Author: Devikagupta

lets breaksterotypes.

All about business environment

The word ‘business environment’ indicates the aggregate total of all people, organisations and other forces that are outside the power of industry but that may affect its production.

Business environment is an aggregate of all conditions, events and influences that surround and affect it. It is broad and ever changing as its separate elements interact. A single firm’s environment is narrow in scope than the total environment of business. It is complicated and continuously changing.” —Professor Keith

No business can exist in a vacuum. The rapidly changing business environment might shorten the life of a given strategy. The external changes might influence the activities and quality of decisions of both the firm and its competitors. George Salk says, “If you’re not faster than your competitor, you’re in a tenuous position, and if you’re only half as fast, you’re terminal.”

Photo by Christina Morillo on Pexels.com

Hence, as Kenich Ohmae says that “environmental analysis is the critical starting point of strategic thinking.” Charles Darwin has said, “It is not the strongest of the species that survive nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.”

We live in a dynamic environment that changes all the time. Businesses must understand the changes in the environment and how these changes affect their performance. The process of thinking strategically requires that managers understand how the structure and competitive dynamics of their industry affect the performance and profitability of their companies. Armed with an appreciation of the forces in their industry that give rise to opportunities and threats, managers should be able to make better strategic decisions.

Successful managers must recognize opportunities and threats in their firm’s external environment. Regardless of the industry, the external environment is critical to a firm’s survival and success. A host of external factors influence a firm’s choice of direction and action.

Love and relationships

Photo by cottonbro on Pexels.com

Love the most complicated yet simple word in pronunciation. This is the word we have heard millions of time. And also have spoken multiple times. Now If we define love what would be it?. Something which give you happiness and pleasure is love. The person with whom you are happy and know that he or she can make you happy everytime.

Today we are talking about love in relationships. Relationships one more complicated word. And in actual relationships are complicated. The start of every relationship is from I think the word love. In most cases this is not love. How can you just a say person you saw ? That’s what is like not love. And we assume it as love and enter into relationships that are going to end soon.

May be with the passage of time you eventually fall or may be you dont. The situation is worst when one and the other doesnot. This is what we call DEVDAS stage. Person in Stage of singing TADAP TADAP KE IS DIL SE AAG NIKLTI RAHI.. And he feels all sad songs. Ohh damn this is so good and it was written for me.

Relationships are never smooth. Have you ever seen any marriage smooth? So how can be a relationship smooth? Your relationship can only be successful if you both understand each other. How you can run your vehicle? Sounds like marriage yaa it is. But the roots of both are same. Trust and understanding.

Every relationship is different in its own and you dont need a LOVE GURU for it. Follow what your heart says and everything is best then. Sometimes expert advice can ruin your life. Use your mind. #kbhi toh istmal kro.. and #phle istmal kro fir vishwas kro. 🤣🤣🤣.. Sorry for the joke.

If you like the blog please vote and like. Tomorrow we are going to come with another munch masala. Byyee byee!!

REGARDING CORRECT CERTIFICATE FROM EDUINDEX

From few days I am writing emails to give me certificate of date 16 june to 16 july. since month of july i am doing so but AGAIN and AGAIN I am rcieving wrong certificate. I need to prepare summer internship report. i cant attach wrong certificate. This is my last option to write here. I am in a complusion otherwise I would have not written here.

Its my humble request to everyone who is reading it please like . So that it can come in front of the team.

And if team you are reading this please prepare a certificate from the 16 june to 16 july. In my offer letter too you have mentioned same date. COMMENT ME IF YOU HAVE PREPARED. I WILL SEND U DETAILS.

I am quite depressed with such an unlawful behaviour.

French revolution

ALL OF US HAVE STUDIED ABOUT LOUIS XVI FAMOUS STORY. AND THE SAGA OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE.LETS HAVE A FLASHBACK TO THE HISTORY

French Revolution

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Women’s participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently  been given nuanced treatment. Early twentieth- century historians of the French Revolution are  typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women’s movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of women’s participation.

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Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues—in Godineau’s view, without practical effect—is Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the  Rights of Women. The emergence of vocal middle- class women’s political clubs marks the second phase.  Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women’s movement: women seized food supplies, held officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases women’s participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the population—women or men—came only with the Revolution.

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What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women’s movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women’s movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests.

