C.V.RAMAM

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman FRS was an Indian physicist known for his work in the field of light scattering. Using a spectrograph that he developed, he and his student K. S. Krishnan discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, the deflected light changes its wavelength and frequency.He was born in 7th November 1888 in Thiruvanaikoil, Tiruchirappalli His parents was R. Chandrasekhar Iyer, Parvathi Ammal.He did his education in st Aloysius Anglo Indian High school, presidency College.

C.V.Raman Theory proposed a theory that when light that shines through a material is scattered and its wavelength changes from that of the original incident light because of its interactions with the molecules in the material.This is also called as Raman effect.C.V. Raman is also known as Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman. He was a man of brilliant mind who has done his matriculation at the age of 11 and 12th class at the age of 13. Let us solve an interesting quiz on Dr. C.V. Raman which throws light on his life and inventions done by him.07-Nov-2019

He received many awards,

* 1928-Matteucci medal.

* 1930-Hughes medal.

* 1930-Nobel prize in physics.

* 1941-Franklin medal.

* 1954-Bhart ratna.

* 1957-Lenin peace prize.

Capital Punishment

By – Supriya

Capital Punishment or execution as means of giving justice has become the most controversial issue , which pertains to the laws that govern our society. With the rise in demand for human rights, taking away a criminal’ s life has become the most talked about thing not only at the national level but also at the global platform. The recent hanging of Saddam Hussein , the ex – dictator of Iraq, led to worldwide protests. People and reformists have been demanding humane treatment for criminal and offenders, which is justified . In fact, the prison system was evolved keeping in mind the notion that people who go astray in their life and start providing harmful to the society should be kept in confinement for sometime and be given a chance to change and reform themselves. The prisons were supposed to be such places where the prisoners could be slowly reformed and reinstated in the mainstream of the society. But many a times, the re – conciliation remains a far- fetched frame. The idea works well in cases of theft , Robbery or other minor offences. Complications and problems arise when the offence involves brutal or inhuman acts like murders etc. The old Mesopotamian Law advocates ” a tooth for a tooth and an eye for an eye”. Thus, the idea of capital Punishment is not a new one regarding offences which are extremely serious. In fact, justice delivered in ancient times was brutal and inhuman. With the progress of civilization , justice started becoming more humane. Earlier, criminals were not treated as human beings. But now capital punishment stands in great controversy over the right of society at large to deny a person right to life . Some people are of the view that no one has the right to take away anyone’s life for any reason. Man cannot play God’s role nor should ever try to. When we cannot give life, we have no right to take away anybody ‘s life. On the other side, people also take into consideration victim’s right to life. The criminal too has no right to take away anyone’s life for any reason at all . So , if he could go to the extent of taking away one’s life, he too has no right to live in a civilized society. This takes us back to the – often condemned law of Moses.
Various arguments of both the sides can be cited to support viewpoints that are poles apart. When told by the opposing side that the death penalty is cruel, inhumane and degrading , most proponents argue that murder is too. In fact, some people consider execution to be more humane than life imprisonment because it is quick and instantaneous. Those in support of capital punishment feel that making the prisoner suffer by rotting in jail for the rest of his life is more torturous and inhumane than execution. To sum up the basic views of the proponents , imprisonment is simply not a sufficient safeguard against the future actions of criminals because it offers the possibility of escape and release on parole. They think that some criminals must be made to pay for their crimes. They should get the punishment they deserve . If they happen to make it out to the world, who ‘ s to say that they wouldn’t kill again. The punishment for the culprit that fits the crime would soothe the victim’s family and society would be relieved , knowing one murderer is not there on the streets. Executing a person certainly prevents recurrence of violence , or quite possibly the first occurrence of other murderous acts. More timely enforcement of the death penalty would help to reduce the crime rate by installing a sense of respect and fear of the law. Crimes carry penalties – this should be understood very well by the people. If you do something wrong , you are going to be punished , will act as deterrent to such heinous crimes. Another argument against the death penalty is that it costs less to imprison someone for life than to execute them. The argument seems to be very utilitarian but is countered by the supporters of death penalty – ” Why should the society shoulder the responsibility for feeding the hard – hearted criminals , that too for their cruel deeds?”, is what they argue. The strongest argument using capital punishment for retributive purpose, is the argument that capital punishment is cruel and completely inhuman. The methods by which executions are carried out involve physical torture. Many a times electrocution has caused extensive burns and it needs more than one application of electric current to kill the condemned. No one, not even the state , has the authority to play God. Contrary to the popular belief that the death penalty reduces the crime rate, various surveys have shown that the threat of the death penalty does not in any way reduces the occurrence of violent crimes. Capital punishment , it is argued, is a barbaric remnant of uncivilized society. It is immoral , unfair and discriminatory in practice . It is discriminatory because at times some innocent people are executed due to a faulty judgement. Another argument against the death penalty is that where does lie the difference between the criminals and the society? The society in turn commits the same offence of killing when it punishes the criminals for taking away life.
Thus, the issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified , and if so , under what circumstances is it permissible and how to determine the limits of a crime demanding execution ; it also involves the issue whether the society believes in corrective justice or retributive justice. The basic assumption of retributive notion of punishment in general is that a criminal deserves punishment , and punishment should be equal to the harm done. Thus, society may punish the criminal any way it deems necessary so as to set an example for others would – be criminals. On the other hand, the theory of corrective justice believes that capital punishment should be abolished since it is undignified , inhumane , or contrary to love. Thus, the controversy still continues and legal experts debate over the fact whether capital punishment is permissible or not. Instead of debating over this, society should rather find ways of lowering crime rate so that no need of such debates arises. But as it is not possible to create a paradise in this otherwise imperfect world, the question will linger on for years to come – it seems.

