VALIDITY OF CONTRACT : CONTINGENT CONTRACT
INTRODUCTION
A Contract is enforceable by law in keeping with the section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. For each contract, there is a free consent of
the parties that are competent to each other for a lawful consideration and object as given under section 10 the said Act. However, the consent of
the parties for performing the contract shall be free from coercion, undue influence, etc. As provisions made under the Indian Contract Act, 1872
is predicted on Sir Pollock’s definition that states any contract and the ability to perform a contract is considered to be valid when it is
enforceable by court of law. Therefore, for the creation of any Contract, there should be a lawful consent, wherever the considerations are paid
or secure that shall be implemented beneath law.

Contracts can be classified into two groups on the basis of conditions:

Absolute Contracts: These are the contracts where there’s condition and can be performed in all circumstances.

Contingent Contracts: These are the contracts where there’s a condition and also known as the “Conditional Contracts”.

The word Contingent normally suggests that ‘Subject to Change’. It’s a form of conditional contract during which performance becomes due
solely upon the happening or non happening of some event which is of sure nature. Therefore, uncertainty is the symbol of the longer term. Once
the contract is obligated and condition is satisfied among the parties then they have to perform their obligations. If the situations obligatory

within the contract aren’t satisfied then the contingent contract becomes void and it needn’t to be performed. So, a Contingent Contract is to be
performed under some circumstances solely. Therefore, Section 31 to 36 of the said Act deals with the Contingent Contracts. [1]
According to Section 31 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 it defines Contingent Contract as the contract to try to do or not to do something, if
some events collateral to such contract will or doesn’t  happen. That means the performance of a contract depends upon some unsure event. If
the events happen, the contract will be performed and if the events don’t happen it’ll not be performed. For example: There is a contract between
A and B for which A has to pay B Rs. 20,000 if B’s house burnt in any circumstances. Here, it is commonly regarded as a contingent contract
because the performance of such contract depends on contingency that is unsure. The simplest way to determine whether the contract is
contingent or not, is uncertainty. If contingency is for certain it’s not a contingent contract however if the consistency is uncertain then, it’s a
contingent contract. Therefore, all contracts of insurance (except life insurance) guarantee and indemnity are contingent contracts. There are few
essential parts of a Contingent contract.

ESSENTIALS OF CONTIGENT CONTRACT

1. Performance of the Contract
   The performance of the contract must be conditional i.e. condition for which the contract has been entered into must be a future event, and it
   should be uncertain.
2. Contingency Relate to Collateral Matters
   highlights that the contingency has contemplated by the contract must be collateral to the contract. It means that a contract already arisen or a
   subsisting contract is there, but its performance cannot be demanded unless the contemplated event happens or does not happen.
3. Will of the Party

The particular event so considered as for contingency must depend on the act of the party but it does not depend on the will of the party.A
contract for sale of goods enjoin the condition that the goods would be inspected before despatch was held to be a firm contract. The import of
materials agreeable to such a contract was valid.

4. Uncertain Event

If the event is sure to happen, then the contract is due to be This is not a contingent contract. The event should be uncertain.

RULES REGARDING PERFORMANCE OF A CONTINGENT CONTRACT

 The following are the rules regarding performance of a contingent contract:

1. Contingent contract upon the happening of a future uncertain event :

When the happening of such event has possible it becomes enforced and if the happening of such event becomes impossible it becomes void.
EX: ‘A’ contracts to pay ‘B’ a sum of money when ‘B’ marries ‘C’.’C’ dies without being married to ‘B’. The contract becomes void.

2. Contingent contract upon the non happening of a future uncertain event : 

When the happening of such event becomes impossible it becomes enforced and when such event has possible it becomes void.
EX: “A” agrees to sell his car to “B” if “C” dies. The contract cannot be enforced as long as “C” is alive

3. Contingent contract upon happening of an event within a specified time :
 
When such event has happened within the specified time it can be enforced and if the happening of such event becomes impossible within the
specified time it becomes void.
EX: ‘A’ agrees to pay ‘B’ a sum of money if ‘B’ marries ‘C’,’C’ marries ‘D’. The marriage of ‘B’ to ‘C’ must be considered impossible now,
although it is possible that ‘D’ may die and that ‘C’ may afterwards marry ‘B’.

