SOUMYA SWAMINATHAN!!!

In this highly competitive world, everyone is trying to prove themselves in their areas of interest. Like men, now women are also pursuing their dream wilfully. They are the most competitive persons when compared to men. This doesn’t mean that men are incapable. Just that women are firm and strong enough to prove themselves. You may have a thought why am I talking about women too much? There is definitely a reason. Yeah! Today, I am going to share with you about an Indian Woman who marked her identity in WHO. I think you may have guesses or you should have found who she is? I think, your guess is correct. It’s our Soumya Swaminathan.

Everyone know about the “Father of Green Revolution of India”, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, right? Soumya Swaminathan was the daughter of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan. She was born on 2nd May 1959 at Kumbakonam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Her full name is Soumya Swaminathan Yadav. Her mother, Mina Swaminathan, was an Indian Educationalist. Soumya has two siblings namely Madhura Swaminathan and Nithya Swaminathan. She was married to Ajit Yadav who was an orthopedic surgeon.

Dr. Soumya Swaminathan with her parents and two siblings

Now, let’s see about Dr. Soumya Swaminathan’s educational qualifications and her academic achievements.

She received her M.B.B.S degree from the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune.
She completed her M.D. in AIIMS, New Delhi.
She got her Diplomate of National Board from National Board of Examinations.
She completed her Ph.D., in neonatalogy and pediatric pulmonology.

Let’s see about her Career achievements.

In 1989, she was a Research Scholar in the Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases in United Kingdom till,1991.
She also worked as a Senior Research Registar, at Cardiopulmonary Medicine Unit in New Jersey.
In 1992, she joined National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, as a coordinator and later she became it’s Director.
From 2009 to 2011, She worked as the Coordinator of WHO/UNICEF/UNDP, for a research and training on Tropical diseases in Geneva.
She was the Director of ICMR and Secretory of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in India from August 2015 to November 2017.
From 2017 to March 2019, Dr. Soumya Swaminathan was the Deputy Director-General of WHO.
In 2019, she has become the Chief Scientist of WHO in research about the SARAS CoV-2 and worked hard in this pandemic getting detailed reports from all the countries. And she conducted interview once in two week to make us know the exact situation of the covid.

Gross inequity in vaccine access hurting; China way ahead, says WHO's Dr Soumya Swaminathan - The Financial Express

Let me tell you some of the awards won by her. In 2008, She received Kshanika Oration Award from ICMR. In 2011, she was given an Lifetime Achievement award by the Indian Association of Applied Microbiologists. In 2016, She received Research Endowment Award from NIPER and ASTRAZENECA.

I am inspired so much by Dr. Soumya Swaminathan. Yes, now I have the spark to achieve something big in my career and want to reach heights like her. What about you? I hope you too have your own dreams. Give your full effort and just do it. She had proven herself and made her Father proud. Let’s be like her and make our parents proud. Her achievements show us, how capable women are!! How strong!! Okay, Come on! Women, have confidence in yourself that you can do anything and everything! If you can’t, who can!! Let’s make our India proud.

Some Reference Links;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumya_Swaminathan

Top brands that represent India

Atmanirbhar, A word that entered every Indian’s vocabulary by the end of the year 2020. This gave a hype to use made in India products. people started to check for the made in India label. Now the era is of brands. Everybody wish to wear top brand accessories and cloths and drive a branded car. How can someone fulfil this desire while being Atmanirbhar? There are some brands which represent India and are listed at top. World has many brands, which appear as foreign brand by their names but are Indian.

The golden old times had brands like Parle-G, Vadilal, Godrej etc. The new era is dominated by these brands.

the royal enfield

As the name suggests, the brand is truly royal. It is an Indian multinational company. The headquarters is in Chennai, Tamil nadu. The brand was originally owned by a British company Enfield Cycle and was stared in 1893. In 1994 an Indian company Eicher Motors bought it and renamed it as Royal Enfield India. The brand is special and admired for its retro charm and the thumpy sound. The fuel tank is hand painted. The bike brand is known for its affordability. The bikes price starts at rupees 1.34 lakh and most expensive model is of 3.13 lakh. And it is not complex and easy to repair. Owning a Royal Enfield has been a matter of pride.

van heusen india

It is a clothing band. The brand is under PVH corporation which is founded in 1889 and named after a Dutch immigrant john manning van heusen. The Indian section of this brand is owned by Aditya Birla fashion and retail limited. The company calls itself to be a fashion powerhouse. Aditya Birla group has a network of 3,212 stores across the country. Aditya Birla fashion and retail limited is the first billion dollar fashion house of India.

peter england

This brand is also a clothing brand. In 1889 the brand was founded in Londonderry of Ireland. The purpose of establishment was to provide khaki trousers to the British soldiers. The Brand entered India in 1997. In 2000 Aditya Birla group owned this brand. The headquarter is in Bangalore, Karnataka. The brand is the top men’s wear brand and has huge market. The customer base is estimated to be 4 million people. The brands target customers are the corporate employees. The brand offers collection of denims, festive wear, Indian kurtas, accessories etc.

lakme

The brand offers beauty products like cosmetics, skincare products and beauty saloons. It is India’s first cosmetic brand. It is the first to introduce makeup to Indian women and its been more than 50 years for the company for being a beauty brand. The main Idea of establishing a makeup brand of India was of prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and He asked JRD Tata to execute this. The brand was named after a French opera coincidently which was derived from the name of the goddess Laxmi. Now also the brand tops in the popularity list.

jaguar

This brand is also stared as a British company founded by William Lyons. But now it is owned by Tata motors from 2008. The models are still manufactured in UK and headquarters is in Whitley Coventry, England. The car is one of the luxury vehicle. The cars are very much classy and show a great performance. The car price starts at 46.64 lakh.

these represent some of the success stories of Brands. There are many more brands too in the market who represent India internationally. These are the examples that India can do a great job in establishing brands and can lead the world.

Attending the job interview

Whenever any job opportunity is provided by the employer there are many people who must have shown interest in it and filled up the forms but may be the positions are less than the number of applicants so interview is the next step in which all the selected candidates are called up for further information. They will be asked about their interest , why they are suitable for that position and many other questions . In the interview the employer can see the applicant and find out their response along with their personality. Suppose if there is any employer looking for a candidate who is having the calm personality but if there is no interview how will the employer can evaluate and choose the most appropriate candidate?

