What you should know about IVF-Technology

IVF or In Vitro Fertilization is one of the famous fertility treatment where eggs from a woman’s ovaries are is retrieved and fertilized in vitro that is in laboratories with the sperm to produce embryo. This embryo can be stored by freezing or can be transferred to woman’s uterus. This technique became a boon to couples who were facing infertilely or pregnancy related issues.

SOME OF THE INFERTILITY ISSUES:
  • Chances of fertility is reduced in woman over 40 years of age.
  • There may be damages in the fallopian tube of the female which may be causing infertility.
  • Reduction in the function of the ovaries due to various reasons.
  • Endometriosis– Where the tissue that normally grows inside the uterus, lining it, will grow outside it.
  • Uterine fibroids – Non cancerous growths in the uterus
  • In males, low sperm count
  • Abnormalities in sperm shape
WHAT ARE THE PROCEDURES BEFORE IVF

Before IVF women undergoes ovarian reserve testing which involves tests for the level of follicle stimulating hormone in blood. Examination of the uterus usually by doing ultrasound to know the health of the uterus. Men will have sperm testing which is done by taking semen sample and analyzing for the sperm size, number and shape. If the sperms are weak or damaged, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is performed where sperm is directly injected to the egg by the technician. Otherwise sperms are left to fertilize the egg in incubation.

EMBRYO
HOW IVF IS PERFORMED
  1. Stimulation: IVF requires multiple eggs to make sure that viable embryos are produced. A woman produces only one egg during one menstrual cycle. So drugs are injected into female body to stimulate the production of multiple eggs. The doctor will perform multiple blood tests to monitor the production of eggs and to decide when to retrieve them.
  2. Egg retrieval: It is a surgical process. Doctor uses an ultrasound wand to direct a needle into the ovaries through vagina to an egg containing follicle. This needle takes out the eggs through suction.
  3. Insemination: Semen sample is taken by the male partner. Technician will mix the sperm with the eggs in a petri dish. If it did not work they may go for ICSI.
  4. Transfer: Normally after 3-5 days after insemination, when embryos become big enough, they are implanted into the uterus. A catheter is introduced into vagina past the cervix into uterus. Embryo is released. Then embryo implants itself to the uterine wall. A blood test will determine if the female is pregnant or not.

POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

SOME OF THE MYTHS ABOUT IVF

  • IVF can be done at any age: This is not true. As the age of women increases she may not be able to produce many eggs and that time IVF can not be done.
  • Fertility drugs cause cancer: The drugs used to stimulate egg production are safe. No studies have shown increased risk of cancer.
  • IVF babies have risk of birth defects and malformations: Not true. Even though there is slight increase in the malformation as compared to normal births, but the risk remains low as studies say.
  • IVF is dangerous: IVF is not dangerous. Only 1-2% patients become unwell.
  • IVF is for rich people: This is little bit costly but less expensive compared to other surgical treatments.
LEGAL ASPECT OF IVF

IVF is legal in India. But there is no specific law regarding the aspect. But IVF has gained public attention and needs a good law to monitor.

Football Analytics

Introduction

Data analytics have come to play an important role in the football industry today. Clubs look to gain a competitive edge on and off the pitch, and big data is allowing them to extract insights to player scouting, improve player performance, prevent injuries, their suitability to the club’s system and ethos, output prediction and increase their commercial efficiency. However, contextualizing the information and extracting valuable insights is not always an easy task.

Moneyball & Football

Overtime, Analytics has started to play more important roles in Football with respect to player recruitment. There are many Football clubs in the world who pride themselves over their player recruitment models based purely data and metrics. Billy Beane, the pioneer of the ‘Moneyball’, a system of player recruitment based purely on stats instead of the old, tried and tested ‘eye-tested’ proved to revolutionise recruitment in Baseball. Nowadays clubs like Liverpool FC, Brentford FC, Barnsley, Midtjylland, AZ Alkmaar the Red Bull Franchise and many other clubs are known for their data driven approach to player recruitment.

The Metrics

There are many metrics over which a football player is analysed. These include Xg(Expected Goals), Xa(Expected assists), turnovers, dribbles, different per 90 minutes stats like passes, dribbles, pressures, tackles, interceptions etc. These stats can be viewed by the helps of charts and graphs which can present a player’s overall stats and make it easy for assessment. This model also helps in predicting potential risks and assessing the weaknesses of a player which reduces the chances of signing a player who can prove to be a flop, significantly.

Future

Moneyball and the modern data driven approach in football has been proved to be a efficient, smart and cost effective way of recruitment. This model has allowed many smaller clubs to punch above their weight and challenge the bigger, more established clubs and have a successful trophy winning runs.