THANKYOU!

Have you read this book?

Something I Never Told YouSomething I Never Told You, published in the year 2019, written by Shravya Bhinder, who is one of the remarkable authors of romance genre of this era. This is a nonfictional event based on the life of two characters named Raunak and Adira. Raunak is an introvert guy who falls in love with Adira at the first sight when she comes to live as a PG at his grandma. But he finds it difficult to confess his feelings to Adira. On the other hand Adira is unaware about this and does not expect anything of this sort.

Raunak tries to gain confidence to speak out his thoughts to Adira, but is very nervous to do so. He keeps wondering about to say or not to say. Later one day it’s Adira’s birthday and he plans to gift her a silver bracelet as a present. Since it was so expensive he borrows money from one of his friends. but because of his nervousness he finds it difficult to face Adira. And since they were not friends so he thinks it would be quite awkward to do so. Hence, he secretly puts the present in her purse. when Adira finds the bracelet in her purse she is very surprised! She is curious who it would be and asks everyone in the party who it was. But will Raunak accept that it was he by expressing his feeling? Or by any chance will Adira come to know it was Raunak? what will happen next? If you have already read this novel, comment your opinion about the story. if want to read the entire story……

How to take notes?

Preparing to take good notes in class


The first step to taking good notes in class is to come to class prepared. Here are some steps you can take to improve your note-taking before class even begins:

  • Preview your text or reading assignments before the lecture. Previewing allows you to identify the main ideas and concepts that will most likely be discussed during the lecture.
  • Look at your course syllabus so that you know the topic / focus of the class and what’s going to be important to focus on.
  • Briefly review notes from previous class sessions to help you situate the new ideas you’ll learn in this class.
  • Keep organized to help you find information more easily later. Title your page with the class name and date. Keep separate notebook sections or notebooks for each class and keep all notes for each class together in one space, in chronological order.

Note-taking during class

Now that you are prepared and organized, what can you do to take good notes while listening to a lecture in class? Here are some practical steps you can try to improve your in-class note-taking:

  • If you are seeking conceptual information, focus on the main points the professor makes, rather than copying down the entire presentation or every word the professor says. Remember, if you review your notes after class, you can always fill in any gaps or define words or concepts you didn’t catch in class.
  • If you are learning factual information, transcribing most of the lecture verbatim can help with recall for short-answer test questions, but only if you study these notes within 24 hours.
  • Record questions and thoughts you have or content that is confusing to you that you want to follow up on later or ask your professor about.
  • Jot down keywords, dates, names, etc. that you can then go back and define or explain later.
  • Take visually clear, concise, organized and structured notes so that they are easy to read and make sense to you later. See different formats of notes below for ideas.
  • If you want your notes to be concise and brief, use abbreviations and symbols. Write in bullets and phrases instead of complete sentences. This will help your mind and hand to stay fresh during class and will help you access things easier and quicker after class. It will also help you focus on the main concepts.
  • Be consistent with your structure. Pick a format that works for you and stick with it so that your notes are structured the same way each day.
  • For online lectures, follow the above steps to help you effectively manage your study time. Once you’ve watched the lecture in its entirety, use the rewind feature to plug in any major gaps in your notes. Take notes of the timestamps of any parts of the lecture you want to revisit later.