Interview is a conversation that takes place between the job applicant and the employer or may be the representative of an employer. This is done to find out whether the applicant is most capable of getting a job or not.

Mostly these interviews involves the face-to-face interactions because a person can lie but their body language cannot. It is the most common method used to evaluate the applicants in order to ensure that the best person is recruited. Interview allows the employer to get into more details about the applicant as they can know how the applicants are replying ,how they are sitting ,how confident they are and some psychologist are also present at the time of interview who can easily find out the personality of a person. So the big question arises if this is so difficult and all aspects are checked up by the employer then how to attend the interview to get hired? We will answer this question by mentioning the following points that you must take care while going for a interview.

IMPORTANT POINTS:

Be on time is the first thing that plays a very important role in creating the image in front of employer. Many people ignore this but if you want to have the image of a managed and a disciplined person always try to reach the interview location before 10 minutes of stated time.
Present yourself smart and dress properly it will not only make you look good but also provide you alot of confidence.
Have an eye contact with the employers when answering the questions it will remark you as a confident person but don’t look at them inappropriately otherwise it will be awkward.
Greet the employer but don’t try to be over friendly with them and dont dont off just stay honest and answer the questions.
Always have a knowledge about the working and history of the company for which you are going for an interview it will show that you have prepared well for it.
Body language must be clearly look out to avoid any stupid actions that can lead to your rejection. Don’t shake your legs and rubb your hands basically these small things will present you as a nervous person and no company want under confident people to work with.

Mental Health

We human beings often tend to pay less attention to our mental health than our physical one, but we all should understand its heavy importance and admit the fact that they can be equally or even more dangerous than the physical issues so one should take immediate help of doctor or councilor in case some abnormalities or issues arises.

Importance of mental health :

Mental and physical health are equally important components of overall health. Mental illness, especially depression, increases the risk for many types of physical health problems, particularly long lasting conditions like stroke, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Similarly, the presence of chronic conditions can increase the risk for mental illness.

Some mental illnesses :

Mental illnesses are among the most common health conditions in the united states.

* More than 50% will be diagnosed with a mental illness or disorder at some point in their lifetime.

* 1 in 5 children,either currently or at some point during their life, have had a seriously debilitating mental illness.

Causes of mental illness :

There is no single cause for mental illness. A number of factors can contribute to risk for mental illness, such as

* Early adverse life experiences such as trauma or a history of abuse.

* Experiences related to other ongoing medical condition, such as cancer or diabetes

* Biological factors, such as genes or chemical imbalances in the brain.

* use of alcohol or recreational drugs.

Types of mental illness :

People can experience different types of mental illnesses or disorder and they can often occur at the same time.Mental illness can occur over a short period of time or be episodic. This means that the mental illness comes and goes with discrete beginnings and ends. Mental illness can also ongoing or long term.

There are more than 200 classified types of mental illness. Some of the main types of mental illness and disorders are listed below; however; this list is not exhaustive.

Anxiety Disorders :

People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread or terror. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, panic disorders and phobias.

Hyperactivity Disorder :

It is one of the most common childhood mental disorders. It can continue through adolescence and adulthood. People diagnosed with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors or be overly active.

Disruptive Behavioral Disorders :

It involves a pattern of disruptive behaviors in children that last for atleast 6 months can cause problems in school, at home and in social sitauations.Behavioral symptoms can also continue into adulthood.

Depression and other mood disorders :

While bad moods are common and usually pass in a short period, people suffering from mood disorders live with more constant and severe symptoms. People living with this mental illness find that their mood impacts both mental and psychological well- being, nearly evry day and often for much of the day.

Eating Disorders :

Eating disorders involve obsessive and sometimes distressing thoughts and behaviors including

* Reduction of food intake

* overeating

* Feelings of depression or distress

* concern about weight, body shape, poor self image

Personality Disorders :

People with personality disorders have extreme and inflexible personality traits that cause problems in work, school or social realtionships. Personality disorders include antisocial personality disorder and borederline personality disorder

Substance use Disorders :

Substance use disorders occur when frequent or repeated use of alochol and or drugs causes significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Substance use problems can be fatal to the user or others. Exsmples include drunk driving fatalities and drug overdoses.

In this busy world our brain gets a lot stressed and its very important that we should take due care of it, some of the practices which will help us to do better with our mental health are:

Yoga plays a great role in keeping our mind calm and also helps us to focus and concentrate on things. It also helps us deal with tough situations and gives us the strength to stay away from negativity.
Exercising regularly is a key to healthy body and we all know that a healthy body and a healthy mind goes hand in hand, so we must ensure that we exercise daily to keep ourselves fit.
The environment that we stay in also the company with which we spend time also plays a major role we should be extremely aware while selecting our company and in case we are not able to adjust we should walk away.
Food is the fuel and is of immense importance we should ensure that we are not nutrient deficient also we should ensure that we intake enough amount of water daily.

Elon Musk

World’s Second Richest Person and an Ideal For Many

Elon Musk or Elon Reeve Musk is an entrepreneur business magnate in today’s world who has totally evolved the technological terms of today . He is the founder, CEO, and Chief Engineer at SpaceX early stage investor CEO and Product Architect of Tesla, Inc. He was born in Pretoria, South Africa. He got his Bachelor’s degree in physics and economics from University of Pennsylvania. He started his career by co-founding the web software company Zip2. This startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. After this Musk co-founded online bank X.com that same year, which merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. The company was bought by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.

SpaceX

Then In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company, of which he is CEO and CTO. This rocket firm SpaceX, works on building reusable rockets and aspires to land humans on Mars .

Tesla

Then after this in 2004, he joined electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.) as a chairman and product architect and became its CEO in 2008. Tesla produces super modern cars that run on lithium batteries and are luxurious and have an auto pilot mode which sounds really impossible to normal ears.

Solar City

In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy services company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. This company Solar City develops solar panels and solar roof tiles and aims at making this world to use the purest and cleanest fuels that are highly renewable so that even their infinite use does not exhaust them.

Neuralink

Neuralink is a startup which develops ultra high bandwidth brain machine interfaces to connect human brains to computers to help cure nervous system problems. The company was launched in 2016 and was first publicly reported in March 2017.

