McLaren F1 was the fastest production car for 12 straight years from 1993 to 2005. At the time of its unveiling, McLaren F1 was an engineering marvel with numerous pioneering technological innovations. It was designed by the legendary designer and engineer Gordon Murray.
McLaren F1 Rear
It was the first road production car to be fully built carbon fiber. The entire Carbon fiber monocoque weighs just fewer than 220 pounds and 5000 pieces of carbon fiber pieces were used to mold the final frame. This gives it double the strength of steel but it makes it five times lighter than traditional frames.
The car has a central seating position which is unique to this car. While developing McLaren F1, Gordon Murray drove and tested all the contemporary supercars of that time and he realized that their three-pedal boxes were somewhat offset. So He wanted to eliminate that. To solve this problem he placed the seat in the central driving position similar to a traditional F1 racing car. The central position also helps in increasing the visibility of the driver.
It has a naturally aspirated 6.1-liter V12 engine, but initially, McLaren has asked Honda to supply an engine for them as they were also the supplier for their F1 racing team at that time. But Honda didn’t follow the specification stated by Gordon Murray. Later they asked BMW to supply them with the engine of their car. BMW had to make a new engine as per the specification and the final results were incredible. The Engine is called BMW Motorsport S70/2
The engine possesses extremely efficient heads. It also has continuous variable inlet valve timing and an emission-control system and four catalytic converters with ‘Lambda’ exhaust gas analysis control. Even with a 6064 CC displacement and a power output excess of 550bhp, the engine is quite efficient. The engine created so much heat that it had to be covered with a good heat deflecting material and to solve that problem the engine bay was covered with 16 grams of gold foil.
On 31 March 1998, Andy Wallace drove the McLaren F1 XP5 prototype at Volkswagen’s test track in Ehra-Lessen, Germany, and broke the record created by McLaren F1 itself in 1993. The car reached the top speed of 391 kilometers per hour or 243 Miles per hour. As of today, the F1 remains the fastest naturally aspirated production car in the world.
The car had a limited production of 106. Of those only 64 of them were road-going cars and 28 of them were racecars and the remaining of them were prototypes and special editions like the LM and longtail version. Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean) was for one period the owner of McLaren F1 as well.
Back in 1993, a brand-new McLaren F1 cost £540,000. In today’s money it would be approximately 1.1 million pounds but due to the rarity and the special status and engineering feat of the car. McLaren F1 has steadily climbed in value since then. As of today a McLaren F1 costs around £16 million and special versions can fetch even more. This car has also stood the test of time in its design, engineering, and craftsmanship.
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and copy their actions. This may also be applicable to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-solving. From SIRI to self-driving cars, AI is progressing rapidly. While science fiction often portrays AI as robots with human-like characteristics, AI can enclose anything from Google’s search algorithms to automatic weapons.
Benefits
AI’s impact on society can be beneficial for research in many areas. Topics such as economics, law, technical topics such as verification, validity, security and control can be improved so much with the help of AI. it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an AI system does what you want it to do if it controls cars, airplanes, automated trading systems or a power grid. Another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in dangerous automated weapons.
Artificial Intelligence can also be used in performing surgeries which require precision. It can also be helpful in performing tasks which are difficult for humans to perform. As technology advances, previous landmarks that defined artificial intelligence become outdated. For example, machines that calculate basic functions or recognize text through character recognition are no longer considered to embody artificial intelligence, since this function is now taken for granted as a basic computer function.
Disadvantages
When misused, AI has the potential to become the most dangerous weapon humans have ever seen. Autonomous weapons are automated weapons that are programmed to kill. In the hands of wrong people, this weapon can easily be a medium for mass destruction. Moreover, AI arms race can cause an AI war which can also cause mass causalities.
Even if AI is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive method to achieve its goals. For example, when we ask an AI powered car to take us in the fastest way possible, it can break several traffic rules and speed limits to help us reach our destination. It can run over people or damage the vehicle. AI is very difficult to tame once it learns to think like humans. So, we should be very careful while handing over our future to the hands of artificial intelligence.
When a query performed on Google implies local results should be shown, the search engine populates a map pack of 3 local results. The map pack has many other names, including “local pack,” or the “Google 3-pack.”
If you own or operate a business that caters to your local community, chances are you qualify to get a Google My Business listing. A quality Google My Business listing can get you one step closer to being added to a local pack.
In this guide, we’ll explore the best way to add your business on Google My Business and offer some tips to increase your local rankings.
Back in March 2021, Google noted that there are more than 2 billion visits to local websites each month. That’s a lot of website traffic.
If you’re a small business owner, your #1 driver of new business is likely going to be referrals.
Referrals are great!
But, even with a referral, most people will still Google your business name to learn more about your business, read reviews, etc — before even contacting you.
What happens when I perform a search on Google for “Cowboy Dinner Tree?”
The right-panel is generated by Google’s Knowledge Graph, but most of the data being populated here is sourced from Google My Business.
Now, what’s interesting about Cowboy Dinner Tree’s GMB listening is they don’t even have ownership of it. It isn’t owned by anyone.
Same with their Yelp, Facebook, etc. Even their website is very web 1.0.
How do they have a Google My Business listing if it isn’t claimed?