Determining what’s important enough to write down

You may be asking yourself how you can identify the main points of a lecture. Here are some tips for recognizing the most important points in a lecture:

  • Introductory remarks often include summaries of overviews of main points.
  • Listen for signal words / phrases like, “There are four main…” or “To sum up…” or “A major reason why…”
  • Repeated words or concepts are often important.
  • Non-verbal cues like pointing, gestures, or a vocal emphasis on certain words, etc. can indicate important points.
  • Final remarks often provide a summary of the important points of the lecture.
  • Consider watching online lectures in real-time. Watching the lecture for the first time without pausing or rewinding can help force you to focus on what’s important enough to write down.
Preference

https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/effective-note-taking-in-class/

Real Equality

India Is Home To A Third Of World's Child Brides. Half Of India's Girls Get Married Before 18

I read a quote somewhere a while back which I would like to put here before I start with my topic. The quote was by Diane Mariechild and it read, “A woman is a full circle. Within her is the power to create, nurture, and transform”. Things are slowly getting for women. While many might disagree about this because there are, still so many atrocities and sufferings women go through to date but the rise of women in various aspects and platforms stands as evidence of the progress and growth of women.  

This article is about the most recent incident that occurred in the Lok Sabha. The passing of the historic bill increased the eligibility criteria of marriage for women from 18 to 21. Well according to what I feel is this was a necessary change that needed to be made as we are living in 2021 moving forward to 2022 and having so much progress and development then our thoughts about women getting the same kind of treatment as men cannot be stuck in the old generation. What did surprise me and got me thinking was how a bill, which was meant for the betterment of women, had presented contentment and at the same time managed to bring a sense of resentment in people. Shockingly more women seemed to be questioning the bill than men are. Before we get into this, first let us understand what exactly the bill exactly means.

INTRODUCTION OF THE BILL

Photo Gallery : Lok Sabha

A bill seeking to fix 21 years as the legal age for marriage for women came to be introduced by the Union Minister of India Mrs. Smriti Irani. This bill knows as the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment Bill) 2021. The bill aims to show and bring about a sense of equality among men and women by keeping the same age for marriage for both genders. This bill also seeks to amend the other seven laws that are quite personal as well. Those bills are the Indian Christian Marriage Act; the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act; the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act; the Special Marriage Act; the Hindu Marriage Act; and the Foreign Marriage Act. The bill also aims to overpower all present working laws. This also included any kind of customs, usage, or practices that holds the parties responsible.  This brought about a lot of backlash from various opposition parties of the country and therefore this bill is present in the standing committee. The union minister also made an important point when she says and I quote “As a democracy, we are 75 years late in providing equal rights to men and women to enter into matrimony”. The union minister also made very important points when she brought out the fact that even in 2021 7% of the girls as young as 15 years are becoming pregnant and nearly 23% of girls have been married away even before the age of 18. This bill not only aims to bring this down but also brings about responsibility in both the parents and brings about an increase in nutrition and care for women. This bill is going to become effective 2 years from the dates it receives Presidential confirmation

Why it is being considered a decisive step?

Women all over the world have been fighting for their rights and equality for almost many decades now. Women have learned to struggle and sacrifice many things for their rights, equality, and importance in society from the very beginning and still have a long way to go. Therefore, when this bill was brought out in the Lok Sabha by a woman minister, I am sure this created a feeling of relief, joy, and happiness in the minds of all women.  This also created a sense of hope to keep moving forward and had a huge impact on women and their strength in a positive and supportive manner. The bill not only aims at making the physical life better for women but also the emotional mental part of their lives. Impactful things like this bill is a much necessary change that needs to be brought into society so that women are not expected to do things because they have reached a “certain age” which again is not decided by the women but all the other people that the small girl child is growing up with.