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Each of these scholars has a different political agenda and takes a different approach—Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or  at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution&ved=2ahUKEwiEnaOv7ufxAhVbyzgGHSZLB8EQFnoECCYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1ntUmqXdSYR9ME1L2DAcE8

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/france/french-revolution&ved=2ahUKEwiEnaOv7ufxAhVbyzgGHSZLB8EQFnoECEYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw30-DOOzIkwL94onNDgzDcD&ampcf=1

Dahl and Democracy

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In Democracies and its Critics, Robert Dahl defends both democratic value and pluralist democracies, or polyarchies (a rough shorthand term for Western political systems). Dahl argues convincingly that the idea of democracy rests on political equality—the equality capacity of all citizens to determine or influence collective decisions. Of course, as Dahl recognizes, if hierarchical ordering is inevitable in any structure of government, and if no society can guarantee perfect equality in the resources that may give rise to political influence, the democratic principle of political equality is incapable of full realization. So actual systems can be deemed democratic only as approximations to the ideal. It is on these grounds that Dahl defends polyarchy.

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As a representative system in which elected officials both determine government policy and are accountable to a broad-based electorate, polyarchy reinforces a diffusion of power away from any single center and toward a variety of individuals, groups, and organizations. It is this centrifugal characteristic, Dahl argues, that makes polyarchy the nearest possible approximation to the democratic ideal. Polyarchy achieves this diffusion of power through party competition and the operation of pressure groups. Competing for votes, parties seek to offer different sections of the electorate what they most want; they do not ask what the majority thinks of an issue, but what policy commitments will sway the electoral decisions of particular groups. Equally, groups that have strong feelings about an issue can organize in pressure groups to influence public policy.

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During the 1960s and 1970s, criticism of the theory of pluralist democracy was vigorous. Many critics pointed to a gap between the model and the reality of Western political systems. They argued that the distribution of power resources other than the vote was so uneven that the political order systematically gave added weight to those who were already richer or organizationally more powerful. So the power of some groups to exclude issues altogether from the political agenda effectively countered any diffusion of influence on decision-making.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl&ved=2ahUKEwilybne7OfxAhVZzDgGHdOUBFoQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1m7je4vjO_kQPSVhYbQsjr

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.polisci.6.121901.085839&ved=2ahUKEwilybne7OfxAhVZzDgGHdOUBFoQFnoECC8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw26r49rfyW0ZAyxHODvBrYt

The Complete Memoirs’ Review: Neruda in Full

 is impossible not to feel a thrill of expectation upon opening “The Complete Memoirs” by Pablo Neruda. But once a reader discovers what’s actually on its pages, the title’s claim of completeness—with its promise of juicy restorations and the accretion of long-lost chapters written by the great Chilean poet—seems no better than a gimmick to sell afresh a book that was first published in English translation 44 years ago.

An “editorial note” at the book’s end lists all the additions to Neruda’s original memoirs—while unhelpfully omitting the page numbers that would transport a reader straight to the new material. There are 19 texts added in all, ranging in length from a half-dozen pages of previously unpublished words to the wispiest fragments. Here’s an example of the latter, as vaunted by the editors: “We now publish, for the first time, the only known version in writing of this phrase: ‘What is my poetry? I don’t know. It would be easier to ask my poetry who am I.’ ” Readers who know their Neruda will contend that only one textual addition—which deals plainspokenly with the homosexuality of the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca—truly adds value.

Which is fine, of course, because the original version—let us not call it “incomplete”—is a deliciously self-serving and unabashed narrative account of the poet’s life, loves, grudges, contempt and ideology. It is stunningly vain in places yet always beautiful, and reading it today—in our age of much-curbed masculinity—raises taxing moral questions. What should we think of a man so casually priapic, who never hesitated to use his power—as poet or diplomat—to drive women (who were often vulnerable) to his bed?