Google will automatically create one based on data they collect about businesses (entities). Keep this in mind as we get into the process of creating your own Google My Business listing.
Back to the benefits of owning your Google My Business listing.
You, the owner of your business, can provide the most accurate information about your business and have it displayed when someone does a search for your business on Google.
One of the other major benefits to claiming your Google My Business listing is that some simple optimizations and ongoing activities can help your chances of getting new business from organic search for free.Increase Your Visibilitywith the Listing Management ToolTry for Free →
How to add your business to Google My Business
You’ll have about 3 different scenarios to choose from:
Brand new business: Select Scenario 1 if your business is less than 6 months old.
Listing exists, unclaimed: If your business has been around longer than 6 months, start with Scenario 2 (but you may end up back at Scenario 1).
Listing exists, claimed: If you claimed your listing some time ago but don’t remember the login, the email is no longer active, or another person owns your listing, go with Scenario 3.
Scenario 1: Brand new business
Congratulations! Let’s get you on the path to getting you a Google My Business listing.
Step 2: Sign in to a gmail account that you own. This is important: remember what email address you are using here. This gmail account will be the Primary owner of the listing. Write it down on a post-it or take a screenshot if you need to.
Step 3: Once you have signed in, you’ll get taken to a page like the one below. Click on the Get Started button.
Step 4: Start typing in the name of your business. Google My Business will attempt to locate a listing but since your business is new, you likely don’t have one yet. When you spot the option to “create a business with this name,” click it, then click on Next.
Step 5: Now we need to choose a Business category that best matches your business. For our example, coffee shops are the best matching category. If there are multiple categories that match your business, you’ll be able to add additional categories after your listing has been verified. Once you’ve chosen your category, click Next.
Step 6: Your next move depends on what type of business you operate. If your business is a brick and mortar, then the answer is yes. If you are a service provider (you go to your customers) and don’t have a physical storefront with signage then you will select no. If you are a service provider AND have a physical storefront with signage, then choose yes. Once you’ve made your choice, click Next.
Step 7: Enter your address, then click Next if you answered yes in the previous step. If you chose no in the previous step, you will be asked to enter your service area. Once finished, click Next.
Step 8: If you are displaying your address, you might be asked to point to the exact spot where your business is located. Once finished, click Next. If you are not showing your address, you will be asked to provide your business phone number and website.
Step 9: If you’re showing your address, you’ll be asked if you also serve customers outside of your location. If you are not showing your address, you’ll be asked if you want to get updates and recommendations from Google. Choose your answer, then click Next.
Step 10: If you’re showing your address, you’ll be asked to add your phone number and website. If you are not showing your address, skip to Step 10. Once you’ve added your website address and phone number, click Next.
Step 11: Time to finish and start the verification process! Select “Finish.”
Step 12: If you are showing your address, you’ll be prompted to verify by postcard with an option to add a contact name. If you are hiding your address, you’ll be prompted to add an address for verification purposes. Your address will not be shown but is needed to verify your business.
Step 13: Once you receive the postcard (usually within 5 business days), log back into your listing to verify your listing.
Scenario 2: Listing exists, unclaimed
If your business has been around for at least 6 months, you might already have a Google My Business listing that was automatically created.
Go to Google Maps and perform a search for your business name. If a listing shows up and you see “Claim this business,” then claim it! If you see your listing and there’s a label that says ‘Manage this listing,” then head to Scenario 3.
If you have the option to claim the listing, you’re going to be asked to make sure the information is up to date, then you’ll go through the verification process.
Scenario 3: Listing exists, claimed
Maybe a former employee, an email address you don’t have access to anymore, or a former agency that claimed the listing on your behalf. Whatever the reason is, you don’t have access to your Google My Business listing.
Go to Google and perform a search for your business. Within the panel, you’ll see ‘Suggest an edit • Own this business?’ Select “own this business.”
Google will show the first 2 characters of the email address that owns the listing. Sometimes, this may spark your memory with the email address that you used years ago to claim the listing.
If you don’t know the email address, click on the Request Access button.
More often than not, you’re going to check the box to share your info with the current owners and managers of the listing.
For level of access, choose Ownership.
Your relationship to the business is likely going to be owner since you’re requesting ownership of the listing.
Provide your name and phone number, then submit.
After you submit the form, the current owner of the listing will get an email that asks them if the request is valid. You’ll also receive a confirmation email. Keep the confirmation email.
The current owner of the listing has 3 days to respond to your request. You can check the status of your request by clicking on the link within the confirmation email.
If your request is approved, you’ll get an email confirmation and can then start managing the profile.
If your request is denied, you’re going to need to contact Google My Business support via the Help Center.
Alternatively, you can get in touch with GMB Support on Twitter. It might take them a few days to respond, but they’ve been helpful in the past.
If the current listing owner does not respond within 3 days, you’ll get the option to claim the listing. Sign into g oogle.com/business and you should see an option to verify the listing.
Once you get access to the listing, the first thing you will want to do is make sure that anyone who should have access to the listing does. Since you are now the primary owner of the listing, you can add or remove users from having access.
Next Steps
Once you’ve created or updated your listing, be sure to stay on top of it! Listing management is an important part of ensuring the information around your business is useful and accurate.