There are many football applications and websites available where one can view player stats like Sofascore, StatsBomb, FbRef etc. This field has gained more demand recently and many clubs are moving towards a pure data driven approach towards recruitment.

https://statsbomb.com/

http://sbibarcelona.com/test/data-analytics-in-the-football-industry/#:~:text=Data%20analytics%20have%20come%20to,and%20increase%20their%20commercial%20efficiency.

GST: Simplified

GST is a destination-based tax on consumption of goods and services. It is proposed to be levied at all stages right from manufacture up to final consumption with credit of taxes paid at previous stages available as set off. In a nutshell, only value addition will be taxed and the burden of tax is to be borne by the final consumer. 

A few important points of consideration are given below: 

The tax would accrue to the taxing authority, which has jurisdiction over the place of consumption which is also termed as place of supply. 

1. The Existing Taxes that are proposed to be Subsumed under GST- 

The GST would replace the following taxes: 

(i) Taxes currently levied and collected by the Centre:

a. Central Excise duty 

b. Duties of Excise (Medicinal and Toilet Preparations) 

c. Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) 

d. Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Products) 

e. Additional Duties of Customs (commonly known as CVD) 

f. Special Additional Duty of Customs (SAD) 

g. Service Tax 

h. Central Surcharges and Cesses so far as they relate to supply of goods and services 

(ii) State taxes that would be subsumed under the GST are: 

a. State VAT b. Central Sales Tax

c. Luxury Tax

d. Entry Tax (all forms)

e. Entertainment and Amusement Tax (except when levied by the local bodies) 

f. Taxes on advertisements

g. Purchase Tax

h. Taxes on lotteries, betting and gambling i. State Surcharges and Cesses so far as they relate to supply of goods and services. 

The GST Council shall make recommendations to the Union and States on the taxes, cesses and surcharges levied by the Centre, the States and the local bodies which may be subsumed in the GST. 

2. The Status of Tobacco and Tobacco Products under the GST Regime- 

Tobacco and tobacco products would be subject to GST. In addition, the Centre would have the power to levy Central Excise duty on these products. 

3.Type of GST proposed to be Implemented- 

It would be a dual GST with the Centre and States simultaneously levying it on a common tax base. The GST to be levied by the Centre on intra-State supply of goods and /or services would be called the Central GST (CGST) and that to be levied by the States would be called the State GST (SGST). Similarly, Integrated GST (IGST) will be levied and administered by the Centre on every inter-state supply of goods and services. 

4. Need for Dual GST-  India is a federal country where both the Centre and the States have been assigned the powers to levy and collect taxes through appropriate legislation. Both the levels of Government have distinct responsibilities to perform according to the division of powers prescribed in the Constitution for which they need to raise resources. A dual GST will, therefore, be in keeping with the Constitutional requirement of fiscal federalism.  

5. Authority to Levy and Administer GST-  Centre will levy and administer CGST and IGST, while states will levy and administer SGST.   

6. Benefits from GST-  Introduction of GST would be a very significant step in the field of indirect tax reforms in India. By amalgamating a large number of Central and State taxes into a single tax and allowing set-off of prior-stage taxes, it would mitigate the ill effects of cascading and pave the way for a common national market. For the consumers, the biggest gain would be in terms of a reduction in the overall tax burden on goods, which is currently estimated at 25%-30%. Introduction of GST would also make our products competitive in the domestic and international markets. Studies show that this would instantly spur economic growth. There may also be revenue gain for the Centre and the States due to widening of the tax base, increase in trade volumes and improved tax compliance. Last but not the least, this tax, because of its transparent character, would be easier to administer.  

7. Concept of IGST-  Under the GST regime, an Integrated GST (IGST) would be levied and collected by the Centre on inter-State supply of goods and services. Under Article 269A of the Constitution, the GST on supplies in the course of inter-State trade or commerce shall be levied and collected by the Government of India and such tax shall be apportioned between the Union and the States in the manner as may be provided by Parliament by law on the recommendations of the Goods and Services Tax Council.  

8. Deciding Authority for levy of GST- The CGST and SGST would be levied at rates to be jointly decided by the Centre and States. The rates would be notified on the recommendations of the GST Council.  

Tax reforms must be implemented. To improve revenue performance factors like globalization, large informal sectors and policies of neighboring countries must be considered. 

The impact of Social Media Influencers on Promotion of a brand

Promotion of a brand involves informing, persuading and keeping the potential consumers for continued and long term engagements. Promotion can be done by informing the public about the features of the product or brand, persuading them to buy the product by telling its unique features and keeping in touch with the customers to convince them to further buy more products of the same brand by providing after-sales-services and by maintaining good producer-consumer relations.

