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Assassination Of Former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi .

The assassination of former Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi, , occurred on 21 May 1991 as a result of a suicide bombing in Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu, India . At least 14 others,we’re killed alongside Rajiv Gandhi in the suicide bombing.

Credit- Outlook India

The assassination was carried out by Thenmozhi Rajaratnam, a member of the Tamil Liberation Tigers (LTTE), a Tamil separatist organization in Sri Lanka, and Dr. Jagjit Singh Chohan of the National Council of Khalistan (NCK) and Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala of the Khalistan Liberation Force. At that time, India had just finished its involvement in the civil war in Sri Lanka through the Indian Peace Keeping Force. Rajiv Gandhi along with G.K. Moupanal started election campaign in southern state of India. After campaigning in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh on May 21, his next destination was Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. Approximately two hours after arriving in Madras ,Rajiv Gandhi rode a white ambassador car to Slipelumbudur in a convoy, stopping at several other campaign sites along the way. Arriving at the campaign rally at Sriperumbudur, Rajiv left the car and went up to the podium, where he gave a speech. After the soeech the assassin Danu (Thenmozhi Rajaratnam) approached and greeted him. Then she bent over and touched his leg, and at 10:10 pm, detonated a belt loaded with RDX explosives place under her dress. Gandhi, his assassin and 14 others were killed in a subsequent explosion, and 43 were seriously injured. The assassination was filmed by local photographer Haribab. Haribab’s camera and film were found intact on the scene, but he also died in the blast.

Apart from Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India and the suicide bomber Thenmozhi Rajaratnam , several people were killed in the blast on 21 May 1991:
Including Pradeep K Gupta (personal security officer of Rajiv Gandhi ), K.S Mohammed Iqbal (police superintendent), Edward Joseph ( police inspector) ,Dharman,Chandra, Ethiraju Muruganand and Rajguru (police constables), Santhani Begum (Mahila Congressn Leader) ,Latha Kannan ( Mahila Congress worker,who was with her daughter Kokilavani ),Kokilavani (ten-year-old daughter of Latha Kannan, who sang a poem to Gandhi immediately before the blast), Munuswamy (former member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council) ,Saroja Devi (seventeen-year-old college student), Ravichandran (Black Cat commando).
Around forty-three spectator present in the campaign including police sub-inspector Anushiya Daisy were also injured in the explosion.

Credit- India Today

Immediately after the assassination, the Chandrasekhar government handed over the investigation to the CBI on May 22, 1991. Authorities, formed a special research team led by Karthikeyan to determine who is responsible for the assassination. A SIT investigation confirmed the role of the LTTE in assassination and was endorsed by the Supreme Court of India. Judge Millap Chand Jain’s interim report investigated the secret aspects of the assassination and accused DMK of working with the LTTE. The report concluded that the DMK provided the LTTE with shelter and made it easier for rebels to assassinate Rajiv Gandhi. The report also claimed that Jaffna’s LTTE leaders possessed confidential, encrypted messages exchanged between the federal and DMK state governments.Authorities also stated in reports “There is evidence that during this period some of the most important radio messages were exchanged between the LTTE agents stationed in Tamil Nadu and Jaffna. These later deciphered messages are directly related to the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi “. The Congress demanded withdrawal of DMK from the Union Front government, after claiming to have played an important role in Rajiv Gandhi’s death. According to reports Dr. Jagjit Singh Chohan supported the LITTE with logistic and tactical support. His involvement was first revealed in 2016, about 10 years later. Speculation. This was evidence of the Jain Commission’s report and was suspected that the LTTE had contacted Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala with Jagjit Singh Chohan to plan the plot.

After the investigation on the assassination of former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi ,the court convicted and sentenced the seven persons who were involved in the assassination to life imprisonment. They are currently undergoing life imprisonment in prisons in India.
They are:
Murugan – A LTTE operative from Sri Lanka, Nalini – Wife of Murugan. Nalini is a citizen of India ,Jayakumar – The brother in law of Robert Pious ,Ravichandran – A Sri Lankan national ,T. Suthenthiraraja – A Sri Lankan national ,Robert Pious – A Sri Lankan national and A. G. Perarivalan – An Indian citizen who was arrested for supplying a 9-volt battery for the explosive device.

Success and mental health

Photo by Daniel Reche on Pexels.com

Mental health is a major concern worldwide these days and India is not far behind in sharing this. India is considered as one of the depressed countries in the world during the pandemic by WHO. Currently, the students are stressed, worried and anxious about the uncertainties of the future. One in seven Indians between 15-24 years of age feel depressed and lack interest in doing things. While the impact on children’s lives is incalculable, the economic loss due to mental health conditions between 2012-2030 is estimated to be USD 1.03 trillion in India, according to WHO 2020. This excessive online presence or screen time during the pandemic itself has created mood swings, irritability, social withdrawal, changes in sleeping and eating patterns, difficulty with attention, focus and concentration, and further detachment from family or the real world. Studies have shown that one third of the young people display poor knowledge of mental health problems. Regular fitness exercises like morning walks, yoga, and meditation have proved to be great medicine for curing mental health. Besides this, it is imperative to have a good diet and enough sleep. A person needs 7 to 9 hours of sleep every night on average , we should also stay connects with our friends and family , do what Piques our interest , be active and the most important we should reduce our screen time. When someone is tired yet still can’t sleep, it’s a symptom that their mental health is unstable. In students low self esteem , irritability, sudden anger, frequent absence, thoughts of suicide, reckless behavior, crying etc. could be some of the symptoms of depression.

As we speak, there is one suicide attempt every 3 seconds and one demise by suicide every 40 seconds by our youth and in most cases the causes are mental health problems.

The major cause of mental health problems in Indian students is seen due to academic pressure and the pressure created my families specially parents which ultimately leads to anxiety, over thinking and depression among students. This academic pressure is also driving kids to suicide.

Social standing is a big and also the main cause of parental pressure. Caring more about how the world perceives them, can render parents ignorant about the true talents of their children. Parents often generalize the definition of success and excellence, depending on how others are doing.

