Imagine that you have to go to work but there are no roads to get you there. Or heavy rains have flooded your route and made it impossible. A lack of infrastructure – from roads, bridges, and wells, to cables for light, cell phones, and internet – can isolate communities living in rural areas. Living off the grid often means living without the ability to go to school, work, or the market to buy and sell goods. Travelling further distances to access basic services not only takes time, it costs money, keeping families in poverty.

Majority of poor people in the world live in rural areas where the level of public infrastructure especially roads
seems low. The inadequate roads and poor road access put high cost of transportation; reduce ability to use
access high quality inputs; limit the uses of local markets to the sales of their products, the purchase of consumer
goods and opportunities for off-farm employment. Poor road access has put nevertheless constraints for rural
poor people in terms of access to other social infrastructure such as education and health facilities. Therefore,
improvement of rural road seems to be a clear means by which large numbers of people might acquire the
opportunity to participate in the market economy and thereby raise themselves out of poverty.

Infrastructure is a key element of poverty alleviation. It often acts as a catalyst to development and enhances the
impact of interventions to improve the poor’s access to other assets, e.g., human, social, financial, and natural
assets. Its impact is felt both on the economic and social sectors. Without roads, the poor are not able to sell their
output on the market. In India, it has been shown that roads alone account for seven percent of the growth in
aggregate output of the rural areas. Without electricity, the industrialization process, which provides the poor an
important source of employment, is unlikely to take off. Many of the world’s poor people live in rural areas isolated by distance, terrain and poverty from employment and economic opportunities, markets, healthcare and education. Lack of basic infrastructure such paths, trails,bridges and roads and access to transport services makes it difficult for poor people to access markets and services.

Good transport infrastructure is a necessary condition for economic growth and poverty alleviation, but transport
investments alone cannot address the problems of the poorest households. The adequate supply of infrastructure services has long been viewed as essential for economic development and poverty reduction, both in the policy and academic realms. More recently, increasing attention has also been shifting to the impact of infrastructure on poverty and inequality.

Conclusion

The study aimed to explore lack of infrastructure; the impact on economic development. The findings of the study proved that lack of infrastructure holds back economic development raises unemployment and promotes poor standard living.

33 year old Fahim Saleh found dead in his NewYork apartment on Tuesday, He was a CEO of two companies based in Nigeria and Bangladesh. He was killed brutually in his own apartment. Pieces of his corpes were found scattered around different parts of the apartment. An Electric saw was recovered from the crime scene. It is suspected to be the weapon used to cut his body into pieces. Police is considering it to be a case of business rivalry.
According to The NewYork Times, Fahim’s Sister arrived at his apartment and found the corpse scattered around the house. Police suspects that the murderer was present in the house when she arrived because the Electric saw was found running near the corpse. However, the killer escaped from another gate. The head and body of the corpse were found in a polythene bag. His hands, legs, head and torso were all cut separated. Fahim’s sister told that she came to meet her brother because he was not answering her calls.
Fahim was the CEO of Nigeria based Riding and Delivery app company. He ran a similar company in Bangladesh named “Patho”. He was among the richest young entrepreneurs. The apartment he was murdered in is reported to be around $22 lakhs.
Police has found some CCTV footages. In one of the footages, Fahim was seen near the elevator along with a person wearing a black suit, mask and gloves. Police suspects the killer was someone known and close to Fahim. Police is linking the matter to business rivalry. According to sources from the police, the killer was a professional and knew every part of the apartment. He wished to take the pieces of the corpse with him but his plan was failed by fahim’s sister’s arrival.

In the afternoon of 15th July an identical message tweeted by a series of high-profile verified Twitter accounts, asking people to donate Bitcoins, promising a double return.
The accounts were of U.S. presidential candidate of democrats Joe Biden, former U.S. President Barack Obama, Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, reality television star Kim Kardashian, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, billionaire Elon Musk, and rapper Kanye West, among many others.
There have been hacks of prominent users before, including the infamous hack of Twitter chief executive Jack Dorsey, last year.

