World’s Oldest Language It is not possible to answer exactly how many languages of the world are there. According to an estimate, the total number of languages in the world is about 6809, out of which the number of speakers of 90 per cent of the languages is less than 100000. There are about 200 to 150 languages that are spoken by more than 1 million people. There are about 357 languages that only 50 people speak. Not only this, but there are also 46 languages whose number of speakers is only one.
But do you know which is the oldest language in the world? If you are not aware of the answer to this question then after reading this article you will know which is the oldest language in the world, because in this article we are giving the details of the 10 oldest languages of the world according to the origin.
World’s 10 oldest languages
10. Armenian Language The Armenian language is also part of the Indo-European linguistic group, which is spoken by the Armenians. Bibles written in the fifth century exist as its earliest appearance. The Armenian language originated in 450 BC. At present, about 5 per cent of people speak this language. This language is spoken in Mesopotamia and the intermediate valleys of the caucus and in the southeastern region of the Black Sea. The region falls in Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan (northwestern Iran). It is the official language of the Republic of Armenia.
9. Korean language The Korean language is spoken from around 600 BC. At present, about 80 million people speak the Korean language. The script of this language is Hangul. In ancient times, the Chinese settled in Korea, so the Korean language is strongly influenced by the Chinese language.
8. Arabic language This language is found in Hebrew and Arabic languages today. It was once the official language of the Armenian Republic. There is evidence of its presence even 1,000 years before Christ. Even today the Arabic language is spoken in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Israel, Lebanon and modern Rome.
7. Chinese Language Chinese is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken in China and some countries of East Asia. The Chinese language belongs to the Chinese-Tibetan language-family and is actually a group of languages and dialects. Standardized Chinese is actually a language called “mandarin”. This language is 1200 years old even before the arrival of Jesus. Currently, about 1.2 billion people speak Chinese.
6. Greek Language The Greek language is the oldest language in Europe, spoken since 1450 years before Christ. Currently Greek is spoken in Greece, Albania and Cyprus. About 13 million people still speak Greek today.
5. Egyptian Language The Egyptian language is the oldest known language in Egypt. This language belongs to the Afro-Asian linguistic family. it is 2600–2000 years old from Christ. This language is still keeping its nature alive.
4. Hebrew Language Hebrew is the language falling under the Semitic branch of the Sami-Hami language-family. The Hebrew language is about 3000 years old. It is currently the official language of Israel, after its extinction, the Israeli people revived it. The Jewish community considers it to be ‘holy language’ and the Old Testament of the Bible was written in it. The Hebrew language is written in the Hebrew script, read and written from right to left. Studies of Hebrew are relatively popular nowadays in Western universities. The official language of Palestine after the First World War is also modern Hebrew.
3. Latin Language Greek is the third oldest language in the world. Latin was the official language of the ancient Roman Empire and ancient Roman religion. It is currently the official language of the Roman Catholic Church and the official language of the Vatican City. Like Sanskrit, it is a classical language. Latin comes in the romance branch of the Indo-European language family. From this, French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Portuguese and the most popular language of the present time, English has originated. Due to the dominance of Christianity in Europe, Latin language in medieval and pre-modern times was the international language of almost all Europe, in which books of all religions, science, higher literature, philosophy and mathematics were written.
2. Tamil Language The Tamil language is recognized as the oldest language in the world and it is the oldest language of the Dravidian family. This language had a presence even around 5,000 years ago. According to a survey, 1863 newspapers are published in the Tamil language only every day. At present, the number of speakers of Tamil language is around 7.7 crores. This language is spoken in India, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia.
1. Sanskrit Language World’s oldest language is Sanskrit. The Sanskrit language is called Devbhasha. All European languages seem inspired by Sanskrit. All the universities and educational institutions spread across the world consider Sanskrit as the most ancient language. It is believed that all the languages of the world have originated from Sanskrit somewhere. The Sanskrit language has been spoken since 5,000 years before Christ. Sanskrit is still the official language of India. However, in the present time, Sanskrit has become a language of worship and ritual instead of the language of speech. All the auspicious works performed in Hindu religion are recited by Veda Mantra, whose language is Sanskrit.
Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 and it was named after the Zika Forest in Uganda. The first human case of zika was found on1952 and from then on cases were being reported on Africa, Southeast Asia and pacific islands.
TRANSMISSION:
It can be transmitted bite of infected mosquito bite of species Aedes which can bite both during day and night. It can also be transmitted from pregnant women to her fetus. It can spread also through sex and blood transfusion.
SYMPTOMS:
There are not much symptoms. mostly people affected with zika are not seen having symptoms or having mild symptoms. the common symptoms are Headache. Joint pain. Rashes. Red eyes. Fever. Symptoms can last to several days to weeks. Good thing about is that people will not die because of this disease and can be protected from further infections. Symptoms of Zika are similar to other illnesses spread through mosquito like dengue and chikungunya.
PREVENTION:
There is no particular vaccine but the best way is to prevent oneself from mosquito bites. Apart from this wear a long piece of clothing and prevent clothes from scabies and lice. One can prevent sexual transmission of virus by using condoms or not having sex. Use insect repellent. Stay away from products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or para-methane-diol on children less than three years of age.
DIAGNOSIS:
It can be confirmed through blood or urine test. Diagnosis is based ones travel history , lab results and symptoms.
VACCINE:
As of now, there is no particular vaccine available for Zika virus.
WHAT IF A PERSON IS INFECTED WITH ZIKA VIRUS?
As there is no particular vaccine all that one can do is Treat oneself with ample amount of rest. Don’t take any kind of aspirin or other NSAIDs. Drink enough fluid to avoid dehydration.
