Fever is the sudden rise in body temperature. It is a signal that our body gives us that something bad is happening inside our body. It is a normal reaction or response of our immune system. Whenever a foreign particle enters our body and infects the cells, our antibodies fight against it. It is our body’s way of giving alerts by increasing the normal temperature. Fever is also called Pyrexia or Controlled Hyperthermia. When the body temperature goes to 100o F (38o C) or more, we consider it as a significant temperature rise. If it persists for more than 24 hours, the causes of it should be suspected, diagnosed, and treated.
WHEN SHOULD WE TAKE IT SERIOUSLY?
Fever is just a normal function of our body that lets us know the correct response against an infection. But it should be taken care of especially in children or infants if there are symptoms like
Temperature is 102o F or more and if it continues for more than 36 hours.
Cold, cough, and loss of appetite.
Chills and night sweats.
Fever accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea.
Weakness, dizziness, body ache, or fatigue.
Having seizures or fits with high temperature.
Cough, sore throat, mucus accumulation, and chest tightness.
Inability to swallow foods even liquids.
Fever recurring after particular hours.
TYPES OF FEVER AND VARIATIONS
There are many kinds and causes of fever. Most commonly it may be due to viral or bacterial infections. Viral fevers usually stay for 1-3 days but the recurrent fever may persist for almost 14 days or more. A person with viral infections may experience nausea, coughing, running nose, body pain, etc. Not all viral fevers are contagious but most of them appear to be contagious. For example, common cold, influenza, malaria, dengue, HIV, covid-19, etc. are contagious and may spread from person to person by various means. Bacterial infections are similar to viral infections and there is no major difference in symptoms. It persists for few days or until treated with an antibiotic. Bacterial fever does not subside by itself and it is higher than a viral fever. It worsens day after day instead of showing better improvement.
Other than the common infections, fever may occur also due to other less common causes like hepatitis, sinusitis, gastroenteritis, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections, etc. Body temperature also varies with age and physical activities. It may be lower in the mornings and higher in late noon or after heavy workout sessions and hot showers.
WHERE TO TAKE THE TEMPERATURE?
There are four ways to measure the rise in body temperature.
Rectal method – It is the most accurate way of measuring temperature, especially for children. It is taken by inserting the thermometer in the rectum or bum.
Tympanic method – It is the next accurate method where the temperature is taken by keeping the thermometer into the ear canal.
Axillary method – This temperature which is taken from the underarms is considered to be less accurate when compared with tympanic and rectal methods.
Oral method – It is the least accurate method of all where the temperature is taken by keeping the thermometer under the tongue. But it is the most common method of reading the temperature.
THE BOTTOM LINE
Fever can be controlled by following some home remedies or by taking antipyretics which can only reduce the temperature but doesn’t treat the reasons. Few antipyretics or fever-reducing drugs are paracetamol, aspirin, or Anacin. These drugs can be taken rarely, however consuming them too often may cause unwanted side effects.
Water pollution is a global problem, affecting every continent and occurring in every type of ecosystem. It can be caused by industrial, agricultural and sewage systems, as well as by natural processes.
Water pollution does not respect political boundaries (or rivers), and can be managed at the international, national and local level. Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or microorganisms that contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment. Water pollution can come from a number of different sources. If the pollution comes from a single source, such as an oil spill, it is called point-source pollution. If the pollution comes from many sources, it is called nonpoint-source pollution. Most types of pollution affect the immediate area surrounding the source. Sometimes the pollution may affect the environment hundreds of miles away from the source, such as nuclear waste, this is called transboundary pollution.
Water pollution is estimated to cause over 4 billion lost human lives per year. The global costs of water pollution exceed more than $1 trillion per year, making it the most costly environmental health hazard.Globally more than 2.5 billion people lack adequate drinking water, and another 1.8 billion lack adequate sanitation. More than 40% of the world’s population lives in water-stressed areas. The majority of this population lives in developing countries. In developing countries, water pollution is almost wholly due to point source pollution. The majority of the global burden of disease, injury, and premature mortality is estimated to be due to diseases caused by contaminated drinking water, sanitation, and unsafe sewage. Such major pollution events account for about 40 percent of the world’s total estimated disease burden.
It is well known that there are a number of ways in which water pollution can occur.
TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION
Industrial water pollution results when materials that are harmful to humans or the environment are dumped into water. Often industry will be negligent in ensuring that harmful wastes are managed safely.
Agricultural pollution derives from the discharge of chemicals to increase crop yields, or pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers to grow food.
Wastewater pollution results from the discharge of human waste, sewage and industrial wastewater.
Nonpoint or diffuse pollution is pollution that occurs when substances diffuse into the water from a variety of sources.
Point source pollution is the damaging flow of a substance that originates from a single location that can be easily identified, contained or cleaned up.
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but can be harmful after long term exposure.
Heavy metals from industrial processes are toxic to marine life such as fish and subsequently to the humans who eat them.They can cause immune suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning.
Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality.
These are just few effects of water pollution. If you wanna know more do research and know about it.