Neruda chose to call his book “I Confess I Have lived”—“Confieso Que He Vivido” in the original Spanish. It was published posthumously in 1974, a year after he succumbed to cancer and—some like to think—heartbreak, brought on by the suicide of Chile’s President Salvador Allende only days before Neruda’s own death. Allende was a dear friend and leftist fellow traveler, and Neruda had abandoned his own presidential ambitions—he was the Communist Party’s candidate for Chile’s highest office—so as to throw in his lot with the socialist Allende. The latter appointed Neruda Chile’s ambassador to Paris in 1971—the year in which the poet won the Nobel Prize for literature.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Complete_Memoirs.html%3Fid%3DylT2DwAAQBAJ%26source%3Dkp_book_description&ved=2ahUKEwiEgr7V6-fxAhXs3jgGHY9XBlIQmhMwBHoECBMQAg&usg=AOvVaw3Ps45PWUjXd8Aw2LoCapKp

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.in/Complete-Memoirs-Hardie-St-Martin/dp/0374538123&ved=2ahUKEwiEgr7V6-fxAhXs3jgGHY9XBlIQFnoECBgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3tdZRgWgQLHkU1aAVw3rT0

Status Signalling among birds

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Many birds that form flocks compete through aggressive interaction for priority of access to resources such as food and shelter. The result of repeated interactions between flock members is that each bird gains a particular social status related to its fighting ability, with priority of access to resources increasing with higher status. As the number and intensity of interactions between birds increase, however, so increase the costs to each birds in terms of energy expenditure, time, and risk of injury. Thus, birds possessing attributes that reduce the number of costly interactions in which they must be involved, without leading to a reduction in status, are at an advantage. An external signal, such as a plumage type, announcing fighting ability and thereby obviating the actual need to fight, could be one such attribute.

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The zoologist Rohwer assented that plumage variations in “Harris sparrows” support the status signaling hypothesis (SSH). He reported that almost without exception birds with darker throats win conflicts with individuals having lighter plumage. He claimed that even among birds of the same age and sex the amount of dark plumage predicts relative dominance status.

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However, Rohwer’s data do not support his assertions: in one of his studies darker birds won only 57 out of 75 conflicts; within another, focusing on conflicts between birds of the same age group or sex, darker birds won 63 and lost 62. There are indications that plumage probably does signal broad age-related differences in status among Harris sparrows: adults, usually dark throated, have higher status than juveniles, who are usually light throated; moreover, juveniles dyed to resemble adults are dominant over undyed juveniles. However, the Harris sparrows’ age-related plumage differences do not signal the status of individual birds within an age class, and thus cannot properly be included under the term “status signaling.”

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247193944_Plumage_Coloration_as_a_Signal_of_Social_Status&ved=2ahUKEwjlsZqa2ufxAhW7zzgGHYn5BbAQFnoECCAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3yf5mNLgJJUHPQqo0l7lNS

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1369578&ved=2ahUKEwjlsZqa2ufxAhW7zzgGHYn5BbAQFnoECAgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw10FfMYrcscYgJr0eqziwI_

Is mathematics a kind of language

What it means to “explain” something in science often comes down to the application of mathematics. Some thinkers hold that mathematics is a kind of language–a systematic contrivance of signs, the criteria for the authority of which are internal coherence, elegance, and depth. The application of such a highly artificial system to the physical world, they claim, results in the creation of a kind of statement about the world. Accordingly, what matters in the sciences is finding a mathematical concept that attempts, as other language does, to accurately describe the functioning of some aspect of the world

At the center of the issue of scientific knowledge can thus be found questions about the relationship between language and what it refers to. A discussion about the role played by language in the pursuit of knowledge has been going on among linguists for several decades. The debate centers around whether language corresponds in some essential way to objects and behaviors, making knowledge a solid and reliable commodity; or, on the other hand, whether the relationship between language and things is purely a matter of agreed-upon conventions, making knowledge tenuous, relative, and inexact.

Lately the latter theory has been gaining wider acceptance. According to linguists who support this theory, the way language is used varies depending upon changes in accepted practices and theories among those who work in particular discipline. These linguists argue that, in the pursuit of knowledge, a statement is true only when there are no promising alternatives that might lead one to question it. Certainly this characterization would seem to be applicable to the sciences. In science, a mathematical statement may be taken to account for every aspect of a phenomenon it is applied to, but, some would argue, there is nothing inherent in mathematical language that guarantees such a correspondence. Under this view, acceptance of a mathematical statement by the scientific community–by virtue of the statement’s predictive power or methodological efficiency–transforms what is basically an analogy or metaphor into an explanation of the physical process in question, to be held as true until another, more compelling analogy takes its place.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.mathnasium.com/southtowns/news/httpswwwthoughtcocomwhy-mathematics-is-a-language-4158142textin20order20to20be20consideredthis20definition20of20a20languagetextmath20is20a20universal20languageevery20country20of20the20world%23:~:text%3DIn%2520order%2520to%2520be%2520considered,than%2520spoken%2520form%2520of%2520communication.&ved=2ahUKEwjJnY6r2efxAhVpxDgGHcNZB8AQFjABegQIBBAF&usg=AOvVaw2TPelQCqxZ_C_u4XYX52ah