Majority of the Indian parents never try to understand why their children are not able to perform good in their academics or other fields. They never want to sit down with their children and talk about their problems with their children. Instead they prefer to scold or even beat their child which is somehow much more demoralizing and rather acts towards increasing the child’s stress level to a great extend. Kids who feel like they are under constant pressure can experience constant anxiety. Parents think that their only duty is to earn and pay for their children expenses but what they should really do is that they should build their relationship stronger. This means meeting there childs physical as well as emotional needs by taking care of them. They need to constantly instill into their next generation the importance of ‘resilience’ which is the inner strength. But parents are not the only one to blame or to take care of the children but we ourselves should take proper care of our mental health and should not ignore it.

If all these aspects are addressed at an earlier age and stage of a student’s life, it will not only make them emotionally stronger and healthier but also prepare them for future life with more mindfulness, respect, gratitude and strength.

What is Protocol? How many types of protocols are there?

What is Protocol?

What is Protocol


Hello friends, what is a VPN for you? You must know about it, but do you know what is Protocol, and how it works? Or what is it used for? So today we are going to tell you about the protocol.

Friends Protocol is a kind of digital rule, which is used in digital communication. The protocol itself decides how the data will be transmitted over the computer network and how the data is received. Protocol in computing is also called digital language. Without these, we cannot connect to the internet, nor can we transfer data from one computer to another. Any file or mail sent by us on the Internet reaches with the help of this protocol, and we can use the Internet.

How does the protocol work?

Each network protocol operates on rules for how its data packets should be organized. Because protocols such as the Internet Protocol often work together in layers, some of the data embedded inside a packet formatted for one protocol may be in the format of some other related protocol (named encapsulation).

Each protocol has its different methods, with the help of which it is decided what is its work? How will it send and receive information? If there is an error in all this, then how will he manage it? The protocol helps to connect two devices and transmit data, how the data should go from one device and how to receive the data to the other device, decides the protocol itself, and this is how the protocol works.

Connecting different hardware to the network and sharing information and giving instructions between them is a very difficult task, for this, it is necessary that both the sender and the receiver communicate in the same language and this work is possible only by protocol.

How many types of protocols are there?

Have you come to know what is the protocol? But do you know that there are many types of protocols as well? So let us know how many types of protocols are there?

1. TCP- Transmission Control Protocol:–

TCP and IP both follow different processes, but they can also be used together and when any two or more protocols are used for the same task then it is called a stack. Because they have some layer of operation. If seen, both these protocols are used to represent a complete suite and this suite of protocols transmits information about the operation of the web. TCP and IP protocols are also used for many local area networks.

2. FTP- File Transfer Protocol:-

The full form of FTP is File Transfer Protocol. As the name suggests, it is used to transfer files from one computer to another. FTP is a type of protocol that sets some rules for the exchange of files between two systems.

3. HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol:-

The full name of HTTP is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol which is an application protocol. Any data from the Internet reaches our computer from the server to our browser in the HTTP language itself, which the browser translates into its original language so that we can easily read it in our language.

4. SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol:-

By using the SMTP protocol, we send our email from one place to another, with SMTP there are two more protocols used, namely “POP (Post Office Protocol)” and “IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)”. All these protocols work with the help of TCP / IP and PORT25 works between them.

There are many other protocols, but they are not used much, you can see the list of other protocols below.

  • IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
  • EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
  • RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
  • RTMP (Real-Time Messaging Protocol)
  • HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer)

So friends, what is the protocol? If you have anything that you did not understand, then you can ask us in the comment box given below, we will try our best to help you.

Personal Habits: Exercising

Everyone from India has heard the phrase, “ If you get up by 6 in the morning, everything will set in order.” It is a common phrase made for Millennials and Gen-Z. We hear it so often and tried a few times but it didn’t suit your routine. Did you ever wonder why you weren’t able to adopt it? After reading this, do let me know about your thoughts on this.

Exercising in the Morning

Of course, the most common habit among people. Exercising a few hours after you get up is beneficial to your health. It increases blood flow in you as well as trains your muscles. It increases alertness and also energizes you for the day. It’s common to do cardio in the morning with lifting weights before your first breakfast. This helps in burning fat as well as developing your muscle endurance. But why can’t you do it?

Jogging in the Morning increases blood flow and improves body endurance.

The most common reasons are:

  • Sleeping Late: You may have slept late. Even if you have slept around 11PM, if you need 8 hours of sleep then you will get up at 7AM. Your body needs sufficient sleep to get up or it will keep you tired the entire day. You have to plan your sleep schedule in a way you don’t compromise your sleep.
  • Exhausted: If you had a backbreaking day and you are completely exhausted of your energy, then you may not get up the next day at your set time. If this is your regular routine, you may want to change the time you want to get up.
  • Jam-packed daily routine: If your schedule is full on an everyday basis, you need to start prioritizing your work. It may be tough to change your routine but by doing this, you can improve the amount of time you can give to yourself and your new habits.
  • Feeling awkward where you exercise: Am I doing it well? Is my form right? Is my shirt torn? Am I sweating too much? Am I disturbing someone? Are they looking at how bad I am? Are they judging me? It is okay to feel these when you workout. Everyone goes through this and it’s okay. At the beginning it does feel weird to do a workout but we all started as beginners and we also have made mistakes. The only thing that you can do is ask a friend, family or trainer to help you. They may also point out other mistakes that you may have made which you can correct.
  • You don’t want to: Most of the time when you try to build a habit, there is a feeling that says, “This isn’t worth the trouble we are going through” but sometimes, you just don’t want to. You might want to do it to show others or of the stereotypical “healthy person”. If you think clearly by separating your external ideas/thoughts, you will understand why you want to do it.

How can you tackle these problems?

At first, these hurdles feel the hardest to jump over but unless you jump over them, you cannot reach your goal. There will be hurdles along the way and you are the solution to them. You will become better when you start crossing hurdles. Every hurdle you face is a step that you need to conquer and move forward.