There are many ways to prevent water pollution and to avoid contaminating the water. Yes, there are various treatment plans to treat polluted water. For example, Sewage treatment plans, denitrification etc. The one thing we can do with the waste water is, Kitchen water can be directed to garden to save water as well as pollution. The things I said today are limited but there are many meaning in it. Hope you know more about it.
Eating lean dairy products, such as cottage cheese, is one of the best ways to get more protein without significantly increasing your calorie intake.
2.Avocados
Avocados are a good example of a healthy fat source you can include in your diet while trying to lose weight. Just make sure to keep your intake moderate.
3.Apple Cider Vinegar
Adding apple cider vinegar to your vegetable salad may help curb your appetite, potentially leading to greater weight loss.
4.Nuts
Nuts can make a healthy addition to an effective weight loss diet when consumed in moderation.
5.Chili Pepper
Eating spicy foods that contain chili peppers may reduce your appetite temporarily and even increase fat burning. However, tolerance seems to build up in those who eat chili regularly.
6.Fruit
Though fruits contain some sugar, you can easily include them on a weight loss diet. They’re high in fiber, antioxidants and various nutrients that slow the rise of blood sugar after meals.
7.Grapefruit
Studies indicate that grapefruit may suppress appetite and reduce calorie intake when eaten before meals. It’s worth a try if you’re want to lose weight.
8.Coconut Oil
Coconut oil contains medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) that may increase satiety after meals. MCT oil supplements are even more effective.
Clothes shopping used to be an occasional event—something that happened a few times a year when the seasons changed or when we outgrew what we had. But about 20 years ago, something changed. Clothes became cheaper, trend cycles sped up, and shopping became a hobby. Enter fast fashion and the global chains that now dominate our high streets and online shopping. But what is fast fashion? And how does it impact people, the planet, and animals?
It was all too good to be true. All these stores selling cool, trendy clothing you could buy with your loose change, wear a handful of times, and then throw away. Suddenly everyone could afford to dress like their favourite celebrity or wear the latest trends fresh from the catwalk.
Then in 2013, the world had a reality check when the Rana Plaza clothing manufacturing complex in Bangladesh collapsed, killing over 1,000 workers. That’s when consumers really started questioning fast fashion and wondering at the true cost of those affordable t-shirts. If you’re reading this article, you might already be aware of fast fashion’s dark side, but it’s worth exploring how the industry got to this point—and how we can help to change it.
What is fast fashion?
Fast fashion can be defined as cheap, trendy clothing that samples ideas from the catwalk or celebrity culture and turns them into garments in high street stores at breakneck speed to meet consumer demand. The idea is to get the newest styles on the market as fast as possible, so shoppers can snap them up while they are still at the height of their popularity and then, sadly, discard them after a few wears. It plays into the idea that outfit repeating is a fashion faux pas and that if you want to stay relevant, you have to sport the latest looks as they happen. It forms a key part of the toxic system of overproduction and consumption that has made fashion one of the world’s largest polluters. Before we can go about changing it, let’s take a look at the history.
How did fast fashion happen?
To understand how fast fashion came to be, we need to rewind a bit. Before the 1800s, fashion was slow. You had to source your own materials like wool or leather, prepare them, weave them, and then make the clothes.The Industrial Revolution introduced new technology—like the sewing machine. Clothes became easier, quicker, and cheaper to make. Dressmaking shops emerged to cater to the middle classes.
Many of these dressmaking shops used teams of garment workers or home workers. Around this time, sweatshops emerged, along with some familiar safety issues. The first significant garment factory disaster was when a fire broke out in New York’s Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in 1911. It claimed the lives of 146 garment workers, many of whom were young female immigrants. By the 1960s and 70s, young people were creating new trends, and clothing became a form of personal expression, but there was still a distinction between high fashion and high street.
In the late 1990s and 2000s, low-cost fashion reached its zenith. Online shopping took off, and fast-fashion retailers like H&M, Zara, and Topshop took over the high street. These brands took the looks and design elements from the top fashion houses and reproduced them quickly and cheaply. With everyone now able to shop for on-trend clothes whenever they wanted, it’s easy to understand how the phenomenon caught on.
How to spot a fast fashion brand
Some key factors are common to fast fashion brands:
Thousands of styles, which touch on all the latest trends.
Extremely short turnaround time between when a trend or garment is seen on the catwalk or in celebrity media and when it hits the shelves.
Offshore manufacturing where labour is the cheapest, with the use of workers on low wages without adequate rights or safety and complex supply chains with poor visibility beyond the first tier.
A limited quantity of a particular garment—this is an idea pioneered by Zara. With new stock arriving in store every few days, shoppers know if they don’t buy something they like, they’ll probably miss their chance.
Cheap, low quality materials like polyester, causing clothes to degrade after just a few wears and get thrown away.
What’s the impact of fast fashion?