Failure

All this was not always as smooth as it looks. The biggest success of PayPal today was once awarded with “World’s worst business concept of the year”. Elon Musk is a person who has experienced some very adverse situations in terms of his personal life. After all, he went through a very public and long divorce process with his previous wife. He stated that this period was consumed by deep depression. As if that wasn’t enough when the 2008 recession depleted the profitability of Space X and Tesla. Elon was almost broke again and facing a decision to axe one of these two companies. In the end, Elon decided to split any remaining funds between the two companies and later that year. He received word that NASA were committing $6 billion to Space X. Needless to say, both companies survived the storm and Elon even married again just a few years later.

Where most people leave , Elon leaned in and poured is money , sweat, blood, tears in making his companies successful and his passion for design, engineering and the future would have him succeed on both the fronts.

Learning

The main thing to learn is that with the acquisition of PayPal his net-worth rose to 123 Million USD and he could have retired early and rode off into sunset and live happily after ” BUT THAT’S NOT HOW LEGENDS ARE MADE” . Instead he took a gamble and invested his newfound millions into his two separate companies – SpaceX and Tesla .

Source – https://www.instagram.com/p/CJ_V9__gvNI/?utm_medium=copy_link

UNDERSTANDING GOOD GOVERNANCE

“GOOD GOVERNANCE SHOULD BE LIKE AIR. IT’S EXISTENCE NEED NOT BE DISCUSSED BUT IT’S ABSENCE WOULD MAKE A HUGE DIFFERENCE”

Nowadays the terms “Governance” and “Good Governance” are being used widely. Major reforms, actions, changes and even donations and institutional activities are basing all their rules and regulations which will help achieve “good governance”.

WHAT IS GOVERNANCE ?

Governance is the process or system by which entities are administered or directed and controlled. It is the process of decision making and the process of deciding the actors who will be involved in the decision making process and implementation of decisions.

The concept of “governance” has been used from past many years and can be used in several contexts such as international or national governance, corporate governance, local governance etc. One of the major actor of governance is “government” and other actors involved in the process of governance are NGOs, private bodies, landlords, research institutes, religious leaders, political parties, military etc.

GOOD GOVERNANCE

The term “Good Governance” originated from the report entitled ” Governance and Development” which was published by World Bank in year 1992. The World Bank defined Good Governance as “the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development”.

Thus, good governance is an approach which aims in creating a system which finds justice and peace and ensures the protection of individual’s human rights and liberties. Good Governance is measured by 8 characteristics : Participation, Rule of Law, Transparency, Responsiveness, Consensus Oriented, Equity and Inclusiveness, Effectiveness and Efficiency, and Accountability.

Good Governance is a process of governance that considers the views of minorities and vulnerable groups of society and minimizes corruption while taking decisions thereby boosting the economy.

REFERENCES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

The importance of Governance is clearly highlighted and explained in Indian Constitution which is based on – Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic for attaining democracy, rule of law and welfare of people.
The Sustainable Development Goal q6 also describes the linkage between improvement of governance, inclusivity, participation, rights and security.
The Bhagavad Gita also provides numerous indications of good governance, leadership, dutifulness and self realization.
According to former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, “Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration.” He also said that “Good Governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development”.

PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Principles of Good Governance

Participation: Participation by each section of the society irrespective of their gender, social class, caste, income etc. The participation of the individuals can be through direct or indirect (through other institutions or representatives) mediums. Participation is an crucial part of governance because it brings forward the major concerns of the society, the issues as well as in identification of potentials of the area.
Rule of Law: It ensures fair and legal frameworks and methods being used in the governance and enforces impartially. This requires full protection of human rights, especially of the weaker sections and vulnerable groups of the society. For this the law needs to be impartial, uncorrupted and judicial.
Transparency : Transparency in a process or system or governance ensures that all the decisions, actions and enforcements are taken only after considering the governing rules or laws or regulations. It signifies the availability of information’s to all the stakeholders and the people who will be affected by the actions or enforcements.
Responsiveness: Good Governance requires timely actions and processes and tries to serve all the stakeholders within a reasonable time frame or specified time frame.
Consensus Oriented: Good Governance requires different interests to sum up into a broad consensus to show the best interest for the community and society. It is necessary for developing sustainable human development and the only way by which cultural, social and historical diversity can be preserved.
Equity and Inclusiveness: Equity and Inclusivity ensures that all the members of the community or society are feeling free to put forward their concern and idea. Nobody should feel excluded. Equity and Inclusivity is highly important for minor or vulnerable groups because it is very important to give them the opportunities to express their issues and ideas for improving and maintaining their well being.
Effectiveness and Efficiency: The results or outcomes of the processes should satisfy the needs of the society and should make the best use of available resources, without exploiting them. It is necessary to identify the potentials and weaknesses of the society or community or area before coming up or implementing any solution. All the outcomes and results should within desirable time frame and should be the best decisions for the welfare of the society.
Accountability: It is one of the most vital requirements of good governance as it ensures that all the stakeholders (government bodies or private institutions or civil organizations or NGOs etc) are accountable to the public. Who is accountable to whom depends on the actions or decisions which are taken in the organization.

What makes Good Governance different from Bad Governance

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion it is clear that “Good Governance” is the most ideal form of governance but it requires transperancy, accountability and intelligent form of governance which makes it more difficult to achieve. For achieving good governance, a system much be uncorrupted, bias free and free from prejudices.

Thus, there is a need to reform and reformulate strategies for restoring good governance. The government should focus on the principle of : “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas and Sabka Vishwas” which will guide the way to achieve inclusive and sustainable development.

Self – confidence

Self- confidence is a feelung of trust in one’s abilities, qualities, and judgment.children with a healthy sennsr of self-confidence are able to feel good about themselves and knoe that they deserve respect from others.
Confidence can be a tough thing to build up. We’ve put together some handy tips to help you put.

TIPS FOR BUILDING SELF – CONFIDENCE :

There are number of things you can do to build your confidence. Some of them arejust small changes to your frame of mind; others you’ ll have to work on fora big longer to make them familiar habits.