  1. Set a Convenient time: 5 AM may be easy for others but it may be difficult for you. It may not agree with your sleep routine, or with your work routine so you quit. Rather, just change the time. If you get up around 7 AM and have to go to work by 10 AM. Make a slot of 1 hour for your workout and complete your morning routine! If you can’t make a slot of 1 hour, carry it to the evening when you come home. 1 hour before dinner, exercise to your heart’s content! 
  1. Change your workout: If you are the ‘No pain, No Gain’ person, sometimes, you may get too sore from your workout which leads to quitting. Rather than quitting, change your workout a bit. You don’t need to change weight, just change what you do. It is very helpful to have a 10-minute cardio session at the end. Not high intensity but something like walking on a treadmill or yoga, will help you recover efficiently.
  1. Get a workout partner: “Sometimes, the fruit tastes better when it’s shared” Get a partner! A friend who wants to workout or a family member who is bored of being alone in the gym, work together at the gym! When you have someone to look out for you, you get more confident and work better. It will also help in improving your form! If you workout with a partner you are comfortable with, you will be able to focus more on your workout than others.
  1. Take Pictures of yourself: When you take pictures of yourself after you workout, you can see the amount of progress that you are accomplishing over time. This way you get to see how far you have come. Every day that you work is a step forward. You and your partner could record each other’s workout and see where you could improve.
  1. 20% of the work gets you 80% of the way: Some days, you don’t feel like working out, you don’t feel like going to the gym but by showing up and doing 10% of your workout makes you feel happy that you came. Just by showing up and starting your workout sets the wheels in motion. By the time you take off your headset, you are halfway through.
  1. Take cheat days/rest days: When you exercise, it’s important to rest so your muscles recover and become stronger. By not taking rest, you are prone to burning out. If the gym is tiring you out way beyond it should, then you need a rest day. Hitting the gym after your rest day feels better because you will feel stronger and work more.

This article is my personal opinion that I have used when I workout and it has worked well for me. Experiment with your workout routines and I am sure you can find something that works well for you. To become better tomorrow, you have to work today. This way, you will become a better version of yourself. All the Best! 

Gaura Devi who played an important role in Chipko Movement.

Credit- Chipko Heritage

Gaura Devi (1925 – 1991) was a social activist and a rural women community leader from Uttarakhand, India who played an important role in the Chipko movement in 1970’s .
Gaura Devi was born in 1925 in a village named Lata of Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand. She got married at very young age, afer her marraige she moved to a nearby village named Reni by the Alaknanda River. At the age of 22 she was a widow with a child. After her husband death she moved to a new village which was near to the border of Indo-Tibet.

Credit- Medium

An environmentalist Sunderlal Bahuguna initially started the Chipko Movement . Gaura Devi became the leader of the Chipko movement in 1974. Gaura Devi was elected to lead the Mahila Mangal Dal (Women’s Welfare Association) in the wake of the Chipko movement. The organization worked towards protecting the forests of the community. On March 25, 1974, she learned from a young girl of the village that a local loggers of the village were logging a tree near the village. People in the village of Reni were told the news that according to government new policy, the government would pay compensation to the people for the land used by the army . Gaura Devi and 27 other women decide to take action against the loggers. She confronted the loggers and demanded that the men shoot her instead of cutting down trees, and she described the forest as “vandevta” (the jungle god) and her maika (mother’s house). Eventually, for the next three or four days Gaura Devi along with other village women’s protect the trees by hugging the trees , despite the insults and intimidation of the armed loggers,she was able to stop the logger’s work . After seeing the bravery of Gaura Devi and other village women’s how they protect the trees who are the important part of thier life other villagers from different villages joined the action with her . After this incident, the Uttar Pradesh government set up a specialized committee to investigate logging issues, and the logging company withdrew its subordinates from Reni. The Commission stated that the Reni Forest is an ecologically sensitive area where trees should not be logged. The Uttar Pradesh government who was in power of that area at that has since banned all logging in areas over 1150 km² for 10 years.

Credit- Medium

Some other important activist who played an important role in Chipko Andolan or Chipko movement along side Gaura Devi were :
Suraksha Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi and Chandi Bhatt, Virushka Devi and others.

Gaura Devi passed away in July 1991, at the age of 66 in Reni village Chamoli.

“Ecology is permanent economy “

-Sunderlal Bahuguna

Applied Psychology

Photo by meo on Pexels.com

Applied psychology is the application of psychological principles and methods to resolve problems of human experience which may be related to human experience, health, family, workplace, etc. It is that field of psychology which validates psychological theories and focuses on putting practical research into action to achieve the desired result.

VARIOUS FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY:

  1. Educational psychology:
    1. Helps in developing strategies for better teaching approaches.
    2. Improves learning environment and gives advice on curriculum formation
  2. Occupational psychology:
    1. Helps in increasing the employee productivity, job satisfaction at work and overall effectiveness of an organization.
    2. Ids in organizational functions such as staff recruitment training, employee relations, performance appraisal, motivation, counselling and maintaining work environment.
  3. Health psychology:
    1. Helps diseases individuals to cope with illness, develop positive attitude, recover from illness and lead quality life.
    2. Educates and motivates people to make better health choices, contribute to improving the healthcare system and aid the government in designing healthcare policy.
  4. Cognitive psychology:
    1. Aids in treating learning disorders, structure. The educational curriculum to augment learning and improve desicion making ability.
    2. Provides help to cope with increased stress levels, memory disorders brain injury and additional difficulties.
  5. Clinical psychology:
    1. Helps in diagnosis,rention and treatment of emotional disturbances and behavioral problems.
    2. Helps the individual to promote well being and personal development.
  6. Sports psychology:
    1. Helps athletes and sports person to cope with the intense pressure generated out of competition.
    2. Enhances the performance of an athlete, motivates him and hastensthe recovery from injuries too.
    3. Teaches the common man to enjoy sport and promote well being by sticking to an exercise regimen.
  7. Developmental psychology:
    1. Aims to resolve individual’s issues mostly related to society, school, career, family and health.
  8. Criminal psychology:
    1. Assissts law enforcement agencies in apprehend in the criminals.
    2. Provides an understanding of will, intention, thoughts, feelings and reactions of criminals with the main goal of reducing crimes.
  9. Social psychology:
    1. Talks about social perceptions and interactions that are key to understanding social behavior.
    2. Looks at a wide range of other topics such as aggression, prejudice and non verbal behavior.

What is coding and how to learn it?

Friends, you must have a smartphone, and you must have searched a lot of things on it, you must have run many websites on your smartphone, so friends, do you know how these websites and software are made? These are made by coding, which a developer can understand and create.