But the nature of this attack is one of the most pronounced security breaches on a social media site.
Jack Dorsey tweeted about the major breach that, “the company was diagnosing and will share everything we can when we have a more complete understanding of exactly what happened.” He called it a “tough day” at Twitter.
Cybersecurity experts have expressed their concern and warned that this type of breach, where influential accounts are taken over, could have devastating effects if used for something more dangerous than to take money from unsuspecting users. The consequences could be greater if it involved an account like Trump’s or spread misinformation on some type of global security threat.

Cyber law in India
Hacking is not the only offence related to the cyber world. In recent weeks you must have heard about some celebrities, complaining about rape and murder threats, they are getting on their social media accounts. After the death of young bollywood actor Sushant Singh Rajput, on social media many of his fans blamed some of his contemporaries. And than a series of threat and abuse started pouring into these celebs’ social media accounts. All such type of bullying and threat comes under the cyber crime.

In year 2000 India had passed its first cyber-law, The Information Technology Act, 2000. The act deals with cyber-crime and electronic commerce. Some of the important sanctions of the law is defined here.

1. Hacking and Data Theft: Sections 43 and 66 of the IT Act penalise a number of activities ranging from hacking into a computer network, data theft, introducing and spreading viruses through computer networks, damaging computers or computer networks or computer programmes, disrupting any computer or computer system or computer network, denying an authorised person access to a computer or computer network, damaging or destroying information residing in a computer etc. The maximum punishment for the above offences is imprisonment of up to three years or a fine or Rupees five lac or both.
2. Tampering with computer, computer system, or computer network: Section 43(h) read with section 66 of the IT Act penalises an individual who charges the services availed of by a person to the account of another person by tampering with or manipulating any computer, computer system, or computer network. A person who tampers with the computer system of an electricity supplier and causes his neighbour to pay for his electricity consumption would fall under the aforesaid section 43(h) of the IT Act.
3. Tampering with computer source documents: Section 65 of the IT Act prescribes punishment for tampering with computer source documents which includes listing of programs, computer commands, design and layout and programme analysis of computer resource in any form. The punishment for this offence is imprisonment for up to three years or with a fine which may extend to Rupees three lac or with both.
4. Receipt of stolen property: Section 66B of the Act prescribes punishment for dishonestly receiving any stolen computer resource or communication device. The act should have been done dishonestly or should have reason to believe that it was stolen property. The punishment for this offence is imprisonment of up to three years or a fine of up to Rupees one lac or both.
5. Identity theft and cheating by personation: Section 66C of the IT Act prescribes punishment for identity theft and provides that anyone who fraudulently or dishonestly makes use of the electronic signature, password or any other unique identification feature of any other person shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to Rupees one lac.
6. Cheating by personation by using computer resource: Section 66D of the act prescribes the punishment for this crime and says that any person who by means of any communication device or computer resource cheats by personation, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to Rupees one lac.
7. Violation of privacy: Section 66E of the IT Act prescribes punishment for violation of privacy and provides that any person who intentionally or knowingly captures, publishes or transmits the image of a private area of any person without his or her consent, under circumstances violating the privacy of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to three years or with fine not exceeding Rupees two lac or with both.
8. Obscenity: Sections 67, 67A and 67B of the IT Act prescribe punishment for publishing or transmitting, in electronic form: (i) obscene material; (ii) material containing sexually explicit act, etc.; and (iii) material depicting children in sexually explicit act, etc. respectively.
9. Cyber terrorism: Whoever, with intent to threaten the unity, integrity, security or sovereignty of India or to strike terror in the people or any section of the people, denies or causes the denial of access to any person authorized to access a computer resource, or attempts to penetrate or access a computer resource without authorisation or exceeding authorised access, or introduces or causes the introduction of any computer contaminant, and by means of such conduct causes or is likely to cause death or injuries to persons or damage to or destruction of property or disrupts or knowing that it is likely to cause damage or disruption of supplies or services essential to the life of the community or adversely affect critical information infrastructure, is guilty of ‘cyber terrorism’. Section 66F of the IT Act prescribes punishment for cyber terrorism the imprisonment may extend to imprisonment for life.