4. Contingent contract upon non happening of an event within a specified time :

 When the happening of such event becomes impossible within the specified time it can be enforced and if the happening of such event has
happened within the specified time it becomes void.
EX: ’A’ promises to pay ‘B’ a sum of money if a certain ship returns within a year. The contract may be enforced if the ship returns within a
year, and becomes void if the ship is burnt within the year.

5. Contingent contract upon impossible events : 
Such an agreement cannot be enforced since it is void. Whether the impossibility of the event was known to the parties or not is immaterial.
EX: ‘A’ agrees to pay ‘B’ Rs 1000/- if ‘B’ will marry A’s daughter, ‘X’. ‘X’ was dead at the time of the agreement. The agreement is void.

6. Contingent contract upon future conduct of a living person:
 When such person acts in the manner as desired in the contract it can be enforced and if such person does not acts in the manner as desired in
the contract it becomes void.

TYPES OF CONTINGENT CONTRACTS

Contracts contingent upon the occurrence of an uncertain event :
These contracts become valid only if the uncertain event mentioned in the contract occurs. For instance, let’s say A and B enter into a contract
wherein A promises to sell his goods in transit to B provided the goods safely reach the harbor. Since, the sale of goods by A is dependent upon
a condition (that the goods reach the harbor), this is a contingent contract. If the ship does not make it to the harbor, the contract becomes void.
Contracts contingent upon the non-occurrence of an uncertain event :
Sometimes, a contingent contract may depend upon the nonoccurrence of an uncertain event. For example, if A promises to sell his goods in
transit to B if the ship carrying the goods does not come back, then the contract becomes valid if the ship sinks in the sea; if it safely reaches the
harbor, the contract becomes void.
Contracts contingent upon the occurrence of an uncertain event within a specified timeframe :
In these contracts, the event must occur within the period specified in the contract. For example, A promises to sell the goods in transit to B, if
the ship carrying the goods safely arrives the harbor within eight days. If the ship comes on the ninth day or anytime thereafter, the contract
becomes void.
Contracts contingent upon the nonoccurrence of an uncertain event within a specified timeframe :
For example, let’s say, A contracts to sell the goods in transit to B if the ship carrying the goods does not reach the harbor within eight days.
Then, the contract becomes void if the ship arrives on the sixth day or anytime before eight days. On the other hand, if the ship does not come
until eight days, the contract becomes valid; it does not matter whether or not it comes or does not come after the eighth day has passed.
Contracts contingent upon an impossible event :

If the performance of a contract is dependent upon an impossible event, such a contract is ab initio void, i.e., void right from the beginning. For
example, A promises to pay B $7,000 if B marries C, who died five years back. Now, since C is already dead, it’s not possible for B to marry
her. So, the contract becomes null and void.

INDIA’S LONGEST URBAN BEACH LOCATED IN CHENNAI ARE BLANKETED WITH TOXIC WHITE FOAM PUFF AS A RESULT OF POLLUTION.

The movement in plants is mostly seen as bending, turning, twisting or as elongation of plant parts.Plants are fixed in a place with their roots in the ground.They lack the power of locomotion,but they can move individual parts or organs when subjected to external stimuli like light,water, chemical substances and touch.

These plants movements made in response to external stimuli fall into two main categories namely Tropic movements and Nastic movements.

Tropic movement

These are directional movements and are in response to stimulus,which comes mostly from one direction.The growth may be towards the stimulus or at the specific angle to the stimulus.Movement in which the direction of stimulus determines the direction of response is called tropism.

Depending on the types of the stimulus the tropic movement is classified as follows:

If the growth or movement of a plant part is towards the stimulus,it is called positive tropism.If the growth or movement of a plant part is away from the stimulus,it is called negative tropism.