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cut-the-knot.org/language/MathIsLanguage.shtml&ved=2ahUKEwjJnY6r2efxAhVpxDgGHcNZB8AQFnoECA4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw27gzEEM6urdLNhpvwaJxAJ

Polynomials and identities

Photo by George Becker on Pexels.com

TO start with the topic first of all its necessary to know basic identities:-

a + b whole square is what? I.e a square +2ab+ b square. Similarly there are many more. TO begin with our basic topic we will try some questions and their approaches.

Q1. IF x +1/x = 4 then what is x2 +1/x2

So guys we are given value of x + 1/x =4. Now simply square both sides. You will get x2 + 2 + 1/x2 as 16. Now if you take to on RHS side it will be simply 16-2 i.e 14. Hence 14 is your answer. So dear reader you can follow a shortcut to solve orally that 4 square minus 2. I.e same 16-2 . Similarly if you have 9 instead of 4 in the question the answer would be 81-2 =79.

If now instead of this you need to find value of x4 +1/x4 . Then how would you solve. Just take out value of earlier one and square it and minus. For eg in first question as 14 was our answer subtract 2 from it and its your new answer .

Q2. If now in first question you need to find x3 +1/x3 (note its cube not three)

So you can use a shortcut i.e. p3 -3p. I.e. 4 cube -4×3 which will be 64-12=52.

Q3. If x-1/x =p then x3-1/x3 will be

Its easy just in above formula replace minus sign by plus . p3+3p.

Q4. If in first question I need to find x5+1/x5 then.

Here you need to know just the basic formula (xa )b = xa+b . Dear reader we now that 2+3=5 . So find the value in example 1 and 2. I.e 14 and 52 now multiply both of them and minus with value in question. 728-4=724.

For reference

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://byjus.com/maths/algebraic-identities/&ved=2ahUKEwiXnezZueLxAhWIxzgGHfbGChQQFnoECDMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3kOAhEDrCdK4_MLjcyXg9U

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vedantu.com/maths/algebraic-identities&ved=2ahUKEwiXnezZueLxAhWIxzgGHfbGChQQFnoECDQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3S4Vj2T2sw7UHmGmefLXFC

Blood relations:logical reasoning

This is an important topic if you are preparing for any of the competitive exam. To solve such type of questions break the question into generations. For eg I and my brother will belong to one generation. My father and my mother will belong yo3 one generation and so on.

You need to use arrows and represnt Male and females differently. For eg you can use plus sign for males and minus for females. Lets understand with example.

POINTING TO RAJA RANI SAID “HIS MOTHER’S BROTHER IS THE FATHER OF MY SON RAJKUMAR.”HOENIS RAJA RELATED TO RANI. This simplifies that raja ‘s mother’s brother is father of my son. That means rani s husband is uncle of raja. Hence raja is nephew.

eg 2. Amit pointing a photo of girl says she is daughter of only son of my grandfather.

This means the girl is daughter of only son of my grandfather means his father’s daughter is that girl and girl is sister of amit.

eg3. Pointing to a man :-his only brother is the father of my daughter’s father.

My daughter’s father means me and my father’s brother. Now how I am related to my father’s brother Its easy I am his nephew.

Also you can get some questions like p+q means p is brother of q. p-q means p is sister of q.

a+b-c. a is brother of b and b is sister of c.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.indiabix.com/verbal-reasoning/blood-relation-test/&ved=2ahUKEwj1ztjFteDxAhXU73MBHfI-C7IQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0MgoIJWqewxjffJsJzcQZL

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://byjus.com/govt-exams/blood-relations-logical-reasoning/&ved=2ahUKEwj1ztjFteDxAhXU73MBHfI-C7IQtwJ6BAgnEAE&usg=AOvVaw1L3I0xndZBU6CMGDQZsoVh

Some common english words important for GRE

Alacrity The GRE has a predilection for words that don’t really sound like what they mean. Alacrity is no exception. Many think the word has a negative connotation. Alacrity, however, means an eager willingness to do something. So imagine the first day at a job that you’ve worked really hard to get. How are you going to complete the tasks assigned to you? With alacrity, of course. An interesting correlation: the more alacritous (adjective form) you are when you’re learning GRE vocabulary, the better you will do.