Set a predetermined time to check in on your listing, try a few marketing strategies to connect with your audience, and keep an eye out for any user interactions with your listing. You can also use listing management tools to take the guesswork out of managing your listing.
Almost everyone of use google chrome for searching information today but do we ever think about how the google functions in order to give the accurate results. Today we are going to know about the functionality of search engine google.
INTRODUCTION ABOUT SEARCH ENGINE:
Search engine came into our world in the year of 1990 in the form of “archie”, which was an ftp indexing tool that allowed people to obtain certain files. A “ search engine “ is several interlinked mechanisms that work together to identify pieces of web content like images, videos , website pages, etc… based on the words you type in the search bar. The search engines always looks for the best solution, the right product, the most relevant video & the most accurate answers to better up the search experience of user.
Search engine look simple from outside but that deceptively easy interchange requires a lot of computation and heavy lifting backstage. The too complicate matters in search engines are the algorithms used for searching. Most of the search algorithms are not only kept secret but are also constantly being changed and revised. The hard work of search engine start it’s way before you make a search .Search engine work round-the-clock by gathering and organising information.
FUNCTIONALITY OF A GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE:
Understanding how a search engine works is vital to know about rank of a website. As the rank of a website is higher, the traffic that the website gets is also higher which leads to more income. The functioning of every search engine begins with the three-step process which is clearly explained in following steps:
CRAWLING:
Search engines rely on crawlers to scour the web information. Crawlers start out with a list of websites. The algorithms dictate crawlers about how many pages to crawl and how frequently. A crawler is an internet bot that systematically browses the world wide web. Typically used by search engines . These crawlers are also called as spider. Crawlers visit each site on the list systematically, following through tags like HREF & SRC to jump to internal or external pages . Over time crawlers build an ever expanding map of interlinking pages
INDEXING & PAGE RANKING:
Once the content from web pages has been crawled, the web pages should be indexed based on the occurrence of multiple keywords. When the web page content is indexing, the common elements are avoided and indexed information is stored in an organized manner. The organisation of indexed pages is called as page ranking. Search engines use algorithms for determining the rank of a web page.
PageRank is the first algorithm used by Google to evaluate web pages. It uses a simplistic model of web surfing to estimate the probability of browsing to each site on the internet. It uses the concept of random walks in a Directed Acyclic Graph.
The factors include in page ranking are Backlink quality, Mobile friendliness and how recently content was updated or Freshness. Engagement and Page speed. So, These three process steps play a vital role in “Search Engine” for query processing. The following video picturizes about the functionality of google search engine in a clear way.
CONCLUSION:
As billions of search queries per day are being performed in google, The quality of search results is closely monitored by google search quality team. The caffeine index of google takes up around 1,00,000,000 gigabytes and fills “server farms” , thousands of computers of google never get turned off around the globe. Google’s synonym system allows the search engine to recognize when groups of words mean the same thing. For example: when you type “ dark coloured dresses”, search engine’s will results for black dresses as well as dark tones. That is the engine understands that dark as often synonymous with black
Finally, Google search engine is provided by Google LLC which is handling 40 billion indexed pages containing results along with advertisements in it. The three main reasons why internet user’s love google beside other search engines are because of it’s high quality results and regular updation of search algorithms. This is the reason why google has become most popular search engine even today in the world though it was developed at 1997 and it has almost 92% share of the global search engine market.
Looking Glass, a producer of holographic displays, has announced the development of two variants of their second-generation holographic display. Looking Glass has a video on its website demonstrating the capabilities that consumers may anticipate from the two new devices, the 4K Gen2 and the 8K Gen2, which are both powered by the company’s unique light-field technology.
The term “Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There” is derived from another word for a mirror, which was made popular by Lewis Carroll’s “Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.” In reality, they resemble the shoebox dioramas made by elementary school children, albeit the images in the box are computer-generated in this case.
Looking Glass Portrait, the company’s first-generation holographic display, will be updated with the new goods. These were available for as cheap as $249 through a Kickstarter campaign. The second-generation gadgets are significantly more expensive, costing $3,000 for the 4K model and $17,500 for the 8K model.
The second-generation versions are a size and quality increase rather than a technological upgrade. The Portrait’s display is 7.9 inches, while the 4K version is 15.6 inches, and the 8K version is 32 inches. The two new models are both smaller and lighter, with ways for reducing ambient reflections.
All three of the company’s gadgets can transform and display images taken with a smartphone (through the Looking Glass app) into 3D pictures or movies that appear to be taken by a moving camera. The gadget may also be used to make and display 3D items; in the introduction video, they are seen designing and displaying a new shoe. In an animation, the screens may also be utilized to build and show 3D characters. All three devices run the HoloPlay Studio software from Looking Glass.
The devices operate with 3D applications such as Unity, Unreal Engine, and Blender, allowing users to generate a wide range of content. Users can also share their material with other Looking Glass users. The Looking Glass website now sells both of the new second-generation gadgets directly.
The firm sees the Portrait as a type of ambassador for its technology, especially given how difficult it was to get the systems in front of potential consumers last year. I’ve seen a few of Looking Glass’ earlier systems in person, and I can tell you that the impact isn’t quite the same over Zoom. As it strives to meet demand and overcome global supply chain difficulties, Looking Glass claims to have sold 11,000 devices and is delivering “thousands” each month.
