India’s Independence Day reminds the country’s citizens of all the sacrifices the freedom fighters have made to secure the country’s future. Since its independence, India has made stellar progress in every field, including education, military and space programmes.
History of Our Independence Day
For almost two centuries the Britishers ruled over us. And the citizen of the country suffered a lot due to these oppressors. British officials treat us like slaves until we manage to fight back against them.
We struggled for our independence but work tirelessly and selflessly under the guidance of our leaders Jawahar Lal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Mahatma Gandhi, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Bhagat Singh. Some of these leaders choose the path of violence while some choose non-violence. But the ultimate aim of these was to drive out the Britishers from the country. And on 15th August 1947, the long-awaited dream come true.
Why We Celebrate Independence Day?
To relive the moment and to enjoy the spirit of freedom and independence we celebrate Independence Day. Another reason is to remember the sacrifices and lives we have lost in this struggle. Besides, we celebrated it to remind us that this freedom that we enjoy is earned the hard way.
Apart from that, the celebration wakes up the patriot inside us. Along with celebration, the young generation is acquainted with the struggles of the people who lived at that time.
Activities on Independence Day
Although it’s a national holiday the people of the country celebrate it with great enthusiasm. Schools, offices, societies, and colleges celebrate this day by organizing various small and big events.
Every year at Red Fort the Prime Minister of India host the national flag. In the honor of the occasion, 21 gunshots are fired. This is the begging of the main event. This event is later on followed by an army parade.
The school and colleges organize cultural events, fancy dress competitions, speech, debate, and quiz competition.
Importance of Independence Day
Every Indian holds a different viewpoint about Indian Independence. For some, it’s a reminder of the long struggle while for youngsters it stands for the glory and honor of the country. Above all, we can see the feeling of patriotism across the country.
The Indian’s celebrate Independence Day with a feeling of nationalism and patriotism across the country. On this day every citizen echoes with festive feeling and pride in the diversity and unity of the people. It’s not only a celebration of Independence but also of the unity in diversity of the country.
On July 11, Virgin Galactic will make a giant leap toward commercial suborbital spaceflight. The company will launch its first fully crewed flight of its SpaceShipTwo space plane Unity with a special passenger on board: the company’s billionaire founder Richard Branson.
Branson, three crewmates and two pilots will launch on the historic flight after being carried into launch position by Virgin Galactic’s carrier plane VMS Eve. They will take off from the company’s homeport of Spaceport America in New Mexico, with a live webcast chronicling the flight. Here’s everything you need to know about the mission, which Virgin Galactic has dubbed Unity 22.
WHAT TIME IS VIRGIN’S GALACTIC LAUNCH & AND CAN I WATCH?
Virgin Galactic has not released a specific time for the actual Unity 22 launch, but the company has announced it will begin webcasting the mission at 9 a.m. EDT (1300 GMT). And it looks like it’s going to be fun. The crew will walk out to the ship about an hour earlier.
Stephen Colbert, host of The Late Show on CBS, will host the webcast along with singer Khalid (who will debut a new single during the launch), former Canadian Space Agency astronaut Chris Hadfield and future Virgin Galactic astronaut Kellie Gerardi, who will launch on a research flight in 2022.
The webcast will begin with the Unity spacecraft and its carrier plane taking off from its runway at Spaceport America, which is located 55 miles (88 kilometers) north of Las Cruces, New Mexico.
Branson has stated that the entire flight will take about 90 minutes, including the ascent up to launch position, release, flight to space and glide back to Earth for a runway landing at Spaceport America.
Virgin Galactic will launch six people on the Unity 22 flight, although the spacecraft is designed to carry up to eight people (two pilots and six passengers).
Unity 22’s crew includes four mission specialists:
Sirisha Bandla, Vice President of Government Affairs and Research Operations at Virgin Galactic. She will evaluate the human-tended research experience via an experiment from the University of Florida that requires several handheld fixation tubes to be activated at various points in the flight profile.
Colin Bennett, Lead Operations Engineer at Virgin Galactic. He will evaluate cabin equipment, procedures and the experience during the boost phase and weightless environment inside Unity.
Sir Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Galactic. Branson will evaluate the private astronaut experience. He will receive the same training, preparation and flight as Virgin Galactic’s future ticket-buying astronauts and use the flight to fine ways to enhance the experience for customers.
Beth Moses, Chief Astronaut Instructor at Virgin Galactic. She will serve as cabin lead and test director in space. Her tasks include overseeing the safe execution of the test flight objectives. Moses has launched on Unity before.
Two veteran Virgin Galactic pilots will be at the helm of Unity during the launch. They have both launched to space on Unity before and are:
Dave Mackay: Mackay is Virgin Galactic’s chief pilot and grew up in the highlands of Scotland. He is a former Royal Air Force pilot and flew for Branson’s airline company Virgin Atlantic before joining Virgin Galactic.
Michael Masucci: Michael “Sooch” Masucci is a retired U.S. Air Force colonel who joined Virgin Galactic in 2013 who racked up over 9,000 flying hours in 70 different types of airplanes and gliders during more than 30 years of civilian and military flight.