The Burj Al Arab is a luxurious 5-star hotel located in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. One of the tallest hotels in the world, it is the seventh tallest, although 39% of its total height is made up of non-occupiable space. Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial island 280 m (920 ft) from Jumeirah Beach and is connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. The shape of the structure is designed to resemble the sail of a ship. It has a helipad near the roof at a height of 210 m (689 ft) above ground.
The hotel is managed by the Jumeirah Group. Despite its size, the Burj Al Arab holds only 28 double-story floors which accommodate 202 bedroom suites. The smallest suite occupies an area of 169 m2 (1,820 sq ft), the largest covers 780 m2 (8,400 sq ft). Suites feature design details that juxtapose east and west. White columns show great influence. Bathrooms are accented by mosaic tile patterns. The Royal Suite is billed at 18 lakhs per night.
2. Hotel Plaza Athenèe (France):
Hotel Plaza Athénée is a 5-star hotel at 37 East 64th Street between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City. Built-in 1984, it has 143 guest rooms. It is currently owned by Thai billionaire Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi.
The premier hotel in Paris in terms of grandeur. On the 5th floor is the biggest suite of the French hospitality industry. You get to relish the sights of the Eiffel tower from the hotel. Guests have a private kitchen and a steam room to themselves and enjoy French Regency fabrics and furniture. A night here will cost you 20 lakhs.
3. Palms Casino Resort (Las Vegas Nevada):
Palms Casino Resort is a hotel and casino located near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It has 703 rooms and suites and contains 94,840 sq ft (8,811 m2) casino, recording studio, Michelin-starred restaurant, and 2,500-seat concert theater.
This hotel and casino have 653 rooms of opulence, none more lavish than the Sky Villa resort on the 6th floor covers over 800 square meters, and costs 26 lakhs. Its design style is a tasteful blend of modern and retro. Its world-class facilities like poker tables, racy artwork, and indoor pools make it the preferred choice of the rich. The hotel is renowned for its great nightlife activities.
The Fantasy Tower is also home to several nightlife venues including Moon Nightclub and The View. The tower holds what is known as the Sky Villas and Fantasy Suites, which are some of the most expensive hotel suites in the world. The two-story Sky Villa on the top floor is billed at 30 lakhs per night.
4. Grand Hyatt Cannes Hotel Martinez in Cannes (France):
The Hôtel Martinez is a famous art deco style Grand Hotel on the Croisette at Cannes. It was opened on 20 February 1929 by its founder-owner Emmanuel Michele Martinez, son of Baron Giovanni Martinez and Giuseppa Labiso Costanza, from Palermo Sicily, Italy, a noble ancient Italian family of Spanish origins.
This hotel is a prominent feature of luxury living in France. its art styled décor is unmistakable. You can enjoy the scenic view of the southern French city from the hotel. Part of its exclusive features include guests having the luxury of personal jacuzzis overlooking the Bay of Cannes.
5.Grand Resort Lagonissi Royal Villa in Athens (Greece):
It’s very extravagant hotel located on the Athenian Rivera, it has ten restaurants, 197 rooms, and 76 suites. It offers concierge facilities like helicopter lifts, yacht hire, chauffeur-driven limousines for its distinguished guests. At more than 30 lakhs every evening spent, it is the definition of Greek opulence.
Designed for royal and prestigious guests, the Royal Villa encapsulates the essence of luxury in its splendidly appointed interior and exterior spaces welcoming esteemed guests to experience the epitome of luxury living. The Royal Villa features two master bedrooms with king-size beds, a spacious living room with a fireplace and dining table, a fully equipped business corner, a fully fitted kitchen and grill as well as outdoor BBQ facilities. The villa comes complete with an indoor and outdoor heated pool, a fully equipped gym and steam bath, a private massage area with a massage-table, two oversized marble-lined bathrooms, and a guest bath. Furthermore, there are Butler’s quarters with a separate entrance and a bathroom. Privileged guests are welcome to sunbathe on the spacious outdoor terrace, dive in the crystalline waters of the pool, maintain their work out routine while on holidays, and follow their own private path to the dazzling shore of the bay.
4. Laucala Island Resort Hilltop Estate (Fiji):
It’s a very luxurious villa located on its island in the Archipelago of Fiji, you would still have to seek approval via an application from the owner, Dietrick Mateschitz. The hotel has received many positive reviews, many calling it the Apex of the World.
The Hilltop Villa is likened to a “resort within a resort,” situated atop the high green hills of the island, shining as the crowning gem of Laucala. The captivating views, unique atmosphere, and unusually designed main villa with its own panoramic view, landscaped garden, and two spacious guest villas all work together to form one oversized private “estate” on the hilltop. The main villa features a master bedroom, lounge, dining room, library, outdoor pavilions, and lab. You cannot book a stay here, but being friends with the Red Bull founder might give you a chance to get a vacation here.
4 – Raj Palace Hotel, Jaipur (India):
The Raj Palace in Jaipur Rajasthan, India is more than two and a half centuries old palace converted into a grand heritage hotel.
The costliest hotel in Asia at a daily rate of more than 32 lakhs. It was built in 1727 and branded as a grand heritage hotel. It was previously The Maharaja’s Pavilion as he once resided there. You can even find a museum celebrating India’s reach heritage in the presidential suite. The hotel is awarded as “the best heritage hotel of India” by the Government of India and voted as “The leading heritage hotel of the world” consecutively for seven times by World Travel Awards. The property is a member of the “Small Luxury Hotel” of the World (SLH). It is managed by the flagship company GVK group which is also a major player in the Mining and Information Technology industries.
Featuring a charming interior with crystal chandeliers and double-height ceilings, the luxurious hotel in central Jaipur also features a relaxing pool and health club. It is also one of the palaces lived by the Maharajah that has been restored to its original glory and charm. Each room is unique and still seems to breathe the spirit of the illustrious guests who once stayed here. It is spacious and decorated with traditional Indian décor and antique furnishings. Many rooms have pieces from the Royal Family’s museum collection. Guests can enjoy views of the garden/courtyard/pool.