1.LOOK AT WHAT YOU’VE ALEADY ACHIEVED:

It is easy to lose confidence if you believe you haven’t achieved anythkng. Make a list of all the things you’ re proud of in your life, whegger it’s getting a good mark on an exam or learning to surf. Keep the list close by and add to it whenever you do something you’ re proud of. When you’re low in confidence,pull out the list a use it to remind yourself if all the awesome stuff you’ ve done.

2.SET SOME GOALS :

Set some goals and set out the steps you need to take to achieve them. They don’t have to be big goals; they can even be things like baking a cake or planning a nighy out with friends. Just aim for some achievements that you can tick off a list to hrlp you again confidence in your ability to get stuff done.

3.THINK OF THINGS YOU’RE GOOD AT :

Everyone has strengths and talents. What are yours? Recoginising what you’re good at,and trying to build on those things,will help you to build confidence in your own abilities.

4.TALK YOURSELF UP :

You’re never going to feel confident if you have negative commentary running through your mind telling you that you’re no good. Think about your self- talk and how that might be affecting your self- confidence. Treat yourself like would your bestfriend and cheer yourself on.

5.GET A HOBBY :

Try to find something that you’re really passionate about. It could be photography, sport, knitting or anything else! When you’ve workef out your passion, commit yourself to giving it a go.chances are, if you’re intetested or passionate about a certain activity, you’re more likely to be motivated and you’ll build skills more quickly.

Confidence helps us feel ready for life’s experiences. When we’re confident, we’re more likely to move forward with people and opportunities no back away from them. And if things don’t work out at fisrt , confidence helps us try again. It is the opposite when confidence is low.

Self- confidence is a feeling of trust in one’s abilities, qualities, and judgement. Some of the many causes of low self- esteem may include. Unhappy childhood where parents were extremly critical. Poor academic performance in school resulting in a lack of confidence.

To Grow Mentally and physically

Growing mentally and growing physically are two completely different things. Growing mentally refers to a person’s psychological growth the way we think and deal with different situations, and by what methods we develop and disseminate information. Growing up physically refers to a person’s physical growth like increased height, strength, and health. It can also refer to the development of your brain.
” The key to success is to keep growing in all areas of life mental emotional, spiritual as well as physical.” A healthy body can help your mind stay strong.when your body isn’t fit, it’s tougher to make challenging decisions.
Some of the tips will help you to improve both simultaneously.

ENRICH YOUR MIND :

keep challenging yourself to learn new things. By doing this, will gain more knowledge about things around you, and you will learn how to utilize things in a better way. Don’t let yourself get stuck in one place, either mentally or physically. Be proactive, curious, conscious and informed about the world.

Use your brain more often by doing brain exercises:

Exercising your brain means using it more. Generally the brain takes part in everything we do, but there are some types of activities which are specifically exercise our brains. Activities like doing puzzles, playing games like chess or scrabble, solving numerical problems, studying difficult topics and changing your dexterity, spatial reasoning and logic. Doing these mental exercises daily can sharpen your mind , and it can be an excellent way to strengthens neural links in your brain.

CONSUME NUTRIENTS THAT ARE GOOD FOR BRAIN:

Take in nutrients which are good for your brain. Foods that have antioxidants like vitamin c,e,b etc are good for the brain.consuming almonds and apple juice is also good for sharpening the brain.

THINK CRITICALLY :

when we hear, read or work on something, It is very important than we question everything and pay attention to details.such an approach can improve our thinking ability because it requires more brain work than mere observations.

DO PHYSICAL EXERCISES :

A healthy body means a healthy mind; regular exercise has a positive influence our brains function. The brain takes in nutrients from the blood, which makes the brain healthier. Physical exercise is essential for enhancing mental power .

EAT HEALTHY FOODS :

spend some time to examine which kinds of food bring you up and which foods bring down. Creating a diet plan can make you feel good, and gives you a sense of self-development. This will boost your sense of success.

GET BETTER SLEEP AND TAKE NAPS:

Get as much sleep as you need, around Seven or eight hours, every night. While sleeping well does not guarantee good health, it does help you to maintain many vital functions. Perhaps most importantly sleep helps you recover from the wear and tear of daily life. Major healing functions in the body such as tissue repair, music and mental growth occur almost exclusively during sleep.

SPEED TIME WITH PEOPLE :

Build a good support system with the people around you. Whether it’s your family, friends, or something else, find a group of people who are willing to support you in any circumstances. This increases flexibility and helps to provide perspective in the midst of stress and discomfort.

STAY AWAY FROM DRUGS AND ALCOHOL :
using cigarettes, alcohol, and illegal drugs damage your mental and physical health. Decreasing mental and physical stability produces” false” emotions.

FIND A GOOD LISTENER :

Find someone who is eager to listen to you, who you can talk to openly and freely. This can help you in relieving stress and anger and can heal you mentally, which ultimately has an impact on your physical health.

LAUGH MORE :

Laughter is the best medicine for human health. Human increases dopamine, and it improves memory and health.

GET RID OF BAD HABITS THAT HURT YOUR CONFIDENCE :

If you have a habit of smoking too much, drinking alcohol too much, spending too much time online, or a different habit that’s hurting your confidence, take steps to eradicate them. Study books, watch good films, play games, watch dances, and listen to songs; do the things that make you feel relaxed. Many studies suggest that watching TV and using a computer late at night is bad for your health.

STAR YOUR DAY BY THINKING ABOUT ONE GOOD THING YOU CAN DO :

Generally, it’s just a matter of deciding to do something good. Develop the habit of finding a good deed to do each day. Set aims and goals and follow through with them to attain them. By setting goals and gradually working to attain them , you will grow mentally.

HOW TO MAKE MONEY? – FINANCING ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Securing the needed amount of financing is one of the most important functions for starting a business. It highlights what sources of financing exists at various stages of venture development. So, depending on the industry and aspirations of the entrepreneur(s) has a need to attract money to fully commercialize their concepts. Thus they must find investors – such as their friends and family, a bank (or) an angel investors (or) a venture capitalist funds (or) through a public stock offering (or) some other source of financing.

When dealing with most classic sources of funding, entrepreneurs face numerous challenges like disagreeing to the business and financial plans, requests for large equity stakes, tight control and managerial influence and limited understanding of the characteristic of growth process that start-ups experience.At the initial stage , Bootstrapping is an effective way of start up financing but in order to stabilize the start up entrepreneurs should follow various fund raising methods to raise money.

