Category: Education

Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

The concept of PIL originated and developed in the US in the 1960. In the USA it was designed to provide legal representation to previously unrepresented groups and interests. In India, the PIL is a product of the judicial activism role of the supreme court; it was introduced in the early 1980s. Justice V R Krishna Iyer and Justice P N Bhagwati were the pioneers of the concept of PIL.

Under the PIL, any public spirited citizen or a social organisation can move the court for the enforcement of the rights of any person or group of persons who because of their poverty or ignorance or socially or economically disadvantaged position are themselves unable to approach the court for the remedies.

The real purposes of the PIL are:

  • Vindication of the rule of law 
  • Facilitating effective access to justice to the socially and economically weaker sections of the society 
  • Meaningful realization of the fundamental rights 

Features of the PIL:

  •  PIL is a strategic arm of the Legal Aid movement and is intended to bring justice within the reach of the poor masses who constitute the low visibility area of humanity .
  • It is brought before the court not for the purpose of enforcing the right of one individual against another as happens in the case of ordinary litigation but it is intended to promote and vindicate Public Interest.
  • PIL demands that violation of constitutional and legal rights of large numbers of people who are poor, ignorant or in a socially and economically disadvantaged position should not go unnoticed and unredressed.
  • In PIL, the litigation is undertaken for the purpose of redressing public injury, enforcing public duty, protecting social, collective, diffused rights and interests or vindicating Public Interest.
  • In PIL the role held by the court is more assertive than in the traditional actions; it is creative rather than passive and it assumes a more positive attitude in determining acts.

Renewable Energy Sources

Energy is an important input for development. It aims at human welfare covering household, agricultural transport & industrial complexes. Due to population explosion the demand for various forms of energy has got increased many folds. Renewable Resources can be generated continuously in nature & are inexhaustible. These resources can be used again & again in an endless manner.

RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIESWIND POWER

  1. WIND POWER :

Wind is an emissions-free source of energy. It is harnessed by making use of wind mills. Number of wind mills are installed in cluster are called wind farms. Minimum wind speed required is 150km/hr. A windmill converts wind energy into rotational energy by means of its blades. The basic principle of every windmill is to convert kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy which is used to rotate the turbine of electrical generator to produce electricity.

2. HYDROPOWER

Hydropower or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity. Modern hydro turbines can convert as much as 90% of the available energy into electricity. Hydroelectric power generates about 10% of the nation’s energy. Hydropower is fueled by water, so it’s a clean fuel source, meaning it won’t pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas.

3. TIDAL ENERGY

It is harnessed from the tides produced in the ocean. The turbine and generator converts the movement of water coming from change in tide, the kinetic energy, into electricity. Tidal Energy has an expensive initial cost which may be one of the reasons tidal energy is not a popular source of renewable energy.

4. SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy as energy obtained from the sun. Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source. It can be used in many appliances like Solar heat collectors, Solar cells, Solar cookers, Solar water heaters Solar power plant, Solar furnace.

Top 10 Residential Uses for Solar Energy

High crop yield possible, Former NASA scientist makes amazing discovery

  • A former NASA scientist Parag Narvekar has created sensors to enhance farm produce for farmers in Nashik, Maharashtra. He claims that new sensors will assist farmers to understand the weather and adjust their use of irrigation and fertilisers. According to Narvekar, the new sensors are more cost-effective than the already existing ones and have made sensors of Rs 10,000 that earlier use to cost Rs 1.5 lakh.

Cost-effective Sensors to Improve Farm Produce

  • A resident of Nashik, Narvekar owns a company Sensartics that makes weather sensors and offers cost-effective solutions to farmers. Narvekar’s company has also collaborated in the past with more organisations to provide solutions to local farmers’ problems. In February this year, Sensartics collaborated with Sahyadri Farmers Producers Company (FPC) to establish sensors in Nashik’s grape farms to safeguard the farmers from losing their harvest because of odd weather. The team installs sensors at the root zone levels of the plants. These sensors calculated temperature, soil moisture and soil electrical conductivity. Sensors placed in the canopies measured humidity and leaf wetness other than temperature.
  • Narvekar, with his team at Sensartics, has also established village level local weather stations that can provide precise weather forecasts beneficial for the local farmers, the efforts of Narvekar and his company have brought state-of-the-art meteorological stations within the reach of farmers.
  • With this they Gained greater clarity around the potential of sensors to improve agriculture and food security.

reference- https://d-lab.mit.edu/research/mit-d-lab-cite/internet-things-low-cost-sensors-agriculture

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321740995_A_Cost-effective_Smart_Farming_System_with_Knowledge_Base

Female foeticide – Bitter truth of society

The process of finding out the sex of a foetus and then undergoing abortion if it is a girl is called Female foeticide.

Stop female foeticide

According to certain section of the Indian penal code for forced abortion ,causing death of an unborn child or intentionally preventing a child being born alive are punishable offence.

The Indian government has passed Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT) in 1994 to ban and punish prenatal sex screening and female foeticide.

It is currently illegal in India.

Besides this the prenatal diagnostic technique regulation and prevention of misuse act consider engaging and sex selective abortion using prenatal diagnosis technique are punishable.