Guests can relax in Raj Palace’s swimming pool or schedule a massage treatment at the spa. On-site entertainment includes a theatre and marionette show. It has a number of well-equipped meeting rooms with each having a royal name.
Swapna Mahal serves a variety of international cuisine. The Kebab Shop offers Mughlai cuisine, including live barbecue dishes. Drinks and fresh pastries can be found at The Royal Lounge. A selection of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages can be enjoyed at the Shikarbadi.
The Raj Palace is a 20-minute drive from Jaipur International Airport. It is a 10-minute drive from the Amber Palace Fort and a 5-minute drive from the Jal Mahal Lake.
3. Four Seasons Hotel Ty Warner (New York):
The building was started in 1989 and took seven years and 372 crores to construct. It’s among the priciest hotels in America. The rooms are exotic, having 360-degree ceiling views, gold, and platinum weave fabrics, amongst other features. It costs 37 lakhs per evening.
Recognized as “a visual tour de force of volumetric flourishes and crafted surfaces” by Architectural Digest magazine, the Ty Warner Penthouse is a seven-year collaboration between I.M. Pei, Peter Marino and visionary hotel owner, Ty Warner. The architectural and artistic masterpiece soars 52 stories into the sky, There are four cantilevered glass balconies (the highest in the world) that perfectly align with the grid of Manhattan’s streets.
Situated on ‘Billionaires’ Row,’ the IM Pei-designed Four Seasons Hotel New York embodies elegant sophistication; yet the Art Deco lobby with soaring ceilings, towering columns and stone flooring has an intimate feel thanks to dim lighting and a quiet atmosphere. Visit Ty Bar for daily afternoon tea or live jazz on Friday nights. The luxe Ty Warner Penthouse on the 52nd floor is a most impressive urban suite. The one-bedroom suite has 26-ft ceilings, hand-lacquered walls inlaid with mother of pearl, floor-to-ceiling bookcases, a grand piano, zen room with a waterfall of South African-sourced semi-precious granite, a Peloton bike, Chinese onyx bathtub, in-suite spa and an exquisite chandelier made by Deborah Thomas.
9. Hotel President Wilson Royal Penthouse Suite:
If you fancy seeing how the other half lives or have some cash to splash on spectacularly luxurious hotel accommodation, we have just the place for you. The Royal Penthouse Suite at the Hotel President Wilson in Geneva is famous for being the largest suite in Europe at 1680 square meters, and numerous celebrities and heads of state have stayed in it.
Facing Lake Geneva and minutes away from the most beautiful parks and boutiques along the famous rue du Rhône, this iconic hotel is one of the most contemporary addresses in Geneva, set against the breathtaking backdrop of the Mont-Blanc. With elegant furnishings and stylish amenities, our 204 guest rooms and 22 suites are beautifully appointed and equipped with the highest quality.
Visitors in this hotel enjoy magnificent views of the Swiss Alps. The Penthouse suite is 1800 square Meters with bullet-proof windows. Also, private lifts take you straight to your apartment, amongst other luxuries.
The suite is located on the entire top floor of the hotel and has a panoramic terrace with breathtaking views over Lake Geneva. The wraparound terrace comes complete with a telescope for stargazing on clear nights.
The opulent suite has 12 luxury bedrooms so you can bring all your pals and your entourage along. The bedrooms have marble bathrooms with bath products by Hermès. The two master bedrooms have a vast walk-in dressing room and a marble bathroom with a jacuzzi facing the lake, as well as a separate shower, steam, and mirror TV.
There is also a fitness room to keep you in shape, and a private chef and chauffeur are available to you at all times. To keep yourselves entertained, you have the world’s largest TV screen by Bang & Olufsen, the BeoVision 4-103 home cinema set.
10. Lover’s Deep Luxury Submarine (St. Lucia):
At 1 crore per night, it is officially the costliest hotel in the world. Located in the ocean at considerable depth. You get an underwater view of the entire marine world. Though it’s very extravagant, every minute spent on this hotel is worth every penny. This hotel is the very definition of the Mile-Low club.
The people at Oliver’s Travels are known for their exclusive, one-of-a-kind holiday experiences, and this time they’re proposing something as out-of-the-box as it gets. Of course, the endless blue seas and skies are wonderful, especially if you’re on a luxurious yacht.
If you thought the Caribbean was beautiful from the shores or from the deck of a boat, just wait till you see what’s down in the deep: schools of fish, pods of dolphins, and the most amazing landscapes of coral are all underwater, waiting to be discovered.
“You can, you should, and if you’re brave enough to start, you will. Writing is magic, as much as the water of life as any other creative art. The water is free, so drink. Drink and be filled up.”
Stephen King
Today’s article highlights everything regarding the usage of background stories for your bookish characters! When we come up with characters in our story, it becomes essential to give a short or a long background story in order to introduce their lives and make it interesting for us as readers to empathize or criminalize the character in our head. Background stories thus, not only introduce the character, but also can act as an important medium for retaining the suspense factor in the story. Let us learn how and when to incorporate background stories with Liney who will be addressing you!
Hello Folks! I am Liney – A Notebook which is always so very handy when it comes to Writing. I guess my purpose of being here has been already explained to you! So, without wasting any more time, let us begin.
“Background Stories Can Be Incorporated In Two Possible Ways!”
“Firstly, it could be used simply to elaborate on the life of the protagonist or any other character of the story and secondly it can be used to reveal the suspense. For instance, a serial killer’s background story could be revealed at the end, that it was the family torture and tyranny that made him follow the heinous profession. In short, a simple background story is at the beginning which could be short or long depending on the amount of information you wish to reveal about that specific character while a suspenseful background story is at the end to conclude the story effectively.”
“Background Stories At The Beginning Must Be Short.”