Two other pilots will fly the VMS EVE carrier plane that will carry SpaceShipTwo into launch altitude. They are:
Frederick “CJ” Sturckow: A former NASA space shuttle commander who joined Virgin Galactic in 2013 with Masucci. A retired Marine Corps colonel, he was the first NASA astronaut to join the company and flew four space shuttle missions.
Kelly Latimer: Latimer is a test pilot and retired lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force who joined Virgin Galactic’s pilot corps in 2015. She was the first female research test pilot to join what is now NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Centre.
The primary objective for Unity 22 is to serve as a test flight for future passenger flights by Virgin Galactic. As its number suggests, this will be the 22nd flight of Unity, but only its fourth launch to space.
The four mission specialists will each evaluate different experiences that Virgin Galactic has promised its future customers, many of whom have already reserved trips to space with the company at $250,000 a seat.
Bandla, for example, will test the experience of performing experiments aboard Unity during different phases of the flight, including the weightless period. Branson will take note of the flight as a paying passenger to look for ways to enhance the trip for ticket holders looking for the experience of a lifetime.
Moses is Virgin Galactic’s Chief Astronaut Trainer and will ensure everyone is safe in their tests while Bennet will examine Unity’s cabin performance to look for potential enhancements.
This mission is a critical flight or Virgin Galactic, which Branson founded in 2004. VSS Unity is the company’s second SpaceShipTwo after the first, VSS Enterprise, broke apart during a 2014 test flight, killing one pilot and seriously injuring another. Virgin Galactic has made numerous safety upgrades to prevent such an accident from happening again.
The mission will begin with takeoff from Spaceport America, where Virgin Galactic has built its “Gateway to Space” terminal to serve its future customers. The crews of Unity and Eve will walk out to their vehicles at about 8 a.m. EDT (6 a.m. local time, 1200 GMT). They’ll be wearing custom Under Armour flight suits made for Virgin Galactic.
After takeoff, the carrier plane VMS EVE will haul the SpaceShipTwo VSS Unity (short for Virgin Space Ship) to an altitude of about 50,000 feet (15,000 meters), when it will drop the the spacecraft.
Virgin Galactic’s first test passenger Beth Moses looks out the window of the VSS Unity during a test flight with pilots Dave Mackay and Michael “Sooch” Masucci, on Feb. 22, 2018. (Image credit: Virgin Galactic)
After separation, Unity will ignite its hybrid rocket motor, which uses a mixture of solid and liquid propellant, to begin the boost phase. This will carry Unity to its target altitude above 50 miles (80 kilometers), where the pilots and crew can expect up to 4 minutes of weightlessness. They will exist their seats and enjoy sweeping views of the Earth below through the many round windows that dot the space plane’s fuselage.
After that short encounter with weightlessness, the crew will climb back into their seats as Unity prepares to return to Earth. Pilots Mackay and Masucci will have “feathered” the spacectraft’s twin tail booms to provide stability during atmospheric reentry.
The feathered tail will then be locked back into place for the glide back to Earth, which will end with a runway landing at Spaceport America. The entire flight, from takeoff to landing, should last about 90 minutes, Branson has said.
WILL VIRGIN GALACTIC REALLY REACH SPACE WITH UNITY 22?
Virgin Galactic’s VSS Unity spaceliner captured this view of Earth during the vehicle’s first trip to space, on Dec. 13, 2018. (Image credit: Virgin Galactic)
Virgin Galactic will launch Unity to an altitude above 50 miles (80 km), which NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration and the U.S. military classify as space. They will earn astronaut wings for reaching that height.
Another widely recognized boundary of space, the Kármán line, is at an altitude at 62 miles (100 km) above Earth. The SpaceShipTwo VSS Unity won’t reach this milestone, which has led Virgin Galactic’s competitor Blue Origin (which does fly higher than 62 miles) to call out Virgin Galactic for missing that mark.
WHERE DOES VIRGIN GALACTIC LAUNCH SPACESHIPTWO FROM?
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Virgin Galactic initially launched SpaceShipTwo test flights from the company’s facilities at Mojave Air and Space Port in California. However, in 2020 the company moved Unity and its carrier craft to its permanent home at Spaceport America, where it plans to fly regular passenger flights beginning in 2022.
Spaceport America is located near Las Cruces, New Mexico and is home to Virgin Galactic’s “Gateway to Space” terminal, a welcome center and waiting room for ticketed passengers preparing for trips to space. It also sports a large hangar designed to fit multiple SpaceShipTwo spaceplanes and the VMS Eve. Virgin Galactic has also built a new vehicle, the SpaceShip III VSS Imagine.
WHEN COULD I LAUNCH TO SPACE WITH VIRGIN GALACTIC?
If you booked a trip with Virgin Galactic early and have one of the first reservations, you may get your chance to fly in space as early as 2022. If not, there’s a long wait ahead. And that’s assuming you can afford the $250,000 ticket price.
Virgin Galactic has said it plans to begin passenger launches in 2022 after a series of final test flights in 2021. The company does have hundreds of reservations for customer flights in backlog from eager would-be astronauts that have been waiting for over 17 years (since Richard Branson first announced Virgin Galactic in 2004) for the SpaceShipTwo to finally fly. The company paused taking new reservations after the 2014 accident.