Why I am killed by my parents
Why??
Could I harm someone
Or can I do something wrong
If no then why I am  killed by my parents
Why they killed me
Just tell me
Were my dreams only for dying…?
Was I meant nothing for you?
Why your hand don’t tremble while taking my life?
Why..?
Please don’t kill me …
I also wants to live
I also want to enjoy every moment of my life
Please don’t kill me
Please….

Let them live

The natural sex ratio is assumed to be between 103 and 107, and any number above it is considered as suggestive of female foeticide.

Sex selection is a practice which takes place among some uneducated,poor sections or a particular religion of the Indian society.

According to the decennial Indian census, the sex ratio in 0 to 6 age group in India has risen from 102.4 males per 100 females in 1961, to 104.2 in 1980, to 107.5 in 2001, to 108.9 in 2011.

Child sex ratio is significantly higher in certain western and northwestern states such as Maharashtra, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir (118, 120 and 116, as of 2011, respectively).

The western states of Maharashtra and Rajasthan 2011 census found a child sex ratio of 113, Gujarat at 112 and Uttar Pradesh at 111.

Urban India has higher child sex ratio than rural India according to 1991, 2001 and 2011 Census data, implying higher prevalence of female foeticide in urban India.

child sex ratio in major states in India throughout the years 1981, 1991, and 2001-Wikipedia

The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India’s states and union territories, according to 2011 Census of India for population count in the 0-1 age group.The data suggests 18 states/UT had birth sex ratio higher than 107 implying excess males at birth and/or excess female mortalities after birth but before she reaches the age of 1, 13 states/UT had normal child sex ratios in the 0-1 age group, and 4 states/UT had birth sex ratio less than 103 implying excess females at birth and/or excess male mortalities after birth but before he reaches the age of 1.

Due to male dominancy in society ,the male babies are preferred because they provide manual labour and success to the family lineage.

A son is preferred as an asset since he can earn and support the family but a daughter is a liability since she will be married off to another family or she will not contribute financially to her parent or due to dowry system.

Dowry is the payment from bride’s family to the groom family at the time of marriage.

Dowry is the main reason behind the female foeticide.

Dowry system legally ended with the dowry prohibition act of 1961 ,the impossibility of monitoring families and prevalence of corruption have led to its continuance all over India.

The advancement in technology is the major cause of female foeticide.

Some doctors do this act to fulfill their moneydesire

People in India usually see men’s work as “productive” and contributing the family, while the social perception of female labor does not have that connotation. This also ties to the fact that it is easier for men in India to get high paying jobs and provide financially for their families.

Role of panchayat members


Panchayat members should

  • give accurate information on the laws pertaining to this issue
  • find out where it is being practiced in the village and investigate it immediately
  • register all births and deaths under the purview of the panchayat
  • raise awareness about gender sensitivity through public education programmes
  • prevent female foeticide with assistance from the ANM and local mid-wife.

Increasing awareness of the problem has led to multiple campaigns by celebrities and journalists to combat sex-selective abortions.

The first episode “Daughters Are Precious” of the show Satyamev Jayate to raise awareness of female foeticide.

Charvaka Philosophy: Epistemology and Metaphysics

Charvaka is a heterodox school of Indian Philosophy and is materialistic in nature. It believes that true knowledge can be achieved only when it is perceptible to our 5 senses and our mind. Therefore Charvaka accepts only ‘Pratyaksha’ (perception) as its epistemology. It rejects Anumana, Arthpati and Upmana because these epistemologies include pure ‘reasoning’ which is denied by Charvaka. However, it does accepts Shabda (authority/testimony) to some extent if and only if it is perceptible in nature i.e it accepts only Authorative epistemology of perceptible objects. The denial of Anuplabdhi ( non-existent/non-perception) is clear because Charvaka’s philosophy does not believe in what can’t be perceived. 

The criticisms to Charvaka’s Philosophy are many. First, due to Charvaka accepting only one source of knowledge (Pratyaksha), it restricts knowledge. Second, perception knowledge is not always valid knowledge. For e.g hallucinations and mirages. Third, to understand the objects we perceive we require the usage of inference no matter how small. Lastly, it is impossible to have a discussion and it stands impractical if we ignore the other 5 epistemologies.

Charvaka’s Metaphysics follows the logical consequence of it’s epistemology. There are 3 aspects to Charvaka’s metaphysics. 

1. Acceptance of 4 elements

Charvaka accepts only 4 elements out of the 5 i.e Air, Water, Fire and Earth. It rejects space because space can’t be perceived. Using the 4 elements Charvaka explains the creation of consciousness. It states that the 4 elements are independent and have a conscience of their own, due to which they come together and merge, leading to the creation of life or consciousness. 

2. Denial of God. 

Charvaka completely denies the existence of God. Charvaka states that God can’t be perceived and that which can’t be perceived does not exist. Secondly, Charvaka has already credited the 4 elements for the creation of life and therefore denies that God is the being responsible for creation. As for any other belief related to God, Charvaka states that it is purely based on human faith and has no proof. 

3. Denial of Soul

Since soul has a consciousness and Charvaka cannot deny consciousness Charvaka comes up with its own theory of soul. It denies the regularly accepted definition of soul i.e. soul is eternal and is a separate entity from human body. Charvaka says that soul is nothing but a body endowed with consciousness. Soul and body are one and inseparable. 