Why is there a sense of resentment?

Two things need to be understood by the readers. The sense of resentment has no connection with the opposition parties or their sentences of backlash. Here one is trying to understand the resentment or questions that lie in the common person’s mind. The second and the most important thing is that there is no resentment or sadness towards the bill or the aim behind the proposal of the bill. The resentment comes from a place of the bill not being enough to bring about change. There is so much more that needs to be done so that this bill has some value and establishment in society. This change and betterment should not just come from the urban sector but also the rural sector.

Child marriage is still predominant and present in societies, especially in small towns and villages. Girls are still considered a curse, a burden that needs to be cleared off before it is too late. Girls are married off even before they turn 18 and expect to look after household activities and chores from a very young age. Yes, things have gotten better at least to a small percentage concerning their education but they still have not been able to complete their education. The idea of being kept at home after they mature and at the same time making sure they leave their home is very perplexing and intriguing.

Both these sides make us question the very idea of equality, which is not just between men and women but also between women themselves. Yes, this bill does bring a sense of equality but true equality can only be achieved when more things are done to make women’s lives better. This change does not necessarily have to be as big as passing the bill; it could be as small bringing about awareness and taking small measures to make sure that every girl or woman whether she belongs to the urban society or the rural society has equal rights and opportunities like anybody else on the planet.

To conclude with a quote by Michelle Obama as she says and I quote “As women, we should stand up for ourselves. We must stand for each other. We must stand up for justice for all.”

References

  1. https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-introduces-bill-to-increase-womens-marriage-age-to-21-years-in-lok-sabha/785232/

INTERNET

The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection.In the present world without internet nothing will happen.INTERNET is a short form of Interconnected Network of all the Web Servers Worldwide. It is also called the World Wide Web or simply the Web.The Internet is used for many things, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. The most used service on the Internet is the World Wide Web.Internet is a system that interconnects the different computer systems across the world. … The Internet system carries an extensive range of information resources and services including World Wide Web (WWW), telephony, electronic mail, etc. It uses standard internet protocols, such as TCP/IP and HTTP, etc.


Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world with each other and to the World Wide Web. It uses standard internet protocol suite to connect billions of computer users worldwide. It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other wireless and networking technologies. At present, internet is the fastest mean of sending or exchanging information and data between computers across the world.

Advantages of the Internet:–


Instant Messaging: You can send messages or communicate to anyone using internet, such as email, voice chat, video conferencing, etc.


Get directions: Using GPS technology, you can get directions to almost every place in a city, country, etc. You can find restaurants, malls, or any other service near your location.


Online Shopping: It allows you to shop online such as you can be clothes, shoes, book movie tickets, railway tickets, flight tickets, and more.


Pay Bills: You can pay your bills online, such as electricity bills, gas bills, college fees, etc.


Online Banking: It allows you to use internet banking in which you can check your balance, receive or transfer money, get a statement, request cheque-book, etc.


Online Selling: You can sell your products or services online. It helps you reach more customers and thus increases your sales and profit.


Work from Home: In case you need to work from home, you can do it using a system with internet access. Today, many companies allow their employees to work from home.


Entertainment: You can listen to online music, watch videos or movies, play online games.


Cloud computing: It enables you to connect your computers and internet-enabled devices to cloud services such as cloud storage, cloud computing, etc.


Career building: You can search for jobs online on different job portals and send you CV through email if required.

Types of internet connections include:-

* DSL (digital subscriber line).


* cable broadband.


* fibre optic broadband.


* wireless or Wi-Fi broadband.


* satellite and mobile broadband.
dedicated leased line.

Disadvantages of the Internet:-

* Addiction, time-waster, and cause distraction.


* Bullying, trolls, stalkers, and crime

* Spam and advertising.


* Pornographic and violent images.


* Never being able to disconnect from work.


* Identity theft, hacking, viruses, and cheating.


* Affects focus and patience.

