The Puritan Experiment in government did not survive for too long after Cromwell’s death in 1658 and in May 1660 Charles II was reinstated to the throne of England. Satirical poetry flourished during this phrase and the main exponent of this form was John Dryden (1631-1700). His great political satires include Absalom and Achitophel, The Medal, and Mac Flecknoe, a literary satire was born of politics. Somewhat lacking in structure and overweight with prolonged “scolding”, these pieces are all magnificent in their vigorous dignity, their boisterous vituperation, and their incisive satirical portraiture.

After the excitement of the Popish Pot (1678) there had been repeated attempt to force a bill through Parliament excluding Catholics (and thus their legitimate heir, Duke of York) from the throne of England. The villain in these attempts was the Whig leader, Earl of Shaftesbury, who in the summer of 1681 was under arrest charged with high treason. At the suggestion of the King , Absalom and Achitophel was written and its publication timed to fall just a week before Shaftesbury’s fruitless arraignment. This poem makes use of Biblical story to indicate how Achitophel (Shaftesbury) is tempting to rebellion Absalom (The Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of Charles II and the Whig candidate to succeed his father).

Four months after this piece Dryden published The Medal (March,1682), another satire on Shaftesbury, whose followers upon his release from the charge of treason had cast a commemorative medal in honour of his triumph. The poem, less brilliant than its predecessor, gains force from being centered on a single person. It was answered two months after its appearance by a gossipy retort, The Medal of John Bayes, probably from the pen of Thomas Shadwell. In turn, a few months later, Dryden’s opinions concerning Shadwell were published twice; first in Mac Flecknoe, apparently written in 1678, and secondly, in passages inserted by Dryden in Nahum Tate’s Second Part of Absalom and Achitophel. In his treatment of Shadwell, Dryden drops at times his heroics and becomes roundly but still incisively abusive. Mac Flecknoe, one of Dryden’s most influential poems, first appeared anonymously, but was acknowledged by Dryden in 1693. About 1678, upon the decease of a secular priest, Richard Flecknoe, known as a bad versifier, it had occurred to Dryden to nominate Shadwell successor to the throne of Nonsense. Flecknoe, who chooses Shadwell to succeed him as the perfect nadir of genius. Satire on dullness of authors here reaches that high of plateau of caustic and relentless phrasing, the other boundary of which might be Pope’s Dunciad.

One of the most eminent of the lesser poets of the time was Samuel Butler. His major work Hudibras was a satirical attack on Puritans. The purpose of the poem is satirical and the action is simply a loose thread upon which arguments, reflections, and caustic portraits are strung. In the poem Butler attacks not only Puritanism but also notions of chivalry and heroism. Hudibras is episodic at times, but its satirical spirit comes through nevertheless. his favourite classical satire was Juvenal; but he owed fully as much in theme and method to such moderns as Rabelais, Cervantes and Scarron.

Butler’s intellectual quality, if not his full genius, is also seen in his other works which largely lack the grotesqueness of Hudibras. The Elephant in the Moon, a facetious satire on Sir Paul Neale, and the Satire on the Royal Society both show his unsympathetic attitude towards learning.

Butler, it is true had no worthy avowed disciple. Tom D’Urfey, Ned Ward, Tom Brown, John Oldham that Restoration verse satire enjoyed some more success. He was the foremost and most furious of those who fought on the side of Titus Oates and the Whigs. His A Satyr Against Vertue (1679) and Satyrs upon the Jesuits (1681) are notable examples of his talent. Oldham greatly valued personal freedom and in his satire Addressed to a Friend that is about to Leave the University and Come Abroad in the World, he affirms his love for freedom through the inserted fable of the wolf who loved freedom but would not endure the indignity of collar and chain put upon the civilized and well-fed Towzer. It is furious sweep of Oldham’s satiric rage that is most impressive, but this fable, and other passages that might seem autobiographical, have charm that is more amiable.

In the field of satirists one need also to look at the last of the cavalier breed like Rochester, Sedley, Dorset, and apart from this group at Charles Cotton. Of these the most prominent was the Earl of Rochester who died quite young as a result of his mad debaucheries, which took a toll on his health. His Satyr Against Mankind (1675) and the lines Upon Nothing are excellent satirical poems. His most important piece of literary satire in his Allusion to Horace’s 10th Satyr of the First Book. It is simply an episode in the running battle his lordship was carrying on with many poets, from Dryden to the negligible Sir Carr Scrope. His A Letter from Artemisa in the Town to Cloe in the Country is an excellent poem depicting the practices of the contemporary society.