Complaint & Procedure

The very first step to file a cyber crime complaint is to register a written complaint with the cyber crime cell. According to the IT Act, 2000, a cyber crime comes under the purview of global jurisdiction. Means that a cyber crime complaint can be registered with any of the cyber cells in India, irrespective of the place where it was originally committed.

In some cities, online complaint can also be filed. But if one has no access to cyber cell than a first information report can be registered at the local police station. In case complaint is not accepted there, one can directly approach the Commissioner or the city’s Judicial Magistrate.

• Accounts of Tesla’s CEO Elon Musk, Famous Investor Warren Buffet are also hacked.
• Expert says if the hackers get access to Dm’s they can blackmail people.
Twitter accounts of several personalities and Companies including, Bill Gates Co-Founder of Microsoft, Jeff Bezos CEO of Amazon, Elon Musk CEO of Tesla, and Former President of USA Barack Obama were hacked on Wednesday. Companies like Apple and Uber were also targeted. Hackers resorted to big names for crypto currency fraud.
List of hacked accounts:
Bill Gates (Co-Founder, Microsoft)
Jeff Bezos (CEO, Amazon)
Warren Beff (Famous Investor)
Elon Musk (CEO, Tesla)
Barack Obama (Former US President)
Joe Biden (Former Vice President of America)
Kim Kardashian West (Media Celebrity)
Mike Bloomberg (Businessman, Politician)
Kanye West (Singer)
Apple (Iphone Company)
Uber (Cab Service)
Hackers intended a Crypto currency fraud in names of big personalities and companies. Hackers posted a message on the hacked twitter accounts promising to help people. They asked them to transfer bitcoins into their accounts and in return they will be transferring double dollar value of the bitcoins received.
According to blackchain.com, website that monitors crypto currency transactions, Bitcoins worth $1.16 lakh were already transferred to the fraud account whose link was shared through hacked accounts before they found out.
Theresa Payton, CEO of cyber security company Fortalis Solutions says, they’re not sure how much information is stolen. If the hackers get access to direct messages then they can blackmail people. They can also cause trouble in the upcoming elections or any other big Events this year. The follower counts of hacked accounts are in billions.
Jack Darcy, CEO Twitter tweeted, “Tough day for us at Twitter. We all feel terrible this happened. We’re diagnosing and will share everything we can when we have a more complete understanding of exactly what happened…” Twitter has currently disabled all hacked accounts and removed fraud tweets.
Last year in August, Jack Darcy’s account was also hacked and hackers tried to spread racism and hate.

Zindagi Naa Milegi Dobara completed 9 years of its release on 15th July. On this occasion, film’s director Zoya Akhtar shared a post on her social media, recalling the moments from the making of the film.
In the photo Zoya shared, Hrithik Roshan, Farhan Akhtar, and Abhay Deol are seen previewing a shot on the camera screen with Zoya. She captioned the photo, I think we got it. #znmd # 9yearstoday #besttimeever. “
The film was released on 15 July 2011 in direction of Zoya Akhtar Featuring Hrithik Roshan, Farhan Akhtar, Abhay Deol, Katrina Kaif, Kalki Koechlin, and Naseeruddin Shah in lead roles. The storyline goes on the life of three friends, who go on a bachelor trip to different countries of the world. The music of the film was given by Shankar-Ahsan-Loy.
Abhay Deol was angry over Nepotism: After the death of Sushant Singh Rajput, He expressed his displeasure on social media referring to Zindagi Na Milegi Dobaara.
He had said, in almost all award functions, I and Farhan were ignored by the nominations as Lead actors and were nominated only for ‘supporting actors’. While Hrithik and Katrina were nominated for ‘Actors in Lead Role’.
That according to the logic of the industry, this film was only about a man and woman falling in love.