On the planet: Fast fashion’s impact on the planet is immense. The pressure to reduce costs and speed up production time means that environmental corners are more likely to be cut. Fast fashion’s negative impact includes its use of cheap, toxic textile dyes—making the fashion industry the second largest polluter of clean water globally after agriculture. That’s why Greenpeace has been pressuring brands to remove dangerous chemicals from their supply chains through its detoxing fashion campaigns through the years.
Cheap textiles also increase fast fashion’s impact. Polyester is one of the most popular fabrics. It is derived from fossil fuels, contributes to global warming, and can shed microfibers that add to the increasing levels of plastic in our oceans when washed. But even ‘natural fabrics’ can be a problem at the scale fast fashion demands. Conventional cotton requires enormous quantities of water and pesticides in developing countries. This results in drought risks and creates extreme stress on water basins and competition for resources between companies and local communities.
The constant speed and demand mean increased stress on other environmental areas such as land clearing, biodiversity, and soil quality. The processing of leather also impacts the environment, with 300kg of cehmicals added to every 900kg of animal hides tanned. The speed at which garments are produced also means that more and more clothes are disposed of by consumers, creating massive textile waste. In Australia alone, more than 500 million kilos of unwanted clothing ends up in landfill every year.
On workers: As well as the environmental cost of fast fashion, there’s a human cost. Fast fashion impacts garments workers who work in dangerous environments, for low wages, and without fundamental human rights. Further down the supply chain, the farmers may work with toxic chemicals and brutal practices that can have devastating impacts on their physical and mental health, a plight highlighted by the documentary The True Cost.
On animals: Animals are also impacted by fast fashion. In the wild, the toxic dyes and microfibres released in waterways are ingested by land and marine life alike through the food chain to devastating effect. And when animal products such as leather, fur, and even wool are used in fashion directly, animal welfare is put at risk. As an example, numerous scandals reveal that real fur, including cat and dog fur, is often being passed off as a faux fur to unknowing shoppers. The truth is that there is so much real fur being produced under terrible conditions in fur farms that it’s become cheaper to produce and buy than faux fur!
On consumers: Finally, fast fashion can impact consumers themselves, encouraging a ‘throw-away’ culture because of both the built-in obsolescence of the products and the speed at which trends emerge. Fast fashion makes us believe we need to shop more and more to stay on top of trends, creating a constant sense of need and ultimate dissatisfaction. The trend has also been criticized on intellectual property grounds, with some designers alleging that retailers have illegally mass-produced their designs.
Self-reliant India is the vision of the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi of making India a self-reliant nation. The first mention of this came in the form of the ‘Self-Reliant India Mission’ during the announcement of the coronavirus pandemic related economic package on 12 May 2020. This self-reliant policy does not aim to be protectionist on nature and as the Finance Minister clarified, ” Self-reliant India does not mean cutting off from rest of the world”. The largest fund in the country worth Rs. 21,000 crore was setup by the IIT Alumni Council with the aim of supporting the mission towards self-reliance.
Everybody knows, that the youth are the future of any country. But India can take lead over many other nations because about 65 percent of the country’s population is below 35 years and 50 percent is below 25 years. With huge, educated young population, India is very uniquely poised to realise the demographic potential amd reap the advantage of this vast powerhouse of human resource talent. The need of the hour is to upgrade the skill or upskill the youth to meet the emloyment needs of technology driven 21st century and accelerate the pace of self-reliance.
The uncertainity created by the pandemic is being seen by many as an opportunity to upgrade knowledge and acquire new skills that will cater to the post-corona virus job scenario. The skills required for tomorrow’s jobs will be completely different from the skill-sets youth possess today.
So, its high time now, we have to make India self-reliant and youth plays the most important role in this mission.
Labour Day or International Workers Day is celebrated annually on 1 May to celebrate the working class and labourers across the world. Socialist and labour unions celebrate this day by organising programmes to improve wages and working conditions of the workforce. In more than 80 countries Labour Day is a national holiday.
Before a formal Labour Day came into place, deaths, injuries and dangerous working conditions were very common among the working class globally. During the rise of industrialisation, the U.S. exploited the working class during the nineteenth century and made them work upto 15 hours a day under rigorous conditions. The rising death of the workforce in industries forced the working class to raise their voices for their safety. After efforts made by the workers and socialists, eight hours was declared as the legal time for the workers in the late nineteenth century by the American Federation of Labour.
The origin of Labour Day goes back to an incident in Chicago on May 4, 1886 known as the Haymarket Affair. On this day workers assembled as part of a peaceful rally in a strike demanding an eight hour work day. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at the police as they acted to disperse the meeting, and the bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and atleast four civilians; dozens of others were wounded. The Chicago protests led to many countries and at last they got the proper labour rights.
So, they had a long repression from the society. So, now the time has come to live respectfully and safe. Without labour no country can prosper. They are the ones who make a way towards country’s development. Their hardwork, dedication cherishes the path of development of country. So, respect them and provide safe working conditions to them. The below mentioned lives are aptly quoted;” A worker is a creator and a great asset to every nation”.
Section 53 prescribes five types of punishments to be meted out to a person convicted of a crime under the Code, depending on the nature and gravity of the offence,viz .:
(i) Death; (ii) Imprisonment for life; (iii) Imprisonment, rigorous with hard labour, or simple; (iv) Forfeiture of property; and (v) Fine.