Virgin Galactic is expected to resume taking reservations for “a limited number of tickets for future spaceflights” sometime this year, according to its website.
The forest is a peculiar organism of unlimited kindness and benevolence that makes no demands for its sustenance and extends generously the products of its life activity; it affords protection to all beings, offering shade even to the axe-man who destroys it.
– Gautama Buddha
Today , let’s feel the presence of fresh air , waterfall , trees , flora and fauna . Being a citizen of a country , which is well known for its resources , different species, mixed economy and different cultures. It is important for us to see the world of flora and fauna.
Well you get to know by the heading , today we are gonna talk about THE AMAZON’S which is well known for its vast species .
Introduction .
The Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km2 (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories.
The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Four nations have “Amazonas” as the name of one of their first-level administrative regions, and France uses the name “Guiana Amazonian Park” for its rainforest protected area. The Amazon represents over half of the planet’s remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.
The name Amazon is said to arise from a war Francisco de Orellana fought with the Tapuyas and other tribes. The women of the tribe fought alongside the men, as was their custom. Orellana derived the name Amazonas from the Amazons of Greek mythology, described by Herodotus and Diodorus.
Flora and Fauna.
Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia.
This constitutes the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world.
The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region.
The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species.
Human impact on Amazon jungle.
The human impact on the Amazon rainforest has been grossly underestimated according to an international team of researchers. … They found that selective logging and surface wildfires can result in an annual loss of 54 billion tonnes of carbon from the Brazilian Amazon, increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
Lead researcher Dr Erika Berenguer from Lancaster University said: “The impacts of fire and logging in tropical forests have always been largely overlooked by both the scientific community and policy makers who are primarily concerned with deforestation. Yet our results show how these disturbances can severely degrade the forest, with huge amounts of carbon being transferred from plant matter straight into the atmosphere.”
The second author, Dr Joice Ferreira from Embrapa in Brazil, said: “Our findings also draw attention to the necessity for Brazil to implement more effective policies for reducing the use of fire in agriculture, as fires can both devastate private property, and escape into surrounding forests causing widespread degradation. Bringing fire and illegal logging under control is key to reaching our national commitment to reducing carbon emissions.”
The forest is not a resource for us, it is life itself. It is the only place for us to live.
Step 1:- Fill the Branch Code and Branch Name where service is being availed.
Step 2:- Mention Date and Time
Note:- Non Bank Customer/ Walk in Customer or Indo-Nepali NEFT Remittance can also avail the facility of NEFT and can transfer an amount up to Rs. 50,000 by vising a Bank Branch.
Step 3:- Tick the type of transfer required i.e. NEFT or RTGS.
Note:- If the amount is Rs. 2,00,000 or above, then tick RTGS otherwise tick NEFT.
Step 4:- If using a cheque for transfer, then fill the details like cheque number and amount
Note:- Sender need to write “Bank Name- NEFT” in Pay Column on Cheque in case of NEFT transaction and “Bank Name- RTGS” in Pay Column in case of RTGS transaction
Step 5:- Fill Beneficiary Details i.e. the person to whose account the amount is to be transferred.
Beneficiary Details include:-
•Beneficiary Name as per Bank Records
•Beneficiary Account Number
•Beneficiary Address
•Beneficiary Bank Name and Branch
•Beneficiary Bank IFSC Code
•Account Type i.e. Resident/ Non Resident
•Amount to be Credited ( In Figures)
•Amount To be Credited (In Words)
Step 6:-Fill Remitter/Sender Details i.e. the person from whose account the amount is to be transferred.
Sender/ Remitter Details
• Remitter Name as per Bank Records
• Remitter Account Number
• Cash Deposited ( For Non Bank Customer)
• Mobile/ Phone Number of Remitter
• E-Mail Id
• Address of Remitter
• Remarks
Step 7:-Read the terms and Conditions
Step 8:-Attest the authorised Signature
Note:-All the account Holders need to attest their signature in case of Joint Account
Note:-If the transaction is done using a Current Account, then the Company Stamp is mandatory to be attested.
After verification of details, the transaction will be processed and conducted. The amount will be debited from Remitter’s Account and will be credited to the Beneficiary Account .
The Journalism and mass media is the graduates work nationwide and worldwide at newspapers and magazines and in advertising, branding, broadcast news, social media, marketing, media research, photojournalism, publication design, public relations, radio, and other areas.
The Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information. It is also the product of these activities. Journalism can be distinguished from other activities and products by certain identifiable characteristics and practices.
The journalist’s greatest assets is their natural curiosity. Start with the famed five W’s (and one H), then ask some more. Asking “why?” is what gets you the good stuff.
As a journalist, language is your main tool. Read as much as you can and as often as you can, research odd words and archaic sayings, look at what’s behind etymology. Learn the patterns behind language and how to use them.
Double-check if you aren’t sure about spelling or style (especially in the case of names), and read through messages and articles thoroughly before sending either.
#5: Know thy publication.
Before you pitch, know a publication’s style, editorial staff and content. Publications are usually more than happy to provide back-issues. If you can’t find writer’s guidelines, send a short introductory email requesting them.