MOST FORMAL SOURCES OF FUNDING :

SEED CAPITAL FINANCING: Seed capital financing is the earliest source of investment for a startup. The sources of this funding will from your family, friends, crowd funding or from your savings. Usually these amounts in this type of investing are not too high and are typically repaid through the loan (with or even without interest) or are invested in exchange for a small equity share in the company.

ANGEL INVESTOR FUNDING: When your startup needs to grow and it requires funds towards product development, marketing (or) just to expand your team to keep up the momentum then the angel investors comes into the picture as a solution for raising money.

VENTURE CAPITAL FINANCING: VC funding can provide resourcing for scaling the business to new business channels, customer segments or to increase marketing efforts for additional customer acquisition. At this stage of financing the startup either may run with profits or may get out of negative cash flows.

BRIDGE LOANS: At this stage of financing your startup may be with constant growth and looking to scale significantly with a commercially available product. The funds during this stage will be raised due to merge and acquisitions. At this stage the investors want to see the clear route map towards profits of the firm.

THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION ON GROWTH OF A FIRM

IPO( INITIAL PUBLIC OFFER): IPO is not the end goal for all the startup’s. However, in order to expand the firm further for raising money. At this stage the firm will be listed out in the stock market for going into public as an option of making money.

EQUITY FINANCING: In equity financing, from an entrepreneur perspective the cost of equity is considered as the loss of control over the venture as the founders must share the ownership of business now.

DEBT FINANCING: At this stage the version of an entrepreneur will be as, the cost of debt financing is the interest that they pay for the use of money that they barrowed, where as the perception from the investor side is obtaining the interest as a reward in addition to money that they have lend to an entrepreneur or borrower.

Finally, Capital raising challenge really begins once the MVP(Minimum Viable Product) phase is reached. This is the point where capital is required for product development , sales and market ,patent preparation etc… So, Every start up founder has a need to understand that MVP’s are not only for raising money but also helps to get data about potential customer of the start up. So, the founders of start up can raise money with a prototype GTM(Go-To-Market Strategy) plan.

Advertising is also one of the best way for start ups to make money because advertising increases the name of the firm within your industry and helps to attract partners to expand business which in turn increases profitability. So, these are some money making or financing methods which are followed by most of the firms to make money efficiently .

WHAT IS THE WAY TO OUTLINE YOUR BUSINESS PLAN

BUSINESS PLAN: A business plan is a written document that describes in detail about a business and it also defines its objectives and how the firm is going to achieve its goals. A business plan lays out a written roadmap for the firm in both financial and operational standpoints. So, Business plans typically include detailed information that can help improve the business’s chances of success, like a market analysis, competitive analysis, customer segmentation, marketing, logistics and operations plans, cash flow projections and an overall path to the long-term growth.

WHAT IS THE USE OF HAVING A BUSINESS PLAN?

These business plans help entrepreneurs to assume the exact position of the firm or startup and also they help business owners to see the plan ahead, make important decisions, and improve the overall likelihood of success. Formulation of a business plan should be the first thing done when starting a new business. Business plans are also important for attracting investors so that they can determine that whether your business is on the right path or not and worth investing money or not.

Building a business plan allows you to determine the answer to some of the most critical business decisions ahead of time. Without a business plan, objectives often become arbitrary. So, having a business plan can help make those benchmarks more intentional and consequential and it can also help founders of the firm to be accountable for the long-term vision and strategy, and we can also get the insights into how the applied strategy is coming together over time.

OUTLINE OF A BUSINESS PLAN : The below provided information show’s the step by step process of writing a business plan and highlights about the points that are to be included in each step.

STEP1- INTRODUCTORY PAGE:

Include Name & Address of the business, Nature of the business, Statement of financing needed.
INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS:
- Write about, Future outlook & Trends
- Analysis of competitors
- Market segmentation
- Forecast on Industry & Market

STEP2- DISCRIPTION OF VENTURE:

Introduce about Product(s), Services(s), Background of entrepreneur and size of business.

STEP3- PRODUCTION PLAN:

Include Manufacturing process
Physical plan
Write about needed Machinery & Equipment.
Write names of supplies of raw materials.

STEP4- OPERATIONS PLAN:

Describe flow of orders for goods (or) services
Technology utilization
Description of company operation.

STEP5- MARKET PLAN:

Describe about Pricing, Distribution, Promotion & Product forecast.

STEP6- FINANCIAL PLAN:

Include sources and applications of funds.
Assumptions
Cash flow projections
Break even point (Analysis)
Balance statement & Income statement

STEP7- ORGANISATIONAL PLAN:

Write clearly about Form of ownership
Identification of partners (or) Principal shareholders
Roles and responsibilities of members in the organization

So, the above described steps are the steps that have to be included while writing a business plan. Hope this article makes you to understand about the importance of business plan along with it’s out line structure.

WHAT TYPE OF ENTREPRENUER YOU ARE?

Entrepreneurs are essential for the growth of any country. They usually set up something new on their own and create many jobs for others. They also play an important role in the economy. However, to choose the right path in entrepreneurship, we need to know about different types of entrepreneurs. Each type has its responsibilities, roles, functions, and more. In this article, we are discussing different types of entrepreneurs and their definitions.

Entrepreneurs are categorized into different types and these types usually vary depending on the country, region, and even sector. Here there are six categories of various entrepreneurs:

BASED ON BUSINESS:

TRADING ENTREPRENEUR: A trading entrepreneur refers to a person who undertakes business-related activities through trading. These types of entrepreneurs usually buy finished goods in bulk quantity from manufacturers with some discount and then they sell those products directly or with the help of retailers or vendors with profits. A trading entrepreneur usually acts as a mediator between manufacturers and customers. These trading entrepreneurs mostly be as wholesalers, retailers, dealers, etc.

MANUFACTURING ENTREPRENEUR: This type of entrepreneurs plays a main role in manufacturing products. Manufacturing entrepreneurs analyze market needs or customer needs and manufacture products to meet such needs using various resources or technologies. In simple words, manufacturing entrepreneurs transform raw materials into finished products according to the customer’s needs. Manufacturing entrepreneurs basically be in fields of manufacturing textile products, food products, industrial machinery and equipment etc..