“I think of it as their first chance to acquire their holographic display without having to gain consent from their boss,” says CEO Shawn Frayne. “Someone is interested in it, so they order it, and it meets or surpasses their expectations, and they proceed from there. The Portrait has a very high-quality level, and the larger pieces are a larger format variation of that quality.”
The new models will succeed their predecessors, which were essentially development units rather than mass-market goods (though the company will continue to offer support). In addition to being less expensive, the second-generation devices are lighter and have better visual quality than their predecessors, especially at the edges, where holographic displays often have problems.
Rapid application development (RAD) is an incremental software development process model that emphasizes an extremely short development cycle. The RAD model is a ―high-speed adaptation of the linear sequential model in which rapid development is achieved by using component-based construction.
Situation When RAD Model is Useful:
RAD should be used when there is a need to create a system that can be required in 2-3 months of time. It should be used if there‟s high availability of designers for modeling and the budget is high enough to afford their cost enables a development team to create a ―fully functional system within very short time periods (e.g., 60 to 90 days).
Phases
1. Communication:
Communication phase is used to understand the requirements of the project.
2. Planning:
Planning is very essential because multiple project teams are working parallel in RAD model
3. Modeling:
a) Business modeling:
The information flow among business functions is represented.
b) Data modeling:
The information flow defined as part of the business modeling phase is refined into a set of data objects that are needed to support the business.
c) Process modeling:
The data objects defined in the data modeling phase are transformed to achieve the information flow necessary to implement a business function.
4. Construction:
RAD process model reuses the existing program components (when possible) or create reusable components (when necessary).
5. Deployment:
Modules developed by different RAD teams are integrated to develop final complete product.
Advantages
Faster implementation of Project Parallel implementation Increases re usability of components Encourages customer feedback Projects divided into small teams results into better implementation
Disadvantage
•Limited Time for system implementation results into inadequate analysis of project. •Less time for testing. •If user is unclear with the system project may fail. •If developers and customers are not committed to the rapid model, the RAD project fails. •Time is the major constraint in RAD. •RAD has to be modularized in a proper way otherwise creates a lots of confusions and problems. •In case of high performance requirement, RAD cannot be ideal model.
Conclusion
RAD Model is fast and is also based on Component Based Construction so, there is faster implementation of the project and increases re usability of the components. But also, if the user is unclear with the system the project may fail, this may lead to loss of time and cost.
Online classes are here to stay . Online learning has gain popularity , thanks to this pandemic . Not only colleges & universities but all schools have also introduced this system . In this pandemic , where the whole world is in lockdown it was very difficult to continue studies as all schools , universities , organizations were shut , & here these online class came into force .Online classes have whole different environment as compare to our traditional form of classroom , & students are enjoying this environment.
Some advantages of online classes which you also will relate to are :
Taking classes usually means showing up on class at a particular time, sitting through a somewhat lengthy lecture and then going directly to your next class. Or, if you’ve spaced your classes out, you may be able to take a break in between, but you still have to stay on campus. It can make for really long, really intense, really exhausting days. Then you have to come home, do homework, sleep and do it all again the next day. It can easily become a grind. But with online classes you can sit comfortable & take the lecture by sitting in the position you want to .
Online classes teaches you self discipline , because their is no teacher that will ask you to sit in discipline . You learn the most important thing of your line that is self discipline .
Comfort of you very own home is what students like the most . You can take class from any where & every where .
4 Online classes will force you outside of your comfort zone (in a good way). You will have to learn to navigate the course lectures, download materials, interact with others online and communicate well digitally. Yes, this may be scary for some people! However, in the information age, these are essential skills and will allow you to keep pace with others.
At the same time online classes have disadvantages also which all of us know , they are :
Online learning creates a sense of isolation , students starts feeling that they are in a cage & somebody is forcing you to sit in front of a device .
It require self discipline , students don’t have this skill , as this skill require experience.
Online classes are prone to technical issues, it require proper network connection & needs a proper device for taking classes on .
Online classes need more time to be spend on screen & people don’t have this much time & patience to sit at one place .
Conclusion drawn from this is , we all know that this pandemic will stay for long & online classes are the only remedy for this , to avoid contact with one & other , & for students safety & security , online classes are here to stay
Peter Lynch is one of the most successful and top value investor of all time. He was a legendary fund manager who gave 29% returns to their investors for 13 years in a row. He wrote books on value investing , where he shared his investment lessons which he learned and used during his journey as an investor. He is one of the greatest value investor of all time. He is a firm believer that an average investor can also pick winning stocks as Wall Street professional with right research, patience , steady discipline and common sense.
Some of his investment principles are –
1. Invest in what you already know – “The worst thing you can do is invest in companies you know nothing about. Unfortunately buying stocks on ignorance is still a popular American pastime.” -Peter Lynch
People can perform well by investing in what they already know. For instance if a doctor wants to invest in banking sector (about which he know nothing) , he will not have that great return as compared to if he will invest in pharmaceutical companies ( as he already knew about drugs, healthcare sector and their companies)
“Invest in what you know. It leaves out the role of serious fundamental stock research. People buy a stock and they know nothing about it. That’s gambling and it’s not good.” -Peter Lynch
So, it’s better to choose the company whose products/services are either used by you or you are familier of the products/services of that company in some way or other. These knowledge will lead you to invest in better stocks .