#6: Contacts are your career.
Contacts (and your reputation with said contacts) are your entire career. Editors, sources and interviewees are all vital parts of the journalistic process. Without them, you’d be screwed.
#7: Once it’s off the record, keep it that way.
Trusted sources will tell you all sorts of juicy, fascinating, scandalous and personal things in your career as a journalist, often off the record. Shut up about it.
#8: Three is a golden number.
Mind the rule of threes: Have at least three reliable, corroborating sources for every fact; three interviewees for every article; and read through a piece at least three times before you sit down to change a comma – that’s at least.
#9: Rejection is opportunity.
Getting a story rejected means you’ve just opened up a line of communication with a new editor – congratulations. Pitch again. Rejection also gives you a chance to sell the story elsewhere: Sometimes rejection just means it’s not right for them
#10: Editors are teachers.
You can learn a hell of a lot from the experience of your editors, and when given the chance you should. They braved the journalistic battlefield before you, so you can trust their edits and advice. Usually, they’re right.
Yes, you can do that in the assigned word count, and the editor will either make you add or cut if you don’t. Here, they always know better. (Remember this piece of key-advice from The Elements of Style and repeat it as your daily editing mantra: Omit unnecessary words.)
Deadlines exist for a reason: Never skip out on a deadline unless you are incapacitated or dead. If you have to, let your editor know beforehand and have a damn good reason. Then, don’t do it again. Compare deadlines to menstrual cycles: If you skip one, you might just be stressed. If you skip several, you’re in trouble.
#13: Know the law.
Journalism can take you to some strange places. Make sure you know the law and what side of it you’re standing on at all times.
#14: Always do your research.
Make sure that your research is flawless and that you can always match which source gave which fact. Cross-reference, find first-hand information and do your background research before requesting, planning or conducting an interview.
#15: Have it outlined.
Have the skeleton of your idea outlined and ready by the time you pitch the idea. That way you have all the information ready, and it makes your job – and theirs – easier. Your outline should include the article’s proposed headline, the article’s sub-headers and sections (you can write down facts as key-words here) and who you will interview.
#16: Keep and file everything.
Keep prior notes, interviews, sources, tapes, the lot: You never know when you’ll need it, and you probably will.
#17: Guard your vices.
Many great journalists have been crippled or completely destroyed by their vices – and it can be almost anything: Overworking, coffee, manic exercising, painkillers or heavier drugs. Whatever yours is, keep it in check or risk your job.
#18: Burnout is a rabid, fanged monkey.
Burnout is a myth, until you’re there. It’s a mental and physical size of your writing engine, and if you don’t find your way to unwind you’ll get there a lot quicker.
The Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. … Broadcast media transmit information electronically via media such as films, radio, recorded music, or television.
The types of mass media include Newspapers, Radio, Television, Internet, Magazines and more,
…
What is Mass Media?
Journalism.
Social Media.
Films.
Television.
Radio.
Advertising.
Public Relations.
Books, Magazines, Newspapers and Journals.
RULES OF MASS MEDIA
The Privacy Act works to guarantee privacy to individuals and controls how personal information is used. Defamation in the written form (libel) or the spoken form (slander) is illegal in the United States.
Section 315 (Equal Time Rule) ensures that broadcast media cannot favor any one candidate over another by granting one more time than another. The Fairness Doctrine ensured that radio stations offered equal time to opposing viewpoints.
The Freedom of Information Act grants the public, including the news media, access to many government documents. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, established in 1998, extended existing copyright laws to encompass and protect information online.
RTGS stands for Real Time Gross Settlement, which can be defined as the continuous (Real Time) settlement of funds individually or by order. Real Time means the processing of instructions at the time they are received rather than at some later time. “Gross Settlement” means the settlement of fund transfer instruction occurs individually.
RTGS system is generally meant for large value transactions as the minimum amount to be transfer through RTGS is Rs. 2,00,000. The maximum limit vary from bank to bank as there is no maximum limit specified by Reserve Bank Of India.
NEFT
NEFT stands for National Electronic Fund Transfer. NEFT is maintained by RBI and was started in November 2005. It is a national wide payment facility under which an individual can electronically transfer funds from any bank branch to any individual having an account with any other bank branch in the country. There is no minimum limit that can be transferred using NEFT. It is done through electronic means and can be availed through online banking or through ATM’s in some banks.
Advantages of NEFT
• The sender need not send the physical cheque or Demand Draft to the Beneficiary.
• The Beneficiary need not visit his his/her bank for depositing the paper instrument.
• Credit confirmation is send by message or E-mail
•A customer can use this facility from his home place by using the internet.
India’s transport sector is large and diverse; it caters to the needs of 1.1 billion people. In 2007, the sector contributed about 5.5 percent to the nation’s GDP, with road transportation contributing the lion’s share.
Good physical connectivity in the urban and rural areas is essential for economic growth. Since the early 1990s, India’s growing economy has witnessed a rise in demand for transport infrastructure and services.
However, the sector has not been able to keep pace with rising demand and is proving to be a drag on the economy. Major improvements in the sector are therefore required to support the country’s continued economic growth and to reduce poverty.