⭐ Phototropism

The movement of a plant part in response to light is called Phototropism.If the plant part moves towards the sunlight,it is called positive phototropism.If the plant part moves away from the sunlight, it is called negative phototropism.The stem always grows towards light and the root always grows away from sunlight.

⭐ Geotropism

The movement of plant part in response to gravity is called Geotropism.If the plant part moves in the direction of gravity,it is called positive geotropism.If the plant part moves against the pull of gravity,it is called negative geotropism.Roots of a plant always grow downwards in the direction of gravity and the stem always grows upwards against gravity.

⭐Chemotropism

The movement of a plant part in response to a chemical stimulus is called Chemotropism.If the plant part moves towards the chemical,it is called positive chemotropism.On the other hand if the plant part moves away from the chemical,then it is called negative chemotropism.

⭐Hydrotropism

The movement of a plant part in response to water is called Hydrotropism.If the plant part moves towards water,it is called positive hydrotropism.On the other hand if the part moves away from water it is called negative hydrotropism.The roots of a plant always go towards water and they are positively hydrotropic.

⭐Thigmotropism

Climbing plants have weak stems.They cannot stand erect.They use thin thread like climbing organs called tendrils.Tendrils are sensitive to touch or contact of other objects,then the side of the tendril in contact with the object grows slower than its other side.This causes the tendril to bend towards the object by growing towards it,wind around the object and cling to it.The winding movement of the tendril of a climbing plant is an example for Thigmotropism.

Nastic movement

The movement of a plant part in response to an external stimulus in which the direction of response is not determined by the direction of stimulus is called Nastic movement.

Some of the Nastic movements are as follows:

⭐Thigmonasty

The non directional movement of a plant part in response to the touch of an object is called Thigmonasty.The best example for thigmonasty is mimosa pudica.If we touch the leaves of the sensitive plant,then its leaves fold up and droop immediately.

⭐Photonasty

The non directional movement of a plant in response to light is called Photonasty.The opening of leaves and flowers during the day and their closure at night is an example.A dandelion flower opens up in the morning in bright light but closes in the evening when the light fades and it gets dark.

⭐Thermonasty

The non directional movement of a plant in response to temperature is called Thermonasty.In crocus, the flowers open at high temperature and close at low temperature.

RIGHTS OF PAWNEE AND PAWNOR

As per section 172 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a Pledge is a contract where a person deposits an article or good with a lender of money as security for the repayment of a loan or performance of a promise. Pledge is also known as a pawn. The depositor or the bailor is the Pawnor and the bailee or the depositee is the Pawnee. The Pawnee is under the duty to take reasonable care of the goods pledged with him. Let us learn about the Rights of Pawnee and Pawnor.

Key features of Pledge are:

• The property under pledge shall be delivered to the Pawnee.
• Such delivery shall be in the pursuance of the contract.
• This delivery shall be for the purpose of security.
• Also, delivery of articles shall be upon a condition to return.

 RIGHTS OF PAWNEE

Pawnee has the following rights:

• Pawnee has a right to retain the goods pledged until payment of debt, interest and any other expense incurred for maintenance of such goods. For example, X pledges his gold jewelry for some loan from a bank. In such a case bank has all the rights to retain the gold jewelry not only for adjustment of loan amount but also for payment of interest accrued on such loan amount.
• Pawnee has a right to file a suit for recovery of debt while retaining the goods pledged as security.
• He has a right to sue for the sale of goods pledged and the payment of money due to him.
• Pawnee has a right to seek reimbursement of extraordinary expenses incurred. However, he cannot retain goods with him in such a case.
• Pawnee has a right to sell the goods after giving reasonable notice and time to pawnor. Pawnee can sue pawnor for deficiency, if any, after the sale of such goods. Also, if there is any surplus on sale of goods pawnee must return it to pawnor.

RIGHTS OF PAWNOR

   In case pawnee makes any unauthorized sale of goods pledged without giving proper notice and time to pawnor than pawnor has following rights:

• Right to file a suit for redemption of goods by making payment of debt.
• Right to claim for damages and loss on the ground of conversion.