AGRICULTURE ENTREPRENEUR: Agricultural entrepreneurs refer to the types of entrepreneurs who primarily practices with agricultural works. They are also called “Agric-entrepreneurs”. These entrepreneurs be within the agricultural sector who are engaged in the cultivation, production and marketing of agricultural products.

BASED ON TECHNOLOGY:

TECHNICAL ENTREPRENEUR: These are the entrepreneurs who used to start and continue industries primarily based on science and technology. These entrepreneurs develop new ideas and turn those ideas into technology-based inventions. They always work to create new methods of production in the fields of technology and science. Besides, they also manufacture products that can help ordinary citizens and other non-technical entrepreneurs for their enterprises. Example personalities of technical entrepreneurs are Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, Bill Gates etc..

NON-TECHNICAL ENTREPRENEUR: These are the entrepreneurs who do not set up and run enterprises based on science and technology. In short, non-tech entrepreneurs are those who work for innovations using traditional methods. They typically use alternative and exemplary marketing methods and follow non-technical delivery strategies to engage directly with customers. Example personalities of non-technical entrepreneurs are Starbucks fame Howard Schultz, Reliance fame Dhirubhai Ambani etc..

BASED ON OWNERSHIP:

PRIVATE ENTREPRENEUR: When an entrepreneur starts something personal of his or her own, such as setting up an enterprise, he/she is called a private entrepreneur. A private entrepreneur is the only person who plays the sole proprietor role for a business venture and bears the risk associated with it. Examples of private entrepreneurship are Tesla, hospitals etc..

STATE ENTREPRENEUR: When a state or government does a business or industrial undertaking, it is referred to as a ‘state entrepreneur’. In this case, the government is the sole owner of the enterprise and will bear all the profits and losses involved with it.

JOINT ENTREPRENEUR: When a business or industrial undertaking is established and operated jointly by the private entrepreneur and the government, it is called joint entrepreneurship. The parties involved are called joint entrepreneurs. In this case, risk and profits are shared by both parties. However, the sharing percentages generally depend on the type of business and the agreement between the two parties. Examples of joint ventures are ONGC, BHEL etc…

BASED ON SIZE OF THE ENTREPRENEUR:

SMALL SCALE ENTREPRENEUR: If an entrepreneur has invested up to a maximum of one crore in starting an enterprise, including plant and machinery, such entrepreneur is called Small Scale Entrepreneur.

MEDIUM SCALE ENTREPRENEUR: If an entrepreneur has invested a minimum of 1 crore to a maximum of 5 crores in starting an enterprise, including plant and machinery, then such entrepreneur is called Medium Scale Entrepreneur.

LARGE SCALE ENTREPRENEUR: If an entrepreneur has invested more than 5 crores in starting an enterprise, including plant and machinery, such an entrepreneur is called a large-scale entrepreneur. This includes any investment above 5 crores.

BASED ON SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS:

IMITATIVE ENTREPRENUERS: Imitative entrepreneurs are the one who mainly follow and adopt the innovative entrepreneurs’ who are in existing successful enterprise system. They do nothing new of their own. Imitative entrepreneurs apply strategy from other enterprises in a manner where all core fundamentals of the original business model are replicated, and all efficiencies are retained. These entrepreneurs help improve any product, production process or suggest the use of improved technology addressed by other enterprises. Imitative entrepreneurs are also called as Adoptive entrepreneurs.

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR: These type of entrepreneurs recognize the problems in society and try to reduce those problems by applying some entrepreneurial skills. Most of the social entrepreneurs don’t seek for profits they solely work on the controlling social problems.

FABIAN ENTREPRENEUR: Fabian entrepreneurs are defined as an entrepreneurs who generally do not seek to implement changes in their enterprise techniques. They are very careful in applying any approach and cautious in exercising any change. These entrepreneurs are known for not making sudden decisions. They imitate the change in their strategy only when they know that enterprise surely results in profit making.

DRONE ENTREPRENEUR: Drone entrepreneurs are defined as entrepreneurs who do not like to adopt any changes in their enterprise techniques. They strictly follow their traditional strategies or methods for development, production or marketing. These entrepreneurs feel or experience pride and tradition in the old ways of doing business. This is why drone entrepreneurs sometimes suffer losses, yet they do not adopt changes in their current methods.

ECO ENTREPRENEUR: Eco entrepreneurs are the one who spot the opportunities in the environment to start business which support sustainability. The innovations of eco entrepreneur are considered as green business innovations.

So, Guys I have tried my best to explain the various kinds of entrepreneurs. Now it’s your turn to let me know what type of entrepreneurial character you have in the above listed types through your comments.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science and technology play a huge role in our society as well as in our lives. Nowadays we all are surrounded by technology and are dependent on it for everything we do. Especially after this pandemic everything is in virtual mode and is completely based on technology. We live in the technological era where gadgets are of outmost importance to us. A gadget is simply a human made device which is programmed to reduce human effort and does a piece of job easily without any hassle.

In this fast-growing world we human beings are always surrounded by machines and gadgets for every need of ours starting from the time we get up in the morning till we again go to bed we even use gadgets while we are asleep such as air conditioner, insect repellent and many more. Science is a boon for us, but in the other hand as everything has its own merits and demerits there are also people who do use science for a bad cause. Technology is good but it is advisable to keep this technology out of the reach of children as otherwise they will not tend to learn things and will prefer to take the help of science to solve a particular existing problem this may affect their growth.

IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY :

Technology, science and knowledge are important in modern contemporary society. Essential questions include the following : How does science and technology produce new products, new ways of living and new nutritious? Why is new technology and knowledge so fundamental to us in the ways through which we imagine the future?

Technology, knowledge and science are fundamental in modern contemporary society. The understanding of how social, cultural and material elements influence the production of new practices, new ways of under of contemporary postmodern society. Studies of technology and science provides students with insight into how different processes of knowledge are initiated and progressed, and how innovative technological processes are developed employed and increase in importance.
In this manner, students will be provided with the academic basis for working with detailed analyses of different forms of technologies and process of knowledge within business life or industry and commerce, research work , political development, management of knowledge and innovation.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY :

Science , technology and innovation each represent a successively larger category of activities which are highly interdependent but distinct. Science contributes to technology in at least six ways.