Sir Charles Sedley, was an author of some satirical poems, but he was more known for his songs. Charles Sackville wrote relatively few satirical poems but his several other poems are tinged with satire. His lines on The British Princes of Edward Howard were profusely abusive and his stanzas On the Countess of Dorchester are strong but unpleasant in their epigrammatic sting.

The last of these cavalier lyrists to achieve a reputation as such was Charles Cotton. In his won lifetime his moderate fame was based on his burlesques, especially Scarronides. Apart from these some of the satirical songs of the period generally attacking the Puritans might also be taken with the ambit of satirical poetry of the period.

So first let us know what is human resources? basically it can be defined as the effective management of people in an organisation. HR management helps to bridge the gap between employee’s performance and the organisation’s strategic objectives. moreover, an efficient HR management team can give firm’s an edge over their competition. HR plays a significant role in developing positive business culture and improving employee engagement and productivity. the HR function also takes the lead on the employee wellness and personal development. it can be easy to overlook HR in an SME. many entreprenuers get their businesses off to a flying start. but grapple with people management as the business starts to flourish. managing staff takes time and it requires specific skills. HR in an area of expertise many business owners lack. regardless of skills the valu of HR in business isn’t always immediately apparent. with just a few employees, business leaders feel like they have their finger on the pulse when it comes to the people they hire and manage. but a business grows, leaders often find their just isn’t time to deal with day to day people management and recruitment and the focus on people can easily get lost. this is costly mistake and can affect employee satisfaction, culture, and long term success. underdeliver on effective HR and you’ll see a knock on effect on your bottom line. people culture and business sucess go hand in hand. reputation as an employer is influential in attracting talent. it also impacts on customers. take uber as an example; plagued by a string of HR catastrophes from sexual harassment cases to ignoring employees complaints; the resulting bad publicity has undoubtedly deterned many from working there or from using their ride sharing services. bad HR has destroyed uber’s employer brand.

The corona virus pandemic has forced us to re evaluate the way we do business. as part of this, the HR function is taking center stage. companies are being increasingly measured by the decisions they’ve taken and the way they treated their staff. what’s more the impact of ongoing economic uncertainity, remote working and all too real impact on employees mental health are forcing business across the UK to place human resources at the heart of their operation. from supporting managers with remote management skills through to sensitively communicating the consequences of a downturn in business. HR is crucial to the effective management of a business during the pandemic or other significant event.

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What is Rape?

It is a type of sexual assault which usually involves sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without that person’s consent. It could be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority, or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, or is below the legal age of consent.

In other words rape can be defined in most jurisdictions as sexual intercourse committed by a perpetrator against a victim without their consent. The definition of rape can be considered inconsistent between health organizations, law enforcement, health providers, and legal professions.

Rape is the fourth most common crime against women in India. According to the 2019 Annual Report of the National Crime Records Bureau, 32033 rape cases were registered across the country, or an average of 88 cases daily, slightly lower than 2018 when 91 cases were registered daily. Of these, 30,165 rapes were committed by perpetrators known to the victim (94.2 % of cases), a high number similar to 2018. The share of victims who were minors or below 18 – the legal age of consent – stood at 15.4%,down from 27.8% in 2018. On the other hand, rapes by juveniles remained high in India with 3 minors being arrested for rape, assault and attempted violence on women and girls each day in 2019.

Types of Rape:-

The types of rape are as follows:-

Date Rape:-

Date Rape is used to refer a non-domestic rape committed by someone who knows the victim, and drug facilitated sexual assault where the perpetrator intentionally drugs the victim with a date rape drug so that they are incapacitated. 

Gang Rape:-

This type of rape occurs when a group of people participate in the rape of a single victim. Nowadays gang rape is widely reported to occur in many parts of the world.

Spousal Rape:-

Spousal rape is also known as marital rape, wife rape, this kind of rape between a married or couple without one spouse’s consent. Spousal rape is considered a form of domestic violence and sexual abuse.

Rape of Children:-

Rape of a child is a form of child sexual abuse.. When committed by a parent or other close relatives such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, it is also incest and can result in serious and long-term psychological trauma.

Statutory Rape:-

It is a non-forcible sexual activity in which one of the individual is below the age of consent (the age required to legally consent to the behaviour).  It usually refers to adults engaging in sexual activities with minors under the age of consent.