Nowadays everyone is interested in computers and mobiles, and nowadays everyone wants to keep up with the times. If you are interested in learning and doing anything in computer programs, mobile apps, websites, games or software, then first you have to learn to program. Programs are created using a programming language.
Programming is used in all of our computers, mobiles, and all those smart devices that we use them for. A programmer makes any program by working hard. From website to software, nothing is possible without programming and coding.
All things are becoming smart earlier we had to withdraw money from the bank, then we started withdrawing money from ATMs, and now we can transfer money online to anyone whenever we want sitting at home, and our time in it. Saves a lot, and does not cause much trouble. So let us know what is coding and how you can learn from it.

What is Coding?

What is coding and how to learn it


Coding is also known as programming. Whatever we do on the computer, all the work is done through this. It is through coding that the computer is told what to do. That is, the language that the computer understands is called coding. If you know coding language then you can easily create websites or apps. Apart from this, many things can be done with coding languages, such as artificial intelligence and robotics.

In computers we do not see coding or programming, we just see the front end, coding and programming have a front end and back end so that we can use computers and smartphones.

There are many programming languages, some are used for web development and some are used for Android app development, which not everyone can do without knowledge. To do programming or coding, you should have a good knowledge of it.

Some coding languages ​​are more usable.

  • C-Language
  • C++
  • Java Script
  • HTML
  • CSS
  • PHP
  • MySQL
  • JAVA
  • .NET
  • RUBY
  • Python

How to learn to code?

Friends, you know what is coding, if your interest is in computers and if you want to learn coding or programming, then we will tell you how you can learn.

To learn to code, first, you have to start with the basic things, friends, it is not necessary, to do coding or programming, you must have a software engineer degree, if you do not have a degree, then it does not matter. You can learn programming by working hard.

You do not need to work very hard to learn programming or coding, you just have to do everything according to your mind, and you will become proficient in it.

By the way, you must know that if we want to learn anything well, then for that we should do that thing with a lot of attention, and something similar has to be done in coding too.

if your interest is in computers and if you want to learn coding or programming, then we will tell you how you can learn.
To learn to code, first, you have to start with the basic things, friends, it is not necessary, to do coding or programming, you must have a software engineer degree, if you do not have a degree, then it does not matter. You can learn programming by working hard.

You do not need to work very hard to learn programming or coding, you just have to do everything according to your mind, and you will become proficient in it.

By the way, you must know that if we want to learn anything well, then for that we should do that thing with a lot of attention, and something similar has to be done in coding too.

To learn to code, you need basic things like C++ for computer programming and HTML for web development. The app can learn coding offline and online

How to learn offline coding?

To learn to code offline, you can go to a coaching class where programming is taught, and learn coding from a programming book, if you do not know about coaching, then you can take help from a friend.

Or you can also search on google.

How to learn to code online?

There are many websites to learn coding online, from which you can learn coding, you will find many websites online, from which you can learn coding,

Many websites teach coding and programming for free, and there are many ACs, for which you have to pay. e.g. w3schools.com, codewithharry.com, http://www.tutorialspoint.com

Website for learning Coding

  • freecodecamp.org
  • theodinproject.com
  • learncs.org
  • codewars.com
  • geeksofgeek.org

Friends, now you will have the command to understand and you must have got some help in knowing what is Coding and how it can be learned.

If you have anything that you did not understand, or you want to ask something from us, then you can ask us in the comment box given below. And do share this article with your friends as well, and inform them about it too.

What is Elementor? How to make a website with Elementor

What is Elementor and how to use it?

What is Elementor


Hello friends, friends, are you also a blogger, do you also have a website, or do you want to create a website, but due to lack of technical knowledge, you are not able to create.

So you do not need to worry, today we are going to tell you something good, which will be useful for you, and after using it you can also create your website.
Friends, today we are going to talk about Elementor Page Builder, which is used in WordPress, to design your website.

So let’s know what Elementor is, how it works, and how it can be of use to you.

What is Elementor?

Elementor is a WordPress page builder plugin used to design websites or pages. With the Elementor plugin, you can create any design you want for your website.

If you do not have much knowledge of WordPress, and you do not know how to design a website, then you can create it using Elementor, you can learn Elementor very soon, after which you can design your choice.

Elementor is the most famous WordPress page builder. Elementor is a drag-and-drop page builder plugin that is used in WordPress. By downloading the Elementor Plugin, you can create a page of your choice.
Elementor page builder works well with any WordPress theme and can be used for any page type like homepage, blog post, etc. In addition, you can do many more things with the Elementor plugin with the help of many addons.

Why is Elementor the best page builder?

To know for yourself what Elementor is, let us tell you why Elementor is the best page builder?

  • Elementor is a drag-and-drop page builder plugin, which allows you to create a page of your choice.
  • Elementor has 500+ Pre Build Templates which you can import.
  • With Elementor, you can add or remove anything anywhere on the page.
  • By using Elementor, you will not have to buy expensive WordPress themes.
  • To design a page in Elementor, even if you do not know Coding, you can still design a page with a little knowledge.

By the way, you will find many such page builders from which you can design your page, but you will probably not get as many things and features as Elementor gives for free in any other page builder.


By the way, in the free version of Elementor, you will get a lot of options for free, but if you want more extra features, then you can use it by buying Pro Plugin, but as far as we have used the plugin, then we have a lot of items were available in the free version.

Or you can also install Elementor Plugin by going to your WordPress Dashboard and going to Plugins>Add New.

So, friends, this was a small blog, what are Elementor? If you have anything that you did not understand, then you can ask us in the comment box given below, we will try our best to help you.

A temple believed to be a marriage place of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati.

Credit- Pinterest

Trijuginarayan Temple is a Hindu temple located in the village of Trijuginarayan in the Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, India. The ancient temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Its a popular Hindu pilgrimage site because it is attributed to the legend that this is the place where the marriage of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati took place and which Lord Vishnu witnessed here. The hallmark of this temple is the eternal fire that burns in front of the temple. It is believed that the fire is burning from the time of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati marriage. Therefore, this temple is also known as Akhand Dhuni Temple. The temple courtyard is also the source of water that fills the three nearby sacred bathing ponds (Kund).