CHALLENGES OF INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
The country has been facing various loggerheads when it comes to the Indian justice system
in India. Sometimes, we can even see that peoples right of life and personal liberty which is
guaranteed by constitution is being deprived off. In enormous number of cases among which
recent one is Unnao rape case where we can see that how politicians has superseded existing
criminal law. The brief facts of this case are a teenage girl accused MLA of Unnao of raping
her year in 2017 she also tried to fire out herself outside la residence . the allegations also say
he had planned a accident which led which led death of her family members . so the judiciary
at various stages had come to the front and tried to solve the case and punish the accused by
having day to day hearing so we can see that how the executive is not able to implement the
criminal justice system properly. Various challenges of the current justice system which is
prevailing in India are as follows :
 Scarcity of judges: if we talk about data there are 19 judge per 10 lakh people in our
country which is less as compared to the other countries as in USA 127 judge per 1
million people are there. it’s a big challenge to our judiciary as 37% of the sanctioned
judge’s seat are vacant in the high courts of the country.
 Pendency of cases: the vidhi center for legal policy in its legal report has found that
nearly 70% of cases in Delhi high court has been decided by giving more than 3
adjournments which is against the provision of CRPC which says that a case it to be
decided in not more than three adjournments there are 43.55 lakhs case pending in
high court in which 8.5 lakhs are case which are 10-year-old. there are 1.59 lakhs case
pending in supreme court
 Lack of transparency: judiciary does not come under ambit of RTI act also there is no
transparency in appointment of judges
 Lack of synergy between police prosecution and judiciary: there is lack of
cooperation between the three elements without which one can’t attain an established
and fair judicial pattern of justice
 Hardships of under trail in India where are there is roughly 4.25 lakhs prisoners are
undertrials which is world largest number of undertrial prisoners that not because they
have been found guilty but they had been prosecuted in charges that are non- bailable
and also bail is tough task for them
 Lack of use of technology: a good technology helps to reduce the huge amount of
paper work involved there is need for better technology for recording the statement
and also CCTVs can be installed which can be used for recoveries and other related
process
 Lack of fund : the central government is not taking up seriously about the current
situation of the courts throughout the countries the courts are facing shortage of basic
things such as clean water electrification, sitting arrangements, waiting area etc.
NEED OF INQUISTORIAL SYSTEM
The years old adversarial system should must be replaced by the inquisitorial system. The old
British time system of delivering justice is still being followed the accused feels safer than
that of victim who has to prove himself the guilt of accused as the accused is to be presumed
an innocent person. in adversarial system truth is supposed to be emerge from respective
versions of facts presented by the prosecution and the defense before a neutral judge. parties

in the adversarial system enjoys freedom of proof widely. However, the system needs to be
changed according to the need of masses as it has many drawbacks:
It focuses on strict ignorance of procedural law which has created very less space for state to
be biased against the accused. It focuses and favors mainly to the accused and victim role is
limited of being a witness.
An inquisitorial system is an organised process where part of the court, if not the entire court,
is actively work in an inquiry of the findings of a case. It is different from an adversarial
system where the role of the court is to be an impartial third person who only observes , or
make decisions while listening to parties .
The trial judges become inquisitors who passionately take part in public inquiries by
questioning prosecutors, and defendants. These judges can even order specific items of
evidence be examined if they feel that the presentation by any party in the case is not up to
the mark . however there are advantages of adopting an inquisitorial system :