“This is essential to maintain the suspense factor. Background stories must be short in the beginning or you could possibly narrate an incomplete background story in the beginning and reveal the remaining matter at the end in order to make the story engaging.”
“There Are Three Types Of Narrating Background Stories!”
“Let us take an example of a character here named Amanda who is the protagonist. First type of narration would involve her own confession at the end may be for the suspenseful story and the second one could involve her boyfriend Dave who narrates it on behalf of her. The third type involves third person narration that is you, as an author narrate it and make the readers acquainted with it thereby breaking the ice!”
“A Background Story Could Be Shown As A Thought Process Of That Particular Individual.”
“Yes! This is an interesting way of revealing a background story. Again let us consider Amanda here. She could be shown in a state of trance and then a vivid description of her background story as to how she imagines it, could be jotted down word to word. This could be better done in the middle or at the end of the story.”
“A Background Story May Or May Not Include Setting!’
“There isn’t any compulsion to incorporate the setting in the background story of the character. Sometimes, authors prefer to do that in the middle of the story. Background stories could be shown as explaining the criminal life of the character, or the torturous family life of the character, or to project the memories of the character which could be haunting or hunky dory. Simple background stories that explain the setting follow an ancient version of writing. People prefer beginning stories abruptly and then in the middle section of the story, is the background and current life of that character revealed. Also, background stories that include setting are mostly third person narrations made by the author himself. Narrations made by the characters don’t or shouldn’t ever incorporate settings because that makes the content look amateurish and you don’t want your readers to judge you on the basis of that, do you?”
“Addition Of Background Stories For Characters Depends On The Genres!’
“It totally does. You don’t require background stories for characters in a motivational genre book whose main object is to motivate the readers through the characters and not emphasize on the story. Background stories mostly adorn, fictitious stories because of the prime focus on the unfolding of the story and the personality of its characters. Non Fiction too involves background stories but that is as stated earlier, third person narration by the author which is a simple way of acquainting us with the reality since emergence of the suspense factor isn’t mandatory here. Thus, it is all linked with the suspense factor which makes us decide accordingly.”
Now, that you know some ways of using background stories for your amazing characters effectively, why not begin writing your book now?
Even after stepping down as the CEO of Amazon, Jeff Bezos remains at the top of the Forbes The World’s Real-Time Billionaires list, as he holds onto the number one position with an iron grip. With an estimated net worth of $203 billion according to Bloomberg Billionaire Index, Bezos’ fortune has skyrocketed since he first founded the company in 1994.
Professional Life
Jeff Bezos is the founder of Amazon, World’s largest internet company, and second to hit the US$ 1 Trillion mark after Apple. Jeff founded the company in 1994 as an online book store. Although Amazon is now bigger than ever, it wasn’t the only name on his mind. Relentless was another such name, and even today if you visit relentless.com you’ll be redirected to Amazon.Today, Amazon has expanded into various sectors including cloud computing, home assistant hardware, music/video streaming services, organic foods, and many more. In 2017, Amazon’s net profit was US$ 3 Billion. Same year, in November Jeff Bezos sold 1 million Amazon shares worth US$ 1.1 Billion. But, in 2018 the profits jumped to about $12 Billion. Jeff also owns a rocket company that goes by the name of Blue Origin. It is one of SpaceX’s competitor and Jeff’s cue to become a Trillionaire.
His fortune saw a substantial increase in 2020. When the pandemic hit and most businesses were floundering, Amazon was thriving as e-commerce demand went through the roof. Thanks to the blossoming business boom, his net worth went up by $75 million in that year alone. He has faced a certain amount of criticism for this over the years. While his fortune grew, and many of his warehouse workers were living on food stamps, there was a public backlash against the business tycoon.He received a salary of $81,840 as the CEO of Amazon and additional compensations worth $1.6 million last year. His fortune even exceeds the national GDP of certain nations and even the entire British Monarchy, as per the Business Insider report. Fair to say Bezos does not live like the average American. One prime example is that he does not pay Income tax. According to USA Today, and data accessed from the Internal Revenue Service, in 2007, an already billionaire Bezos, was not paying any federal taxes. A few years later in 2011, he again paid no taxes and even received a $4,000 tax credit for his children. His retirement from his leadership role at the forefront of the company marks a big change for the market landscape as Andy Jassy takes over.
Advices given by Jeff Bezos
Take Risks
“When you think about the things that you will regret when you’re 80, they’re almost always the things that you did not do. They’re acts of omission. Very rarely are you going to regret something that you did that failed and didn’t work or whatever”
Make good decisions-Fast
Bezos believes that the key to maintaining an innovative business is to make “high-quality, high-velocity decisions.” “All of my best decisions in business and in life have been made with heart, intuition, guts not with analysis”
Don’t lose your distinctiveness
We all know that distinctiveness – originality – is valuable. We are all taught to ‘be yourself.’ What I’m really asking you to do is to embrace and be realistic about how much energy it takes to maintain that distinctiveness. The world wants you to be typical – in a thousand ways, it pulls at you. Don’t let it happen.”
Bezos said “The fairy tale version of the advice ‘be yourself’ is that all the pain stops as soon as you allow your distinctiveness to shine. That version is misleading. Being yourself is worth it, but don’t expect it to be easy or free”.
The UP law panel has a draft of a proposed law aired on controlling population of the state. The up government proposed that if one has more than two children ,they won’t receive any subsidiary from government . Futhermore ,they will be ineligible for taking part in election as well as in giving government exams .Their are various restrictions on who have more than two children.The draft has several perks for one who decided to have one child .They will be given free healthcare facilities and insurance until he/she attains the age of 20.Those will have two children will be given paid maternity and paternity leave of 12 months with free healthcare insurance and facilities.