It is suggested to add five new forms of punishment to the existing ones in section 53, IPC with a view to deter particular types of criminals. Such punishments will have more psychological, social and moral impact on the criminals and will go a long way in curbing crimes. The proposed punishments are: (i) Externment, (ii) Compensation to victims of crime, (iii) Public Censure, (iv) Community service, and (v) Disqualification from holding public office.
(i) Externment: Externment or banishment is a form of punishment in which an accused is sent out of the place of his residence to another place for a specified period of time as mentioned in the order issued by the court. This is done to deprive the accused of the company of his family members, friends and associates so that he or she may not indulge in criminal activities. Externment is resorted to primarily in case of anti-social, hardened and habitual criminals.
(ii) Compensation to victims of crime: Unfortunately, the victims of crime in our country do not attract the attention of law makers. Of late, Civil Procedure Code, 1973 in section 357 has empowered the court to award compensation to the victims of crime in very limited cases at the time of passing the judgment. No doubt, the higher judiciary has on times provided compensation to the victims of crime of custodial violence, sexual assault, rape, illegal detention by invoking Article 21 of Constitution, but such instance will not serve the plight of helpless victims.
(iii) Public Censure: Public Censure or social censure is one of the methods of punishment prescribed in some of the countries, such as Russia, Columbia etc., in respect of certain offences of anti-social nature, such as white-collar crimes, tax crimes, food adulteration, etc. In ancient India, public censure was considered suitable punishment for certain class of criminals.
(iv) Community Service: Community service or corrective labour is a form of punishment in which the convict is not deprived of his liberty. Corrective labour is the standard penalty given in those cases where it is considered that the accused need not to be isolated from the society. The period ranges between one month to one year in such cases. This system is used in Soviet Russia with good results. An important feature of this type of punishment is that the accused is not deprived of his liberty and he may go home after the day’s work.
(v) Disqualification from holding public office and contest elections: Disqualification to hold public office and contest election of legislature and local bodies as a form of punishment will have the adequate and desired deterrent sanction, if sincerely implemented. Representation of the People Act, 1951 disqualifies a person convicted for a period of two years or more to contest election for a period of six years. But the provisions are very limited in scope and are being abused with impunity.
As you know COVID-19 destroyed the world economy to a great extent and still we are not fully back on our track. The major impact of this can be seen on education as well. All the schools and universities shut down causing the harm to the students. They are forced to complete their education by the means of internet only just by sitting at their homes. Internet no doubt provides us with alot of opportunities and ed-tech is one of them but it also leads to huge destruction of students carrier and their mind. When the virus hitted the economy the teachers started taking the classes online by the way of various available platforms and both the negative as well as the positive impact for the students were observed.
Agree that there are various advantages of online classes that a student can learn on their time just by sitting at their homes but it has a disadvantage in itself because most of the students just join the classes but don’t give due care to the lectures.Some students don’t feel comfortable asking their queries in class so in an online class they can pause videos or return to concepts covered in previous modules. But this opportunity is not taken by most of the students because they are one who are completely ignoring the lectures and doing something else in their home.
Teachers are also facing alot of issues in this as the network issues hits alot while taking the classes. Also video can’t be open by the students who are living in remote areas. If we also look up in the worst ground then there are students who are even not having the proper equipment to attend the classes and also not able to give exams which is the reason of stress and anxiety among them.
We can just pray together that everything comes back on the track very soon so that we can see the happy faces going to schools and universities rather attending classes just by being on their bed.
These are the diseases that may pass or carry from one human or animal to other. Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by grams such as bacteria, viruses, and spread by an infected person, animal, or object to other person.
Viral Diseases: The virus is parasitic which causes several diseases like:
(1) Bird Flu (H5 N1)- Bird Flu (Avian influenza) is a disease caused by an influenza virus-A, that primarily affects birds. The following persons who may be at higher risk for developing the bird flu are—
• Travellers, visiting affected countries.
• Farmers and others, who work with poultry.
• Those who have touched an infected bird.
• Those who eat raw or undercooked poultry meat, eggs, from infected birds.
Treatment- Treatment with the anti-viral medication oseltamivir (Tamiflu), or zanamivir (Relena) may make the disease less severe. Oseltamivir may also be prescribed for persons, who live in the same house as those diagnosed with Avian flu.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): It is a serious form of pneumonia. It is caused by a virus that was first identified in 2003. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress( severe breathing difficulty) and sometimes death.
Symptoms- Cough usually starts 2-3 days after other symptoms like fever, headache, and muscle aches.
Treatment- Antibiotics to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia. Anti-viral medications. High dose of steroids to reduce swelling in the lungs. Oxygen, breathing support (mechanical ventilation), or cheat therapy.
Hepatitis: Hepatitis is swelling and inflammation of the liver. It is not a condition but is often used to refer to a viral infection of the liver. Hepatitis can be caused by—
• Immune cells in the body attacking the liver and causing autoimmune hepatitis. Infections from viruses such as hepatitis A, B, or C, bacteria, or parasites. Liver damage from alcohol, poisonous mushrooms, or other poisons.