It is also important to note that there is a difference between promoting a product and promoting a brand. Promoting a brand is broader in terms as it focuses on building and maintaining brand image and is related with the promotion of the entire business. Promotion of a product is narrower in terms as it just focuses on promoting a “particular product”. For example, when Loreal Paris uses the tagline “You’re worth it”, it not just promotes a particular product but the entire Loreal brand. However, when it uses “5 problems, 1 solution”, it promotes a particular product (i.e., Total Repair 5) by highlighting the importance of it.

Online Brand or Product Promotion is the method of promoting the brand or product on different social media and online platforms by using the internet to its full potential to reach a wide range of audience. For ages, brands and advertisers have influenced and shaped consumers’ attitudes and behaviours and sometimes we don’t even get to know about it.


There are several ways in which Social Media Influencers impact promotion of a brand or a product:

1) Influencing Purchase Decision of Consumers:

Consumers’ purchase intentions are frequently measured and used by marketing managers as an input for decisions for new and existing products. Social Media Influencers do not put up advertisements but just directly talk about the product or brand in details, how to use their, if they are value for money. So influencers cover the “Frequently Asked Questions” about a product.

2) Convincing customers to buy products:

After influencing the purchase decision of the customers, the main task of influencers is to make their followers buy the products. Actions involving social media influencers help more when there is best personalised advertisement done by the influencers.

3) Distribution of Samples:

This is one of the newest techniques through which social media influencers help business firms in their promotional activities. The influencers take free samples from the producers and further distribute them to their followers in terms of “online giveaways”. This technique of “Online Giveaway” becomes extremely beneficial for those firms which are new in the market. The social media influencers ask their followers to comment, like or share the posts of the business product/firm they’re associated and few lucky winners are the ones who get to take the products in these Online Giveaways. There’s also traditional form of distribution of samples where influencers distribute a business firm’s products which are generally smaller in quantity than the original products so that customers get a first hand experience of the products.

Clearly, social media influencers have had gained and influenced their followers a lot in recent years and especially during the pandemic. People rely on influencers more these days and influencers keep on creating more content for their followers.

Google Word Coach

Introduction

Google is always improving our site , making changes and adding different Features. This new feature Google Word Coach is very informative , interesting and designed like a vocabulary game. It is designed to expand English language vocabs in a fun and engaging way.Google Word Coach launched in non-English speaking countries and also in India. It may also come to other countries and different languages in the future.

What is Word Coach ?

Word Coach : Word Coach is helpful to enhance the vocabulary of users. This feature is currently only available in one language (English). Word Coach asks users to identify antonyms , synonyms and recognize different types of images. There are two possible answers to every question, one out of which is correct and other in Incorrect. If you choose the right answer, Word Coach will reward you with so many points. There is no negative scoring, so you won’t lose any points if you mark a wrong answer.

Uses of Google Word Coach

Google has added a new feature that is very interesting named Google Word Coach to the Google dictionary and Google translation boxes within web search for non-English searchers.When you do a search in a dictionary or translation box, Google may show you this Word Coach that helps you to expand our knowledge and improve English language vocabulary in a fun and effective way, a Google spokesperson told everyone.Google Word Coach launched in the Google search results 3 years ago (starting 2018).

Many Advantages of Google Word Coach

Entertaining

Improve English

Learn Vocabs

For all peoples

Main Purpose to Google Word Coach is a game designed to improve English language vocabulary in a fun and engaging way. It appears under our Google dictionary and Google translation boxes or when someone searches for “Google Word Coach in Google.” It may come to other countries and languages in the future.

Score on Google Word Coach

I play many times and improve my results to increase our score . This game is interesting and helpful also. I was searching for improving English Mainly Vocabs during evening time and the Google Word Coach game suddenly showed up in my search engine. It’s a very nice and popular game especially for the ones who need to learn new words and improve their vocabulary. I suggested it to my friends to play this game and learn Vocabulary in a fun way.

Google Word Coach Effective for the Preparation:

Google Word Coach is a fun and easy way to test your vocabulary and improve English. Google Word Coach is Preparation for the many competitive exams that involve a lot more than just vocabulary enhancement. You will have to display a comfort in reading, writing, speaking and comprehending English through correct grammar rules, daily task achievement, clear pronunciation, and excellent speaking. My advice is to understand what each of these tests are helpful to you, test our english, vocab using free online practice tests, see your point and day to day improvement.

Thank You

If Goa has a common civil code, why can’t the whole territory have it?