 4 It lowers the advantages of wealth inside the justice system.
in Indian societies there exist huge no of cases which are pending. This can be
ascertained to many factors. One such factor can be that there exist a huge gap
between the rich and poor. We’ve seen number of cases where rich gets bail easier as
they are able to afford good and expensive lawyers. This inquisitorial system will
eliminate such gap .
 It reduces decisions against people which are driven be emotions.
According to Pacific Standard Magazine report published in year 2013 , jurors who
faces moral outrage any level during a case are more likely to convict a defendant if
we tally to those who do not witness this emotional reaction. Under an adversarial
system of justice, the aim of the prosecutor is to elicit this response when they present
a case because it increases the likelihood of a successful results. With an this system
of justice, there is another line of defence against this emotional decision-making
process. The judge can help to determine the facts of a case so that decisions are
based on logical understandings instead of emotions.
 It lowers bias within the system of justice.
when many people are engaged in a legal proceedings various perspectives that are
bring down to review the situation that took place. Here chances of unintentional bias
is not present like adversarial system but in the inquisitorial system each of the parties
share and contribute their opinions and the facts decide what actually occurs instead
of biased opinion.
 It is a system which does not leave anyone.
in the inquisitorial system it aims that each person should be treated equally. This
system allows no exemptions same questions is asked to everyone when there is any
case presented. And the reality of each answer is then after verified through rigorous
work that what actually happened .
 It is a system which indicates independent review.
each wing will work upon each issues independently which is unique features itself .
there can be co-operation between the various individuals working a case, they are
separate teams working toward an outcome by themselves instead of together as a
4 Pros and cons of inquisitorial system available at: https://connectusfund.org/19-big-pros-and-cons-of-
inquisitorial-system

group. Some systems may needs full agreement in the results from all of the teams
working on a case before a case proceeds thereafter.
 It must resolve all factual uncertainties before coming to a resolution.
This is a mechanism of continuous investigation that is conducted firstly by police
then after magistrate or the judge who serves as the lead investigator in many
systems. Because the judge(s) are placed in this role, they are tasked by the
government to exhaust every effort to settle any factual uncertainties which may exist
in a case. There must be sufficient evidence of guilt to proceed. Although in some
cases this need may lead to pressure on the defendant to confess, this system seeks to
minimize manipulation to create specific outcomes.
 It allows the judicial system to play a substantial role in the proceedings.
One of the most important benefits s of the inquisitorial system is that the court
moves from being an impartial observer to an active participant. Instead of trying to
weigh the validity of both arguments or place the issue in the hands of a jury alone,
the focus is on achieving a justifiable outcome that fits the facts of the case. Even if
there are minor procedural errors which occur during the case, they can be ignored if
the purpose of achieving justice is the final outcome.
 It grants freedom to defendants to tell their story.
defendants in inquisitorial gets full right to represent their case and story as system
does not degrade character of the defendants as compared to the adversarial system

Girls once again outshone the boys in the Class 10th Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) examinations results that were announced throughout the country today.

The overall pass percentage in this examination stands at 91.46 per cent. The pass percentage of girls stands at 93.31 per cent as compared to 90.14 percent of boys and 78.95 of transgenders. Among the regions, Trivandrum recorded the highest pass percentage of 99.28 while Guwahati registered the lowest at 79.12 percent.

CBSE said there has been a marginal increase in the pass percentage since last year. Students can check their results at cbse.nic.in or cbseresults.nic.in. The results can also be checked via DigiLocker and Umang apps. 

In a tweet, Human Resource Development Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank congratulated everyone for making this possible and reiterated that student’s health and quality education are the government’s priority.

The World Health Organization and UNICEF have warned of an alarming decline in the number of children receiving life-saving vaccines around the world. This is due to disruptions in the delivery and uptake of immunization services caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

According to new data by WHO and UNICEF, these disruptions threaten to reverse hard-won progress to reach more children and adolescents with a wider range of vaccines, which has already been hampered by a decade of stalling coverage.

The latest data on vaccine coverage estimates from WHO and UNICEF for 2019 shows that improvements such as the expansion of the Human PapillomaVirus vaccine to 106 countries and greater protection for children against more diseases are in danger of lapsing

UNICEF and WHO said, they conducted a survey in collaboration with the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the Sabin Vaccine Institute and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, which revealed three-quarters of the 82 countries that responded reported COVID-19-related disruptions in their immunization programmes as of May 2020.