• Medication such as an overdose of acetaminophen can cause harm or even death.
Symptoms- Abdominal pain or distention. Breasts development in males. Dark urine and pale or clay-colored stools. Fatigue, general itching, fever, usually low-grade jaundice(yellowing of the skin or eyes), and loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
(2) AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS was first recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) in 1981.
HIV Infection: AIDS is a condition caused by HIV infection. The condition gradually destroys the immune system, which makes it harder for the body to fight infections.
Transmission- HIV can be spread by the following :
• Through sexual contact i.e. oral, vaginal, and anal sex.
• Through blood transfusions, accidental needle sticks, or needle sharing.
• From mother to child: A pregnant woman can transmit the virus to her fetus through their shared blood circulation or a nursing mother can pass it to her baby through breastfeeding.
Yes, Online Classes is a mental exhaustion rather than knowledge. Online Classes is a modern way of teaching consisting virtual classrooms. With educational institutes closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the government has been encouraging online education to achieve academic continuity. Most high-end private and public institutions have made the switch smoothly using online platforms such as Zoom, Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams etc., while many still find it a herculean task. The challenges of online education is multifaceted.
Using internet for entertainment is common, but for online lessons is a big challenge. Teachers may not be well-versed with creating digital content, and conveying it efeectively online. A sudden expectation from them to upgrade, and from students to adapt, is unfair. Body language and eye-contact which are important cues for the teacher are difficult to perceive in an online class. “I do not receive continual feedback in the form of student’s reaction during online session” says a college teacher in sub-urban Mumbai. How many students have paid attention in a class? These questions arise even in traditional classrooms, but they are harder to address in online classes. A parent of an 8 year old attending a private school in Gurgaon says, “There shouldn’t be online classes for such younf kids. Their concentration span is small and they do not pay attention after a while.”
Even the college students seem to value the in-class physical learning experience much more than a virtual one. Theoretical knowledge always seems to be boring without practicals. Students have to sit at one place and just have to study the theory. Their minds gets exhausted due to which they pay less attention to what has been taught. many acknowledge that phones can be very distracting. In addition, science and technology programs often include hands-on laboratory sessions, dissertation projects and field trips to complement theoretical studies.This aspect of learning is severely limited in online education.
Finally, education is not just about subject knowledge but also about developing social skills and sportsmanship among the students, which is built over years. Relying solely on education maay hinder the holistic develoment of children and many may under-perform later in their professional and personal lives. Students are not able to understand lessons which result in oncreasing stress among the students.
“In a class of 40 students, after two months of online classes, around 20 students regularly attend class with whatever device and connection they have. Around 5-8 students are completely absent till date and rest are fluctuating” says a school teacher in Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. A teacher in a government-aided school from the small town of Chamba in Himachal Pradesh says, “It is frustrating experience to engage students of lower classes in online mode . There are network issues on both teacher’s and student’s ends.”
We all know that some areas are prone to poor internet connectivity due to which some students are not able to attend classes and some join just for the sake of attendance. We Indians give more preference to marks and frades rather than knowledge, which results in less productivity of knowledge in students and more focus is given by students to get good marks.
“A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. “
Indore has been awarded as the “Cleanest City” of India for fourth time in a row and the most important reason behind this success is the combined efforts of the public, public representatives, government officials and other stakeholders engaged in this process. The journey made by the city is inspiring and as of now there are many other cities of the country and globe who are following the strategies for becoming cleanest city.
INDIAN SCENARIO: TRASH EMERGENCY
According to the Annual Report of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, in year 2016-17, India generated approximately 1,50,000 tones of solid waste per day. According to World Bank by 2050, it is estimated that India will generate nearly 3.5 times (over 5,43,200 tones) of solid waste per day. It has also been estimated that local bodies collect nearly 90% of this waste, out of which nearly 80% is dumped in dumping sites or landfill site without getting treated. Under Article 21, it is provided that Clean Environment is (the) Fundamental Right of every citizen and it is the responsibility of the urban local bodies and the State to ensure that clean and hygienic environment is provided to the citizens which preserves their health. In case of Indian cities, it is very important to learn from the best practices and techniques applied in different urban areas for efficiently dealing with the solid wastes.
THE JOURNEY TO CLEANEST CITY
HOW IT STARTED
The journey of Indore for becoming the cleanest city started from 2016 and it faced many challenges.
Some of technical challenges were:
Inefficient infrastructures, systems and processes for Municipal Waste Management.
Absence of infrastructures for material recovery, transfer stations and processing unites and non – operational composting facilities.
Inefficient door to door waste collection system with no scope of source segregation practice.
Unorganized trenching grounds with nearly 13 lakh tons of waste which caused methane induced fire, bad odor and increased the chances of diseases.
Unorganized and inefficient waste collection, transportation and dumping.