Since 1965, the state of Goa has a common civil code, which is applicable to all the citizens including the members of different caste, religion or community. Such a question is expected to arise. Even minor girls are victimized by the act of Polygamy and Nikah halala and certain marriage contracts. The country urgently needs a common law to be implemented in the whole Nation. All the developed countries have implemented a common law for the whole territory. It is necessary to implement best practices of all religions and communities for the best development. It is a pertinent fact that Goa has gotten rid of all the inequalities by establishment of a uniform civil code. Until the code is established, the terms like gender equality and gender justice will only exist in papers and words. The right of equality, rights against discrimination and right to life and libertyguaranteed under various Articlescannot be achieved until the implementation of a common law. Therefore, the same code may be amended and adopted as a Common Civil Code throughout the region of India. Also, the Constitution makers poured their mind and soul in the making the laws . They had outlooked for thesecurity and safety of the nation setting forth the socialist secular principles, which created hopes and aspirations of the people. Therefore, it is the duty of the Government to implement the Uniform Civil Code.

Is it a tyranny over the minority community?

The allies object the concept of UCC stating that it is tyranny over the other communities. The statement is completely denied by Ld. Mushi as this: ” Nowhere in the Muslim countries the personal law of each minority has been considered in order to prevent the implementation of the common civil code. For instance in Turkey Or Egypt, no minority has a separate law and are not permitted to practice their own laws. The khojas and Cutchi Memons were highly dissatisfied by the Sharia Law. They followed the Hindu customs since they had become converts, they didn’t want to agree to the Central Legislature where Muslim members  existed who felt Sharia was aneed.

They had to forcefully agree to the central government. In a community to consider the benefits one may acrcue to a common law. The only attempt is to separate the religions from the common legislature of a country.” The religion has nothing to do with the laws of a country  where several communities live. Religions must be restricted to the spheres, which legitimately relate to the religion. The rest of the life must be regulated in a way that the nation evolves as early as possible. The first factor to recreate is the national unity.

“We are not merely a nation because we say so, but also in effect, by the way we live,  by our personal law, we are strong and consolidated nation. ” The implementation will not be a tyranny over the minors but not implementing it would be much more tyrannous to the majority community.

What is Uniform Civil Code?

See the source image

Article 44 directs the state to secure a uniform civil code for the citizens applicable throughout the territory of India. Its main motive is to establish gender justice in India. Even though the state has not shown any efforts towards the enactment of uniform civil code but the judiciary considers it essential to lookout the necessity of the code in the country so as to establish gender justice. Also, the uniformity in the application of laws such as marriage laws, divorce and maintenance laws, etc.    

Article 44 states that, “The state shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the India.” 

The above article was looked upon by the historical judgment in Sarla Mudgal vs. Union of India[1]. The Court had directed the government through the Secretary of Ministry Law and Justice, to file an affidavit, and issue a Uniform Civil Law. There had been many cases witnessed that involved such incidents. In the cases, the husband of the plaintiff had converted his religion to Islam and married another woman. The problems were not confined to this but had a large scope, for instance in a case the man had married to a Muslim woman and later left her and converted to Hinduism again. By this, the grievance of the woman was that she could not claim and ask for any protection under the Muslim law as she continued to be a Muslim.  In another case, the petitioner was threatened by her husband that he would embrace Islam and marry another woman.  She had asked for a restraining order by the court for preventing her husband to marry another woman.

On the facts, the court held that a Hindu marriage continues to exist even after conversion to Islam. And the husband as declared by the court under the section 494 of IPC will be held liable under the practice of bigamy.

Uniform Civil Code seeks to replace personal laws that were based on the scriptures and holy books and customs of each specific religion and community in India by a common set of rules and law. As discussed before, the list of marriage, divorce and the maintenance comes under the list.

Recently, the Supreme Court considering the judgments held that:

  1. The constitution in Article 44 requires the state to enact the common civil code throughout the but till date no action has been taken in this regard.
  2. The Hindu personal laws have been modified but there has been no attempt to frame a uniform civil code for the citizens of the country.  
  3. Even after the conclusions made and the judgments delivered in the case of Shah Bane in 1985[2], there has nothing been done to enact a common law for all.
  4. The Supreme Court has enshrined the state of Goa as a ‘Shining Example’ where Uniform Civil Code has been implemented for every religion while protecting certain limited rights.

“Goa as a shining example”

Goa has a common civil code for all which follows the Portuguese civil code 1867.  It includes certain provisions:

  1. A Muslim man residing in the state of Goa who has registered marriage in the state cannot practice polygamy.
  2. If a married couple share property equally, in a pre-nuptial order the assets are divided equally between man and woman on divorce.

Personal laws

The laws that are applicabe to a certain class or group of people based on their religion, faith and culture are the personal laws. In a country like India, there are many religions and the people belong to different castes, having their own faith and belief. The set of laws prescribed for their religion is based on their belief. These laws were made considering the customs followed by the people and their religion. In India, people follow these laws since colonial period. Earlier the British had implemented these laws as they were a foreign Nation and it was an approach to prevent any kind of protests that they could have faced by imposing a common civil code for all.