To this there rises a criticism that if body and soul are one then why is it that the body can be perceived but the soul cannot. Thus leading to the self-contradiction of Charvaka’s own soul theory.

Charvaka although a less known philosophy compared to others does stand with its own point. There are contradictions but what makes Charvaka a worthy philosophy is it’s courageous stance in an era where Vedas and Upanishads were everything. Charvaka has shown their strong views despite the heavy criticism. What makes interesting is their theory of Hedonism and pursuing what one wants for the satisfaction of their life. 

SEX VS GENDER (IDENTITY) VS SEXUALITY (SEXUAL ORIENTATION)

A long-time running misconception among people is that sex, gender and sexuality are the same. And that there exists only 3 genders/sex/sexuality in the world i.e. Male, Female and Intersex. Often people do not even know about Intersex and believe that Male and Female are Bisht 2 the only two beings possible. Therefore, before we move forward, I’d like to make these concepts clear and spread some basic knowledge about the difference between them.
Sex: In general terms ‘sex’ refers to the biological differences between males and females, such as the genitalia and genetic differences. (Chromosomes) Gender (Gender Identity): Gender refers to the socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men.
It varies from society to society and can be changed. This is the ‘binary’ view of gender, where only two genders are accepted i.e. man and woman. The norms laid for the way a man and a woman should behave in society is known as gender role.
Gender Identity on the other hand, is an individual’s view of themselves. It is one’s internal sense of being a man, a woman, both or neither. How much do you feel like a man, a woman, or something else? This is your gender identity. Gender is a spectrum, because you could feel a little like a man, a lot like a woman, and maybe also a bit like something else. Or you could feel like none of these. That would make you agender, meaning that you don’t feel any of these gender identities fit you. Since every individual has a unique sense of experiencing things differently, gender can’t be restricted to just male and female.
When talking about gender we have many gender related terms that are a must-know for anyone. Here are some of them listed below!

  1. Gender Expression: Gender expression is how a person publicly expresses or presents their gender. This can include behaviour and outward appearance such as dress, hair, make-up, body language and voice. A person’s chosen name and pronoun are also common ways of expressing gender. Therefore, you should always ask a person’s Bisht 3 pronoun when you meet them in order to address them properly and not misgender them as it can be hurtful and disrespectful.
  2. Transgender: “Transgender” is an umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or expression does not match the sex they were assigned at birth. For example, a transgender person may identify as a woman despite having been born with male genitalia.
  3. Genderfluid: Gender fluidity is a gender identity that may change over time or according to relational or psychological state, and also incorporates the feeling of not having a gender. In practice, gender fluid people may express masculinity, femininity, or an androgynous self in their personality, sexual experiences, and self-concept.
    Sexuality (Sexual Orientation): Sexuality or sexual orientation describes a person’s enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attraction to another person. In short it is the individual’s preference to the sex he/she/they feel attracted to, be it sexually or romantically.
    (for e.g. straight, gay, lesbian, bisexual, asexual) Coming Out: Coming out is a process of understanding, accepting, and valuing your sexual orientation/identity. It involves both exploring your identity and sharing your identity with others.

: Effectiveness of Garlic :

Bulbs of Garlic (simply it called Garlic)

Garlic is the common vegetable which is used all over the world in every type of food cuisine . The scientific name of garlic is  Allum sativum . It is flowering plant of bulbous type .It belongs from the Allium genus & a closely connected to the onion ,shallots ,chives etc. It is mostly used  for the purpose of seasoning & as a spice element .Some time it is also used as a vegetable for its health benefactor property .Its color is naturally white but black garlic are also available  .Garlic has a strong pungent smell .From ancient time it is used as a medicinal element for its containing compounds .It was used a element of preventing bugs in ancient time .Ancient Egyptian had the belief that it have reservation property that’s why it is used during mummification .

Cloves of Garlic

NUTRITION VALUE : Garlic has so many nutritious elements . USDA had provided a report of nutrition value of a regular 3 gm. Garlic clove —                                                                                                                                                         It contains 4.5 gm. Calories , has no fat , 5 gm. Of sodium (Na) ,1 gm. Of carbohydrates ,0.06 – 1 gm. Of fiber ,no sugar ,2 gm. Protein ,2% of manganese (Mn) in daily value , 2% of vitamin B6 in daily value ,1% of selenium (Sc) in daily value ,!% of vitamin C in daily value .Apart from them it also contains calcium (Ca) ,iron (Fe) ,phosphorus (P) ,various types of vitamin B ,potassium (K) etc. It also have amino acids , antioxidants ,Allison ,pro-biotic , Inulin . In simple word garlic have lots of manganese (Mn) , vitamin c ,vitamin B6 but has very low amount of carbohydrates ,fat ,proteins .