LIEN

A lien is a legal right to claim a security interest in a property provided by the owner of the property to the creditor. It is generally used as a guarantee for some sort of legal obligation such as loan repayment.

In other words, a lien ensures that a creditor obtains the right to the property if a borrower fails to meet his legal and/or financial obligations. The grantor (the owner of the property) is called the lienee while the party that receives the lien is referred to as the lienor or lien holder.

TYPES OF LIENS

CONSENSUAL

Consensual liens are created by contractual obligations between the concerned parties. The most common examples are loans obtained to purchase real estate or personal property (chattel). They can be mortgages or auto loans.

 NON- CONSENSUAL

Non-consensual liens arise from statutory or common law. The most notable example is a tax lien, which is imposed by law against the property of a taxpayer. If a taxpayer fails to pay the taxes owed to the government, the tax agency can seize his or her real or personal property for the amount of the lien.

EXAMPLE OF LIEN

John wants to purchase a new house. In order to afford the purchase, he borrows $300,000 from ABC Bank. The bank wants to guarantee the repayment of the loan, and it requires John to provide the house as the collateral for the loan.

The bank files the documents with the government agency required to register the lien. Upon the completion of the process, the bank becomes the holder of the collateral provided by John (in this case, John’s house).

If John is unable to meet his financial obligations according to the mortgage agreement with ABC Bank, the bank will take possession of the property and will be able to sell it to satisfy the loan obligation.

There’s a good side to online classes and a bad side too. Schools that are able to provide engaging online classes along with co-scholastic activities and regular peer-to-peer interaction have seen better mental health among students. For others, it has become monotonous, which has led to a rise in anxiety and hyperactivity among children. Especially children between the age of 6-15. It has been more of a boon for children which has led to problems such as anxiety for children.

Dr Kannan Gireesh, psychiatrist, psychotherapist and founder, Live Life Education says, “What they are lacking is peer-to-peer learning. Social learning is not happening as they do not have friends to talk to and build new friendships. Building friendships is very important especially in the lower age groups, which gives them security and self-esteem that gives them a sense of belonging.”

“Many children have become bored with online classes. In certain schools, online classes are very monotonous. Hence, what these students are doing is switching off the camera and are doing other activities. It’s like a time pass for them. Not only mental health, but they are also facing some health problems like eye strain, headaches and fatigue from seeing the screen for such a long time. Besides, sports education and extracurricular classes have also stopped. As most of the parents are working and the child is all alone in the house, there is no way the children can interact with anyone,” he adds.

UK-based internationally recognised parenting expert, broadcaster, speaker and author of Parenting Made Easy — How to Raise Happy Children (2012) Sue Atkins explained, “With the sudden halt to in-person learning, many students have missed their friends, yearned to be out of the house, developed erratic sleep habits and drove their (often working) parents crazy. On top of that, many were dealing with the trauma of a sick or dying family member, economic hardship and major changes to the life they once had.

As the pandemic drags on, it’s clear that not all kids are alright. According to a survey by Gallup, nearly 3 in 10 parents said their child is experiencing emotional or mental anxiety because of social distancing and school closures.”

“Schools should think about using the virtual learning environment to create a new relationship between teachers and children, not just one where kids can get help with maths, but where children are talking to teachers about what’s going on & the focus is on their well-being & mental health. 

Parents can support their children by actively listening, creating new routines that create a feeling of predictability in an uncertain world and nurturing self-esteem and self-care by playing, talking and eating with them. Collaboration between schools, families, community leaders and health officials will be even more critical to support children’s needs in and out of school as the world grapples with controlling the virus,” Atkins adds.

“As educational practitioners, we are committed to the wholesome development of the child and as we know, learning is not only about book knowledge, but also the physical, emotional, social and mental wellbeing of the child,” says Prema Muralidhar, principal of Ajman-based Woodlem Park School.

She adds, “As such, to help mitigate the effects of being endlessly homebound, at WPS we integrated more holistic approaches and more activity-based learning during our virtual sessions to help break the monotony and to keep the students engaged. Our students were introduced to breakout rooms that consist of smaller groups of students and provide the opportunity for them to interact briefly or to brainstorm with their peers during classes.