The main subjects of personal law were marriage, divorce and maintenance. The Hindu law, initially had a lot of discrimination towards the women. But later, with the actions and voices raised against, they were largely modified and secularized by the statutory enactments. It was codified by the parliament in 1956 . It was applicable to Sikhs, Jains and the Buddhists too. The Hindu code bill has been split in four parts:

  1.  The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
  2. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956
  3. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
  4. The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956

The Muslim personal laws are unmodified and has a traditional approach in their content and laws. They have not been changed considering the opposition. The Muslim laws are governed by the Shariah Law of 1937. There hasn’t been much change in those laws. There are only some enactments till the date. The law clearly states that in the matters of personal disputes, the state shall not interfere and a religious authority would pass a declaration on the basis of interpretation of the Quran and the Hadith.

The Christian and Jews apart from these have their own personal laws.

Are the personal laws Fault-less?

The Supreme Court has recently declared the act  triple-talaaq as illegal which is a big step towards the gender equality and has raised a question on religion-based personal laws in the country.

Thirty-two years ago Shahnaaz Shaikh filed a public interest litigation (PIL) challenging the triple talaq provisions as she was given divorce by her husband at midnight, which acquired attention. The petition stated that Sharia law had given unequal rights to the Muslim women by imposing purdah, also allowing polygamy and the unilateral divorce and depriving the divorced Muslim women of maintenance rights.

The women activists had soon discovered that this kind of discrimination existed for all the personal laws,and all the religions. For instance, the hindu daughters were also deprived of the property rights. They were not entitled to their patriarchal property. After Lata Mittal filed a case in 1985 and won a 20-year legal battle in the Supreme Court was only that Hindu daughters were provided equal rights in the ancestral property.

Similarly, the Christian women were not allowed to divorce their husbands on the claim of adultery committed by their husbands. But on the other hand the Christian men could simply pronounce their wives as adulteress and issue a divorce. It was only a few years ago that the proposal to amend the Christian divorce act, 1869 was accepted.


[1] (1995) 3 SSC 635.

[2] 1985 AIR 945, 1985 SCR (3) 844

Geophysical phenomena -PLATE TECTONICS THEORY

• 300 Mya – two great landmasses

• Laurasia – N.P

• Gondwanaland – S.P. – India (without the Himalayas) ; S. America ; Africa ; Australia.

• 200 Mya – Gondwanaland broke up and the land masses started drifting.

• India – moved northward – position across the equator about 50 Mya.

• Movement – further northward and collided
with northern Asia which gave rise to the present Himalayan mountains.

• Indian climate – Monsoon type .

• Evolution of monsoon climate in India is not fully understood.

• Monsoon – a tropical phenomenon

• First appeared –entering the subtropical belt of the southern hemisphere .

• Research – monsoon system dates back to about 25 million years.
• Fossil leaves : morphological characters were analyzed
 Deccan Volcanic Province
 East Garo Hills of Meghalaya
 Gurha mine in Rajasthan
 Makum Coalfield in Assam collected.

• Fossils – different geological ages like 65, 57,
54, and 25 Mya.

• Note : Morphological characters of leaves get
altered according to the prevailing weather
and climatic conditions.

Study of the fossil leaves.

• Dated back – 65, 57, 54, and 25 Mya .

• Adapted – Australian type of monsoon and not the current Indian monsoon system.

• Fossil sites had warm climates – 16.3–21.3 degrees C.

• High rainfall between 191.6 cm to 232 cm

• India – only subcontinent to have crossed from the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere.

• Aim – better understanding
 Evolution of Indian monsoons
 Role in the evolution of biodiversity hot spots
⮚ Help in the conservation of modern biodiversity hot spots
⮚ The future monsoon prediction

