Data Management

Data management is the process of absorbing, storing, organising, and managing an organization’s data. Effective data management is a critical component of implementing IT systems that operate business applications and offer analytical information to enable corporate executives, business managers, and other end users to drive operational decision-making and strategic planning. The data management process ensures that data in business systems is correct, available, and accessible. The majority of the needed work is performed by IT and data management teams, while business users are involved in some aspects of the process. This thorough reference explains what it is and offers information on the various fields it encompasses.

History and Evolution

The early blooming of data management was primarily driven by IT experts who concentrated on tackling the problem of garbage in, garbage out in the earliest computers after discovering that the machines drew incorrect conclusions due to erroneous or inadequate data. Beginning in the 1960s, industry groups and professional organisations pushed optimal data management practises, particularly in terms of professional training and data quality criteria. That decade also saw the introduction of mainframe-based hierarchical databases. 

The data warehouse concept was created in the late 1980s, and early adopters started using them in the mid-1990s. Relational software was the dominating technology in the early 2000s, with a virtual monopoly on database deployments. Organizations now have a wider range of data management options because of the emergence of big data and NoSQL alternatives. 

Benefits of data management

By increasing operational performance and allowing improved decision-making, a well-executed data management strategy may help firms acquire potential competitive advantages over their business rivals. Organizations with well-managed data may also become more flexible, allowing them to more rapidly detect market trends and seize new business possibilities.

Effective data management may also assist businesses in avoiding data breaches, data privacy issues, and regulatory compliance difficulties that might harm their brand, add unanticipated expenses, and put them in legal trouble. Finally, the most significant benefit that a sound data management strategy can give is improved company performance.

Importance of data management

Data is increasingly being viewed as a corporate asset that can be utilised to make better business choices, enhance marketing efforts, streamline operations, and save expenses, all with the objective of boosting revenue and profits. However, a lack of appropriate data management may leave businesses with incompatible data silos, inconsistent data sets, and data quality issues, limiting their capacity to operate business intelligence (BI) and analytics applications — or, worse, leading to erroneous conclusions. As organisations are subjected to a growing number of regulatory compliance obligations, including data privacy and protection legislation such as GDPR and the California Consumer Privacy Act, data management has become increasingly important. Furthermore, organisations are gathering ever-increasing amounts of data and a broader range of data kinds, both of which are trademarks of the big data platforms that many have implemented. Without proper data management, such settings may become cumbersome and difficult to traverse.

Tasks and duties in data management

The data management process necessitates a wide range of activities, responsibilities, and abilities. Individual workers in tiny firms with less resources may take on several responsibilities. Data management professionals, in general, include data architects, data modellers, database administrators (DBAs), database developers, data quality analysts and engineers, data integration developers, data governance managers, data stewards, and data engineers, who collaborate with analytics teams to build data pipelines and prepare data for analysis. 

Data scientists and other data analysts may also undertake certain data management activities on their own, particularly in large data systems containing raw data that must be filtered and processed for specific applications. Similarly, application developers frequently assist in the deployment and management of big data environments, which necessitate the acquisition of new skills in comparison to relational database systems. As a result, businesses may need to acquire new employees or retrain established DBAs in order to fulfil their big data management requirements.

Digital Marketing

Digital marketing is, as the word suggests, the use of digital media to market products. There are multiple websites like Amazon, eBay, Flipkart, etc., where people can buy products. With the availability of these websites, to purchase a product, one doesn’t have to leave the house if one doesn’t want to. It can be seen as a new philosophy and business practice emerging with improvements in technology. Digital marketing makes shopping easier for the consumer. If a seller knows what his target audience wants, it makes marketing products to them much easier.

Types of Digital Marketing

  • SEO (Search Engine Optimization)

Search Engine Optimization helps with the expansion of online visibility in results that come up in search engines. What happens is that if a business ranks high on the search engine results page (SERP), the number of visitors that your website gets is increased. With the use of SEOs, passive visits to your page can become active and receive more traction.

  • Search Engine Marketing

Search Engine Marketing is a technique where a business or a company can buy a particular advertising space. This can be seen on search platforms like Facebook Paid Promotions, or even Google or Instagram. One example is Pay Per Click advertising. It is, as the name suggests that the marketer pays the search engine for every click that a user makes.

  • Content Marketing

To amplify visibility, reputation, and to advertise itself, a lot of attention and effort has to be put into the content. The content has to be precise, good quality, transparent, and sharp so that it stands out and boosts SEOs.

  • Social Media Marketing

Social media now plays a very crucial role in the promotion of the goods and services of any company. It connects with a much more comprehensive range of people in a more intimate way. It is easy to gain feedback or engagement from social media. Social media is also used to place orders, which makes it so much simpler for the user to find the page, see if it is trustworthy, based on interactions by other customers, and also place orders with no hassle. These companies don’t just post content that relates to their product. Making statements on current situations or having posts only for the sake of engagement and witty commentary can all help have a large customer base. This enables visibility and also promotion of the product itself.

Importance of Digital Marketing

Today we live in a technologically advanced world where anything is possible through the internet. Digital marketing functions and is possible only because of the internet. It is the core of what digital marketing is. In a society where we struggle with scarcity and rising prices, digital marketing is the way to turn that around. The internet is easily accessible by everyone in any part of the globe. It is no longer reserved for a specific stratum of society. It is now easier to connect with people without even having to meet them.