In addition to all these technical issues, there were various non – technical challenges like:
Cooperation and support of citizens,
Unorganized municipal workers
Lack of mechanism to monitor and reviews all the processes being involved
Inefficient citizen grievance redressal system.
Lack of political awareness to achieve the cleanliness goals
Lack of awareness about solid waste management process among citizens, local media, administrations and Resident Welfare Associations (RWA).
THE PROCESS
Indore had to implement many strategies in each and every step associated with solid waste management. Along with these strategies the Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) had partnered with private bodies, NGOs etc. for boosting the entire [process and empowered the citizens regarding their roles and responsibilities as citizens of the city for making Indore a clean city.
Waste Collection, Segregation and Transportation :
Vehicles having different compartments for waste collection
IMC started the process of waste collection from households on daily basis from 2016 and at the same time it also started asking and motivating the citizens to segregate their waste. Some of the strategies undertaken for increasing the efficiency of waste collection were :
Collecting the wastes from household on regular basis and studying the lifestyle of different localities to finding the most suitable for waste collection.
Explaining the people about the need of waste segregation and on repeated disposal of unsegregated wastes, households had to pay the fine as decided by the Supervisors of IMC.
Tracking the routes of the garbage vans and vehicles that collect the wastes from door to door and monitoring it.
Some of the steps undertaken for creating awareness among citizens were :
Visiting of different localities and colonies by Municipal officials to persuade and create awareness among citizens regarding waste segregation.
Providing common platforms were religious leaders created awareness among people, on the basis of importance of cleanliness as mentioned in the religious texts, schools etc. and organizing oath taking ceremonies for children pledging a clean city and conduction of mass road sweeping exercise at different areas of the city.
Involving 850 Self Help Groups, comprising almost 8500 women for spreading awareness for waste segregation and conducting mass campaigns.
Campaigns for zero waste localities and markets.
Creating awareness regarding home composting, as a result of which nearly 50,000 households started doing home composting.
Involvement of Private Bodies and NGOs for Boosting the process
The IMC partnered with non-governmental organizations for creating awareness campaigns to change the attitude and behavior of citizens, to facilitate the functioning of solid waste management systems, use of proper technologies for increasing efficiency and improved capacity for ensuring proper implementation of all strategies and actions decided for being clean.
Waste Management System
The city adopted the strategy of processing the waste near the source. For example: All food outlets separate food waste and transport it to the small garden inside a traffic triangle at one end of the street. This strategy is more cheaper, hygienic and sustainable way for processing the wastes. The responsibility of waste composting is given to an NGO named Swaha and this organization uses a machine which simple and easy to handle. Most the waste generated from Indian cities contain higher proportion of organic wastes and are generally wet, which makes the waste more difficult to handle. These machines work efficiently even if the material is not organic with minimum spillage, minimum human contact with waste and has mechanism which can easily lift heavy trash cans.
Waste to Fuel
For processing of organic wastes, a Biomethanation facility is provided which converts the organic waste into methane. The city produces nearly 20 tones of waste everyday and this waste is converted into 750 – 800 kg of bio compressed natural gas (bioCNG). This task is assigned Mahindra Waste to Energy Solutions Ltd. The gas produced is used to run city buses, and sold as cooking fuel to hotels and the Indian Institute of Management, at a subsidized rate. Waste from the flower market is kept separately (1-2 tons a day), and mixed with slurry to produce compost.
Street Sweeping
For the purpose of street sweeping machines are used. Every night 800 km of main roads are swept using machines and water mist are used for cleaning footpaths and road dividers. For the cleanliness of roads nearly 400 liters of water is used every night and most of these are recycled water which are derived from the three sewage treatment plants. In case of internal roads which are 2200 km, the wastes are swept and are collected in gunny bags, collected by vans and transported to waste processing facility.
Clean Streets of Indore
CURRENT SCENARIO
Before and After images of Indore
As of now, 100% of household wastes are segregated at source and are processed. Ten ultra modern mechanized transfer stations are used for final processing and disposal. The city makes use of ICT based devices and Weighbridge mechanism for sustainable integrated solid waste management systems. For road sweeping purpose, Ultra modern mechanized road sweeping machines are used, which clean the bypasses, super corridors and bridges.
The city uses a collection and transportation app which is fully digital in nature for monitoring entire process, from door to door segregation to final disposal of waste. The wat wastes are processed and are used in public transports and today 15 city buses operate on this bioCNG gas. Similarly, construction and demolition wastes are reused for making non-structural concrete, paving blocks, lower layers of road pavements etc.
Through the process of bio-remediation, 100% of wastes has been remediated and 100 acres of land has been reclaimed. The dumping yard or landfill site had been converted into green belt. There is a proposal to develop this land into a golf course and city forest.
The entire journey of Indore has been based on more that 3Rs- reduce, reuse and recycle. These include Food Bank, disposable free events, Bartan Bank, art and crafts made out of wastes etc. All these initiative have ensured sustainability of the city.