Incorporating regular PE and Karate sessions have helped to break the sedentary lifestyle and to encourage exercise. Our wellness programme is equally conducted for half an hour, twice a week where students practice breathing exercises, talk about anything of interest outside the normal curriculum, and share their thoughts and talents. The STTT (student-teacher talking time) also presents a brief interlude at the beginning of the day when the teacher can have a chat with the students to find out how they are generally doing.

Nearly everyone thinks that to be educated, one must attend a formal school. This belief has led to many being illiterate or semi-literate, as they have been programmed by society to accept that you need a diploma or other degree to be considered educated.

There is more than enough practical and historical proof to debunk people who secretly grade others according to educational qualifications “many” “many” times over. These people believe themselves to be better than one who hasn’t studied in the four walls of a classroom for a higher level degree.

We’ll look at a brief description of people who rocked the world without going through any or a great deal of formal education. We’ll also know what it takes to obtain a formal education, if formal education is necessary at all, and if the current global education system actually improves or hampers knowledge acquisition.

THOMAS EDISON : this guy was expelled from school because his teachers thought he was too slow to learn. After his expulsion, Thomas studied at home from his mother. She taught him to read and write. He worked hard and experimented a lot, until he invented the light buld, motion picture camera, and stock sticker, which the world relies on today.

 

ALBERT  EINSTEIN:- Perhaps the most intelligent people the world has ever seen, this scientist started off his education poorly. In Germany, he only reached the standard of a “bad student” and his results for various entrance examinations were insufficient to get him through. He was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest physicists of all time. Einstein is known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are together the two pillars of modern physics.

 

 

AISWARYA RAI :- This former Miss World is now one of the greatest actors in the country. She has garnered appreciation and success because of her work in and outside India. Little people know that this successful actor gave up her college education in order to pursue a career in modeling.

 

AZIM PREMJI :- Founder of WIPRO, this is one of the most prominent businessmen in the country. But, I bet you didn’t know that he dropped out of college! He is an Indian business tycoon, investor, engineer, and philanthropist.

 

SACHIN TENDULKAR :- Perhaps the best cricketer ever produced in the world, this Indian has been one of the most successful people in the country. Yet, due to his cricket career, Sachin gave up his education in 1989. Sachin Tendulkar has been the most complete batsman of his time, the most prolific runmaker of all time, and arguably the biggest cricket icon the game has ever known.

 

DHIRUBHAI AMBANI :- He was an Indian industrialist who was the founder of Reliance Industries, a giant petrochemicals, communications, power, and textiles conglomerate that was the biggest exporter in India and the first privately owned Indian company in the Fortune 500. Considered the most successful businessman in the country, this man made “Reliance Industries” what it is from scratch. As a child, Dhirubhai was not a good student and was extremely impatient. Despite being extremely intelligent, he did not do well at school. He gave up education while he was in college to take a job in Aden.

 

MARY KOM :- Mary Kom became the first Indian woman boxer to win a Gold Medal in the Asian Games in 2014 in South Korea and is also the first Indian woman boxer to win gold at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.This ace boxer had to give up her education in order to pursue her career in boxing. She went on to become one of the best female boxers India has ever seen.

 

KAPIL DEV :- Kapil Dev was the greatest pace bowler India has produced, and their greatest fast-bowling allrounder. This former cricketer led the Indian Cricket Team to its World Cup victory in 1983. He is often considered to be one of the best cricketers of India. But, he gave up education between his schooling.

 

BILL GATES:- He is an American business magnate, software developer, investor, author, and philanthropist. He is a co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, along with his late childhood friend Paul Allen.Several times richest man in the world. He dropped out of Harvard, only to later build one of the most successful multi-national corporations of our time.

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🔸️The network topology is the structure or layout of the communication channels that connects the various computers on the network. Each computer in the network is called a node.

🔸️There are a number of factors that determine the topology suitable for a given situation. Some of the important consideration is the type of nodes, the expected performance, type of Wiring (physical link) used and the cost.