2. Invest in companies not in stocks – “Look for small companies that are already profitable and have proven that their concept can be replicated. • Be suspicious of companies with growth rates of 50 to 100 percent a year”-Peter Lynch
Behind every stock there is a company. If companies will perform well, the stocks automatically will perform well. So, it’s important to know about the company, it’s business model. Choose a company whose fundamentals are strong. A company whose business model is so easy to understand that anyone can understand and run that company.
“Go for a business that any idiot can run – because sooner or later any idiot probably is going to be running it” -Peter Lynch
Know a companies management, it’s fundamentals and then ask yourself , “are you able to understand the mission and vision of the company? “ or “If you’ll be given the responsibility to run this company, will you be able to run the company? “
If the answers to the above questions are a YES then it’ll be great to invest in that company.
So always remember that you have to invest in a company and not in a single stock.
“Behind every stock is a company. Find out what it’s doing.” -Peter Lynch
“Never invest in a company without understanding its finances. The biggest losses in stocks come from companies with poor balance sheets.”
3. Don’t take unnecessary risks. Take calculated risks – You don’t have to take risks which you can’t bear. Only take calculated risks.
Let’s say, you have $10 dollar, maybe if you will lost this, you won’t regret. But what if you lost $100 or $1000! Always buy stocks of the amount if you lose won’t regret. You are not required to put all your money in market and risk all that money. Instead put only that amount which if you lose won’t make you regret of investing.
Also, invest only the amount you will not need ever back in your life
4. Peter Lynch said that the most important thing that keep in mind while investing is : know why you own it.
“ You have to know what you own ,and why are you own it .” -Petrr Lynch
It sounds simple but it is not . He said when I asked most people they just don’t know why they own a stock . 80% of investors have no answer to this question .
They maybe hear some tip from anywhere and put their money at risk and when they lose it they blame institutions .
First you have to know the reason . Why you should invest in this company ,research about that company . Check their balance sheets . Without proper research you are not investing you are just gambling . Read and know as much as you can about the company. And remember to buy the company and not just a stock.
“If you’re prepared to invest in a company, then you ought to be able to explain why in simple language that a fifth grader could understand, and quickly enough so the fifth grader won’t get bored.” – Peter Lynch
5. Invest for long time- Lynch used to hold stocks for long period of time. He used to sell the stocks when the fundamentals of any company gets changed. This is his advice for all investors out there to not go behind short term profits but invest for a long period of time.
He even conducted many studies to understand the power of compounding.
“People who succeed in the stock market also accept periodic losses, setbacks, and unexpected occurrences. Calamitous drops do not scare them out of the game.”
Some more investment lessons by Peter Lynch :
• “Never invest in any idea you can’t illustrate with a crayon .”
• “The trick is not to learn to trust your gut feelings, but rather to discipline yourself to ignore them. Stand by your stocks as long as the fundamental story of the company hasn’t changed”
• “Whenever you invest in any company, you’re looking for its market cap to rise. This can’t happen unless buyers are paying higher prices for the shares, making your investment more valuable.”
• “There’s no shame in losing money on a stock. Everybody does it. What is shameful is to hold on to a stock, or worse, to buy more of it when the fundamentals are deteriorating.”
• “Never invest in any company before you’ve done the homework on the company’s earnings prospects, financial condition, competitive position, etc”
• “Big companies have small moves, small companies have big moves.”
• “Good management, a strong balance sheet, and a sensible plan of action will overcome many obstacles, but when you’ve got weak management, a weak balance sheet, and a misguided plan of action, the greatest industry in the world won’t bail you out.”
• “In the long run, a portfolio of well chosen stocks and/or equity mutual funds will always outperform a portfolio of bonds or a money-market account. In the long run, a portfolio of poorly chosen stocks won’t outperform the money left under the mattress.”
This is how he succeed in the world of investment. You can learn from him and help yourself to reach the level you want in investment.
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants. Nuclear power is a clean and efficient way of boiling water to make steam, which turns turbines to produce electricity. Nuclear power plants use low-enriched uranium fuel to produce electricity through a process called fission—the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor.
Nuclear power has one of the lowest levels of fatalities per unit of energy generated compared to other energy sources. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity each have caused more fatalities per unit of energy due to air pollution and accidents. Since its commercialization in the 1970s, nuclear power has prevented about 1.84 million air pollution-related deaths and the emission of about 64 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent that would have otherwise resulted from the burning of fossil fuels. Accidents in nuclear power plants include the Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union in 1986, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011, and the more contained Three Mile Island accident in the United States in 1979.
Origins
The discovery of nuclear fission occurred in 1938 following over four decades of work on the science of radioactivity and the elaboration of new nuclear physics that described the components of atoms. Soon after the discovery of the fission process, it was realized that a fissioning nucleus can induce further nucleus fissions, thus inducing a self-sustaining chain reaction. Once this was experimentally confirmed in 1939, scientists in many countries petitioned their governments for support of nuclear fission research, just on the cusp of World War II, for the development of a nuclear weapon.