Garlic used in Salad

EFFECTS: Garlic has so many health benefactors for our body .I have collected some of them. They are enlisted below —                                                                                                                                                                                   1. It effectively works on various common illness and symptoms like common cold, flu etc. which is proved by National Institute of Health.                                                                                                                                                    2. It helps to decrease blood pressure of high blood pressure patients. In this way it also prevents diseases like cardiovascular problems or, heart problems.                                                                                                                    3. Garlic helps to lower the LDL or bad types of cholesterol in blood & prevents heart problems.                                              4. The free radical oxidation which is responsible for aging effect in our body can be prevented by the antioxidants of garlic. In that way the chances of Alzheimer’s diseases reduces & protect the brain health.                                                                                                                                                                                    5. Garlic can prevent the toxic heavy metals in our body like sulfur (S) element & prevent organ damage. 6. Studies say that garlic has the power of preventing colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer & some other cancers.                                                                                                                                                                                 7. It also helps to lose weight if it is taken during diet.                                                                                   8. Garlic also fights against hypertension.                                                                               9. Garlic helps to higher the power of antioxidant potential of blood by lowering the level of free oxidative radicals in blood.                                                                                                                                                        10. Garlic has pro-biotic elements which helps to grow good bacteria in our guts or digestive system & harms the bad bacteria for containing of Inulin as fiber .It increase the gut function of our body in this way.

Goodness of Garlic

But, you also have to remember that taking lots of amount garlic can also have reverse effect in body so it should be taken in a measured amount .

BOOKISH TERMS

Don’t judge a book by its cover. But, who can ignore if the books come with eye-grabbing front covers and alluring editions? Book readers have a lot of Idioms and Phrases and especially things names to convey their ideas among themselves. But, not everyone knows the difference between the books and those names. Thus, we are going to look at those bookish terms (Especially about book editions) and their meaning and I will include some pics in each section so that you will get a clear idea about all of them. Book editions have a great part in the lifespan of the books. If the quality of the book is promising, they can live until your grand grandchildren age. So, choosing a book is not merely choosing the title or the plot of the book. But, it’s an investment to pass knowledge through generations.

Paperbacks

Reference image: The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern

Paperbacks are common books that we see and buy day to daily life. Paperback editions are based on thin front binding and are most fragile. Paperback always has good designs on its front cover. And easy to read, lightweight and comfortable. Paperbacks are pocket and travel-friendly editions. If you are a person who would like to read while traveling, paperbacks are an adequate option.

Hardcovers

Reference image: Circe by Madeline Miller

Hardcovers are the most expensive editions in books categories. They will have thick hard binding rather than a thin paper front cover. And to the bonus, they will have a highly decorated protective cover. Which helps the hardcover to remain dust-free. (To be honest, the binding of the book will be hard and plain but the protective sleeves will be decorative. thus, we will take care of the sleeves as much as we care about the book.) Some hardcovers come with designs even in the binding part. Those are called as special editions. Hardcovers are heavyweight and double in price range comparing to paperbacks. But, still, they are the real shelf slayers. If you want to collect books. Hardcover can give a dramatic image to your shelves.

Hardbound

Reference image: The Prophet by Kalil Gibran


Hardbound books are nearly hardcovers but don’t have protective sleeves. They have a hard binding with attractive designs on them. But, without protective sleeves. Some hard bounds come with gold dust paper edges which is an alluring part of these books. These kinds of editions are also heavily weighed some short stories and novels contain lesser pages have no effect of hand pain while reading. Hardbound gives an aesthetic, classy, and breathtaking vintage look to your collections. The idea of hardbound books is to giving us some vintage and classical themes while reading.

Pirated Books

Reference image: Ink spilled and poor quality pages from the book IKIGAI


Pirated books are cheap books but which are illegally printed. Some publishing houses print them without the author and the authorization’s/copyright’s permission. And those books are highly cheap compared to any other editions. They will have tons of errors and misprints. So, even though if you don’t want to have that book you can’t even sell them at half rate. Because the lifespan of Pirated books are less than 30 years. And no one will love to buy misprinted and ink-spilled books. So, whenever you are going for a sale if the books are cheap flip those books 1000 times and make sure it is not misprinted, ink spilled, cross alignment, missing pages or black pages in between the chapters. And one more thing to add, Pirated books are unauthorized copies. Thus, it won’t give any profits to the Authors. As readers and book admire we should support them will all our efforts. So, spending a little more on good books is not spending it’s an investment for the future.

Belarus: Escalating political tension and sanctions

Belarus is an overlooked country that is located east of Poland and south of Lithuania and Latvia. It is bordered by Russia in the East and also bordered by Ukraine in the South. The landlocked country has an area of 207,600 square kilometers (80,200 square mi) and a population of little over 9 million people. Belarus was one of the newest countries that were formed after the disintegration of the USSR in 1991.

Alexander Lukashenko was elected Belarus’s first president of Belarus in 1994. Since then he has held the position and has been governing the country for more than 25 years. Lukashenko’s style of governance has been deemed as authoritative as there have been no free elections since he got elected. He has maintained many of the Pre-Soviet policies and Belarus’s Democracy Index rating is the lowest in Europe. In the 2020 Belarusian elections, Lukashenko was declared the winner against the opposition leader Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. The election was marred by allegations of widespread electoral fraud. Many western countries had demanded a re-run but that never happened. This also triggered mass protests across the major cities in Belarus. But to control the critics and protesters, the government reacted with brute force, arresting demonstrators and sending numerous protestors behind the bars.

In May 2021 the kidnapping of opposition journalist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend, Sofia Sapega was another sign of the Belarusian government’s woes against any kind of critics. This was basically a state-sponsored hijacking of air piracy. This incident occurred on Ryanair Flight 4978 en route to Vilnius on May 23 when the plane was diverted to Minsk with a fake bomb threat from Belarusian air traffic control. After this violation of international aviation rules, both were arrested on questionable charges of organizing mass unrest.