Roads. Roads are the dominant mode of transportation in India today. They carry almost 85 percent of the country’s passenger traffic and more than 60 percent of its freight. The density of India’s highway network — at 0.66 km of roads per square kilometer of land – is similar to that of the United States (0.65) and much greater than China’s (0.16) or Brazil’s (0.20). However, most roads in India are narrow and congested with poor surface quality, and 33 percent of India’s villages do not have access to all-weather roads.
Rural Roads-A Lifeline for Villages in India: Connecting Hinterland to Social Services and markets
Railways. Indian Railways is one of the largest railways under the single management. It carried some 19.8 million passengers and 2.4 million tonnes of freight a day in year 2009 and is one of the world’s largest employer. The railways play a leading role in carrying passengers and cargo across India’s vast territory. However, most of its major corridors have capacity constraint requiring capacity enhancement plans.
Ports. India has 13 major and 199 minor and intermediate ports along its more than 7500 km long coastline. India’s seaborne foreign trade being 95% by volume and 67% by value, the ports play a very significant role in improving foreign trade in a growing economy. These ports serve the country’s growing foreign trade in petroleum products, iron ore, and coal, as well as the increasing movement of containers. Indian ports handled cargo of 850 million tonnes and about 9.0 million TEU container traffic in year 2010. Over the last decade, the average annual growth rate of port cargo volume has been about 10%.. The future potential for port sector, particularly container ports is huge considering that the container traffic is projected to grow to 40 million TEU by 2025. Inland water transportation also remains largely undeveloped despite India’s 14,000 kilometers of navigable rivers and canals.
Aviation. India has 128 airports, including 15 international airports. Indian airports handled 142 million passengers in 2010-11 and 1.6 million tonnes of cargo in year 2009-10. The CAGR for the domestic passenger and freight growth over the last decade has been 14.2% and 7.8% respectively. The dramatic increase in air traffic for both passengers and cargo in recent years has placed a heavy strain on the country’s major airports. Passenger traffic is projected to grow more than 15% annually over 2011-13 and it is estimated that the aviation industry, currently 9th largest in the World, will require 30 billion USD investment in the next 15 years to keep pace with the growing demand.
Urban Transport. India is experiencing rapid urbanization with the present urbanization levels at 30% translating to a population of roughly 340 million living in urban areas. The number of million plus cities is presently at 42 and the urban economy accountd for roughly 60% of the GDP. Motorisation rates in India are in double digits as in most developing economies. Only about 20 cities out of 87 cities with a population in excess of 500,000 and state capitals have any kind of organized transport and only 3-4 cities could lay claim to a mass rapid transit system. The share of public transport in cities with population sizes over 4 million has declined from 69% to 38% between 1994 to 2007. Accident and fatality rates are one of the highest in the world affecting primarily the poor and vulnerable without their own means of transport.
Transport infrastructure in India is better developed in the southern and southwestern parts of the country.
The major challenges facing the sector are:
• India’s roads are congested and of poor quality. Lane capacity is low – majority of national highways are two lanes or less. A quarter of all India’s highways are congested. Many roads are of poor quality and road maintenance remains under-funded. This leads to the deterioration of roads and high transport costs for users.
• Rural areas have poor access. Roads are significant for the development of the rural areas – home to almost 70 percent of India’s population. Although the rural road network is extensive, some 33 percent of India’s villages do not have access to all-weather roads and remain cut off during the monsoon season. The problem is more acute in India’s northern and northeastern states which are poorly linked to the country’s major economic centers.
• The railways are facing severe capacity constraints. All the country’s high-density rail corridors face severe capacity constraints. Also, freight transportation costs by rail are much higher than in most countries as freight tariffs in India have been kept high to subsidize passenger traffic.
• Urban centers are severely congested. In Mumbai, Delhi and other metropolitan centers, roads are often severely congested during the rush hours. The dramatic growth in vehicle ownership during the past decade – has reduced rush hour speeds especially in the central areas of major cities.
• Ports are congested and inefficient. The average annual growth of cargo volume in the ports in the last decade was close to 10%, However, capacity utilization in some of the major ports remain as low as 58-60% Both bulk and containerized traffic is expected to grow at a much faster pace in future and by some estimate the container traffic is projected to grow to about 4.5 times of the current volume by 2025. India’s ports need to significantly ramp up their capacity and efficiency to meet this surging demand.
• Airport infrastructure is strained. . Air traffic has been growing rapidly leading to severe strain on infrastructure at major airports, especially in the Delhi and Mumbai airports which account for more than 40 percent of nation’s air traffic.
Centennial Light is the longest-running electric light bulb on record. It has been running continuously since 1901 and it has never been switched off. It is located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, California. The ordinary dim light bulb looks like any other bulb and there is also a camera that live-streams the light bulb onto the internet.
Link for the official website and live webcam of the light bulb.
It was manufactured in the late 1890s by the Shelby Electric Company, of Ohio, using a design by the French-American inventor Adolphe Chaillet. It has operated for over 100 years with very few interruptions. In 2011, it passed a milestone: One million hours of near-continuous operation. In 2015 it was recognized by Guinness World Records as the world’s longest-burning bulb.