Effects Of Video Games On Teenagers

The world has changed and evolved rapidly in the past few years. The invention of computer and modern internet has changed the fundamental needs of most teenagers. Video games on consoles, computers and smartphones have revolutionized the world and the concept of virtual reality. Many teenagers find it palying video games interesting especially violent video games.  This is due to how entertaining and thrilling they are to them as teenagers. However, playing video in most cases has some negative effects to the player. Violent video games often make an individual’s brain more responsive to violence. Unknowingly, such type of video games leads to aggressive increase in behavior and as time goes on, the brain doesn’t perceive that aggression to be anything abnormal. Despite the numerous positive effects such as, quick-decision making, multitasking, teamwork…etc., “there are two sides to every coin,”. While all the listed above are good effects of video games, on the other side, video games have their own negative short comings which affect physical health, psychological health, and overall performance of teenagers. This paper will discuss negative ways video games affect the lives of teenagers.
Addiction to video games hinders the physical health of a teenager. Excessive sitting while playing games with minimal movement may possess physical health problems such as obesity, back pains, insomnia, and drowsiness. As already mentioned, video gaming is an addictive practice which a person tends to develop a liking for this attitude and can go on-and-on with it playing for hours. It is obvious that illness and disease caused by ceaseless gaming are hard to cure. Therefore, trying not to get into such activities is the first step to prevent these types of problems to the physical health; and possible the most advisable thing to do. Most teenagers who play violent video like tend not to have interest in stuff he/she has been preoccupied with. This is because, the often teenagers play the video games, there is a higher interaction with the video gaming interface, and therefore tends to take control of the teenagers thought process. According to a research conducted by Dr. C. Shawn Green of the University of Wisconsin, he mentioned that, “video games can change your brain more negatively. (needs Citation)” this is because, most video games are designed to make you the protagonist and, in most cases, commit crime and other violent activities to achieve your goals. This in the long run might have negative effects by making your brain to think more negatively.
One common health issues that is faced by most individuals, specifically teenagers addicted to playing violent video games is obesity. Addicted gamers usually encounter this problem because, they are prone to sit in one place for a longer period, and as a result their body practically misses out on any kind of physical activity like exercise. For example, back in home in Ghana, my cousin used to be teased with different names due to the amount of weight he had gained from sitting still almost all day due to his attachment to video games. This was mainly because he was always at his room playing addictive games such as call of duty, grand theft auto and many more whiles eating at the same time. This became his habit, and by the time his parents realized, he was obese and violent as well. This situation led to him been stigmatized by his friends. Even in school, no one wanted to play with him because he had gained a lot weight and would often complain of back pains immediately they involve themselves in any activity. Being overweight may increase the risk of developing other ailment in a long run, such as high levels of cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension and so on. Playing video games for long hours could also prevent teenager to have the maximum sleep they need which results in the development of insomnia; Which further results in drowsiness and hypoactive immune system. Again, back pains are also commonly experienced by gaming addicts, since they sit in position for long hours. Even though they don’t pay attention to this, it might have an in-depth implication as the thirst for gaming progresses.

There are psychological health issues with regards to playing video games for incredibly long hours which prone to negatively affect the social behavior of the teenager as well. Excessive gaming can develop certain traits which may have adversely effects on an individual’s life development. According o a research conducted by Douglas Gentile released by the Iowa State University utters that, “teenagers are most inclined to video games by being indoors, which leads to a bad habit of socialization.” (needs Citation) Now social isolation can be an immediate consequence of frequent and ceaseless gaming. Teenagers tend to spend lesser time with their friends and family since they obviously want to get back home or game centers as fast as possible and continue playing. Prior to this, most gaming teenagers become detached from others, and so in the long- run lack abilities of social communication and develop fear of human company (anthropophobia). For example, I met a friend last semester in one of my math classes. This guy would be sitting at the back-playing game all by himself, whiles other people were making discussions on previous topics. Days after, I approached him, and he seems very shy talking to me and spoke very slowly due to no connection he could make from the conversation. I observed that he was a bit nervous. So, I told him not to be nervous, then he replied saying, he’s not used to talking to people apart from his parents. Even he barely talks to people younger sister, because he is always busy playing video games alone. Now this clearly confirms how video games can influence a person’s life.

Uncontrolled addiction to video games deduces a teenager’s performance academically. Normally this happens when teenagers always think and dreams about games he has playing thus tends to lack of interest in studies and other related activities. According to an article written by the Naskar in the industrial psychiatry Journal, the article mentions how an 18- year old boy had excessive use of video game for the last 2 years which led him to losing interest in studies as well as getting low academic grades.”(needs Citation) Academic performance can be affected by inverse balance to video game addiction. This literally signifies that the more time one spends in playing, the lesser the person occupies his/her self with studies. Obviously, this shows negatively in the end of semester school report card, and as a result makes the child academically incompetent.
Teenagers find it interesting playing video games, most especially violent games. Although video games are fun, and has positive effects, however video game impact negatively on teenagers as well. Resulting to the effect on physical health, psychological health, and overall performance in terms of academics. Therefore, in order to reduce such negative chances on teenagers, parents and guardians are to check on their children assign rule and regulations to control this kid form getting addicted to video games. This rule can include time and hours for homework, video games and family get-together. Ensuring these measures will help improve the lives of teenagers for a better future.

We cannot and will not ban the creation of violent video games. But we can prevent the distribution of these disturbing games to children, where their effects can be negative .

Karst Topography

Karst is a type of landscape where the dissolving of the bedrock has created sinkholes, sinking streams, caves, springs, and other characteristic features. Karst is associated with soluble rock types such as limestone, marble, and gypsum. In general, a typical karst landscape forms when much of the water falling on the surface interacts with and enters the subsurface through cracks, fractures, and holes that have been dissolved into the bedrock. After traveling underground, sometimes for long distances, this water is then discharged from springs, many of which are cave entrances.