🔸️Network can be laid out in different ways. The five common topologies are

🔹️Star
🔹️Ring
🔹️Bus
🔹️Hybrid
🔹️FDDI

🌟Star Network:

🔸️In a star network all computers and other communication devices are connected to a central hub.
🔸️Such as a file server or host computer usually by a Unishielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables.

💍Ring Network:

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🔸️In a ring network computers and other communication devices are connected in a continuous loop.
🔸️Electronic data are passed around the ring in one direction, with each node serving as a repeater until it reaches the right destination.
🔸️There is no central host computer or server.

🚌Bus Network:

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🔸️In a bus network all communication devices are connected to a common cable called bus.
🔸️There is no central computer or server.
The data transmission is bidirectional.

Hybrid Network:

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A hybrid network is a combination of the above three networks suited to the need.

FDDI Network:

🔸️A FDDI network (pronounced as giddy short for Fiber Distributed Data interface) is a high-speed network using fiber optic cable.
🔸️It is used for high tech purposes such as electronic images, high – resolution graphics and digital video.
🔸️The main disadvantage is its high cost.

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The land of skyscrapers, the land that defined the American dream, was not always the happening place that it is now. 500 years ago it was a world of unbelievable natural wealth, two continents teeming with life, more than 600,000 miles of coastline, pristine waters and dense shoals, countless species, dense stretches of forest, it was a land of stark contrasts. With the lush green jungles in the south, glaciers in the north and the Great Plains of Midwest, there was always room for everyone, the caribou, antelopes, bison, and grizzly bear, there were even huge flocks of pigeons, ducks and geese.

There were flourishing vast civilizations throughout the continent. The Andes cradled a vast civilization ruled by powerful god-kings, there were Mesoamericans, the Atlantic coast filled with smaller villages and fields and the Mississippians, who were farmers, flourished where the Missouri, Illinois and the Mississippi rivers merged. Their staple food was corn, which was at then native to Americans and unknown to the rest of the world.  It was an outcome of their genetic engineering, the domestication of wild teosinte grass that later on became the fuel for their ever-growing population. It played a key role in the flourishing of cultures in America. The greatest empire of them all was the Inca Empire who settled themselves high in the Andes. They grew thousands of verities of tubers including the well-loved potatoes, that they domesticated from their ancestors, some were poisonous and some even carnivorous. The llamas and the turkeys being the most domesticated animals. The Native Americans defined a new agricultural system of burning grass as they believed crops grew faster in burnt grass.

 But in Europe, things are taking a different turn. It was a busy and crowding continent trying to feed a growing population of 100 million people. Natural resources are already exploited and the land is scarce and overworked. Most of the peasants are farmers working in the fields of the royalty or church. Here there is no space for an abundance of wildlife, agriculture and city life pushback the forest line. Christianity, the common religion all over Europe banned eating meat for more than 100 days a year. Leaving behind fish as the main food source. The demand for fish was huge but the supplies were dwindling fast enough. There is an immediate need to quench the thirst of millions of inhabitants.

 The nobles have grown wealthier by trading with the east. Spices, gold, gemstones and silk are the most lucrative goods. But as they lost their silk road to the Turks, foreign trade declined rapidly, the wealth of the royalty was in danger. Rivalries between the princes grew intense, religious fervour, greed and curiosity took widespread. European kings and queens started sending explorers to expand and enhance their powers. Some explorers went around Africa to find the route to India. And Isabella, queen of Spain grew desperate to find new ways to India. She finally agrees to support a seaman from Genova, Italy who envisions to sail west to reach the east. Cristopher Columbus a fervent amateur then had spent five years trying to get financial support from the royalty. The Spanish crown decides to finance three ships. Columbus gathers together a motley crew of 87 men, mostly illiterates, petty criminals, murderers and soldiers. They set sail from the port of Seville in the summer of 1492 promising the queen a world of treasures trade and land.