BITCOIN

Bitcoin is basically a computer file which is stored in a digital wallet app on a smartphone or computer. People can send Bitcoins or part of one to your digital wallet, and you can send Bitcoins to other people.You can buy Bitcoins using real money. You can sell things and let people pay you with Bitcoins.The money you put into Bitcoin is not safe from value fluctuations. Bitcoin is a volatile investment. If you’re looking for a “safe” investment with guaranteed returns, then don’t invest in Bitcoin

Bitcoin is the oldest cryptocurrency in the world. It is a digital currency that is often used to exchange value for goods and services. Bitcoins work on the principle of blockchain technology. Bitcoins can also be mined or produced using a massive computing system, complex technical process, and an active internet connection.People have traded in Bitcoin for over a decade now. Many companies have even started accepting Bitcoins as a payment method. The price of the coins has gone up substantially over the years.


In April 2018, the RBI had effectively banned cryptocurrency transactions via banks and e-wallets in the country. It was initially supported by the Supreme Court, though the top court later quashed the ban in March last year.Earlier this week, the government listed a bill titled The Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021 that is aimed to provide a framework for creation of an official digital currency to be issued by the RBI and prohibit all existing private cryptocurrencies. Experts, however, believe that it would take some time for the country to bring any changes.


Bitcoin held at exchanges are vulnerable to theft through phishing, scamming, and hacking. As of December 2017, around 980,000 bitcoins have been stolen from cryptocurrency exchanges.The use of bitcoin by criminals has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, law enforcement, and the media.Bitcoin gained early notoriety for its use on the Silk Road.

How Do Website Content Services Help in Business Promotion?

As soon as technology started taking its most advance form it became imperative for the businesses to have one foot on the online platform and one in the offline market. But to get a firm foot base is important, if the businesses want an outcome that is profitable and that base is not very easy to build. The virtual world as easy as it might seem isn’t that soft for the enterprises specially small and new. It is like a mirage until it’s held together with the reality that content services provide. Content services are like the rainbow which not only makes the sky after rain beautiful but also increases the number of the people who look at it. The different ventures with an aim of making a million need the rainbow of content services at every step of their journey. These services aren’t just fancy promoting or marketing of their ventures but it is also the shade during a rainstorm i.e. when the businesses find themselves in pit-hole of losses content services come to their rescue.

The main advantage that the content services provide is that the business becomes more cost effective. The content services usually provide quality service for lot less than some might charge offline. These services have a grip over the modern technology and use the same for the marketing and promotion of the brands that associate with them. The use of cost effective techniques for marketing and the hold of the virtual world better than the companies as their clients makes it easier for both the clients and the consumers to better know the brands. The kind of content that is to be used as the promotion technique plays an important part. Mainly the companies want the content that just not only describes their business in the best of interest but also that is relevant to the customers.

The content services provide the kind of content that boosts the interaction with the brands coming in for the promotion. They engage in SEO, which just increases the interaction with concerned company and thereby increasing its credib9lity. For individuals usually indulge in the highly credible companies. Content services aren’t just the marketing or promoting for the business in one single language rather it is about the multilingual promotion of the website. With over 22 regional languages that India has, the diversity of customers is the obvious result and for this diverse customers it is important to have marketing that is multilingual and content services provide this the best. The cost that the content services take might be seen as hefty by some but in real it is rather the most cost effective way of promoting business online. With the heavy competition, comes the opportunity to promote the business heavily and if content services got your back it becomes a piece of cake to attract consumers towards the business. It is the sought of investment that just gives you enough returns.

MY FIRST LOVE STORY

 Truth and dare, a game which marks the beginning of our puberty. This game fascinated me as much as any other kid of 6th standard might be.

We were new to it. We were ready for it! However, I wasn’t sure of it. Instead of being excited, I was nervous!

Oh I almost forgot to introduce myself.

Hi, I am Steve, and this is how my first game of truth and dare changed my life.

We were in our 6th standard. One Saturday my friends and I were returning from school, when Kristin came up with the idea of playing truth and dare.

I was not up for it, as usual but somehow my friends forced me into it. I agreed to it, but hoped to reach our destination before the bottle rim pointed at me. I didn’t want to play! I was nervous!

Then there happened something, which made my life turn upside down! The bottle rim pointed at Susan, a friend of mine. Now Susan and I were just acquaintances. We never actually talked to each other. It was just a hi hello relationship for us.

Susan chose dare, and Kristin dared her to say I love you to any one of the three boys, Zayn, Austin or me. Back in that time, I was a big nerd who stayed away from girls. I don’t know why exactly but I didn’t have that confidence in me to talk to a girl, which is why I was really scared!