New knowledge which serves as a direct source of ideas of new technological possibilities.
Source from tools and techniques for more efficient engineering design and a knowledge based for evaluation of feasibility of designs
Research instrumentation, laboratory techniques and analytical methods used in research that eventually find their way into design or industrial practices, often through intermediate disciplines.
Practice of research as a source for development and assimilation of new human skill and capabilities eventually useful for technology.
Creation of a knowledge base that becomes increasingly important in the assessment of technology in terms of its wider social and environmental impacts
Knowledge base that enables more efficient strategies of applied research, development, and refinement of new technologies.

THe ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Teaching technological literacy, critical thinking and problem- solving through science education gives students the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in school and beyond.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY USED IN SOCIETY :

Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing. By making life easier, science has given an the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, education and justice to create cultures, and to improve human conditions.

INSPIRATIONAL STORY OF J.K ROWLING

J.K Rowling’s story is one of the most famous insipirational failures to the success story of our time. She had failed in almost everything she attempted to do in her life and at one point she considers herself a major failure.

Most of the people only know her as a woman writer who created Harry Potter, but what people don’t know about the struggle she faces before reaching the stardom.

BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD :

Joanne Rowling was born on 31st July 1965 in yate, Gloucestershire, England to Peter James Rowling and Anne Rowling. Her father was a Rolls- Royce aircraft engineer and mother was a science technician
She had one little sister, Dianne, as a child Rowling loves to write fantasy stories and read them to her younger sister. When she was a teenager she got a chance to read Jessica Mitford ‘s autobiography, from then on Mitford become her heroine and after that, she read all her books.

BOOK INSPIRATION AND MOTHER ‘S DEATH :

After working for Amnesty International as a researcher and bilingual secretary in London, Rowling moved to Manchester with her then- boyfriend where she worked at chamber of commerce. In1990, Rowling first had the idea for Harry Potter, a story of a young boy who attends a school of wizards, while she was on a 4 hour delayed train trip from Manchester to London.
While travelling the idea fully formed in her mind and when she reached her flat she began writing furiously. However, in December 1990 her mother died after 10 years of complications from Mutiplr sclerosis Mother’s death heavily affects Rowling and leave her extremely distraught and upset. Later she channelled her own feelings of her loss by writing about Harry’s feelings in her first book.

MARRIAGE, DIVORCE AND SINGLE MOTHER:

After a few months of her mother’s death, she moved to Portugal to teach the English language. There she met a man, fall in love with him, got married and gave birth to her daughter. In 1993 her marriage ended in Divorce and she with her infant daughter moved to Edinburgh Scotland to be closer to her sister.
This is the most struggling time for Rowling and she saw herself as a complete failure. She was divorced, jobless, no money and a dependent child. Because of all this, she suffered bouts of depression and contemplated suicide. Eventually, she signed for Government-assisted welfare describing her economic status as poor. It was a really difficult time in her life but she kept going on and put all her energy on completing her novel.

HARRY POTTER :

In 1995 Rowling completes her manuscript for Harry Potter and the philosopher’s stone on an old manual type writer. She was so poor at that time she could not afford a computer or even the cost of photocopying the novel, so she manually typed each copy and submitted to twelve publishing house in London.
The manuscript was rejected almost dozens time until she was finally given chance with £1,500 advance by a small London publisher, Bloomsbury after the company’s CEO little 8 years old daughter fell in love with it after reading the first chapter of the book.

In July 1997 Bloomsbury published first 1000 copies of Harry Potter series out of which 500 copies were distributed to libraries. Just five months later the book won Nestlé smarties Book prize it’s first award . In early 1998 an auction was held in America for the printing rights to publish the novel.
Scholastic INC won the auction for USB 105, 000, later Rowling said in a interview that she nearly died when she heard the news of this amount for printing her novel. Today Harry Potter is a global brand worth an estimated 15 billion dollars.
The last four Harry Potter books have set the records for the fastest selling books in history. The Harry Potter series to talking 4, 195 pages have been translated either in whole or in part into 65 languages. The Harry Potter books series have also gained recognition for creating an interest in reading among the children’s at a time when they were more inclined towards the Internet, computers and television.

FINANCIAL SUCCESS :

In 2001 J.K ROWLING purchased a 19th century killiechassie House, an estate house on the banks of the river tay in Perth. She also owns a £ 4.5 million Georgian house in West London. In 2004 , Forbes named Rowling as the first person to become a us dollar billionaire by only writing books.In 2017, according to Sunday times, Richard list Rowling net worth was approx. £ 650 million.

PERSONAL LIFE :

Rowling and her second husband Neil Murray were married on 26th December 2001. They live in Edinburgh with their 3 children. Rowling was a runner up in 2007. Time’s annual person of the year issue after Russia’s president Vladimir putin.

JK ROWLING’S RULES OF SUCCESS :

Failure helps you discovers yourself.
Take action on your ideas.
You will be criticised
Remember where you started
Truly Believe in yourself
learn from adversity.
*Visualise to achieve
Persevere
Dreams can happen.
use your creativity.

Psychological Tests in HR

Psychological tests are verbal or written assessments conducted by psychologists or trained professionals to evaluate a person’s behaviour. Although it has multiple uses and can be used in many fields, it is now a popular step in the recruitment process to look for traits, values and behaviour in potential candidates that the ideal person for the job must have according to the Job Specification.

Psychological tests are usually standardised, which means that there is a standard format used for all candidates to get valid and reliable results. They should be non-discriminatory and according to the test norms.

Objectives of Psychological Tests

To assess mental abilities
Measure aptitude
Recruitment and Selection
Diagnose disorders
Learning disability
Research
Determine strengths and weaknesses
Career Counselling

Methods

Questioning/Interview
Examination of work: Historical data or past work is examined to measure performance.
Written/Recorded examination
Direct observation: Usually, the supervisor observes the behaviour or performance of his/her subordinates.
Group Discussion

Types of Psychological tests

The different types of Psychological tests are based on different functions and help in assessing different things. For example, Personality tests helps gain insights into the candidate’s personality (traits) and behaviour.