A drainage system is an integrated system of tributaries and a trunk stream which collects and drains surface water into the sea, lake or some other body of water. The total area drained by a river and its tributaries is known as a drainage basin. The drainage system of India is broadly divided into two major groups on the basis of their location. They are Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers.
Himalayan Rivers
These rivers are found in north India and originate from Himalayas. So, they are also called as Himalayan rivers. These are perennial rivers.
The Indus River System
The Indus River is one of the largest rivers of the world. It originates from the northern slope of the Kailash range in Tibet near Manasarovar Lake at an elevation of about 5,150 m. Its length is about 2,880 km (Only 709 km is in India). The river has a total drainage area extending 11,65,500 sq km in which 321,289 sq km areas are drained in India.
The Ganga River System
The Ganga River System is the largest drainage system of India. It extends over an area of 8,61,404 sq km. The Ganga plain is the most densely populated place in India and many towns are developed on the banks of this river. The river Ganga originates as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttar Khasi District of Uttarkhand state, at an elevation of 7,010 m. The length of the river Ganga is about 2,525 km.
The Brahmaputra River System
The river Brahmaputra originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier of the Kailash range to the east of Lake Manasarovar in Tibet at an elevation of about 5,150 m. The total area is about 5,80,000 sq km but the drainage area found in India is 1,94,413 sq km. This river is known as Tsangpo (Purifier) in Tibet. The length of this river is about 2,900 km (900 km in India).
Characteristic of Himalayan Rivers
✓Long and wide. ✓Perennial in nature. ✓Unsuitable for hydro power generation. ✓Middle and lower course are navigable.
Peninsular Rivers
The rivers in south india are called the Peninsular rivers. Most of these rivers originate from the Western Ghats. These are seasonal rivers ( non – perennial ). They have a large seasonal fluctuation in volume of water as they are solely fed by rain. These rivers flow in valleys with steep gradients. Based on the direction of flow, the peninsular rivers are divided into the ✓West flowing rivers ✓East flowing rivers
East Flowing Rivers
Mahanadi
The river Mahanadi originates near Sihawa in Raipur district of Chattisgarh and flows through Odisha. Its length is 851 km. Seonath, Telen, Sandur and Ib are its major tributaries. The main stream of Mahanadi gets divided into several distributaries such as Paika, Birupa, Chitartala, Genguti and Nun. The Mahanadi empties its water in Bay of Bengal.
Godavari
Godavari is the longest river ( 1,465 km ) with an area of 3.13 lakh sq km among the peninsular rivers. It flows through the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh before joining Bay of Bengal. Purna, Penganga, Pranitha, Indravati, Tal and Salami are its major tributaries. Kolleru, a fresh water lake is located in the deltaic region of the Godavari.
Krishna
The river Krishna originates from a spring at a place called Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra. Its length is 1,400 km and an area of 2.58 lakh sq km. It is the second longest Peninsular river Bhima, Peddavagu, Musi, Konya and Thungabhadra are the major tributaries of this river. It also flows through Andhra Pradesh and joins in Bay of Bengal, at Hamasaladeevi.
Kaveri
The Kaveri (also known as Cauvery, the anglicized name) is an Indian river flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Kaveri river rises at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range in the Western Ghats, Kodagu district of the state of Karnataka, at an elevation of 1,341 m above mean sea level and flows for about 800 km before its outfall into the Bay of Bengal.
West Flowing Rivers
Narmada
The Narmada River, also called the Reva and previously also known as Narbada or anglicised as Nerbudda is the 5th longest river in India, the largest west-flowing river and largest flowing river of Madhya Pradesh. This river is located in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat state of India. It is also known as “Life Line of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat” for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in many ways. Narmada rises from Amarkantak Plateau in Anuppur district Madhya Pradesh.
Tapti
The Tapti River is a river in central India located to the south of the Narmada river which flows westwards before draining into the Arabian Sea. The river has a length of around 700km and flows through the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. It flows through Surat, and is crossed by the Magdalla, ONGC Bridge.
Characteristic of South Indian Rivers
✓Originate from Western Ghats. ✓Short and narrow. ✓Non perennial in nature. ✓Suitable for hydro power generation. ✓Not useful for navigation.
🌟Before the European discovery of America three centres of civilisation existed there in Mexico in Central America and in peru in South America. 🌟The Maya,the Inca and the Aztec Civilizations were highly advanced. 🌟There were several statin each of these areas of civilisation. 🌟Well organized and strong governments existed. 🌟Around the eleventh century, large cities formed into a league of Mayapan (centre of Maya civilisation of native American Indians).
🌟For over hundred years the League of Mayapan lasted.Though Mayapan was destroyed towards the close of twenty century, other cities continued. 🌟Aztecs from Mexico conquered the Maya County in the fourteenth century and founded their capital city of Tenochtitlan. 🌟For nearly two hundred years the Aztecs ruled their empire. 🌟In the sixteenth century when the Aztecs were at the height of their power, the whole empire collapsed before a handful of adventures led by a Spaniards named Hernan Cortes. 🌟Mexican Civilisation collapsed. With the great city of Tenochtitlan also perished.
🌟This is one of the world’s worst genocides. The other famous Conquistador was also a Spaniard by name Francisco Pizarro. 🌟He led the conquest of the Incan Empire. Later the Spaniards made peru a part of their dominions. 🌟By the late 18th century, demand for political freedom, administrative autonomy and economic self – determination was articulated throughout Latin America. 🌟There were bloody conflicts between Haitian slaves, colonists, the armies of the British and the French colonizers. 🌟These struggles led by Toussaint L’Ouverture during 1791-1804 ended in the Haitain people’s independence from the colonial control of France.
🌟Haiti thus became the first Caribbean country to throw off slavery and French colonial control. 🌟When the world War ll broke out, the United Party spilt on the issue of South African support for British in the war against Germany. 🌟Smuts opposed Nazism and wanted South Africa to help Britain. Herzog was sympathetic towards Hitler, and favoured a policy of neutrality.