First power generation
The first organization to develop practical nuclear power was the U.S. Navy, with the S1W reactor for the purpose of propelling submarines and aircraft carriers. The first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus, was put to sea in January 1954. The S1W reactor was a Pressurized Water Reactor. This design was chosen because it was simpler, more compact, and easier to operate compared to alternative designs, thus more suitable to be used in submarines. This decision would result in the PWR being the reactor of choice also for power generation, thus having a lasting impact on the civilian electricity market in the years to come.
On June 27, 1954, the Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant in the USSR became the world’s first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a power grid, producing around 5 megawatts of electric power. The world’s first commercial nuclear power station, Calder Hall at Windscale, England was connected to the national power grid on 27 August 1956. In common with a number of other generation I reactors, the plant had the dual purpose of producing electricity and plutonium-239, the latter for the nascent nuclear weapons program in Britain.
Nuclear waste
The normal operation of nuclear power plants and facilities produce radioactive waste, or nuclear waste. This type of waste is also produced during plant decommissioning. There are two broad categories of nuclear waste: low-level waste and high-level waste. The first has low radioactivity and includes contaminated items such as clothing, which poses limited threat. High-level waste is mainly the spent fuel from nuclear reactors, which is very radioactive and must be cooled and then safely disposed of or reprocessed.
Waste disposal
Disposal of nuclear waste is often considered the most politically divisive aspect in the lifecycle of a nuclear power facility. With the lack of movement of nuclear waste in the 2 billion year old natural nuclear fission reactors in Oklo, Gabon being cited as “a source of essential information today”. Experts suggest that centralized underground repositories which are well-managed, guarded, and monitored, would be a vast improvement There is an “international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep geological repositories”. With the advent of new technologies, other methods including horizontal drillhole disposal into geologically inactive areas have been proposed.
Safety
Nuclear power plants have three unique characteristics that affect their safety, as compared to other power plants. Firstly, intensely radioactive materials are present in a nuclear reactor. Their release to the environment could be hazardous. Secondly, the fission products, which make up most of the intensely radioactive substances in the reactor, continue to generate a significant amount of decay heat even after the fission chain reaction has stopped. If the heat cannot be removed from the reactor, the fuel rods may overheat and release radioactive materials. Thirdly, a criticality accident (a rapid increase of the reactor power) is possible in certain reactor designs if the chain reaction cannot be controlled. These three characteristics have to be taken into account when designing nuclear reactors.
With a death rate of 0.07 per TWh, nuclear power is the safest energy source per unit of energy generated. Energy produced by coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower has caused more deaths per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accidents. This is found when comparing the immediate deaths from other energy sources to both the immediate and the latent, or predicted, indirect cancer deaths from nuclear energy accidents. When the direct and indirect fatalities (including fatalities resulting from the mining and air pollution) from nuclear power and fossil fuels are compared, the use of nuclear power has been calculated to have prevented about 1.8 million deaths between 1971 and 2009, by reducing the proportion of energy that would otherwise have been generated by fossil fuels. Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, it has been estimated that if Japan had never adopted nuclear power, accidents and pollution from coal or gas plants would have caused more lost years of life.
Serious impacts of nuclear accidents are often not directly attributable to radiation exposure, but rather social and psychological effects. Evacuation and long-term displacement of affected populations created problems for many people, especially the elderly and hospital patients. Forced evacuation from a nuclear accident may lead to social isolation, anxiety, depression, psychosomatic medical problems, reckless behavior, and suicide. A comprehensive 2005 study on the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster concluded that the mental health impact is the largest public health problem caused by the accident.Frank N. von Hippel, an American scientist, commented that a disproportionate fear of ionizing radiation (radiophobia) could have long-term psychological effects on the population of contaminated areas following the Fukushima disaster. In January 2015, the number of Fukushima evacuees was around 119,000, compared with a peak of around 164,000 in June 2012.
Ola’s electric scooter has got over 1 lakh reservations within the first 24 hours of bookings opening in India making it the most pre-booked scooter in the world, the company said in a statement.
Ola had opened reservations for its electric scooter on July 15 and had set a price of Rs 499 for booking the scooter on its website. Ola claims its e-scooter would be class-leading in terms of range, speed, boot space, and technology.
“I am thrilled by the tremendous response from customers across India for our first electric vehicle. The unprecedented demand is a clear indicator of shifting consumer preferences to EVs. This is a huge step forward in our mission to transition the world to sustainable mobility,” Ola Chairman and Group CEO Bhavish Aggarwal said in the statement.
Ola has stated that their scooters would be priced aggressively to make it widely accessible.
The company plans to reveal the features and price of the scooter in the coming days.
The scooter will be manufactured at the company’s two-wheeler factory, being built in Tamil Nadu, the statement said, and the first phase of the Ola Futurefactory is nearing completion and will be operationalised soon, while the full capacity of 10 million vehicles per annum will be built by next year.
The incremental model uses the “Linear and Parallel” process flow, uses linear sequential flow like waterfall model to develop working release of software.
Situation Where Incremental Model is Useful:
When customer needs limited set of features and functionalities quickly and then they want enhancement in functions in later releases of the software, then incremental model is useful.