Prosaic Prosaic conjures up a beautiful mosaic for some. For others, the pro- is clearly positive. So if somebody or something is prosaic, it must surely be good. Once again the GRE confounds expectations. Prosaic means dull and lacking imagination. It can be used to describe plans, life, language, or just about anything inanimate that has become dull (it is not used to describe people).

A good mnemonic: prose is the opposite of poetry. And where poetry, ideally, bursts force with imagination, prose (think of text-book writing), lacks imagination. Hence, prose-aic.

Veracity:- Veracity sounds a lot like voracity. Whereas many know voracity means full of hunger (the adjective form voracious is more common), few know veracity. Unfortunately, many confuse the two on the test. Veracity means truthful. The adjective form, veracious, sounds a lot like voracious. So be careful. Paucity Paucity is a lack of something. In honor of paucity, this entry will have a paucity of words.

Maintain The second definition of this word – and one the new GRE favors – is to assert. One can maintain their innocence. A scientist can maintain that a recent finding support her theory. The latter context is the one you’ll encounter on the GRE. Contrite Word roots are often misleading. This word does not mean with triteness (con- meaning with). To be contrite is to feel remorse.

Laconic Another word that sounds different from what it means. A person is described as laconic when he/she says very few words. I’m usually reminded of John Wayne, the quintessential cowboy, who, with a gravely intonation, muttered few words. As this allusion betrays may age more than anything else, think of Christian Bale in Batman.

Pugnacious Much like a pug dog, which aggressively yaps at things near it, a person who is pugnacious likes to aggressively argue about everything. Verbally combative is another good way to describe pugnacious. Disparate If two things are fundamentally different, they are disparate. For instance, verbal skills and math skills are disparate, and as such are usually tested separately, the GRE being no exception.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://translate.google.co.in/&ved=2ahUKEwjRsZym0N3xAhUYILcAHXjXASwQFjABegQIDhAC&usg=AOvVaw3PxxM8sVv2-Z8mgIzSGywh

http://magoosh.com/gre/2012/grevocabularyebook

Tender and its types

WHAT IS TENDER?
In this system the entity invites suppliers to give their
quotations.
The supplier with the lowest quotation wins the contract.
It is a kind of contract mostly followed by large organisations
and governments when purchases are of large value.

Open Tender
This is where an opportunity (including all tender documents) is
advertised inviting providers to bid directly for a contract.
All interest parties then submit a tender.
Scoring takes place and the successful organisation is
awarded the contract.
Sometimes there is a selection stage first, which is then
followed by the award stage.

Restricted Tender
This involves the opportunity being advertised in the relevant
places and media.
Organisations will then submit an expression of interest and fill
in a pre qualification questionnaire.
Successful organisations will go onto select list and be given
an invitation to tender with the tender documents.
Tender documents are completed and submitted.
From the submitted tender documents scoring takes place and
the successful organisation is awarded the contract.

Advantages:
Competitive
Lower Cost
Transparent Process
Disadvantages:
Low Price usually Detriment of Quality
Time consuming

PROCESS

Invitation
Pre/Post
Qualification
Questionnaire
Bid Bond
Site Visit Tender Box
Receipt of Tenders
Withdrawal of Offer
Tender Offerings Evaluation
Recommendations
Letter of Award
Conditions of Award

BLANKET ORDER

Company purchase many small items on day to day basis. It
becomes difficult to have inventory for all.
It is most popular method for purchasing items which are used
regularly.
There are two methods:
Agreement is made to supply a Fixed Quantity of the product at
a Fixed Price for a Specific Period.
Agreement is made to supply for a Specific Period but the
Quantity is unknown.

Purchasing method

A method used by businesses to buy products and/or services.
A purchasing system manages the entire acquisition
process, from requisition, to purchase order, to product
receipt, to payment.
Purchasing systems are a key component of effective inventory
management in that they monitor existing stock and help
companies determine what to buy, how much to buy and when
to buy it.