The 60-watt bulb uses a carbon filament. One of the reasons for its longevity is that it seems to have an incredibly durable vacuum seal. There have been some researches done on bulbs manufactured by Shelby Electric Company of that era. But no one really exactly knows how these eternal bulbs were made as they were experimenting with various but the company was experimenting with a variety of designs at the time.
The electric model was quite different when first homes in The U.S had electricity. The servicing was the responsibility of the electric companies and customers would purchase entire electrical systems manufactured by a regional electricity supplier. The companies would also take care of the installation and servicing of any burned out electric bulbs would be replaced for free.
It made more logic for the suppliers to manufacture bulbs that would last longer and would burn out as least as possible. But this business model was later replaced and homeowners were responsible to change the light bulbs. It was soon realized that it would be more profitable to make cheaper bulbs that burned out faster. Since the mid-1900s goods were manufactured with a pre-determined expiry date aimed at forcing consumers into repeat purchases. This phenomenon has only been exacerbated in recent years. This can also be called planned obsolescence.
In 1924, the life span of the light bulbs was at least 2,500 hours. Phoebus cartel was formed in 1925 in Geneva. It comprised of the major incandescent light bulbs manufacturers at that time: Osram, General Electric, Associated Electrical Industries, and Philips. The cartel had directed their engineers to cut the life of the bulbs to 1,000 hours, which the engineers did by adjusting voltage and current. The cartel was intended to operate for 30 years but it was starting to fall apart in the early 1930s after General Electric patents expired and as the cartel faced competition from non-member manufactures from other regions. The cartel ceased its operations after the outbreak of World War II in 1939.
Planned obsolescence is a very critical area it does not only decrease the lifespan of the good but as a consequence, it is also wasteful. It is not sustainable for the environment and the main focus of this practice is to maximize profits. It also reminds us that technological innovations are often not accessible in favor of corporate greed.
IndusInd Bank was established on 17th April 1994 in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It derived its name from Indus Valley Civilization and is first among New Generation Private Bank in India. It offers Commercial, transaction and Electronic Products and Services. It started its operations with a Capital amount of Rs. 1 billion among which Rs. 600 million was raised by the Indian Residents and Rs. 400 million was raised by the Non-Resident Indians. It was able to grow ceaselessly and dynamically driven by a zeal to offer its customers banking services at par with the highest quality standards in the industry and is known for its continuous updates and introduction of new technology.
Its working on expanding its network of branches across the country and has a customer base of more than 2.5 crores that depicts the trust of people. It had 2453 ATMs and 1,558 branches spread across the country by the end of year 2018 and have more than 2000 branches and 5,000 distribution points by April 2021. It have Representative Offices in London, Dubai and Abu Dhabi and has its largest number of branches in Mumbai followed by New Delhi and Chennai in India.
CSR Mission Statement of IndusInd Bank Ltd
IndusInd Bank believes that ‘Good Ecology is Good Economics’.
With this belief IndusInd Bank sets a mission to continue creating value for all their stakeholders and emerge as a ‘Best-in-Class’ Bank that is committed to sustainable economic growth. They want to ensure that the Bank’s business grows consistently and responsibly, benefiting those they directly serve while also promoting the well-being of their employees, natural environment and the community at large. IndusInd Bank wants to support and design sustainable CSR programs, that primarily empower, and benefit marginalized and weaker sections of society, high-risk and high-stressed communities.
Guiding Principles of IndusInd Bank Ltd CSR Policy
1.Strengthen their governance framework with ethics, transparency and accountability
2.Provide value to consumers through effective stakeholder engagement
3.Promote gender equality, diversity and wellbeing of all employees
4.Respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights
5.Engage with Government and Trade & Industry Associations on national and international platforms
6.Build inclusive, healthy and sustainable communities
7.Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility
8.Communicate their CSR objectives and goals to all internal and external stakeholders
Digital India initiative is one the key initiative launched by government of India on 1st July 2015. The initiative is counted among one of the most prestigious projects just like made in India, Swach Bharat Abhiyaan etc. it consists of some major objective towards the development of better services and infrastructure in terms of digital modernisation of the country. It comes under the ministry of Electronics and information and ministry of finance, officially launched by Prime minister of India Shree Narendra Modi. it has 3 main area of focus which includes: • The utility of Digital infrastructure for the citizens of India Improvement of digital infrastructure so that the citizens can utilise the services of internet. • Internet and other services requirement There are areas where people still do not have access to basic internet services, and additionally providing all the advance services to the population of the country. • Digital empowerment It refers to overall empowerment that will occur when the digital structure strengthens in the country. The initiative serves multiple purpose, starting from improving the basic facilities to introducing modern technology at various level. the initiative stands upon many important aspects which are: • Broadband highways • IT for all • Electronic manufacturing • E governance • E Kranti etc These aspects have their own significance in long run and can bring the much-needed changes in the country. Digitisation of the already existing facilities for the convenience of people and implementing new changes and development in the country. Implementing a big initiative like digital India on a very large scale takes to answer a lot of challenges. Highlighting the challenges which occurred are: • Adaptation adapting to the ongoing and upcoming changes is going to be a big task for many Indians, it is also a time taking process. • Illiteracy The portion of population which is not well educated will find is very challenging, as they are not even aware about the basics. To make them aware and making them digitally literate is a major challenge. • Providing better facilities to all India has a huge population, ensuring that each and every one has access to the latest facilities and convenience is important.