Belarus has always swayed between Russia and the EU but recently European Union has imposed one of the toughest restrictions against Belarus. EU has blocked the sale or supply of major technology to Belarus, as well as restricted access to capital markets and trade in oil and potash. EU has also imposed airspace restrictions against Belarus. But any sanctions against Belarus must not target ordinary people. Because the land borders are already sealed off with Poland and Lithuania. The only viable option for Belarusian people was air travel. So this restriction will also affect the citizens of the country. To counter the problem of Potash sanctions, Lukashenko has struck a deal with his Russian business friend to create a new Potash mining and processing plant. But this will come at a cost of increased taxes for the individual citizens of Belarus amid the Covid-19 crisis and economic downturn. The United States has also imposed visa bans and other sanctions on 62 individuals who were identified as contributing to the Belarus crackdown.  

The citizens of Belarus deserve free Elections and a leader who can think about the citizens of the country instead of holding onto the power. With a progressive leader, Belarus could have been on par with the Baltic countries. The recent sanction might or might not work but in the end, the common citizens of the country suffer the most. 

References:

Do you know about Maritime laws in india ? Let’s see some marine offenses

Definition of maritime laws :

In its counterparts as public law , it widely known as “the law of sea “. It also called Admiralty law. the process of carrying goods through sea, rules concerning protection and maintenance of ships at sea, registration and damage to ships, marine insurance etc. , is covered under maritime laws .

As india is surrounded by water from the three sides , it created nature condition for Marin trade after the water territorial trade started.

Legislations prior to Independence : maritime laws in India were governed under the British government. There are some of the regulations which deal with various aspects of maritime in India.

  • Coasting Vessels Act, 1838
  • Indian Registration of Ships Act, 1841,
  • Admiralty Offences (Colonial) Act, 1849
  • Inland Steam Vessels Act, 1917
  • Indian Ports Act, 1908
  • Control of Shipping Act, 1947

Legislations after independence : after the  independence sea laws mostly governed under article 297 of the constitution. And there are different lex on waters, continental shelf, EEZ and other maritime zones.

Some of the acts are there , for maritimes affairs . This are

  • The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
  • The Admiralty (Jurisdiction and Settlement of Maritime Claims) Act, 2017. 
  • Article 297 of the constitution

Marines crimes , are frequent offenses which  have been committing in sea . There are some marine offences mentioned below –

  • Maritime Piracy
  • Smuggling Exotic plants and animals
  • Unauthorized entry
  • Illegal Carrying of Weapons and artillery
  • Maritime Drug trafficking
  • Maritime Human Trafficking
  • Discharging in Ocean Waters
  • Sailing or fishing in unauthorized areas–
  • Tax evasion

Maritime piracy is an illegal act of violence, detention or destruction against a ship , on person or property, for private purposes, by the crew or passengers of a private ship . Piracy also includes inciting and intentionally facilitating such acts of violence, and voluntarily participating in the operation of a pirate ship . Pushiment for piracy is prescribed in anti maritime piracy bill 2019 , that is (i) life imprisonment ; or (ii) death , if the act of piracy is caused or seek to cause death.

Smuggling Exotic plants and animals : For a ship without authorization, its illegal to do Smuggling of exotic plants and animals for wildlife smuggling. This is because wildlife smuggling involves the isolation of plants and animals. When they arrived at the destination, they may not be able to adapt to the new place. Animals may also cause vulnerable diseases in people. And it may also leads to the serious illness or death of animals . To smuggle Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora , is crime in maritime law.

Unauthorized entry : the ship must seek permission from government of that nation , For entry in a nation’s marine boundary . Sailing on that nation’s waters without a permission is a maritime crime and punishable in all countries. And a person who illegally and secretly boards and hides in to the ship, without the consent of ship owner and master, to travel into international waters to reach some other country without any monitory payment and legal documents , is known as stowaway.

Illegal Carrying of Weapons and Artillery : to carry weapons and artillery, throughout the water territory of any country , which is not legally bonded , is a martime offence .Goods which are sensitive in nature can be transported by specific ships only . Bringing in weapons on a ship, is not authorized , it is a punishable offense.

Maritime Drug trafficking : maritime drug trafficking means transportation of illegal drugs produced in this region to global consumer markets through using ships . To sell drug, is illegal in itself and trafficking of it become more severe offence .

Maritime Human Trafficking : maritime Human Trafficking involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act , through exporting victim in other country vie ships .

Discharging in Ocean Waters : it refers to the sewage discharge done by the vessels and ships in the water territory of any nation . Marine pollution is a serious issue and almost all countries have strict policies against ships discharging sewage or oil into their coastal waters.

Sailing or fishing in unauthorized areas : it’s an offence to do sailing in an areas of water territory where the sailing or fishing is not allowed .

Tax evasion : ship owners trying to evade taxes through false documentation or incorrect representation of cargo material have been increasing rapidly, posing a threat to maritime security. It’s a white collar crime.

How to cope up with “Anxiety”.

More than 10million cases are roaming here and there in India every year, and how can we say that it’s a very common disorder that people suffer from.

What is anxiety?