Flow
Each linear sequence produces a deliverable “increment” of the software. It should be noted that the process flow for any increment can uses the prototyping paradigm. When incremental model is used, the first increment is often the core product (that is only basic requirements are implemented), the next increments are modifications of the core product.
Advantages:
This model is useful when staff required is unavailable. This model is useful to handle technical risk. Provide better support for process iteration. Reduces rework in the software construction process. Some decisions on requirements may be delayed. Allow early delivery of parts of the system. Support easier integration of sub-systems. Risk of project failure is low.
Disadvantages:
Increments need be relatively small Needs good planning and design. Needs a clear and complete definition of the whole system before it can be broken down and built incrementally. Mapping of requirements to increments may not be easy. Total cost is higher than waterfall
Conclusion
This model provides better support for iteration and the phases in this model goes on linearly as well as parallelly but their may cause confusion in the output of the phases if proper and sorted planning is not done. As well as, the total cost of this model is also higher than the waterfall model so, if their is any confusion among the output of different phases it may lead to wastage of time as well as cost.
It is also known as the “Classic Life Cycle” model, follows the “Systematic, Sequential “approach of software development.
Situation Where Waterfall Model is Useful:
-When customer wants enhancement or adaptation in already existing software which is well developed then we can use waterfall model. -Ex. Changes in the Accounting software because of the changes in the rules by government. -Waterfall Model is also used to develop new software when requirements are completely understood and stable (will not change in the future).
Phases
Communication:
Heavy communication and collaboration with stakeholders-to gather information and requirement of software and to define features and functions of software.
2. Planning:
Defines – schedule of the project, role of each team member, estimation of cost, deadlines or delivery dates of the working modules, what technical task to be performed, risk that can be occurred, and priorities of each module.
3. Modeling:
Design model of software is created to understand the requirements, features and functions of the software.
4. Construction:
Combination of code generation and testing.
5. Deployment:
Software is delivered to the customer, On the basis of the feedback from the customer, software development team makes changes to the software for better quality.
Advantages
•Systematic and Organized approach provides clear separation between different phases of software development. •This model is simple and easy to understand and use. •It is easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model – each phase has specific deliverable and a review process. •In this model phases are processed and completed one at a time. Phases do not overlap.
Disadvantages
•Real projects rarely follows the sequential flow that waterfall model suggests. •All real projects follow iterative approach indirectly. As a result of this, it causes the confusion among team members when the proceeds. •It is difficult for the customer to state all the requirements at the beginning of the project. •A working version of the product is available only late. •So if there any bug in the software it becomes visible at late which is very dangerous. •Waterfall Model has a problem of “Blocking States” means some team members has to wait for other team members to complete their dependent work.
Conclusion
Waterfall model is a perspective process model and it’s basically a classic model in which each phase is very sorted and separate from each other so,no confusion occurs but it is not suitable for the changing needs of the Industry as their are tremendous trends coming in the software industry which requires an advanced process of software development with fully defined phases.So, it is suitable for the freshers but they have to adapt and switch to the newer software development techniques.
E–education or e–learning is the delivery of education or training by electronic teaching methods like computers or laptops etc. E- Education means Schools on Web and it consolidates virtual classrooms, laboratories and integrates it with your other enterprise applications. These now supplement the face – 2 – face class room and commonly known as Blended Learning. It is the learning experiences from the online information sources. This E-Learning approach helps the students know, makes them understand how to research more and the students can preserve their online resources posterity. It helps the teacher to provide better materials for the students by doing research on various topics and subjects. It normally works over the internet and provides numerous tools such as for assessment, communications, collaborations, uploading of content etc.
Schools On Web help in connecting people with each other and provides new ways of communications and collaborations with the help of all kinds of information’s being provided by it. The aim is – Learning without Limits- anytime, in any place, and at any pace. It provides a platform where students and parents are connected, administrators are empowered and teachers are inspired.
E- Learning
The technologies of web collaborations helps in real time access to subjects or instructors or topic matters directly from the PC of users. The key communication/ participation tools are: e mail, chat rooms, whiteboards, journals etc.
Some of the key benefits are:
Enable the teaching od new or existing courses wuthin virtual classrooms
Interactive sessions which can be recorded
Effective evaluation of virtual classes
Provide instant accesS
Generate academic reports
Enables to track the progress of individual learner
Experiential Learning
Experiential Learning
Experiential Learning stimulates experiments and boosts the dimensions of interest, involvement, imagination and interaction by virtual laboratories, scenario – based learning activities and tests of different concepts. All these can be incorporated into various teaching approaches as pre-labs, as alternatives to textbooks home work and individual or group activities.
Some of the key benefits are :
Highly Interactive Platform
Provide Learning by Doing
Ensures and promotes high level of cognition and retention
Safety and Security is ensured
Simulates real-life environments
Management System
E-Learning helps in managing fee structure, fee submission, generation of time table and management, library management and other reports. Web based Institute Management software is designed which enables better interaction among students, teachers, parents and managing body. Thus, it helps in customization of the system for respective needs at a reasonable cost.