Conclusion Digital India has proven beneficial for many specially the ones who had minimal access to such facilities, this is important from the perspective of both economic development and individual development. Technology, if used wisely can-do miracles in different sectors like education, employment, agriculture etc. the ongoing pandemic crisis has made us totally dependent on laptops and smartphones. Every developing country aim is to be technologically advanced in the coming years is a common goal. Even the developed nations are getting advanced each day.
Thus, an initiative like this can support and enhance the development taking place in the country. Despite, the challenges faced progress is visible. The initiative is already running since 2015 and within the reach of this initiative many changes are successfully implemented too.
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Let me know about NIT AGARTALA
Institute is committed to developing highly competent young Engineers, Scientists, and Management Professionals to cater to the ever-increasing techno-managerial needs of national and international standards fulfilling professional ethics and societal commitment.
MISSIONS
• To produce techno-managerial human resources in line with global needs, offering a state-of-the-art facility, research, and engineering and allied disciplines.
• To enhance the effectiveness of technical education with innovative systems and devising a mechanism to facilitate the application of research findings to solve real problems of industries/academics.
• To nurture and sustain an academic ambience conducive to the development of intellectually capable and committed professionals so that effective growth is obtained for the region’s economic development and the nation as a whole.
• To establish as the corridor of higher education for the South East Asian countries.
EDUCATION SYSTEM
Presently the Institute offers eight UG courses and PG courses in several fields along with Post Doctoral Fellowships. This Institute is autonomous under NIT being act passed by the parliament.
The Institute recently introduced a new curriculum in IITs where more elective subjects are being offered to make the system flexible. Previously, the Institute used to follow the mark based system of evaluation, but have been switching over to a credit-based system to keep track of the global evaluation methods. Industrial training, Undertaking projects are parts of the education system and students are also encouraged to take various activities for social development through NSS and NCC.
Initiatives
The Institute recently has been converted from State Engineering College to National Institute of Technology. The total seats have been increased from 250 to 420 for the academic session 2007-2008. Recently three Under Graduate courses has been introduced in Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Transportation Engineering and Production Engineering. The Civil Engineering Department will start a PG programme in Structural Engineering to fulfil the requirement of the State. The nonresidential campus is to be made residential with the reopening of two boys hostels and one girl’s hostel for the students admitted for the session 2007-2008. A master plan is under preparation for 335 acres of land where a new campus will be built with modern facilities for the overall requirement of the Institute. The Institute is getting a 33 VK dedicated power supply through Tripura State Electricity Corporation Limited for uninterrupted power supply in the campus. The R. D. Department of Govt. of Tripura took total renovation work of the existing buildings after conversion to NIT. The Institute has also obtained a grant of 12 crore rupees from DoNER for the development of infrastructures like the extension of the Library Building, an extension of the Academic Building, the Centralized Computer Centre, a new water treatment plant and boys and girls common room. The campus is now totally connected through Wi-Fi with WiMAX wireless backbone and all e-journal facilities are available in the digital library of NIT Agartala.
CSR is the process by which an organisation thinks about and evolves its relationship with stakeholders for common goods and demonstrate its commitment in their regard by adoption of appropriate business process and strategies.
CSR is no charity or mere donations but is a way of conducting business, by which corporate entities visibly contribute to social good. Socially responsible companies use CSR to integrate economic, environmental and social objectives with companies operations and growth.
TYPES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
1.Philanthropic Responsibility
At the top of the pyramid, occupying the smallest space is Philanthropic Responsibility. Businesses have long been criticized for their carbon footprint, their part in pollution and exploitation of natural resources. To counterbalance these negatives a business stands a responsibility to “give back” to the community they take from.
Philanthropic responsibility include things such as:-
i) Funding educational programs
ii) Supporting health initiatives
iii) Donating to causes
iv) Supporting community beautification projects
2. Environmental Responsibility
Environmental CSR aims to reduce any damaging effects on the environment from operations of business.
It may focus on:
1.Energy use
2. Water use
3. Waste Management
4. Recycling
5. Emissions
6. Eco-friendly office and business travel policies
Advantages of Environmental CSR
1.Green CSR can reduce business risk
2. Improve reputation
3. Provide opportunities for cost savings
Even the simplest energy efficiency measures can generate savings and make a difference for firm.
3. Legal Responsibility
Legal responsibilities are not only liable to the individuals in the society but also to the businesses in the society. As business is an entity itself, it must also follow laws and rules.
Every business has a responsibility to operate within the boundaries set by the various commissions and agencies at every level of the Government. These rules and regulations are set for maintaining balance and the greater good of the society.
A law-abiding enterprise is a socially responsible enterprise as well. The business is free to do business however it wants but only within the boundaries of regulations of various laws
Some Laws are as follow:-
1. Labour Law
2.Environmental Law
3. Criminal Law
For example, it’s a business’s duty to pay taxes to the government and keep its account books clean as it helps the government to track the economic state of the company.