Well, anxiety is an emotion of fear, worry, and nervousness? When it responds it’s a feeling of fear or uncertainty about what is going to happen. It is your mind that tricks you or we can say when these kinda things happen. Usually, we control our minds but when the mind controls us this type of illness happens.

Most people suffer from anxiety and stress over time. Stress is any pressure placed on your brain or physical body, people can report feeling pointed up when many competing demands are placed on them. Anxiety and stress are not bad at all times, it can help you conquer a challenge or dangerous situation.

Mental health illnesses like anxiety can be characterized by feelings of worry, these are very strong enough to obstruct one’s daily activities. Once it gets started, then it will affect you in your daily life.

Worrying about finding a job, being embarrassed in certain social gatherings, feeling nervous before the examination, or having some personal relationship problems. Apart from all this, we can say that these were some examples of getting caught in the hands of Anxiety and stress.

Your mind is playing with you, it’s a natural thing, and if it’s so then you’re avoiding problems due to unreasonable fears, worrying more
often, or experiencing severe anxiety constantly for weeks and now it’s time to seek help.
If you see, mental illness is a type of health condition where we can see changes in feeling, reasoning, or attitude and it is correlated with distress or problems functioning in social, job, or family activities.

We are talking about how to cope with anxiety. So, let us show you how to deal with your Anxiety using “coping skills”.

Coping Skills:

Coping skill is the skill that uses cognitive and behavioral techniques to regulate the needs of a situation when these are appraised as taxing or overstepping someone’s reserves or to lower the negative emotions and disputes which were affected by stress. Managing your anxiety well can help you feel better physically and psychologically.

These are some coping strategies that can help you to deal with your anxiety.

Take a break.

When you’re suffering from anxiety, you don’t have any control over yourself, your mind overlooks you and you’ll feel disturbed. So, take a break, you can practice yoga, meditation can also make you calm as well. Breathing suitably can make you fight problems such as hyperventilation or chest tightness caused by anxiety. Having a nice massage can be a nice way to reduce anxiety, soothing music can also make you less anxious. With all these relaxation techniques, Aromatherapy and Hydrotherapy can also help you to reduce anxiety.

Eat Properly.

While suffering from stress or anxiety you have fewer cravings, you just start to miss your meals, and if you’re doing so then just stop it. Start to eat and make sure you eat healthily and regularly, don’t miss any of your meals, and make sure you drink water in more quantity, limit your alcohol and caffeine intake, or if it’s possible then just stop consuming these things which can create panic attacks. More water can reduce the level of anxiety and stress if you’re in a hurry or you have work to do. Just bring out some healthful and energy-boosting snacks on your hand.

Sleep is essential.

When you’re under stress your body needs more sleep than usual, so if your body needs extra sleep then just go with the flow. Stop thinking to stop all the things which are coming into your mind and making you overthink or making you desperate about anything. Just make sure you’re breathing properly, inhale, and exhale gradually, do it every day if you want.

Fitness suggestions.

Try to include at least 2 and half hours of moderate-intensity physical activity, for eg. brisk walking each week, 2 hours of an effective -intensity activity (such as jogging or swimming laps), or try to jog, walk, bike, or dance three to five times a week for 30 minutes.

Rather than perfect workouts, put small daily goals for aiming daily consistency to make yourself feel better. It’s fine to walk or run every day for 30 minutes instead of thinking of running in a half-day marathon. With a portable media player, you can also download your favorite audiobooks, podcasts, and music. If you’re doing your exercise then you should find a way to make it enjoyable.

If you’re kind of an introverted person, then try to find some forms of exercise that create excitement and are more enjoyable for you. You should also find an “exercise buddy”. With whois gets easier to stick with your exercise when you’re committed to your friend, beloved, or anyone of your loved ones.

And be patient, more than an exercise it’s about being considerate in all fields of your life. Being like this will adore you with all the prosperity and wellness in your personality as well as in your life. Don’t stop working on yourself, you don’t know how beautiful you are.

Fitness Suggestions.

Try to include at least 2 and half hours of moderate-intensity physical activity, for eg. brisk walking each week, 2 hours of an effective -intensity activity (such as jogging or swimming laps), or try to jog, walk, bike, or dance three to five times a week for 30 minutes.

Rather than perfect workouts, putting small daily goals for aiming daily consistency to make yourself feel better. It’s fine to walk or run every day for 30 minutes instead of thinking to run in a half-day marathon. With a portable media player you can also download your favorite audiobooks, podcasts, and music, if you’re doing your exercise then you should find a way to make it joyful.

If you’re kind of an introverted person, then try to find some forms of exercise that make create excitement and are more enjoyable for you. You should also find an “exercise buddy”. With whom it gets easier to stick with your exercise when you’re committed to your friend, beloved, or anyone of your loved ones.

And be patient, more than an exercise it’s about being considerate in all fields of your life. Being like this will adore you with all the prosperity and wellness in your personality as well as in your life. Don’t stop working on yourself, you don’t know how beautiful you are.

Encounter your illness.

To trigger your anxiousness, count to 10 slowly or you can count till 20. And try to follow the 3-3-3 rule, in this rule you need your ankle, fingers, and your arm, whenever you feel that your brain is moving very fast accordingly this trick can help you to center your mind.

Just try to evaluate yourself, don’t think about anything bad or about something that never happened to you or will happen to you. This is not you, your mind is tricking you to overthink about it, but you’ve to fight it.