Chemical Reaction:-

Limestone is a type of carbonate rock — that is, a rock made up primarily of a carbonate mineral which, in the case of limestone, is usually calcite or aragonite. These are both forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Over time, limestone may be dissolved by carbonic acid (i.e., carbon dioxide dissolved in water). Carbonic acid is formed when rain picks up CO2 as it falls through the atmosphere. Once it hits the ground, it may pick up more CO2 in the soil, turning into a weak carbonic acid solution. When this solution seeps into limestone bedrock via cracks and fissures, larger openings are created. Over the course of thousands of years, this erosive process creates underground drainage systems and caves.

Mammoth Cave,USA is the longest Cave system in the world.

Xiaozhai Tiankeng,China Largest Sinkhole.

Other examples,Yutacan peninsula,Mexico

Cockpit Country,Jamaica etc.

In India karst topography is present in the Vindhya region (mainly southwestern Bihar), the Himalayas (parts of Jammu & Kashmir, Robert Cave, Sahasradhara, the eastern Himalayas, areas near Dehradun), Pachmarhi in Madhya Pradesh, the surrounding coast near Vishakhapatnam, and Bastar in Chhattisgarh.

Landforms :-

“RIGHT TO LIFE AND PERSONAL LIBERTY”

CONCEPT

Every person has the right to life library and security. Among all the fundamental right the right to life is unquestionably. Right to life means that no body can interfere in your freedom including government also. The people have human rights which protect their life and give them right to life. Right to life is concept which explain under the fundamental rights, that the citizen have rights to enjoy there life on there ways no body can stop them or restrictions on there fundamental rights.

The word “personal library” in Article 21[1] means nothing more than the liberty of the physical body, that is, freedom from arrest and detention without the authority of law. Personal liberty is one of the oldest concept which is safeguard by national court. The right to personal liberty as understood means in human rights not to be subjected to arrest any mode that does not admit to legal justification.

Personal liberty was not only merely the liberty of body, it also includes the other, freedom from restraintion and the law shall bind no person. Personal liberty was a widest concept that covers all the various rights. Right to personal liberty also means that free from the unnecessary restriction by the law on the member of the socity.

Every citizen has a right to life, liberty and the security. Among all the fundamental rights, right to life is unquestionably. The right to life and personal liberty is all about the development of human beings life. The right to life is a moral principle based on the right of freedom of peoples. The government should always take a proper measures or action to protect the life of peoples by making laws to protect citizen of their country and also in some conditions, by taking an good step to safeguard there states peoples at any risk.

There are many laws making by the government, which in any circumstance if a person might put in danger and if state was involve on that then the people might have the right to investigate. The main aim of the state to carry out the “justice”. According to the Constitution parliament and the State legislature in India have the power to make law. The meaning of personal liberty is that the citizen of state have there right arrest or detent according to law or if the person is guileless then he have right to protect there legal rights in such conditions. The right to personal liberty was an personal freedom in which no government can abbreviate.

ARTICLE 21

“No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty expect according to procedure established by law” [2]

The Article 21 explain about the protection to life and personal liberty, it protects the freedom of citizen. Two teams of Article 21:- First, “Due process of law”(USA).and second,”Procedure established by law”(India). The term “produce established by law” in India it taken from Japan. And in USA if citizen were deprive by law the tha term due process of law used, and in India it’s produce established by law was used. This rights are for both the citizens as well as non-citizen. And for those also how not have the knowledge about this concept.

Due process of the law is a very unique clause of the americanConstitution. It is very broad and formative concept. It is difficultto give the accurate definition which could explain it in very well manner. Due process of law literal meaning of it is ‘guarantee of fair procedure’. The Constitution promises there citizen or individual that government will not deprive him of life, liberty or property without due process of law. After having the brought explanation of life and liberty, now we will deal with the term”procedure established by law”. It does not have the same meaning as express in the due process of law. Procedure established by law express the wider connotation than the expression used in the Indian Constitution.

The Article 21 even thought to frame in negative language, established the person the fundamental right to life and personal liberty and it become the infinite source of many rights. It has the fundamental right for everyone who lives in country shall be live freely in the socity with the right that was enshrined in Article 21.

In Article 21 the right to life is not only with the physical existence of life but it is also for the other elements. Article 21 has proved to be avery fruitful source of right of the peoples.


[1] Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

[2] Article 21

Do We Still Need Grades In The Modern Education System?

Introduction
Examinations and grades have been defining a student’s academic capacity for a long time now.
With increase in competition in all the different fields, the demand for good grades have
increased as well. But in the modern day education system, are grades still required?

Grades: Important or Not?
“Gradeless classrooms are a brave new world”- Mark Barnes.