It is believed by many historian that Trijuginarayan Temple have been built by Adi Shankaracharya. Adi Shankaracharya is said to have built many temples in Uttarakhand. The shrine has a silver two-foot statue of Vishnu, accompanied by Consort (the goddess of wealth Lakshmi and the goddess of music and learning) Saraswati.The Trijuginarayan Temple is located at an altitude of 1,980 meters (6,500 feet), about 5 km from Sonprayag, the meeting junction of the Mandakini and Songanga rivers. During the three months of winter, the area is covered with snow. Apples and drupes are cultivated in this area for agricultural purposes.

According to Hindu Dharma, the goddess Parvati was the daughter of Himavat or Himavat-personification of the Himalayas. She was the reincarnation of Shiva’s first wife, Sati-who lost her life when her father offended Shiva. Parvati first tried to allure Shiva with her beauty, but failed. In the end, she suffered severe penance in Gaurikund, five kilometers from Trijuginarayan, and won Shiva. Pilgrim visitors to the Trijuginaryan Temple also visit the Gauri Kund Temple dedicated to Parvati, which is also the base camp for trekking to the Kedarnath Temple. According to mythology, Shiva proposed to Parvati in Guptakashi before getting married in the small village of Trijuginarayan .
Triwajinarayan is believed to be the capital of Himavat. It was the place where Shiva and Pearlvati married in heaven during Satya Yuga, and was witnessed in front of the eternally burning sacred fire in front of the temple of Havana Kund or Agni Kund. It is said Vishnu appeared at the wedding ceremony of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati as a brother of Parvati. Meanwhile, the Lord Brahma served as the priest of marriage which was witnessed by all the wise men of the time. The exact location of the wedding is indicated by a stone called Brahma Sila in front of the temple. The splendor of this place is also recorded in Stala Purana, a scripture unique to the Pilgrimage Center. According to the scripture , pilgrims visiting this temple consider the burning ashes of fire to be holy and carry it with them. The ashes from this fire are also believed to promote the bliss of the couple. There were no witnesses to the incident before the wedding, but it is believed that the gods taken bath from the four kunds: Rudra Kund, Vishnu Kund, and Brahma Kund. The stream of the three Kunds, according to legend, comes from Saraswati Kund, which is derived from the navel of Vishnu. Therefore, these Kund waters are considered a remedy for infertility.

Single Use Plastics

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Single Use plastics are goods that are made primarily from fossil fuel based chemicals (petrochemicals) and are meant to be disposed off right after use, often in mere minutes. Single use plastics are most commonly used for packaging and service ware such as bottles, wrappers, straws and bags.

Plastic is among the most popular and important material used in the modern world. But due to the fact that it is non biodegradable, it is essential that it is prevented, recycled and recovered.

We produce 300million tons of plastic each year worldwide, half of which is for single use items. That is nearly equivalent to the weight of the entire human population. Reducing plastic use is the most effective means of avoiding this waste. Although single use plastic pollution accumulates most visibly on our streets, it is the water bodies which suffer even more. Litter can be the first stage in a waste stream thatenters waterways as plastics tossed on the street are washed away byrain or travel via storm drains into rivers and streams. Ten of the rivers carry 93% of the world’s totalampunt of plastic that enters the oceans via rivers each year. Marine animals bear the burden of this influx of garbage into their habitats.

Not only does banning single use plastic reduce pollution, but it also reducesdemand for plastic production that contributes to global climate change. These bans on single use plastic have many cultural effects too. Companies are forced to innovate, rethinking their designs and sourcing sustainable materials. The prevention action can include strategy for plastics in a circular economy, mandatory fee on single use place bags, phase out of single use bags.

The Central Government of India issued guidelines to states, asking them to ban the use of single use plastics effective from July1, 2022.

Some goals to keep in mind:

  • By 2030, only reusable or recyclable plastic packaging should be used,
  • 75% recycling of packaging waste should be achieved,
  • A binding agreement should be issued to reduce landfill to less that 10% of MSW,
  • Plans to coordinate beach cleanups.

These are a few goals that the states as well as the people should focus on while undergoing the ban of single use plastics. Such plastics give rise to numerous health as well as environmental hazards. Thus, it should be our prime responsibility for change our habits and go for the healthier options both for ourselves as well the environment.

What is PHP? Where and how to learn PHP. complete information

What is PHP?

What is PHP


Friends, as you already know, how fast everything is progressing in the world, and with this new technology is also coming, and programming or coding is used in all that technology. In the same way, today we are going to give you complete information about what is PHP today.

If you want to become a web developer or want to design any website by yourself, then first of all you should know PHP. Learning PHP is very easy, you can also learn it by watching online videos on YouTube.

Many people say that to become a web developer, you should have a computer-related degree, but there is nothing like this, if you know, then the degree is of no importance because all the companies do not give jobs after seeing the degree, saw your work there. It goes, and nowadays there are many good companies where you will get a job even without a degree.

By the way, if you have come here today to know what is PHP, then you will also know a little bit about programming or coding, and if not, then here you can know from the link given below what is coding.

We use coding or programming to make software, and for that, we should also have knowledge of many programming languages, only then we can make any software, app or website.

And if we talk about PHP, then it is used more in any website or app, and with the help of this, they are started, then today we are going to give you complete information about PHP, so this Read the article well so that you do not miss anything.

The most important thing to start blogging would be to create a website of your own. And what is needed to make a website? Must have a thorough knowledge of PHP. If you want success in the world of blogging, then a blogger needs to know PHP. So let us tell you further, complete information about PHP.

there are many languages ​​from which websites are made. One of them is Language, PHP from which a site like Facebook has been created. So let’s know the inside of these websites and Web Based Programming Language PHP in Hindi, what is PHP, let’s know.


What is PHP?

The full form of PHP is Hypertext Processor. This is a free scripting language that is used in web development. This language was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. He created this language for web development.

PHP language is a very easy language that anyone can learn easily. And its biggest advantage is that it can be easily integrated with any HTML language or with any popular database language.

PHP is free, so provide My SQL Database Host for free, although it also has copyright. PHP is a very simple scripting language, which can be learned very easily and at a fast pace. That is, the simplicity of PHP is also its biggest feature.