Other than all these technical strategies, the city also took many social media initiatives and Information, Education and Communication (IEC) techniques for ensuring community Engagement. The song, “HO Halla” by Indian singer Shann became the Swachhta Anthem of the city in 2017 and motivated the citizens to keep doing their part of work towards this Swacchta mission. The song also has many new versions.
CONCLUSION
Since 2016, Indore went through a commendable journey for providing its citizen the urban environment which will protect their health. The IMC took strategies which are the most efficient and using them, it eliminated garbage dumps, 100% household waste collection and segregation, reusing all the wastes etc. The success of Indore’s solid waste management shows that other Indian cities can also clean the entire area and make it more hygienic and sanitized for the people by engaging NGOs, private bodies and citizens.
Thus, trust between all the stakeholders being involved in the process is the major pre-requisite for achieving the goal.
Everyone’s dream is to have a radiant skin. A glowing skin free from acne and oiliness. Dry skin can make you look dull and tired. To look fresh and bright, proper care of skin should be taken. Products are available that can make you look your best but its temporary. Ayurveda claims that there healthy foods that can make you look long-lasting beautiful.
Nutritious diet is the secret to healthy skin. Unhealthy foods can affect your metabolism resulting in weight gain leading to certain health problems.
Here are a list of healthy foods to eat everyday for a glowing skin.
Avocados
Avocados are extremely healthy to include in your everyday diet. Vitamin C is recommended to look after for a healthy skin. These days lack of Vitamin C has caused skin to turn dry and rough due to limited production of collagen that is the main protein required for right functioning of skin. Even, aging is stopped with proper intake of Vitamin C.
Usually, UV rays damage a healthy skin. These rays can cause early aging and wrinkles. To avoid premature aging of skin, avocados are the best option.
Vitamin E is equally essential for glowing skin. It is a good antioxidant that protects skin from excessive damage at an early age.
2.Broccoli
Skin requires right amount of vitamin A, vitamin C, minerals. Dryness and wrinkles are a common problem women suffer from. Eating broccoli can prevent these skin problems. The content in Broccoli protects skin from oxidative damage. Broccoli is effective in avoiding skin cancer issues as it contains sulforaphane. It also protects from sunburn.
3. Walnuts
Walnuts are a good source of fatty acids. Fatty acids are not made by body. In case of increased omega-3, fatty acids prevent inflammatory response to it. Walnuts provide antioxidants like vitamin E which is must for healthy skin. Walnuts are high in other nutrients as well that is needed for healthy function of skin.
4. Sunflower Seeds
Seeds are highly nutritious, especially for skin. Sunflower seeds are packed with vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc and proteins. These seeds are rich in nutrients that are essential for skin.
5. Green Tea
Green tea is a type of tea that is best among all the others. Sun damaging can severe as days go by. Green tea nourishes the damaged red skin and soothes body. Green tea is natural moisturizer to rough and dry skin. Green tea is a great option to ensure a healthy and radiant skin.
6. Tomato
Vitamin C is excessively provided by tomatoes, which becomes great protection to skin from wrinkles and aging. It contains carotenoids that maintains skin. Tomatoes can also applied to skin as a face mask for natural glowing skin.
7. Sweet Potatoes
Beta Carotene is a natural source that acts as a sunscreen. Sun makes your skin dry and rough causing cell damage. Sweet Potatoes contain beta carotene that efficiently protects your skin from UV rays. For a healthier skin, sweet potato is an excellent food choice.
Including the above foods in your diet will surely work a miracle on your skin. Glowing skin is now just few steps away with these amazing and affordable foods.
It was 7:30 in the morning, and I heard someone singing “Happy Birthday To You, Happy Birthday to you, Happy Birthday Dear”. I opened my eyes and it was my dad who came to wish me as it was my 20th birthday and like every year he came to wake me up singing happy birthday songs for me. Like every year, this year too I went to the temple together with my mom and dad. That night my mom made my favourite dinner for me and all of a sudden, I realised I turned 20 this year. I am getting older and along with me my mom & dad too.
In the morning when we were going to the temple, we hadn’t completed the half steps but they were out of breath and worned out. Mom’s legs hurt while doing the chores or while making dinner for us. Dad can’t read newspaper without spects now. They get tired very soon and the only reason is because they’re growing old. There is one rule in our house: to at least have one meal a day together. Ever since I was a kid we had our dinner together but that day it was quite different, the vibes were different and the thought that my parents are getting older was scary as hell. I just wanted to live my whole life with my parents happily, I don’t want them to grow older. Besides,on the other hand I was happy that now I can take all their responsibilities and let them live the remaining years peacefully. As, this is what I wished for ever since I was a kid. But back then I never imagined that someday, someday they’ll leave too, just like the others. Now after realizing this I really don’t want them to grow up and neither do I want to grow up, I just want my childhood back and want to live a happy life with my parents forever and ever. There are times they act cold, yell at me for no reason and won’t allow me to do what I want to that time I really wants to live my life on my own ways and want to runaway far from home, far from them, where no one knows me, know one going to judge me, no one will yell at me, no one will have to right to take my life decisions but me, and no one will stop me, will nag me from doing what I want to do. But that is not life. We always need someone to scold us when we do something wrong, to nag us. Someone who will comfort us on our lowest and be our supporters at the highest points, someone who’ll love us more than they love themselves and trust me parents are the only ones who love their children more than they love themselves and no one can match their love. Sometimes they may be dominating but that’s because they love you and they are worried about you. Even if you are 50- 60 years old, for them you are still the same, the baby, who cries on small things. That day I really felt like yesterday it was my first day at school & I was crying cause I didn’t want to leave my mom. The feeling was something we never thought about. We are just getting older and busy with our studies, career and job that we never think about our parents. We have become so busy in our lives that we don’t have time for our parents. Now after realizing this I really don’t want to grow up, I just want to live my life with them. But I can’t. It is the rule of the world, that everyone grows and evolves and leaves this planet some or the other day. It’s like we are all here for each other to support, to talk, to love but then we’ll not be in each other’s lives forever anyway.