Every time, when you overthink something just ask yourself, Is it as bad as we think? Your soul will tell you the answer, ‘No’ it isn’t. No matter what your mind says, just put everything in a viewpoint and you will know the answer.

Keeping a positive attitude and good humor will make you live happily and will make you less overthink about the things which are causing trouble to you. Believe that, you were not like that and now whatever it is, it’s not you. Be confident about yourself, make a positive effort to replace negative emotions, opinions, and thoughts, and try to be in a circle with positive people.

Make yourself involved in the works or activities you love or you can be a volunteer. But, just try to be effective in a way that you feel light, active and make you fall in love with the work you do. More than that it builds a support network and gives you a break from everyday stress.

You can start journaling to recognize the problems, it can be your work, family, social gatherings or it is something else. Whatever it is you’ll find the way.

Don’t get introverted with yourself, keep in mind that you’re not an individual, when your loved ones love you or if they are worried about you. Talk to them about your problems, start to share about everything which is making you stop. Discuss what to do further, just don’t compare yourself with your loved ones while having these types of discussions.

And if there’s nothing then just confess that how much you love them, how and why you’re feeling overwhelmed to have them in your life. Tell everything about what you wanted to tell from a long time. Because, there is no one else apart your family, friends and your beloved.

So these were the ways to cope up with your anxiety, and thank you so much for reading this blog and if you want to see blogs and news like this, stay connected to eduindex.org

OTT PLATFORM : NEW INDIA DIGITAL INDIA

OTT (over-the-top) is a means of providing television and film content over the internet at the request and to suit the requirements of the individual consumer. The term itself stands for “over-the-top”, which implies that a content provider is going over the top of existing internet services.

OTT means control over your content, brand, user experience, audience, monetization and, most of all, your data. YouTube just doesn’t give you that.

Consumers are now in the driver’s seat, due to OTT. More than ever, consumers are able to find exactly what they want to watch and only pay for the content and services that they want. OTT provides the flexibility to adjust your models to the market for maximum uptake.

OTT is the ultimate platform for reaching your targeted audience directly with your content and delivering a premium video experience that you control. With OTT, providers can get immediate user feedback through direct engagement and interaction. 

Books by Durjoy Datta

Well you must be living under a rock if you don’t know who is this person,

So, Durjoy Datta is an Indian author and screenwriter known for his coffee-table novels about the romantic life of young Indians. His books are in simple language and they are basically for particular age group they are just for 18 to 25 year old people but if you are someone who is beginner in Reading world than I think you should must Read books by Durjoy Dutta

also, the language is so simple and easy that you don’t need to have a good vocabulary

some books that I must recommend and you should definitely try are :

  • 1. Of Course I Love You ..! Till I Find Someone Better
  • 2. World’s Best Boyfriend
  • 3. A Touch of Eternity

A must recommended would definitely be a touch of eternity this is something different from just a normal romantic love story, it has all.

HAPPY READING !!

India’s RED LIGHT Areas

What is meant by a RED LIGHT AREA?

Red Light Area is a term that is used to denote the presence of the area which hosts prostitution places like brothels , strip clubs etc.in a district. The term “red light area” comes from the use of red lanterns in the olden times which were used to indicate the presence of a brothel house in a city. Gradually, the red lanterns were replaced by red lights which were used for identification of such houses. Also, there is another explanation to it which states that when the sailors in Europe would return by sea to the coasts of Amsterdam , the women who worked as prostitutes would be frail, weak as a result of living in poor hygenic places which would make their skin and hair camouflaged carrying red lanterns which would differentiate them from the other women.

The history of Prostitution in India

During the Mughal era, the tradition of “tawaifs” came into being, where there were separate women courtesans to entertain the upper nobility with their singing, dancing and Urdu reciting skills. With the end of Mughal Era and the coming of Britishers it turned into the business of prostitution where a woman was suppose to offer her body for pleasing the nobles and the powerful instead of her talents. When Goa was a Portuguese colony during the 16th and 17th century, they used to trade Japanese women and girls as slaves to pleasure their sailors from Portuguese. With the coming of Britishers, it turned more vast. Britishers established various colonies which used to house brothels housing prostitutes which were bought from rural India at a “price” thus commoditization of women to make them prostitutes started.

Every British camp had 12 to 15 Indian prostitutes for pleasuring British soldiers. When the historian says that the Britishers have exploitd us in more than one way it is utterly true. Kamathipura, Mumbai’s largest red light district was the first establishment by the Britishers in India in 1795. The sex trade today has gone all berserk with children being trapped and made to be prostitutes. The red light area is a different sort of world for these girls majority of them belonging to poor families from far way state, being pushed into sex trafficking on the pretext of getting jobs by the pimps from a very young age.

List of largest red light areas in India

  1. Sonagachi, Kolkata- It is Asia’s largest red light area housing over 10,000 females with multiple brothels situated in its winding narrow lanes.
  2. Kamathipura, Mumbai. – Darkness is the first word which comes to mind on hearing this name. The voices of innocent young girls who had just gained their womanhood being pushed into this gory trade where they have no idea what is happening with them except the feeling of pain and utter disgust. The area had around 45,000 women in 1992 which was reduced to 500 in 2016 as per the official numbers.
  3. Budhwar Peth, Pune
  4. Meergunj, Allahabad
  5. G.B. Road, Delhi
  6. Chaturbhujsthan, Muzaffarpur
  7. Itwari, Nagpur
  8. Shivdaspur, Varanasi

***The stories of horrors inside of these red light areas can not be summarised in one blog. There will be second blog containing the darkness hidden in the RED LIGHT areas . It is so ironical that despite the name of these areas containing the word “light”, there is just darkness in there.