On October 12^th 1492 Columbus sights land, after three months of search, it is not India but an island in the Caribbean. The air is hot and the water warm, tropical seas to the arid desserts it was nothing that they expected. After seven months queen Isabella is delivered the news she was aching for, land to conquer, converts to Christianity and gold. The news spread like wildfire leaving several Europeans aching to visit the newfound land. In 1493 17 ships arrive in the new land carrying over 1200 Spanish conquistadors. With the horses, they have brought along the Spaniards spread all over the continent. They annihilate empires, the Incas fall to Pizarro and the Aztecs to Cortez within 40 years.

Hernando de Sotto travelled from Florida to Mississippi river. The Spaniards carry with them pigs which are a great source of food. But the wines become a threat for the Native Americans as unfenced fields undergo regular attack. In a Spanish missionaries records, there said to have an epidemic broken out, a sickness of pustules, large bumps spread on people. Smallpox was accidentally introduced to the Americas in the 6^th century. And so smallpox along with influenza and measles wipes out almost ninety percent of the Native American population. Through the trade between the native people, certain diseases like syphilis took a widespread in Europe.

It was the 17^th century that witnessed a new wave of people, the settlers. England had defeated the Spanish and became the new European superpower. In 1607 the British started a new colony in the east coast of North America now known as Virginia. They name it Jamestown after their king.  Many came here in search of religious freedom and a better lifestyle. For the first time women settlers came in bringing with them a whole new way of life. They introduced crops such as wheat. Meat became the cheapest food in the Americas and fur of the wild animals became the biggest export. Most trees were cut down and replaced with the trees they brought along and turned them into pastures and gardens were they grew all kinds of vegetables and fruits. They bring along with them peaches, pears, plums, figs, olives and bananas. The gardens slowly turn into plantations. Apples become a major industry in North America. Not only was it biological imperialism but also a Columbian exchange, European kitchens saw a huge American influence. The British settlers acquired a taste for sugar and tobacco. To satisfy such high demands, huge plantations started sprouting everywhere. Due to the shortage of manual labourers 10 million Africans were transported to America to work at the plantations. These slaves who were brought in were used to cultivate sugar in the Caribbean and Brazil, tobacco in Virginia, rice in South Carolina and cotton in North America.

By the 18^th century, the metamorphosis of America was complete. The creation of the new world almost killed ninety percent of the Native Americans. People from all over the world, from Europe, slaves from Africa took over the place. It is now a place of skyscrapers, chrome and steel cities and is now the melting pot of races. 

Vajrasana

It is a meditative asana. Kneel down on the ground or floor with your knees, ankles and toes touching the ground. Your toes should be stretched backwards. At this time, the breathing should be deep , even and slow . Then expand your chest forward and pull your abdominal portion inwards.

Benefits :

• It is helpful in improving concentration .
• It is helpful in curing dysentery , back pain and chest diseases.
• It enhances memory pow
• It cures the problems related to menstruation .
• It cures mental stress.

Gomukhasana

Sit down on the ground with legs stretched forward. Now fold the left leg at the knee and sit on the left foot. Fold the right leg and keep the right thigh on the left thigh with the help of your hands. Now lift your buttocks and bring the heels of both feet together so that they should touch each other . Now fold your left arm behind the back under the right shoulder. After that bend your fingers of both the hands and clasp each other. At this time your head and back should be erect. Then, repeat the same in reverse position.

Benefits :

• It makes the leg muscles strong and elastic .
• It helps in keeping the shoulder joints healthy, flexible and strong.
• It helps in staying fit and strong.
• Regular practice of this asana helps in the treatment of sciatica.
• It also reduces stress and anxiety.

Pawanmuktasana

Lie down on your back on a plain surface . Keep your feet together and place your arms beside your body. Take a deep breath . When you exhale bring your knees towards your chest. At the same time press your thighs on your abdomen. Clasp your hands around your legs. Hold the asana when you breathe normally. Every time you inhale, ensure that you loosen the grip . Exhale and release the pose after you rock and roll from side to side about 3 times .

Benefits :

• It eases the tension in lower back.
• It enhances the blood circulation in pelvic area.
• It aids weight loss.
• It tones the arm ,leg and buttocks.