4. Economic Responsibility
The first and most important responsibility of a business is to be profitable. It is the foundation and base on which all other responsibilities rest. Without profit, the company would not be able to pay their workers, employees will lose their jobs even before the company starts CSR activities.
Being profitable is the only way for a company to be able to survive long term, and benefit society. Additionally, this also means that it is a company’s duty to produce goods and services that are needed/wanted by the customers, at a reasonable price.
Economic responsibility is an interconnected field that focuses to strike a balance between business, environmental, and philanthropic practices.
Performing this responsibility companies try to find out a solution that can facilitate their business growth and generate profits by benefiting the community and society.
SWOT Analysis is a framework used to evaluate a company’s competitive position and to develop strategic planning. It helps in assessing internal and external factors, as well as current and future potential.
A SWOT analysis is designed to facilitate a realistic, fact-based, data-driven look at the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, initiatives, or within its industry. The organization needs to keep the analysis accurate by avoiding pre-conceived beliefs or gray areas and instead focusing on real-life contexts. Companies should use it as a guide and not necessarily as a prescription.
Meaning of SWOT
Strengths-S stands for Strength. It refers to the areas of expertise or any other unique factor that can act as a asset in growth of an organization and provides with an upper edge over its competitors.
Weaknesses-W stands for Weaknesses. It refers to the drawbacks and areas in which an organization needs to work upon to face the competition in the market.
Opportunities-O stands for Opportunities. It refers to the favorable conditions or occasions that can act beneficial in growth of the organization.
Threats-T stands for Threats. These are the unexpected and unfavorable conditions or occasions that can act as a barrier in growth and working of an organization
STRENGTHS OF UDAAN
1.Strong Foundation Team:- The founding members of the company already had the required knowledge and experience after working at Flipkart. Due to this, many other Flipkart employees also joined the startup, which helped them in increasing their efficiency and productivity. It enabled the engineers to work on their creativity, which is encouraged at Udaan.
2.Innovative Idea:- The company emerged with a new idea of providing online services to retailers and wholesalers. It provided with a platform for B2B Commerce that can help them in effectively competing with the big retailers and the big branded stores and websites. This helped them to enlarge their customer base.
3.Large and Satisfied Customer Base:-The company has around 1,50,000 sellers on its platform that is increasing each day with increase in downloads and website visits.
WEAKNESS OF UDAAN
1.Unable to manage its Expenses-The expenditures of the company increases with increase in revenue amount but the hike in expenditure is more than the proportion of revenue
2.Supply Chain Issues- The company often struggles in finding potential suppliers to meet the requirements in different geographical areas and deliver the product on time.
3.Requirement of Internet- There are still some areas that don’t have internet facility. These people stay deprived acting as a barrier in covering all geographical areas.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR UDAAN
1.B2C –The company should develop a platform that deals B2C i.e. Business to Customers along with its current department. This will help in increasing the customer base and revenue sources of the organisation.
2.Management Consulting-The company should consult a consultant. This will help the company to manage their resources in a better manner.
3.Setting up of Outlets-The company is currently dealing through online platform. Investing in setting up offline outlets in different geographic area can help in boosting customer base.
THREATS FOR UDAAN
1.Cost:-In an ecosystem where company has to face a lot of competition to survive in the market. Many a times the company has to offer its products and services at a higher price as compared to market due to high amount of cost incurred in the process that can compel its customers to switch to another company.
2.Economic Factors:- The company has invested a handsome amount of money as capital. A small change in economic factors can have a huge impact on the company.
3.Decreasing Profits:-The company though increasing its revenue each year is not able to boost the profits too. The profits are decreasing each year which is a major threat and needs a quick action.
Udaan is a Private start-up run by Hiveloop Technology Pvt. Ltd based in Bengaluru that was able to secure its space in unicorn club i.e. a Privately Held start-up valued at $1 billion or more. It is a B2B i.e. a Business to Business marketplace.
It was founded in 2017 after analyzing the market by using Beta App that was launched in November 2016 by Former Flipkart employees Amod Malviya, Sujeet Kumar and Vaibhav Gupta.
While Malviya was Chief Technology Officer at Flipkart, Kumar was the Senior Operations Executive and Gupta was Senior Vice-President of Business Finance and Analytics Department at Flipkart.
Udaan is a B2B marketplace which connects traders, wholesalers, retailers and manufacturers on a single platform via a mobile app.
Udaan helps businesses discover customers, suppliers and products across categories and connect them in order to get the best deal. The platform also facilitates secure payments and gives logistics support.
There are around 1,50,000 sellers on Udaan platform across India offering products such as apparels, electronics, staples and fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) to wholesale buyers.
Udaan has so far secured a total funding amount of $ 1.2 Billion over 6 rounds.
Its first capital infusion came in November 2016, when it raised $10 million from Lightspeed Venture Partners.
Their latest funding was raised on Jan 6, 2021 from a Series D round.
The start-up offers an employment to more than 5,000 employees working as a valuable asset for the organisation.
The organisation was able to achieve 6,286 downloads in last 30 days showcasing the success path.
It has 8,16,978 website visitors in last 30 days including visitors from India and abroad.
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