COVID 19 and E – Education
Countries are at different points in their COVID 19 infection rates and worldwide there are nearly 1.2 billion children in 186 countries who are getting affected by school closures due to the pandemic. With such sudden transition and shift away from the classroom many problems and issues have emerged across the globe. In such situations, online learning and e-learning approaches have emerged as solutions and in response to significant demand, many online learning platforms have also moved forward for offering free access to their educational services. With the help of e-learning and online teaching initiatives many issues which were being faced in the field of education have been sorted out but still there are still lots of problems which are associated with the availability of proper infrastructures etc. at each and every corner of the globe which can enable each and everyone to access the facilities of e-learning.
In the present time technology is the basis of human civilization . Moreover, if you are an engineering student then you should be aware of the current technologies .If you are an engineering student you also should learn some Technologies for future perspectives . Civil engineering students also have to learn some Technologies . Some of the must learn technologies are listed below .
Drawing in AutoCAD
AutoCAD ~~ It is a ‘Computer Aided Design’ or CAD and a drafting software which was first launched in December in the year of 1982 .Autodesk is the developer company of this software . AutoCAD is free of charge for students from all over the world . It is used by civil engineers, Architects , graphic designers, project planners and other professional professionals . It is used for making designs of any part which will be constructed . It is used in the sector of automobile ship construction, aeromodelling architecture etc.AutoCAD can be 2D (2 Dimension) Or 3D (3 Dimension) .
STAAD Pro
2. STAAD Pro ~~ This software was built by Research Engineers International in the year of 1997 and now it is under Bentley systems . It is an analytic software .This software is used for analysis and design works in the structural field . It is used for analysis of the Steel Timber concrete which are the important elements to build a construction .This software is supportive for almost 90 International design codes .
3DS Max
3. 3DS Max ~~ it is a ‘3D Computer Graphics Program’ software . It is also known as ‘3D Studio Max’ . It is software from Autodesk . It was first released by Autodesk in April of the year of 1996 . It is mostly used by developers for video games , architects for visualizing and interior studios for commercial purposes .
Drawing in Revit
4. Revit ~~ It first appeared on April 5th in the year of 2000 . It was invented by the Autodesk company .It is a ‘Building information Modelling’ type of software .It is used in the field of structural engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering , architecture etc. It is used to design the structure of a building with details in 3D .
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel ~~ It was first released in 1987 by the Microsoft company . It is a spreadsheet application . It has so many features like graphic tools , various tables ‘Visual Resic of Application’ programming language , and calculation .It is used for collecting data and arranging it in a systematic way and reserves it . It is used in every engineering sector and is a very important and useful application of Microsoft Windows operating system .
Microsoft Project
6. Microsoft Project ~~ It was first released in 1984 by Microsoft .It is a ‘Project Management’ type software . It works only in Windows .It is used for tracking the progress ,collecting datas ,and analyzing it in a better & systematic way . It is usually used by project Managers but As an engineering student it is beneficial to know this application .
These are not the only technologies a civil engineering student should learn . Apart from them there are some more like Primavera ,Maya ,ArcGIS ,Solid Works , IoT (Internet of Things) ,3D Printing ,BIM (Building Information Modelling) etc.
We all remember the time when Nokia made a deal with Microsoft to launch the Windows OS phones. And we also know some reasons why Windows Phones failed, which include; lack of accessibility to some useful Apps, partners like Samsung not launching Windows Phone, Microsoft’s approach to licensing Windows Phone, and the company’s failure to attract developers.
A former Nokia engineer shared some reasons behind the failure of Windows Phone on Reddit. He joined Nokia after the 2011 deal with Microsoft to put windows 7 on all its smartphones. And he also worked with the Nokia X project.
He believes that Microsoft’s failure to launch Android was the company’s biggest regret. Also, Microsoft underestimated Google and its services like G-mail, Google Maps, etc. Which ended up in 2012 when Google stopped funding efforts to make Apps for Windows Phone 8 and Windows 8.
He wrote, “Obviously Apple was red hot and Microsoft knew that, but Google was new to the OS business and they weren’t taken seriously enough. Android was pretty rough then, but the real value was Google’s services; when Google cut Microsoft off of YouTube, Maps, Gmail, etc, it made WP look cheap.”
The second reason mentioned was with ‘botched Windows 8’ and with the disgrace over ‘Microsoft metro interface’. Metro interface worked great with Windows 7 touch screen devices but it didn’t come out that great when Microsoft put it on the desktop in Windows 8.
The former employee wrote, “Before Windows 8, WP had a lot of people’s curiosity. After Windows 8, people associated the two together as bad products even though the teams then were pretty independent, and things done poorly on Windows 8 were not reflective of how the experience was on WP. Even with Windows 10, the stigma against Metro never recovered.”
He argues that as a leading tech company Microsoft still has a bad reputation due to its actions over the past decade. “At the time it was still horrible and it meant that the young guys who grew up hating Microsoft were making the big startups for other platforms,” the engineer said. He also said, “For all the negatives on the consumer side, coding for WP was always better than Android.”
After the harsh failure of Windows Phone, it was not possible to get the company back with more Windows Phone. By the year 2014, Android and iOS were blooming in the market, and no matter what Microsoft did to improve their Windows Phone there was no vital reason to switch. It was then when they decided to launch a secret work project “Nokia X”, the first android phone launched by Nokia.
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