🌟The Parliament, however, decided in favour of war,and Herzog resigned. 🌟Smuts continued to function as the Prime Minister until 1948, With the passing away of Herzog, many in the party led by him joined the Nationalists. 🌟The 1948 election gave the Reunified National Party a majority over the truncate United Party.
After it’s first launch , thousands of programmers and users got attracted towards LINUX . Today we can say that Linux is the first choice of millions of people all over the globe . It is different from other operating systems as it comes with a host of positive developments . This is because of what LINUX offers to users and programmers , such as scalability , security , consistency , user friendliness , freedom and non pirated enterprise software . Many of the advantages of Linux are an aftermath of its origins , deeply rooted in UNIX .
Linux is Free : Linux is a freely distributable operating system . The first thought that comes to mind is what does free means . When we say Linux is free that does not mean it is always free of cost . Here , free implies the freedom to work . You can download the Linux for free from Internet , without registration and without going into per user per year kind of licensing . You are free to use , free to customize , free to modify , free to distribute and also free to brand your modified variant . Modification is possible because its source code is freely available . This makes the Linux free . It has already been explained that no licensing is required for Linux . Again , this does not mean that there is no license . Like any other software Linux also has a license . Linux comes with GNU Public License (GPL) . The license states that anybody who may want to use and apply Linux can do so . Anybody has the right to change Linux and eventually redistribute a changed version , on the condition that he makes available the code after redistribution . In other words we can say that you are always free to grab a kernel image , for any of your functionality as long as your client can still have a copy of that code .
Linux is Hardware Independent : Linux is compatible with nearly all available hardware . As mentioned in the previous section , its source code is freely downloadable and that also comes with the GPL license , you are free to follow the documentation available and customize so as to work with your unsupported hardware . This makes the Linux hardware independent .
Linux is Secure : Linux has proven , beyond doubt , the sound security level it offers . This security aspect is the key feature of Linux and its security model is entirely based on UNIX , which we all know is very robust and of proven quality . In Linux , security is not only restricted to the security from internet threats but it is also very much secure from other system related breaches or malpractices . Linux offers security at all levels , such as User level , Application level , System level , Device level , Inner threats , External threats .
Linux is Scalable : When Linux was in the gestation process , its creators wanted to make an operating system that was extensively suitable for any application , any hardware , and any process . They wanted it to work with computers with high power and capacities like of super computers , mainframes , and with computer for personal use like PCs , laptops and even with computers of limited resources like Palmtop , PDAs , etc., so that Linux fits everywhere .
This pandemic made us get involved more with online platforms for entertainment but which cost a price too, but there is some creative creation worth watching free of cost.
YouTube is one of the platforms which doesn’t have just blogs, pranks videos but some good mini-series for once a watch.
Some of the series available on Youtube are:
Kota factory.
The plot of this web series is based on the competition and life faced by IIT and medical aspirants on the grounds of Kota, the hub of coaching centers for entrance exams.
IMDb ratings -9.2/10
2.Minus one.
The story is based on two flatmates living together, at one point they used to but they broke up.
IMDb ratings – 8.1/10
3. What the folks.
This web series is the journey of families loving and supporting each other and breaking all the stereotypes.
IMDb ratings – 8.2/10
4. Man’s world.
A story about a guy who got fed with his life of seeing women favor over men, took wish to be a woman, which made his opinions different after this incident.
IMDb ratings – 7.3/10
5.Sex Chat with Pappu and papa.
Breaking the stereotypes, it’s a 5 part series explaining sex or sex-related things in a simple, honest way with humor.
IMDb ratings- 8.0/10
6. Cubicles.
It’s a story of a college fresh out boy who got recruited to an IT company just like his other batchmates, facing the reality.
IMDb ratings-8.3/10
7.Yeh Meri Family.
The story is based on the summer’s time of a 90’s typical Indian family, the series makes us revisit our old times, giving those nostalgic vibes.
Hello guys!Today I am going to tell you guys about some of the places to visit in ICELAND.
1) Reynisfjara is a world-famous black-sand beach found on the South Coast of Iceland, just beside the small fishing village of Vík í Mýrdal.
From : TripAdvisor
2) Skaftafell is a nature reserve located in Vatnajökull National Park in the South East of Iceland. It is an oasis of this nation’s diverse landscapes and features, so beautiful it was once a national park in its own right.
From:enchanting travels.com
From:evaneos
3) Mývatn is the shallow lake which is also dotted with volcanic islands and is surrounded by numerous craters, hot springs, and a variety of lava formations
From:momentsthrolens
4) Seljalandsfoss waterfall -The waterfall is located between Skógafoss and Selfoss on the Ring Road of Iceland. It drops dramatically from a cliff that is over 60 m high. It is one of the few waterfalls in the world where it is possible to walk behind the fall and observe the water falling off the cliff in front of your eyes.
From:Times of India
From:twistedsifter.com
5) Jökulsárlón Ice lagoon -In Southeast Iceland, you’ll find a glacier lagoon filled with icebergs. This ice lagoon has become one of Iceland’s most popular attractions due to its stunning beauty. The lagoon is called , or ‘Glacier’s-River-Lagoon.’
From:Jeff kang
From:SureshGv
The above mentioned are some of the places that you can visit in ICELAND.
WHAT IS TENDER? In this system the entity invites suppliers to give their quotations. The supplier with the lowest quotation wins the contract. It is a kind of contract mostly followed by large organisations and governments when purchases are of large value.
Open Tender This is where an opportunity (including all tender documents) is advertised inviting providers to bid directly for a contract. All interest parties then submit a tender. Scoring takes place and the successful organisation is awarded the contract. Sometimes there is a selection stage first, which is then followed by the award stage.