FUNCTIONS OF PURCHASE DEPARTMENT

Purchase materials at lowest possible cost while maintaining quality. Maintain good relationship with the suppliers. Take advantage of economies of scale. Maintain records efficiently. Develop highly competent personnel. Co-ordinate with all the departments of the organization.

TYPES OF PURCHASING SYSTEM Tender System Stockless Purchase System Blanket Order E-Purchasing / E-Procurement Subcontracting Rate Contract Method Petty Cash System Capital Equipment Purchase

Subcontracting refers to the process of entering a contractual agreement with an outside person or company to perform a certain amount of work. The outside person or company in this arrangement is known as a subcontractor. Many small businesses hire subcontractors to assist with a wide variety of functions

. Example: A small business may use an outside firm to prepare its payroll.Subcontracting is probably most prevalent in the construction industry, where builders often subcontract plumbing, electrical work, drywall, painting, and other tasks. In some cases, a general contractor may only be used as the construction manager or supervisor. In that case, subcontracting accounts for all of the physical work done on the premises. The general contractor’s only responsibility is to approve the contracts, keep the project within budget, and inspect the work.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vskills.in/certification/tutorial/methods-of-purchasing/%3Famp&ved=2ahUKEwjr6o6LvdbxAhVUOysKHSTHAmMQFjAHegQIBBAG&usg=AOvVaw1jnaDBnawTcfblhlrQ4p7q&ampcf=1

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/purchase-management/methods-of-purchasing-materials-8-methods/53168&ved=2ahUKEwjr6o6LvdbxAhVUOysKHSTHAmMQFjAQegQIIxAC&usg=AOvVaw1Tu70iCs1-rQ6pDorj59D5

Objectives of MRP

The objectives of material requirement planning in operations management are:

(a) It determines the quantity and timing of finished goods demanded.

(b) It determines the time phased requirements of the demand for materials, components and sub-assemblies over a specified planning time horizon.

(c) It computes the inventories, work-in-process batch sizes and manufacturing and packing lead times.

(d) It controls inventory by ordering materials and components in relation to orders received rather than ordering them from stock level point of view.

(e) It improves customer service by meeting delivery schedules promised and shortening the delivery lead times.

(f) It reduces inventory cost by reducing inventory levels.

(g) It improves plant operating efficiency by better use of productive resources.

Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning and inventory control system. An MRP integrates data from production schedules with that from inventory and the bill of materials (BOM) to calculate purchasing and shipping schedules for the parts or components required to build a product.

There are three primary functions of an MRP system. First, the system helps ensure that the appropriate materials are available for production and the necessary products are available for customers to avoid shortages. Second, MRP reduces waste by maintaining only the lowest possible materials and product levels in stock. Lastly, an MRP system helps plan manufacturing functions, delivery schedules and purchasing. When an MRP system is doing its job, it reduces material waste while also avoiding product shortages. Data integrity, however, is a major issue for successful material requirements planning. The data fed into the system must be accurate; otherwise, serious production and stock errors may occur.

MRP was developed by engineer Joseph Orlicky as a response to the Toyota Production System, the famous model for lean production. The first computerized MRP system was tested successfully by Black & Decker in 1964.

Material requirement planning

Material Requirement Planning is a special technique to plan the requirements of materials for production. For the manufacturing company to produce the end items to meet demands the availability of sufficient production capacity must be coordinated with the availability of all raw materials and purchased items from which, the end items are to be produced.

In other words, there is a need to manage the availability of dependent demand items from which the products are made. Dependent demand items are the components, i.e., materials or purchased items, fabricated parts or sub-assemblies that make up the end product.

One approach to manage the availability of dependent demand items is to keep a high stock of all the items that might be needed to procured the end items and when the on-hand stock drops below a present re-order level, the items are procured or bought as the case may be to replenish the stock to the maximum level.

However, this approach is costly due to the excessive inventory of components, fabricated parts and sub-assemblies to ensure high service level.

An alternative approach to manage these items is to plan for procurement or manufacture of the specific components that will be required to produce the required quantities of end products as per the production schedule indicated by the master production schedule (MPS). The technique is known as Material Requirement Planning (MRP) technique.

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