Prison Rape:-

This is the rape which occurs in the prison. This phrase is commonly used to describe rape of inmates by other inmates, less commonly to the rape of inmates by staff, and rarely to rape of staff by inmates.

Serial Rape:-

A Serial Rape is rape committed by a single person over a relatively long period of time and has committed on a number of victims. Most of the times these types of rapist are unknown to the victim and they follow a specific and predictable pattern of targeting and assaulting their victims.

Payback Rape:-

It is a form of rape which consists of the rape of a female, usually by a group of several males, as a revenge for acts committed by the members of her family, such as her father or brothers or husband or sons. This rape is meant to humiliate and bring shame upon the father or brothers or husband or sons, as punishment for their prior behaviour towards the perpetrators. 

War Rape:-

These kind of rapes are committed by soldiers, combatants or civilians during a conflict or war, or during military occupation. It also covers the situation where girls and women are forced into prostitution or sexual slavery by an occupying power. During war, rape is often used as a means of psychological warfare in order to humiliate the enemy and undermine their morale. 

Rape by Deception:-

When the perpetrator obtains the victim’s agreement to engage in sexual intercourse or other sexual acts, but gained it by deception, such as false statements or actions.

Corrective Rape:-

Corrective Rape is a hate crime in which one or more people are raped because of their perceived sexual orientation or gender identity. The common intended consequence of this rape, as seen by the perpetrator is to turn the victim heterosexual or to enforce conformity with gender stereotypes.

Custodial Rape:-

Rape perpetrated by a person employed by the state in a supervisory or custodial position, such as a police officer, public servant or hospital employee. This includes the rape of children in institutional care such as orphanages or crèche.

Cyber bullying is a state when a person is threaten, harassed and is humiliated via mobile phone or Internet by a person or else by a group of persons. Cyber bullying can be considered equally offensive and harmful as bullying in real world is. In this modern era using social media account is very common which each one of us do and these accounts helps us to post pictures, data or anything a person wish to but these are often misleading by these bullies. Cyber bullying can be in the form of targeting of social media publically or by sending hurtful and   inappropriate messages. Cyber bullying can be considered as an extremely dangerous one because it allows the bullies to embarrass and harass any person at any time via any gadget and platform. Now a days everyone is quite familiar with social media networking be it a child, an adult or a senior-citizen and thus it becomes somewhat easier to be the victim or the suspect of such prejudice. It was found in a study that “1 in 3 high school students have been subjected to some form of bullying or cyber bullying.”

In the India Penal Code and the Information Technology Act suggest cyber bullying as an extremely serious offence which results in adequate punishment. This term was introduced by Bill Belsey who was a Canadian educator. Cyber bullying is that state of position where one can use information technology or communication technology to torture or harm the other person. Cyber bullying often results in victim getting into a brutal situation or every so often in a depressed state of mind. The basic motive behind this crime is to hurt a person; it can be a known or an unknown person too. In the case of bullying the suspect could be a powerfully person whether economically or socially than the victim. As per the report of the survey it was found that 63% of the children under the age of 18 are victim of cyber bullying. These bullying are of different types which involves mistreating blogs, private pictures, abusing a person via chat section and sending junk mails. Other than this, revealing personal data, pictures, harassing someone in groups or publically or stealing passwords as well as forcing someone else to bully the victim is also a kind of bullying. Cyber bullying can either be very simple one where the suspect do so using mails, messages, etc. but other than this bullying can also be in a vigorous form as sometimes the suspect starts to gang up against the victim and threats also gives sexual comments, spreads rumors, etc.

Cyber bullying is that wound that effects the person wholly and solely for lifetime. Ignoring or overcoming such bullies is not a permanent solution for it. At Indian Penal Code of 1860 in 2013, these stalking are considered as a great criminal offense. According to section 354C of IPC if any person who is caught bullying a female or taking of her private pictures or watch her when she is at her privacy than that person shall be penalized with sentence of one to three year in prison and also have to charge some fine.

Conclusion

Cyber bullying is a great offence and is also punishable in India. We people have the tendency to avoid things which later results as a devastating one. Cyber bulling also come under such category which can take an ugly shape with the course of time. As every second child is a victim of such cyber bullying there should be more laws and measures regarding it. These laws should be made keeping in mind the psychological state of the victim too. Smalls ignorance leads to heart-rending situations and stopping such bullying is crucial at this point of time otherwise these bullies could be left open and the only suffers will be the victim.