My heart started racing, I had butterflies in my stomach, my hands were almost sweating. Not that I was expecting to be the one whom Susan chose, but what if she did?

I have always found Susan pretty. She was not one of those girls who found ways to impress boys. Never in the many years of knowing her did I see any kind of make up on her. She was natural. She was sweet and from what I could assume, she had a heart of diamond and a smile worth millions of dollars!

I have always liked her because she was nothing like other girls. She was genuine. I always thought of talking to her but never had the confidence to do so! Oh God what if she chooses me!

Yes i know I am sounding a bit too extra, but the girl in question is her! The only girl with whom i wanted to talk and be friends with! My heart was sinking with every second, I had goose bumps and I felt a pressure putting itself upon me! This kills. This game sucks!

I was busy fighting my own thoughts when I caught Susan looking at me. Her eyes were not blinking. She stared at me, looked into my eyes. All of a sudden, I started feeling relaxed. Her eyes felt like heaven. Those beautiful pearl eyes, that beautiful, frightened face!

Her lips parted, a sigh left her mouth, and the words, “I love you” she uttered, with her eyes still fixed with mine. I couldn’t process what just happened. It was just a dare, but that moment felt something more!

A sudden hooting made us both look away when we reached her bus stop and she went away. I don’t know what had just happened. It was a great feeling. So beautiful and intense that i could still feel my heart pounding against my chest. But, the real question is, did she feel the same way I did?

Photo by cottonbro on Pexels.com

The Verts

All the people in the world have type of personality traits that they sometimes acquire themselves and others they get it genetically from their parents. Because of these specific personality traits they get the personality which describes them as an outgoing person or a staying in person. The kind of places they like to visit, the kind of activity they like doing while free, they way they act in front of a group of people, the fears that they have and the kind of friends they make all describe their personality type. The type of personality sometimes is very descriptive in it-self and is easy to recognize but other times it tough to the read a person and they themselves might not be aware of the kind of personality they own.

Photo by Ketut Subiyanto on Pexels.com

Introverts=

These are the people who like to stay in their homes mostly and they do not like socialising or meeting people on daily basis. They avoid any social or public gatherings many times so as to avoid any more than necessary human contact. They like having their “me time” as away from world affair, like reading a book or watching their favourite movie or show rather than going out and meeting people. They have a small circle of friends and they hardly know more than names of their own family members sometimes. They have their favourite person and they are happy with just that one person most often. They generally take time in befriending someone and can still be quit in that new found friendship and they just like it that way.

Photo by Helena Lopes on Pexels.com

Extroverts=

This personality’s people generally like going out with their friends, colleges, neighbours, basically everyone. They have the gift of befriending anyone and everyone. They could talk to, hang out with everyone. They like spending time with the people outside the four walls of their home and they are mostly party animals and like socialising. They do not spend their “me time” inside their rooms rather they go outside in the want of exploring something new and getting to know new people. They have huge friends circle and even manage to hang out with all of them in even one day. They love social gatherings for the reason that they meet new people in them.

Ambiverts=

With a lot of introverts and extroverts, the individuals usually forget about the people who have the traits of them- the Ambiverts. They are the people who are somewhat introverts and somewhat extroverts. They like having their “me time” alone but also do not avoid social gatherings. They could talk to anyone if they want but also sometimes are in the want to avoid human contact. They could become friends with anyone and hang out with them but on some days they just want to be with their best friend and that is whole for them. They could roam around the city if they like but also come back home to their cup of coffee all alone gazing the stars.  Because of the mixed personality traits of introverts and extroverts, they usually aren’t counted in any of the two personalities. They are most often to choose either of them and in failing to do so they went the term ambivert which describes now as the third personality trait with distinct characterstics.

SCRAP POLICY 2021

The topic for today’s article is scrap policy in India. Now the question is what is meant by scrap? The answer to this is – to remove an unwanted covering or a top layer from something. Scrap consists of recyclable materials left over from product manufacturing and consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials.

Unlike waste, scrap has monetary value, especially recovered metals and non-metallic ,especially are also recovered for recycling. And the much -awaited draft policy on vehicle scrapping is finally out.