It also has another advantage that this language can encrypt and decrypt your data. And like HTML and javascript, your source code is not visible in any browser, due to which it also becomes a very secure language.

And another advantage of its language is that you do not have to pay much attention to its syntax. And if you have your C language and javascript, then it will be easier for you to learn PHP language.

The speciality of this language is that it is used to design a “Dynamic website”. When a user sends a request to a PHP web page from his browser, in which this code resides.

This PHP code is processed inside the PHP module installed on the web server. PHP pre-processor generates HTML output. Which you see in your web browser.

PHP is used?

  • Many databases are used with PHP like MySQL, SQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL etc.
  • PHP is used in web applications.
  • Cookies are set and accessed.
  • There are many frameworks for PHP.
  • PHP provides privacy to its pages.
  • The code of one PHP is included in the code of another PHP.
  • The code of one PHP is included in the code of another PHP.
  • The value of the variable of a webpage can be accessed on any webpage from the session.
  • Files are open, closed, read and written in PHP.
  • Files or emails are sent to anyone.

Friends PHP is being used to develop dynamic web pages. The full name of PHP is Hypertext Preprocessor. Earlier it was known as Personal Home Page. Nowadays, PHP is quite popular for building dynamic websites or web applications.

If you have good knowledge of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), then you will not feel much difficulty in learning PHP.

If you want to work on PHP then you must also know about Database Management systems.

Basic Features Variety of PHP

To meet the needs of various types of core libraries included in it are more than 1000 useful functions, which are defined to easily meet different types of real-life needs.

The better the hold on these Core Library Functions, the better it is on PHP as well. That is, the better you learn to use these Core Functions of PHP, the better PHP Programmer you become.

PHP is a very simple and General Purpose Scripting Language which is like 70% “C” Language and the remaining 30% “C++” and “Java” Programming Language. So if you know one or more programming languages ​​”C”, “C++” and “Java”, then you can easily learn PHP and create a Dynamic Website or Web Application using it. can.

What can be made with PHP?

  • CMS
  • Dynamic website
  • Static Website
  • web-based software
  • Desktop applications
  • WordPress Plugin
  • WordPress Themes

In present times, PHP is the most popular scripting language used on the web. So if you want to understand these Frameworks also well, then you can understand these Frameworks better only if you have good knowledge of Core PHP.

The following popular websites are built on PHP.

  • FaceBook
  • Wikipedia
  • Tumblr
  • WordPress
  • Canva
  • Freelance

The most used web server after PHP is IIS Web Server, which is designed by Microsoft Company. Since this web server is designed by Microsoft Company, this web server better supports Microsoft Company’s Server Side Scripting Language ASP.Net, which internally uses VB.Net and C#.Net.

Where and how to learn PHP?

If you want to learn PHP and work with its help, then you can also study PHP online, you will find many such websites and YouTube channels online from which you will get a chance to learn PHP for free. Let us tell you a list of some such websites.

  • w3schools.com (FREE)
  • tutorialspoint.com (FREE)
  • learn-php.org (FREE)
  • codecademy.com (FREE/PAID)
  • Udemy.com (FREE/PAID)

Apart from all this, if you do a little research on YouTube, you will find a lot of good classes, where you will get to know everything about PHP for free, and you will also get to learn a lot about it.

So friends today we told you in this post what is PHP? And how can you learn it, we will tell you only that in today’s time you should also have knowledge about coding, and should also become.

Work culture

work culture is defined as the attitudes and behaviors of employees in an organization. Many things affect corporate culture, from work environment (ok, so ping-pong table doesn’t matter), policies, leadership, goals, values ​​and mission. A positive work culture doesn’t just happen. Careful thought and cultivation is required. If you haven’t thought about your organizational culture, chances are it’s not the place to be. This can mean big consequences. Employees who are physically and mentally stressed aren’t just less engaged. They are also more likely to call for unemployment and eventually leave the company, leading to sky-high turnover and turnover rates. This can be costly for organizations. Organizations with a positive work environment have more productive and loyal employees. Fortunately, there are plenty of ways to improve the employee experience. Promoting diversity, transparency and understanding can do wonders for a business. In addition, visible and accessible leaders will inspire employees and update management on day-to-day issues. This means more employee retention, reduced absenteeism, and most importantly, happier, healthier employees.

IMPORTANCE OF WORK CULTURE

Culture is a complex concept that is constantly evolving in the workplace based on many factors. While some people prefer a more traditional work culture and others want something more modern and fun, all healthy work cultures have a lot in common. Look for the following signs of a thriving work culture when reviewing potential employers: Equity, Expression, Communication, Recognition and accountability.

When everyone working in a company is held accountable for their behavior, it indicates a healthy work environment. A balanced workplace allows everyone to feel comfortable enough to acknowledge their ideas and mistakes. Open accountability allows every employee to learn from challenges instead of avoiding them.

Accountability fosters a work culture based on teamwork, open communication, reliability and accountability.

Equity Companies that treat all their employees equally often have a healthy work culture. Every position in the organization counts, and giving everyone a chance boosts employee morale. Workplace bias is a sign of a toxic work culture and can cause feelings of distrust and resentment among colleagues, making a fair work environment essential for employees. any positive work culture.

Expressions People are generally happier, more productive and more focused when they feel able to express themselves at work. If employees have some freedom in their personal style and how they decorate their workspace, it shows a comfortable level of work culture.

Communication Open communication is essential for a productive work environment. Everyone in the organization needs to understand how to give and receive feedback, share ideas, collaborate, and solve problems. All teams have occasional interpersonal conflicts, but a functional work culture will allow them to solve problems and work as a team despite any challenge. Avoid organizations with a work culture where people feel unable to voice conflicts or concerns as there won’t be much room for growth.

Recognition A developed work culture recognizes employee successes and rewards people when they succeed. In a healthy work environment, management will find the positive characteristics of all team members and encourage the use of their talents. Employee recognition, from frequent verbal praise to competitive salaries, can create an office culture of mutual appreciation and respect.

