situation, while they never think about the bad situation, but if you are doing any work etc. then you have to give yourself both good and bad situation. It should be prepared so that whenever the result is contrary to your thinking and you get to see its bad results, you can always be ready for it and you do not have to be mentally disturbed because of it.
Learn to change according to the situation
Recently, you get to see a lot of changes happening in everything and a lot changes with time, in such a situation, it is very important to make changes over time to stay mentally fit, if you change your behaviour with time. And if you bring a change in thinking, then it will make you feel very good mentally and with time, you also remain mentally fit, so you need to make changes time.
Overcome your fear
Many times a person becomes very weak mentally due to the fear of his mind and if you have any kind of fear etc. After that, you will feel very active and your stress will also go away from it, along with removing the fear inside you, you get to see many benefits and you will start feeling very fit and good mentally as well.
Become independent
As long as you are on the support of others, you will never be able to keep yourself mentally fit and for this, you will have to learn to depend on yourself and the more self-reliant you are, the better person you will become mentally, often many people Like to be self-reliant to keep himself mentally fit and strong.
You can take any decision by yourself by becoming self-reliant and can think about it, along with this you can live your life according to your rules, due to this you will start feeling very good and strong mentally.
Keep learning something
A person should never stop the process of learning in his life and it is very important to always keep learning something new for those who want to be mentally strong.
It is important that the more you learn, the better it will prove to be for you and you can achieve the same great success in your life, if you get to learn anything good from anywhere, then always keep your focus on learning that thing. And whatever you learn can prove to be very useful in your life.
Forget the old
Often the past a person has gone through many different incidents, many times a person gets into a lot of stress about old things in his life even if he does not want to, and due to this you can become very weak mentally and you may become mentally weak. To be strong, it is very important to forget the old things, if you keep on forgetting the old things, then only you can stay mentally fit, and if you keep getting lost in the old things, then you will never be able to be happy in your life. Nor will you be able to become mentally strong.
Conclusion – In this article, we have given you information about How to be emotionally strong and independent, we hope that you have found the information given by us useful, if you like the information, then do share it on social media and want to ask any kind of question-related to it. So you can tell us through comments etc.
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