Apart from the labelled Red light areas where majority of the women are traded by others there are more such areas in India where the entire village is involved in sex trade and prostitution is the main source of income there where a woman earns by selling her body to feed herself and the males of the family.

  • Natpura Village , Uttar Pradesh – Located in the eatsern UP’s Hardoi district, in a population of 5000 more than 70% of the women are involved in sex trade. The children here live only with their mothers, have no surnames and no clues of their fathers. This bizzare tradition is followed here since 4000 years now.
  • Bachara tribe, Madhya Pradesh – Bachara is a tribal matriarchal community in the western part of Madhya Pradesh and women here are said to be the descendants of royal courtesans. Here, girls are forced into prostitution by their own fathers and brothers. The responsibility of making both ends meet is in the hands of the eldest daughter of the family. Most of such families have a dedicated room in their houses to continue this dreaded profession.
  • Wadia Village, Gujarat– Known as the village of “sex workers” , males of the family search for potential customers for the females with the price ranging from 5000 to 10, 0000. The village is occupied by the “Saraniya tribe” which follows this custom since past 80 years. No matter how many educational drives regarding the wrongs of continuing this are done in the village there is no stop to it.

Is Prostitution legal in India?

Though Prostitution is legal, pimping, child trafficking and owning brothels is not. The power of money however succeeds in silencing the hands of the officials incharge to ensure that a woman gives her body by her choice not by force .

A HOT NOON IN MALABAR

by Kamala Das

MADHAVIKUTTY

“All round me are words, and words and words,
They grow on me like leaves, they never
Seem to stop their slow growing
From within… But I tell my self, words
Are a nuisance, beware of them, they
Can be so many things, a
Chasm where running feet must pause, to
Look, a sea with paralyzing waves,
A blast of burning air or,
A knife most willing to cut your best
Friend’s throat… Words are a nuisance, but.
They grow on me like leaves on a tree,
They never seem to stop their coming,
From a silence, somewhere deep within…”
― Kamala Suraiyya Das, Summer in Calcutta

ABOUT THE POET

Kamala Das was born in the year 1934 in Malabar, Kerala. She received her education at home. Her mother wrote poetry in Malayalam and Kamala Das also published short stories in Malayalam before her first book of poems, Summer in Calcutta’ appeared in 1965 and brought her recognition. Her works in English include The Playhouse and Other Poems’ and her autobiography ‘My Story’.

Her poetry is frank and open. It impresses by being totally natural and distinctively feminine. Her favourite theme is fulfilment and unfulfillment in love and her expression is striking for its frankness and intensity of feeling. She won the poetry award of the Asian PEN, Manila in 1964 and the Kerala Sahitya Academy Award in 1969.

THE POEM

In this poem Kamala Das recreates idealized moments in her childhood. It is a nostalgic, sentimental reminiscence of her family home in Malabar. She remembers the landscape of Kerala. Others may be annoyed by the heat dust and noise, but she always longs for the hot noon in Malabar because it is associated in her mind with wild men, wild thoughts, wild love.’ It has been often said that her poetry is in the nature of a psychic striptease and she always exudes autobiography. Most of her poems deal with the theme of unfulfilled love, her search for love and her failure to get it. Some of them, like the poem under consideration also deal with the loss of her happy childhood in the family home in Malabar. She writes, from every city I have lived, I have remembered the noons in Malabar with an ache growing inside me, a homesickness.’

The poem is a nostalgic journey down memory lane and the poetess looks back on her pre-marital years when she lived happily in her family home in Malabar. She particularly misses the hot noons of Malabar when the streets of Malabar used to be crowded with interesting people and pleasant sounds, beggars, bangle-sellers, fortune-tellers and other strangers used to throng the streets. She confesses that no doubt her house in Calcutta also gives her a chance to see and hear similar type of people. In the Calcutta streets also can one see a fortune-teller with parrots and soiled cards, beggars and bangle-sellers sell their wares in sing-song voices. But there is a major difference between the noons in Malabar and those in Calcutta.

Everything and everybody in Malabar bore a look that was innocent pure and familiar. All pulsated with a warm and full life her home, the Malabar town and its landscape. Contrasted with it Calcutta appeared strange and dirty. The cries of the beggars, fortune- tellers and bangle-sellers jar harshly to the ears of the poetess. There are jungle voices and their eyes hot burning and wild. The heat of the noon in Calcutta is maddening and strange.

To live in Calcutta is a torture for Kamala Das as her mind and body reject this environment. Her soul yearns to return to her heavenly home in Malabar where she spent a joyous childhood.

Malabar was a place which the poetess associated with love but in Calcutta she finds the people to be freaks, abnormal persons who cannot love. The poetess attempts to show that the transition from childhood is from a world of joy and love into a cold, indifferent world. The childhood memories are a much-needed relief.