UNICEF Executive Director Henrietta Fore has said that COVID-19 has made previously routine vaccination a daunting challenge. 

Union Health Ministry has said that the recovery rate from COVID-19 infection has now climbed up to 63.24 per cent and recovered cases reached close to six lakh. The Ministry said, 20,572 people infected from the virus were cured during the last 24 hours taking the total number of recovered cases to 5,92,031. 

The Ministry said that the surge in recovered cases is driven by aggressive testing, timely diagnosis and effective management of the patients either through supervised home isolation or under active medical attention in the hospitals. 

It said, the actual case load of COVID-19 is only 3,19,840 active cases. It said, the gap between recovered and active cases has been consistently growing and it stands at 2,72,191 today. The Ministry added that Medical infrastructure in India to treat COVID-19 patients includes 1,378 dedicated COVID Hospitals, 3,077 dedicated COVID Health Centres and 10,351 COVID Care Centres. 

They have a total of 21,738 ventilators, 46,487 ICU beds and over 1.65 lakh Oxygen beds to treat COVID-19 patients.

The Central government has distributed around 231 lakh N95 masks, 123 lakh PPEs and 11,660 ventilators to States, UTs and Central institutions to ensure effective clinical management of COVID-19.

In Bihar, a complete lockdown has been imposed from today for 16 days in the entire state to contain the spread of COVID-19. It will be effective till 31st of July. The decision has been taken due to an alarming spike in the number of COVID-19 cases in the state during the last three weeks.

All government offices, public corporations and educational institutions will remain closed. Private and commercial establishments will remain closed.  

However, ration shops, dairy, vegetable and meat shops will remain open. All places of worship will also remain closed and religious gatherings will not be permitted. All kinds of e-commerce and home delivery will be allowed. Public transport service will also be allowed in the lockdown period.

However, private vehicles will be limited to essential works only. Train and flight services and all construction related activities will be allowed along with the functioning of construction related shops. Similarly, agriculture related activities will also be allowed.

Meanwhile, 1,320  new COVID-19 cases were reported during the last 24 hours. The total number of affected people in the state has reached 20,173 while 13,533 people have recovered so far. The recovery rate in Bihar stands at over 67 per cent. In all, 174 people including two doctors have died due to Coronavirus in the state so far. Apart from this, 69 security officials of Raj Bhawan and Patna High Court also tested positive.

AIR correspondent reports, except essential services all government offices, public corporations and educational institutions will remain closed. Private and commercial establishments will remain closed.  However, ration shops, dairy, vegetable and meat shops will remain open. All places of worship will also remain closed and religious gatherings will not be permitted. All kinds of e-commerce and home delivery will be allowed. Public transport service will also be allowed in the lockdown period.

However, private vehicles will be limited to essential works only. Train and flight services and all construction related activities will be allowed along with the functioning of construction related shops. Similarly, agriculture related activities will also be allowed. 

Prime Minister Narendra Modi today also addressed a virtual conclave on World Youth Skills Day organised by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. Speaking on the occasion, the Prime Minister Narendra Modi stressed on the vital role of skilled migrant workers in changing the local economy. 

Referring to the portal launched recently for mapping the skilled employees and employers, Mr Modi stated that it will help the skilled workers, including the migrant workers who have returned to their homes due to the COVID-19 pandemic, to access jobs easily and the employers to contact skilled employees at the click of a mouse.

The Prime Minister presented a new mantra for the youth to skill, reskill and upskill in order to remain relevant in the rapidly changing business environment and market conditions. He stated that the Skill India Mission launched five years back on the same day has led to creation of a vast infrastructure for skilling, reskilling and upskilling and enhancing opportunities to access employment both locally and globally.

It has led to hundreds of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendras being set up across the country and increase in the capacity of the ITI ecosystem. Due to these concerted efforts, more than five crore youth have been skilled in the last five years. 

The Prime Minister said, the Corona crisis has changed the nature of jobs and the work culture.