The importance of a positive work culture

People need healthy environments to thrive, and this is especially true in the workplace. The attitudes and behaviors you interact with on a daily basis affect how you feel both at work and at home. The evolving work culture affects every aspect of the company and its people. Here are reasons why a healthy workplace culture is important: Better hiring choices Employee happiness Employee retention Performance quality Reputation

Better recruiting options Managers in an organization with a successful work culture know how to attract and select new employees who share their vision. We will likely be attracted to companies that share our values ​​and the type of culture in which we feel comfortable. A healthy work culture has like-minded professionals who are compatible with each other and work together towards common goals.

Happy Employees Your satisfaction with your workplace culture has a direct impact on your happiness in the workplace. A thriving work culture helps people find meaning and pride in their work, while a toxic work culture can make even the most passionate employee unhappy at work. One of the most important parts of a strong work culture is a balance between career and personal lives, and companies can help keep their employees happy by respecting their lives in general. Employee retention A good work culture provides stability to talented employees and allows them to grow within the company, rather than limiting them to a specific role or level of achievement. Happy employees often want to stay in their jobs, which makes workplace culture key to reducing employee turnover and connecting qualified candidates to long-term careers. .

Quality Performance Employees who like to come to work because of a positive culture are generally more productive and create high-quality work. The work atmosphere is a great motivator that encourages people to invest in their work, especially since successful work environments recognize and celebrate hard work and success. Reputation Having a healthy work culture creates a positive reputation and credibility for a company and the people who work there.

A pleasant work environment is an important asset in attracting talent. Companies with a mission to raise morale, empower their employees, and build positive community relationships through them.

Right to Information

The Right to Information Act 2005 requires prompt responses to citizens’ requests for government information. This is an initiative of the Department of Personnel and Training of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Claims and Pensions to provide an RTI portal for citizens to quickly find information on the details of welfare agencies. magistrates, PIOs, etc. in addition to accessing RTI/disclosure related information posted on the web by various public authorities under Government of India as well as State Government.

It includes permissions –
I. check work, documents, records.

ii. notes, extracts or certified copies of documents
or recordings.

iii. certified material sampling.

iv. get information in the form of hard copies, discs,
disc, tape, video tape or anything else
electronic or print.

Purpose of the Right to Information Act:

The fundamental purpose of the Right to Information Act is to empower citizens, promote transparency and accountability in government operations, curb corruption, and make our democracy real. effective for the people. It goes without saying that a well-informed citizenry is better equipped to ensure the necessary vigilance over governance tools and to make government more accountable to those under control. . The law is a big step forward in providing information to the people about government activities.

The RTI Bill was passed by the Indian Parliament on June 15, 2005 and came into force on October 12, 2005. On average more than 4,800 RTI applications are filed each day. In the first ten years of the law’s entry into force, more than 17,500,000 applications were filed.
Although the right to information is not considered a fundamental right in the Constitution of India, it protects the fundamental rights of freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a) and the right to life and individual liberties under Article 21 are guaranteed by the Constitution. Authorities under the RTI Act 2005 are known as public authorities. The Public Information Officer (PIO) or first appellate body in public agencies performs the quasi-judicial function of adjudicating petitions and appeals, respectively. This law was enacted to strengthen the fundamental right in the Indian constitution of “freedom of speech”. Since RTI is implied in the right to freedom of speech and expression under Section 19 of the Constitution of India, it is an implied fundamental right.

When it comes to RTI, there are watchdogs at many levels to ensure that the law is followed in spirit and in writing. The law adopts a “do or cancel” approach, in addition to setting out a mechanism for disseminating information. Every government organization must appoint a staff member as a Public Information Officer (PIO). When a department receives an RTI request, the PIO is responsible for providing the information to the requester within 30 days. Failure to do so may mean that the PIO may be fined. The longer a PIO causes an applicant to wait, the greater the penalty imposed on them. There have been cases where PIOs were asked to deduct an amount of thousands of rupees as a penalty. Each state has an information committee, consisting of a chief information officer and several information commissioners. Former judges, IAS, IPS officials with unverifiable backgrounds are appointed to these positions. Above them hierarchically are the Central Information Commission and below them are the first and second appeals agencies to ensure that applicants get the RTI information they have requested.

Utilization of public funds

The money the government collects is income from direct taxes, indirect taxes, non-tax revenues, and external funding. This public fund is only spent according to the law.
The use of public funds to provide public services, grants and aid to businesses and the disadvantaged, to provide social benefits such as social benefits and pensions to eligible citizens fair and equitable, and purchasing goods and services legally or ethically, the government is forced to consolidate financial activities, take into account the specificity of expenditures, determine the relationship production between spending and benefits, revealing immediate or future budgetary impact, implementing effective and efficient spending at all levels, adhering to performance-based budgets, and defining” public spending code”.
Public funds are best used if expenditures are in accordance with the law, in accordance with generally accepted standards, considered worthy of the money spent on something, and uphold responsibility. Financial accountability and control values ​​the most efficient use of operational resources and inputs.

The accounts of Government are retained in three parts:-

  1. Consolidated Funds of India
  2. Contingency Funds of India
  3. Public Account

Consolidated Funds of India

Government of India has received all revenue in the form of taxes like income tax, central excise tax, customs and other revenues paid to government in government business i.e. is the non-tax revenue credited to the Consolidated Fund. was established under Section 266(1) of the Constitution of India. Likewise, all government-contracted loans through the issuance of public notices, treasury bills (domestic debt) and loans from foreign governments and international organizations (foreign debt) are credited to this fund. All government expenditures are derived from this fund and no amount may be withdrawn from the fund without the permission of Parliament.

Contingency Funds of India

The Contingency Fund of India records the transactions related to the Provident Fund established by the Government of India under Article 267 of the Constitution of India. The figure of this fund is Rs. 50 crores. Advances from the fund made to meet unforeseen expenses will be fully deducted from the fund as soon as the National Assembly authorizes additional expenditure. Thus, this fund acts more or less like an imprest account of the Government of India and is held by the Secretary of the Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs in the name of the President.

Public Account

In Public Accounts under Section 266(2) of the Constitution, transactions involving debts other than those included in the Consolidation Fund of India. Transactions under Accounts Payable, Deposits and Advances in this section are transactions for which the government is obligated to repay the amount received or to seek recovery of the amounts paid. Transactions related to “Money Transfer” and “Thrill” include all payment procedures. The initial debits or credits of these heads will eventually be offset by corresponding receipts or payments. Revenue from public accounts is not ordinary government revenue. Therefore, Congressional authorization for payments from public accounts is not required.