Education is complex and nuanced. Grades are simple and arbitrary. Thus we can’t rely on this
simple grade scale for something as important as evaluating academic aptitude or to measure
the range of our knowledge. Grading system isn’t necessarily that informative and is less
effective.

Bad grades can stigmatize and discourage those who need help and at the same time it also
leads to self doubt which ultimately results in lower confidence. The grading system is
inherently subjective,punitive and reductive. But it is also deeply entrenched. The strongest
argument in favour of grading system is that it would take an absolutely enormous amount of
infrastructural and systematic change.
But if we’re all being honest with one another, we can acknowledge that the grades aren’t
actually driving us to greater heights of educational enlightenment.Though they cause a lot of
stress and anxiety in the students.
We are deeply conditioned by the grades indeed.The grading system and its unchecked
authority are both long overdue for reconsideration.

Conclusion
Grades don’t tell us how to cultivate talent, help in self management or how to push oneself
beyond the bare minimum. It only helps us to find out who should be rewarded or who need to
be punished. Thus, it can be concluded that grades affect the performance of the majority adversely that can lead to serious mental agony and anguishment.


DETECTING THE UNIFIED CALL OF BLACK HOLES

Gravitational Waves

• An invisible, incredibly fast ripple in space- travel at the speed of light and squeeze and stretch anything in their path as they pass by.

• Albert Einstein’s prediction: When two bodies,
such as planets or stars, orbit each other- could cause ripples in space.

• Most powerful gravitational waves are created when objects move at very high speeds.

• Events that could cause a gravitational wave are:
 When a star explodes; When two big stars orbit each other; When two black holes orbit each other and merge.
• Sometimes, these events only cause small, weak
gravitational waves- hard to detect.

• 2015: Scientists detected gravitational waves
for the very first time- using LIGO.
 Happened when two black holes crashed
into one another- happened almost 1.3 billion years ago.

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
Observatory (LIGO)

• Made up of two observatories- one in Louisiana and one in Washington.

• Each observatory has two long “arms”: each more than 4 kilometres long.

• When a gravitational wave passes by Earth, it squeezes and stretches space- detected by LIGO.

• A passing gravitational wave causes the length of the arms to change slightly.

• Uses lasers, mirrors, and extremely sensitive instruments to detect these tiny changes.

IndIGO (Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave
Observations)

• An initiative to set up advanced experimental
facilities, with appropriate theoretical and computational support, for a multi-institutional Indian national project in gravitational-wave astronomy.

• IndIGO plans on gravitational-wave astronomy related to the LIGO-India project.
LIGO-India Project.

• A planned advanced gravitational-wave detector to be located in India.
• To be built and operated in collaboration with the LIGO USA and its international partner Australia, Germany and the UK.

• Scheduled for completion in 2024- will be built in the Hingoli District of Maharashtra state in
western India.

PYTHON-Leading technology

Python is one of the top 10 popular programming languages of 2017. Python is a general purpose and high level programming language.Python can be used for for developing desktop GUI applications, websites and web applications. Also, Python, as a high level programming language, allows you to focus on core functionality of the application by taking care of common programming tasks. The simple syntax rules of the programming language further makes it easier for you to keep the code base readable and application maintainable.

The main reasons for python are:

1.Readable and maintainable code

2.Compatible with major platforms and systems

3.Robust Standard Library

4.Many open source Frameworks and tools

Civil Wars: A Failure Of National Politicians?

Introduction: A civil war also known as an intrastate war in polemology is a war between organised groups within the same state or country. The aim of one side maybe to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence or to change government policies. The term was first used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the first century BC. However, in a world full of democracies, are civil wars a failure of national politicians?

Civil Wars: A Failure Or Not?
Countries with strong records of respect for democracy and human rights are far less likely to experience civil wars than hybrid regimes. Although intrastate conflicts have become an increasing share of all armed conflict these wars are most likely to break in countries with weak or failed governing institutions. To lower the risk of conflicts, domestic and international actors should focus on strengthening democratic institutions and respect for human rights by bringing marginalized groups and actors into a legitimate political process.
But in most of the democracies it is often witnessed that an inclusive political process and competitive elections leads to instability and coup. Instead of availing rights, justice, liberty and so on, the government or the politicians are not in a position to establish peace or stability in the region or in the country.
Countries like Cambodia, Yemen are still going through civil wars that have resulted in massive loss and destruction of life and property. In order to prevent such conditions it is the responsibility of the concerned political authority to inculcate positive approach,by keeping aside their urge for power sharing and capturing.

Conclusion
Civil wars are indeed an important matter of concern for the world community. Though it may occur in a particular country but it’s impact is spread out across the globe. The failure on the side of the politicians in maintaining a chaos free environment is responsible in the upsurge of severe civil wars and conflicts.