Restricted Tender This involves the opportunity being advertised in the relevant places and media. Organisations will then submit an expression of interest and fill in a pre qualification questionnaire. Successful organisations will go onto select list and be given an invitation to tender with the tender documents. Tender documents are completed and submitted. From the submitted tender documents scoring takes place and the successful organisation is awarded the contract.
Advantages: Competitive Lower Cost Transparent Process Disadvantages: Low Price usually Detriment of Quality Time consuming
PROCESS
Invitation Pre/Post Qualification Questionnaire Bid Bond Site Visit Tender Box Receipt of Tenders Withdrawal of Offer Tender Offerings Evaluation Recommendations Letter of Award Conditions of Award
BLANKET ORDER
Company purchase many small items on day to day basis. It becomes difficult to have inventory for all. It is most popular method for purchasing items which are used regularly. There are two methods: Agreement is made to supply a Fixed Quantity of the product at a Fixed Price for a Specific Period. Agreement is made to supply for a Specific Period but the Quantity is unknown.
•Indian Real Estate sector- largely unregulated till 2016. Unfair practices affecting the homebuyers adversely. Need to regulate the sector to ensure transparency and accountability.
Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA)
• For reforming the sector, encouraging greater transparency, citizen centricity, accountability and financial discipline.
• An Act to establish the Real Estate Regulatory Authority and an Appellate Tribunal. • Objective: To ensure regulation and promotion of real estate sector in an efficient and transparent manner; protect the interest of the home buyers.
Key provisions of RERA
• States shall establish the Real Estate Regulatory Authority. Two or more States or UTs may establish one single Authority. Govt may establish more than one Authority in a State or UT.
• 31 States/Uts – notified rules under RERA.
• 30 States/Uts – set up Real Estate Regulatory Authority.
• 24 States/Uts – set up Real Estate Appellate Tribunal.
• Composition: a chairperson and not less than two whole time Members Selection Committee: Chief Justice of the HC/nominee; Dept Secretary dealing with Housing and the Law Secretary. Removal: Only through an order made by the State- after an inquiry made by a Judge of the High Court removal Grounds for : adjudged as an insolvent; convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude; became physically or mentally incapable etc
Real Estate Appellate Tribunal
• A person aggrieved by order of the Authority- may appeal before it.
• Advantages: Timely delivery of apartments to buyers, online availability of accurate details of a project, mandatory clearances and after sales services.
• Disadvantages: Many projects outside the ambit of the law; lack of transparency on the RERA website.
Do your medical class 2/class 1 from a DGCA approved doctor
Apply for computer number on the dgca website and at the same time apply for police verification by visiting your nearest police station
you don’t a degree for to become a pilot so you can start flying directly after 12th. first of all get your class 2 and class 1 medical and also apply for your computer number. now you have to clear your DGCA exams. there are 5 written exams :-
air regulation
navigation
meteorology
technical general
technical specific
Eligibility
Basic Requirements
1. Should be a Citizen of India.
2. Age should not be less than 17 years at the time you start your training.
3. You should be fluent in English.
1. Student Pilot License- You need to take ground training and clear oral and written exams of Air Regulations, Aviation Meteorology, Air Navigation Air Technical. The very first thing I suggest you is to clear the Class-II medical test.
2. Private Pilot License- After getting the SPL, you proceed, for initial flying training. This is a dual flight, where the instructor or trainer accompanies the learner to teach him/her the practical aspect of flying. A total of 60 hours of flying is needed, of which 20 hours minimum should be solo and five hours cross country.
3. Commercial Pilot License-A student can get the CPL by doing his flying training for 200 hours which includes night and cross country flying.
FOR MORE
1. CDSE: This is the exam you take if you are looking for permanent commission with the Indian Airforce. You can appear after or during your final year of college.
2. AFCAT: This exam are taken by those who are looking for short term commission(SSC). This can also be taken during or after your final year. The commission is strictly for 14 years with no extensions. The maximum age limit is 24 years.
One more thing to consider,
First decide whther conventional or a cadet program.
Cadet program gives you more job security and less stuggle but more fees.
Pottery is our oldest handicraft. In prehistoric times, most likely water was carried in woven baskets lined with river clay. After the water was poured out of the container the layer of clay dried. The loss of moisture caused the shape to shrink and separate from the sides of the basket. When the clay, now shaped like a pot, was removed, and dried in the sun on hot sand, it retained the basket pattern. Early men and women then discovered that they could harden the molded pottery in hot ashes and make sturdy containers to transport and store food. From these would have been extended the pots formed by hand and decorated with crude tools.
From a very early date in history, some say at least 400 B. C., earthenware pottery was produced on a mass scale by a potter’s wheel in many parts of the world.
THE EGYPTIANS :
The Egyptians made kilns to place their clay pots in for firing. The kiln was lined with a kind of insulation brick that was made from a mixture of straw and clay which had been dried in the sun. Later, the ancient Egyptians used a finer clay with a high quartz content for their delicate pottery. They rubbed the pieces with a smooth stone to give the a dull sheen or coated them with a fine layer of another color of clay.
Further experimentation lead the Egyptians to coat their clay objects with a bluish-green substance to make them non-porous. This was a glaze composed of quartz, soda, and a mineral containing copper which when fired covered the clay bowls and vases with a glass-like surface.
ANCIENT GREEK :
Ancient greek vases are highly valued for form and decoration. The graceful lines an perfect balance speak to our desire for beauty. The pottery was decorated with pictures of the daily lives of the people and stories of their gods, goddesses and heroes. On the red figure vases the background was painted black and the figures were left the natural red color of the clay. The color was reversed on the black-figured vases.
Medieval period :
In Medieval times sand was mixed with clay to make cooking pots strong enough to be placed over an open fire. Today, for the same reason, casseroles used for baking are made from clay mixed with grog which is a ground-up fired pottery. The openness of grog clay allows water to evaporate more evenly as it dries and prevents cracking and warping during the firing. Grog clay eases the problem of heat expansion which can cause large thick pieces of pottery or sculpture to blow up in the kiln.