Factors constraining utilization of plan

Under- Utilization by States on the Plan can be attributed to institutional and procedural bottlenecks in the implementation of the Plan outlines and to deficiencies in the planning process at the district level. . These factors must be taken into account in order to strengthen States’ capacity to make more efficient use of the larger allocations to the social sectors. Decentralized planning is implemented in the periphery, due to lack of personnel to carry out planning activities, not enough attention has been paid to enhancing their capacity and participation role of the community in the planning process is small. The bottlenecks in the budget process in the programs, such as delays in capital turnover, the issuance of sanctions on expenditures, and decision-making in the states is centralized, not sufficient fiscal decentralization for district/county governments and uniform standards of centrally funded plans for all states. Furthermore, the absence of need-based budgeting in plans, which is often done without a proper unit cost analysis on the basis, means that allocations for some plans are decided upon. determined in a top-down and impractical manner. Systemic weakness, manifested in the lack of trained and regular staff in various key roles such as program manager, finance/accounting and frontline service delivery; this has contributed to weakening the capacity of the state government apparatus in implementing the mechanisms of the Plan. Regarding the systemic weaknesses in the state government system, it can be argued that unplanned state spending plays an important role in strengthening the overall capacity of the government apparatus. This affects the capacity of the state government apparatus in terms of the availability of qualified permanent staff and the adequacy of the government infrastructure to implement the Plan’s programmes. However, over the past decade, unplanned spending in the social sectors has been controlled by many states because of the current fiscal policy’s emphasis on reducing deficits by limiting public spending. As a result, the capacity of the government apparatus to implement the Plan’s programs/programs was controlled.

Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance

One of the most fundamental and important aspects of the human experience is our ability to sense emotions. Without it, our existence would be one-dimensional and nowhere as rich and dynamic as it is. We feel joy and euphoria when we achieve something, sadness when we lose it, and disappointment when things don’t go our way. All of these are manifestations of the different emotions we experience.

NATURE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

The essence of emotional intelligence as envisioned by Goleman can be summarized as follows;
It is the ability to control the emotions of others, including groups, individuals and closed people. It is a process of knowing what is good or bad and how to go from bad to good. It is susceptible to development or damage as a result of one’s life experiences. It is not genetically fixed, rather it is widely learned and continues to develop throughout life. It develops with age and experience as a person moves from childhood to adulthood. Both men and women have a personal profile of strengths and weaknesses in emotional intelligence abilities. Women tend to be stronger in skills based on empathy and social skills, while men do better in skills based on self-regulation.

BENEFITS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

EI has implications for many types of our lives, from personal relationships to professional settings. Some of the benefits are as follows;
Allows individuals to harness not only thinking skills but also the information and power that emotions bring. Take a realistic and realistic view of emotions as opposed to traditional notions that encourage unhealthy emotional suppression. Facilitate understanding of self and others beyond superficial information. Encourage and enable empathy to the quality of interpersonal interactions
It adds a competitive advantage over mere cognitive intelligence and technical skill so that individuals can pursue excellence and success using a wide range of intelligences. Allows individuals to control their emotions. This means that a person can intensely feel desired emotions (e.g. joy, love, etc.) and avoid unwanted emotions like anger, jealousy, etc.

Application of emotional intelligence in administration and governance

Many administrative staff are extremely talented, exceptionally intelligent and have very high IQs. They excel in computer science, science, and math. But they have difficulty establishing social relationships. Many of them are rebellious and ruthless in their reactions to the outside world. They have little or no feelings for the people around them. They feel physiologically uncooperative in their relationships and lack social kindness or even a personal social life.

People with high emotional intelligence know how to listen to their feelings and control their intensity so that they are not influenced by others. Emotionally intelligent people know how to manage troublesome emotions. Emotionally intelligent people feel the effects of their emotions on others. People with emotional intelligence know how to use their strengths and compensate for their weaknesses. Emotionally intelligent people listen to other people’s feelings and can relate to them. Emotionally intelligent people act ethically and build trust through honesty and consistency. In the field of management and operations, emotional intelligence includes 5 main elements of emotional intelligence: Self awareness. Self-regulating. Motivation. Empathy. Social ability. These emotional intelligence skills are essential for successful leadership. Self-awareness and agency skills for accurate and confident self-assessment help emotionally intelligent decision-makers determine their appropriate role in the decision-making process (Goleman, 2001). Self-management and its behavioral components such as self-control, reliability, conscientiousness, adaptability, willingness to succeed, and initiative are important emotional intelligence skills for decision makers. decisions (Goleman, 2001). As an administrator and leader, you must manage these factors. 1. Self-Awareness: If people are self-aware, they always know how their feelings and emotions affect those around them. Perceiving themselves in an administrative or leadership position also means having a clear picture of their strengths and weaknesses.

2. Self-regulation: Managers and leaders who succeed in self-regulation do nothing to verbally attack others, make hasty or emotional decisions, stereotype people, or hurt others. harm their value. Self-regulation is about maintaining control. This element of emotional intelligence also implies the flexibility and commitment of directors and leaders to personal accountability. To improve his or her self-regulation, the person must Know the values. Take responsibility yourself. Practice calm.

3. Motivation: Directors and leaders are motivated to work consistently to achieve their goals. And they have extremely high standards for the quality of their work. Administrators can improve motivation by following the method: Double-check why they perform certain behaviors. Make sure their goal statements stay fresh and energized (goal setting). Know where they are. Let’s hope and find something good: Motivated leaders are optimistic no matter what they’re up against. Adopting this mindset can take some practice, but it’s well worth it.

4. Empathy: Empathy is essential to running a successful team or organization. Empathetic directors and leaders have the ability to put themselves in the shoes of others. They support and develop their team members, challenge those who act unfairly, provide constructive feedback, and listen to those in need

. 5. Social skills: Directors and employees should develop social skills. People who do well in this element of emotional intelligence are excellent communicators. They are equally open to bad news as well as good, and they are adept at getting their team to support them and get excited about a new task or project. Managers with good social skills are also good at managing change and skillfully resolving conflicts.