We are just here as supporting characters to each other’s main character lives and we’ll leave after seeing them grow/ evolve at our own specific times and we never notice that, like billions of times we eat with them, we watch them from beginning but never notice when they grow up. Time really flies and after this day every single second it will remind me that they are getting older and that one day they’ll leave us behind.
Eggs are very filling and nutrient-dense. Compared to refined carbs like bagels, eggs can suppress appetite later in the day and may even promote weight loss.
2.leafy greens
Leafy greens are an excellent addition to your weight loss diet. Not only are they low in calories but also high in fiber that helps keep you feeling full.
3.cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables are low in calories but high in fiber and nutrients. Adding them to your diet is not only an excellent weight loss strategy but may also improve your overall health.
4. Salmon
Salmon is high in both protein and omega-3 fatty acids, making it a good choice for a healthy weight loss diet.
5.Boiled Potatoes
Boiled potatoes are among the most filling foods. They’re particularly good at reducing your appetite, potentially suppressing your food intake later in the day.
6.Lean Beef and Chicken Breast
Eating unprocessed lean meat is an excellent way to increase your protein intake. Replacing some of the carbs or fat in your diet with protein could make it easier for you to lose excess fat.
7.Soups
Soups can be an effective part of a weight loss diet. Their high water content makes them very filling. However, try to avoid creamy or oily soups.
A nanoparticle (NP) is an ultrafine unit with dimensions measured in nanometres (nm; 1 nm = 10−9 metre). Nanoparticles exist in the natural world and are also created as a result of human activities. Because of their sub-microscopic size, they have unique material characteristics, and manufactured nanoparticles may find practical applications in a variety of areas. The small size of nanoparticles is especially advantageous in medicine; nanoparticles can not only circulate widely throughout the body but also enter cells or be designed to bind to specific cells. Those properties have enabled new ways of enhancing images of organs as well as tumours and other diseased tissues in the body. Some examples of NP used for medical purposes are metallic NP, carbon nanotube, liposome, gold NP, silica NP and many more.
The massive use of nanomaterials in biomedical applications enhanced research interest to explore the antibacterial mechanisms of NPs. NPs can alter the metabolic activity of bacteria by maintaining contact with bacterial cells via electrostatic interaction, Van der Waals forces, receptor-ligand and hydrophobic interactions. Further, these NPs can cross the bacterial membrane and assemble along the metabolic pathway influencing the shape and functioning of the cell membrane. Finally, NPs interact with the bacterial cell basic components causing oxidative stress, permeability and gene expression changes, diverse alterations, electrolyte balance disorders, protein deactivation, and enzyme inhibition
These NPs work on a bacterial cell in three ways, they are as follows:
Dissolved metal ions: Metal oxide NPs release metal ions and these metal ions are absorbed through the cell membrane. Each metal ion has its sensitivity to different microorganisms. For instance, Ag+ ions react with the sulfhydryl group in enzymes and other cellular constituents leading to cellular dysfunction. Ag+ also prevents cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Ag+ ions can also interact with DNA inhibiting the growth by obstructing DNA replication and cell division.
Reactive oxygen species: The toxicity of nanomaterial can be mainly attributed to the production of reactive oxygen species ROS that inhibits bacterial growth by restricting amino acid synthesis, lipid peroxidation and DNA replication. The presence of NPS excessive production of ROS leads to an unbalanced state, which results in oxidative stress, creating damage to the basic individual components of bacterial cells. ROS namely Superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide that is generated by different levels of activity and toxicity.
Direct contact / Non-oxidative mechanism: The non-oxidative mechanism involves direct interaction on NPs with the cell wall. Direct contact is often but not in all cases a necessary mechanism of toxicity. Direct contact inhibits enzymes and proteins involved in cell metabolism, thus disrupting the normal functioning of the bacterial cell.
Nanoparticles can be used as tags or labels, which will help us in the detection of infectious agents even in small sample volumes directly in a very specific, sensitive and rapid format with lower costs than current in-use technologies. Also, the earlier detections will help in accurate and prompt treatment of the disease. however, nanoparticles that are used in nanomedicines can travel through a mother’s placenta and can assist in the formation of free radicals.
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