German potters :
Around the middle of the thirteenth century German Potters started to produce stoneware. This pottery was made form finer clays and fired at a higher temperature than earthenware. Stoneware was tan or gray in color, strong and naturally non-porous.
Light, transparent porcelain was first produced in China. Porcelain was made from a very plastic and pure clay called kaolin mixed with felspar. The colorful decoration of the porcelain was accomplished by firing each color individually after it was applied. These delicate china dishes and figurines were in demand all over Europe. In their efforts to unravel the secret of the composition of the Chinese porcelain, European and other Asian potters developed many variations in their glazing techniques.
Rakuware is another type of pottery of special interest. The crackled glaze of raku originated in Japan where tea bowls were modeled by hand from a very coarse clay (Hanson, 1970).Late in the sixteenth century, a trade route through Manila, brought pottery from China to Acapulco to Vera Cruz, Mexico to Europe.
Every village of almost every state of India has a potter (Khumbar or Kumhar) who ‘wheels’ out an amazing variety of household utensils and other objects of utility. They sit outside their huts, spinning their wheels, creating bowls, mugs, plates, urns, for storing and carrying water, flowerpots, foot-scrubbers, small pots and a myriad other articles required by an Indian household. With the spread of urbanization, the potter settlements have now mushroomed on the outskirts of big cities and towns.
Pottery Across the States:
KASHMIR :
Moving straight onto Kashmir , one can find earthenware of ordinary clay, but with a glaze-like surface, which has gained popularity. Kangra in himachal Pradesh is rich in its clayware.Pottery products made in Kangra is as similar to other clay crafts made by other Potters in India. The only difference is style and the personal touch of the craftsmen. The products are marketed in Kangra, Palampur, Dharamsala, and Meleodganj.
DELHI :
Delhi is famous for its characteristic ‘Blue’ pottery. It has a very old tradition, which is very distinctive. This particular art form has been named as blue pottery because the eye-catching Persian blue dye is used to color the clay. Blue pottery is glazed and high-fired which makes it tougher than most of the others.Delhi pottery Known as the “lyric of handicrafts”, pottery has always supplied writers and poets with the metaphors they have needed.It was probably the Pathan potters from Afghanistan who introduced the glazing techniques to the Mughal court in India.Today, Khurja, an old town about 80 kilometers from Delhi, is full of Muslim potters, engaged in this ancient craft. They use inky blue color known as Jaipur blue as background for floral designs. They also make tiles and do pottery cutwork.
WEST BENGAL :
Mansa pottery of west bengal represents the snake goddess and is a quaint, double curved pot with a face painted on it. Similarly, the Dakshinirai pots, found in the Sunderbans area, are round pots with an edging running along the mouth signifying a crown and worshipped as the god who protects people against tigers. Such articles are of interest to the tourist and though not readily available outside Bengal, one finds stray pieces at the emporia in the major cities of India.
UTTAR PRADESH :
Uttar Pradesh produces some of the finest and most decorative Chunar, symbolized by its fine black clay pottery. This is inlaid with silver paint in intricate designs. The art perfected in Nizamabad, is highly glossy and has luster. Luster is derived from a powder called kabiz made from the mud of rice fields. Its formula is a closely guarded secret.
Khurja , in Uttar Pradesh, a three hours drive from Delhi, is also well known for its cheap but tough tableware. A specialty of Khurja is a type of pitcher like a pilgrim’s bottle. Meerut, Hapur, Chinhat and Mansalia are important centers of this state where ordinary domestic articles and glazed items, mostly tableware are made. Produced on a mass scale, fired at high temperatures, these pottery items retain their mud colour and are in popular demand.
RAJASTHAN :
Rajasthan pottery has certain distinct characteristics. The mouths of water pots are small, probably to prevent spilling when water is being carried, a natural precaution in a place where water is so precious. Alwar is noted for its paper-thin pottery, known as kagzi (paper) pottery. Molela in Rajasthan is a village, which specializes in producing reliefs of gods and goddesses, mainly Ganesh, the elephant god. These reliefs are painted in vibrant reds, yellows and pinks and the figure is fired.
Jaipur Pottery , made out of Egyptian paste, is thrown on the wheel and fired in wood-kilns, usually at very low temperatures. This naturally makes it fragile though few can resist the charm of the delicate white and blue floral motif, which is painted onto the body after firing. The range of items is primarily decorative such as ashtrays, vases, coasters, small bowls and boxes for trinkets. In the Pokhran pottery, pieces in different shapes are made for varied uses. The important thing here is that the shape is dictated by the function. The best known is the water bottle used during long journeys.
GUJARAT :
In Gujarat , a mixture of white and black clay is used in pottery making. After they are sun-dried, the clay articles are painted. Only earth pigments, ground and mixed with water are used. The object is first coated with a uniform base color and the patterns are then painted in various colors. A vast repertoire of motifs is spontaneously rendered by craftswomen. Designs are made of dots, zigzag stripes and diagonals. Floral and animal patterns are only occasionally used. Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat are noted for their beautiful earthenware.Goa’s earthenware has a charm of its own. A wide range of figures and panels, apart from attractive water and flowerpots, are made.
THE SOUTHERN POTTERY :
The south has several centers of noted glazed pottery. Vellore has black and red wares. Usilampatti in Madurai district has black pottery.Karigari pottery in South Arcot . of Tamil Nadu is most famous. Intricate items are made in parts and then joined. Highly artistic shapes are skillfully created. The chillum (clay pipe) is made into a noteworthy item both through its elegant shape and deep blue or green glaze. Khanapur in Belgaum district of Karnataka is known for its large sized containers and jars for storage and preservation.
Eduindex 
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