Aptitude test: An aptitude test measures a person’s ability to perform different kinds of tasks. This is done to determine the areas in which their skills are the strongest. Some people may be better with quantitative tasks that require math and logical reasoning skills, some at language, and some at creative thinking.
Intelligence/Cognitive test: A cognitive test measures a person’s cognitive abilities— problem solving, reasoning, vocabulary, comprehension, and memory. They are more commonly known as intelligence or IQ tests.
Interest test: Interests tests help you define your interests and determine what you like most.
Personality test: A personality test focuses on the personality traits of an individual. It helps evaluate if a person is more introverted or extroverted, cautious or spontaneous, and how they may react or respond to various life situations. It can help in assessing if a person has leadership qualities and is capable of being a Manager or Group Leader.
Achievement/Educational test: Educational testing is conducted to test how much an individual has progressed in learning a specific subject—like mathematics, reading comprehension—to identify any difficulties they may have had in it. Achievement tests are the examinations that students take in schools and colleges.
Emotional Intelligence test: An Emotional Intelligence test taps various emotions through situations presented to the test-taker. An emotional intelligence test requires a person’s honesty in it to accurately evaluate a person’s EQ [Emotional Quotient] and suggest ways to improve it. It is often noted that people who have higher EQ are much more content and successful than people otherwise. Even though emotional intelligence can overlap with other aspects like personality or genetic compositions, Emotional Intelligence of a person tends to fluctuate or change. It often requires constant consciousness in your actions and evaluation of its consequences.

Depending on the nature of the job and the level of management and responsibility that comes with the job, different combinations of the tests mentioned above can be used to assess if the candidate is the right person for the job. For example, for the position of a Middle level Finance Manager, an Intelligence, Aptitude and Personality test can be taken to determine the candidate’s skill set, intelligence and leadership traits.

Depression

Depression and anxiety are very common problem these days starting from teenager to elderly adults anyone and everyone can face this at any point in life and they equally affect us as any physical disease does, many people don’t take mental health seriously but it is outmost necessary to do so. Here are a few simple daily habits which will help you to deal with depression:

Stay away from negative thoughts, and always try to focus on the filled part of the glass and try not to worry about the empty.
Practice meditation regularly it helps to calm one’s mind and helps in relaxing the brain.
Try to stay out from field where you feel irritated and also do try ignoring unnecessary mess.
Physical exercising is a must for a healthy mind as it keeps the body fit and also helps keeping negativity away.
The physical environment where one spends time and the company of people with which one spend time also plays a key role in determining the and dealing with depression issues.
One must also take care of the diet, consuming fresh fruits and vegetables are highly recommended and one must take care that proper diet is consumed.

Depression symptoms :

Depression can be more than a constant state of sadness or feeling ” blue”. Major depression cane cause a variety of symptoms. Some affect your mood, and others afect your body. Symptoms may also be onging or come and go. The symptoms of depression can be experienced differently among men, women and children differently.

Men may experience symptoms related to their:

* Mood, such as anger, aggressive, irritability, anxiousness, restlessness.

* Emotional well- being such as feeling empty, sad, hopeless.

* Behavior, such as loss of interest, no longer finding pleasure in favorite activites feeling tired easily , thiughts of suicide, drinking- execessively , using drugs, engaging in high- risk activities.

* sexual interest, such as reduced sexual desire, lack of sexual performance

* cognitive abilities , such as inability to concentrate, difficulty completeing tasks, delayed responses during- conversations.

* sleep patterns, such as insomina, restless slepp, excessive sleepiness, not sleeping through the night.

* physical well- being, such as fatigue, pains, headache, digestive problems.

Women may experience symptoms related to their:

* mood, such as irritability

* emotional well- being, such as feeling sad or empty, anxious or hopless.

* congnitive abilities,such asthinking or talking more slowly

* behavior, such as loss of interest in activities, withdrawing from social engagements, thoughts of suicide

* sleep patterns, such as difficultu sleeping through the night, waling early, sleeping too much.

* physical well- being, such as decreases energy, greater fatigue, changes in appetite, weight changes, aches,pain, headaches, increased cramps.

Children may dxperiences symptoms related to their :

* mood such as irritability, anger, mood swings, crying.

* emotional well- being, such as feelings of incompetence or despair, crying, intense sadness

* behavior, such as gettkng into trouble at school or refusing to go to school, avoiding friends or siblings thoughts of death or suicide.

* cognitive abilities, such as difficulty concentrating, decline in school performance, changes in grades.

* sleep patterns, such as difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much

*physical well- being, such as loss of energy digestive problems, changes in appetite, weight loss or gain.

Depression causes :

There are several possible causes of depression. They can range from biological to circumstantial.

Common causes include ;

* Family history :

You’re at a higher risk for developing depression if you hace a family history of depression or another mood disorder.

* Early childhood trauma :

Some events affect the way your body reacts to fear and stressful situations

* Brain structure :

There’s a greater risk for depression if her frontal lobe of your brain is less active.

* Medical conditions :

Certain conditions may put you at higher risk, such as chronic illness, insomia, chroinc pain or attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder

* Drug use :

A history of drug or alcohol misuse can affect your risk.

Many factors can influence feelings of depression, as well as who develops the condition . The causes of depression are often tied to other elements of your health. Depression can be linked with to other health problems, your healthcare provider may also conduct a physical examination and order blood work.

Types of depression :

Depression can be broken into categories depending on the severity of symptoms. Some people experience mild and temporary episodes, whike other experience severs and ongoing depressive episodes.

There are two main types. Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder .

Major depressive disorder :

Major depressive disorder is the more severe form of depression. It’s characterized by persistant feelings of sadness, hoplessness and worthlessness that dont’t go away on their own.

Persistent depressive disorder :

Persistent depressive disorder ( pDD) used to be called dysthymia. It is a milder, but chronic, form of depression.

It’s common for people with PDD to

* lose interest in normal daily activites.

* feel hopless

* lack productivity

* haveclow self- esteem

Depression can be treated successfully, but it’s important to stick your treatment plan.

Treatment for depression :

Living with depression can be difficult, but treatment can help improve your quality of life. Talk to your health care provider about possible options. You may successfully manage symptoms with one form of treatment ,or may find that a combinations of treatment works best.

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Failure

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Objectives of Psychological Tests

Methods

Types of Psychological tests

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