The policy outlines the criteria for defining end -of-life vehicles and scrapping them. It also makes provision for scrapping facilities for safe disposal of waste and material recovery. This policy has only “advised” the state governments and the automobile industry to provide voluntary incentives to the owners of the vehicles.

This proposed policy seeks to phase out unit vehicles to reduce vehicular pollution, meet the climate commitments, improve road safety and fuel efficiency, formalise informal vehicle scrapping industry and recover low cost material for automotive, steel and electronics industry. The vehicle scrapping scheme is likely to usher in significant change and is expected to generate demands for new vehicles.

The policy says, commercial vehicles of more than 15 years and passenger vehicles of more than 20 years will have to be mandatorily scrapped if they don’t pass the fitness and emission tests. Vehicle owners who would voluntarily scrap their vehicles will get a rebate on road tax in the range of 15% to 25% and complete waiver of registration fees on the next vehicle purchase.

The government has envisaged investments worth Rs 10000 core for establishing vehicle fitness centers. Most likely scrapyards are to be established in the four zones and they will also supply scrap steel to automobile manufactures and other industries. The milestones set in the draft policy require the rules for fitness tests and scrapping to be in place by October 1, 2021. All government and PSU -owned vehicles older than 15 years will be scrapped by October 1, 2022. The same will be done for other vehicles by 2023 and 2024.

RECYCLING

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. The recovery of energy from waste materials is often included in this concept. The recyclability of a material depends on its ability to reacquire the properties it had in its original state. It is an alternative to “conventional” waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, thereby reducing: energy usage, air pollution (from incineration), and water pollution (from landfilling).

Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle” waste hierarchy. Thus, recycling aims toward environmental sustainability by substituting raw material inputs into and redirecting waste outputs out of the economic system. There are some ISO standards related to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001:2015 for environmental management control of recycling practice.

Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles, batteries, and electronics. The composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste—such as food or garden waste—is also a form of recycling. Materials to be recycled are either delivered to a household recycling center or picked up from curbside bins, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials destined for manufacturing new products.

In the strictest sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material—for example, used office paper would be converted into new office paper or used polystyrene foam into new polystyrene. This is accomplished when recycling certain types of materials, such as metal cans, becoming a can again and again, indefinitely, without losing purity in the product. However, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so “recycling” of many products or materials involves their reuse in producing different materials (for example, paperboard) instead. Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic value (such as lead from car batteries, or gold from printed circuit boards), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse of mercury from thermometers and thermostats).

Why is it important to recycle?

With the involvement and enthusiasm of people like you, recycling is back and so are thousands upon thousands of recycled products made from materials that would otherwise be piling up in our nation’s landfills. It makes a huge difference to our environment, our quality of life, and our country’s future.

Waste Generation Increases

In 2014, Americans generated about 258 million tons of trash and recycled 66.4 million tons and composted 23 million tons of this material, equivalent to a 34.6 percent recycling rate. On average, we recycled and composted 1.51 pounds of our individual waste generation of 4.44 pounds per person per day.

The state of the economy has a strong impact on consumption and waste generation. Waste generation increases during times of strong economic growth and decreases during times of economic decline. To learn more about waste generation in the US see the US EPA report Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures.

This data is taken from Stanford University’s Recycling and Solid Waste Report 2016 and fed into the US EPA WAste Reduction Model (WARM).

Can recycling save energy?

Yes it can! Here’s some fun facts from CalRecycle to show you how!

If you look at the big picture of what it takes to create a product from scratch — to get the raw materials, transport them, process them and manufacture them — making goods with recycled material like paper, plastic, glass, and metal is a major energy saver.

Seattle economist Jeffrey Morris estimated that manufacturing one ton of office and computer paper with recycled paper stock can save nearly 3,000 kilowatt hours over the same ton of paper made with virgin wood products.

A ton of soda cans made with recycled aluminum saves an amazing 21,000 kilowatt hours by reducing the virgin bauxite (bozite) ore that would have to be mined, shipped, and refined. That’s a 95% energy savings.

A ton of PET plastic containers made with recycled plastic conserves about 7,200 kilowatt hours.

The San Diego County Office of Education has figured out that recycling one glass bottle saves enough energy to light a 100 watt light bulb for four hours.