It is also incredibly convenient for people to buy anything required from the internet without taking a foot outside of their homes. It saves time and shows a person the various reviews people have left. A person can easily compare prices on multiple websites and pick what is best suited to their needs. It is beneficial to those who are disabled and can help them get their work done and live a life of independence.

It also helps businesses themselves. The traders can advertise for less money, or even for free if one knows how to do it well. Products can often go viral without any money being invested in marketing. It mainly helps small businesses and helps them get traction.

Digital marketing majorly helps all kinds of businesses take off. It is a vital source of marketing in this day and age. This form of marketing shows how one can take advantage of technology and further their business. The internet has made the world a smaller place and digital marketing just helps build bridges between the business and the customer. After all, “It’s hard to find things that won’t sell online.” – Jeff Bezos

Television is chewing gum for the eyes

Television is invented by the scientist J.L.Baird. It is the first electronic appliance that can be used to watch movies, videos, TV shows, and much more. Children prefer to view the TV all the time because of the many entertainment cartoons they show us. The earlier models of the TV were bulky and needed to be placed on a strong and sturdy table.

Telegram television (also known as a TV) is a machine with a screen. Television receive broadcasting signals and change them into pictures and sound. The word “television” comes from the words tele (Greek for far away) and vision (sight). ….A TV can show pictures from many television networks.

Television is a fantastic educational tool. It broadens knowledge of different cultures, promotes tolerance and global understanding of international issues. Through current affairs, discovery, lifestyle, cooking shows and children’s programmes, television encourages scientific and cultural curiosity.

10 LINES ON TELEVISION

1. Television is an audio-visual component by which we can watch our favorite shows, movies and various other programs.

2. Television is a huge industry in India with thousands of programs in more than 800 channels in different languages.

3. Till 2016, there were 857 channels, and out of them, 184 were paid channels.

4. In India, Doordarshan was a part of all India Radio, which separated in 1976.

5. After the 1980’s, ‘Ramayan’ and ‘Mahabarat’ were the two epic shows which entartained people.

6. During economic and social reforms in 1991, the government allowed foreign and private broadcasters to start their TV channels in India.

7. Traditionally, programs used to telecast via antennas, but in 1992, cable Television Network started with better viewing and multiple channels.

8. Now India television has shifted towards DTH (Direct to Home) platform which receives signals via satellite and provides better picture and sound clarity.

9. With the advent of smart phones, programs can also telecast on our phones via the Internet.

10. Nowadays live streaming of new programs on the internet is in high demand.

Television is chewing gum for the eyes

Television is invented by the scientist J.L.Baird. It is the first electronic appliance that can be used to watch movies, videos, TV shows, and much more. Children prefer to view the TV all the time because of the many entertainment cartoons they show us. The earlier models of the TV were bulky and needed to be placed on a strong and sturdy table.

Telegram television (also known as a TV) is a machine with a screen. Television receive broadcasting signals and change them into pictures and sound. The word “television” comes from the words tele (Greek for far away) and vision (sight). ….A TV can show pictures from many television networks.

Television is a fantastic educational tool. It broadens knowledge of different cultures, promotes tolerance and global understanding of international issues. Through current affairs, discovery, lifestyle, cooking shows and children’s programmes, television encourages scientific and cultural curiosity.

10 LINES ON TELEVISION

1. Television is an audio-visual component by which we can watch our favorite shows, movies and various other programs.

2. Television is a huge industry in India with thousands of programs in more than 800 channels in different languages.

3. Till 2016, there were 857 channels, and out of them, 184 were paid channels.

4. In India, Doordarshan was a part of all India Radio, which separated in 1976.

5. After the 1980’s, ‘Ramayan’ and ‘Mahabarat’ were the two epic shows which entartained people.

6. During economic and social reforms in 1991, the government allowed foreign and private broadcasters to start their TV channels in India.

7. Traditionally, programs used to telecast via antennas, but in 1992, cable Television Network started with better viewing and multiple channels.

8. Now India television has shifted towards DTH (Direct to Home) platform which receives signals via satellite and provides better picture and sound clarity.

9. With the advent of smart phones, programs can also telecast on our phones via the Internet.

10. Nowadays live streaming of new programs on the internet is in high demand.

National Disaster Management Authority(NDMA)

The Government of India recognising the importance of disaster management as a national priority had set up a High powered committee in 1999 and a Nationals Committee in 2001 after the Gujarat earthquake to make recommendations on the preparation of disaster management plans and suggest effective mitigation mechanisms.

However, after the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004, the Government of India took a defining step in the legislative history of the country by enacting the Disaster Management Act 2005. The act provided for the creation of National Disaster Management Authority to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to disaster management in the country

Objectives of the NDMA:

To promote a culture of prevention preparedness and resilience at all levels for knowledge, innovation and education.

To encourage mitigation measures based on technology, traditional wisdom and environmental sustainability.

To mainstream disaster management into the developmental planning process.

To ensure efficient mechanism for identification assessment and monitoring of disaster risks

To establish institutional and techno-legal frameworks to create an enabling regulatory environment and a compliance regime and so on.

Functions of the NDMA:

To lay down policies on disaster management. 

To approve the national plan.

To approve plans prepared by Ministries and departments of the Government of India in accordance with the national plan.

To laid out guidelines to be followed by the state disaster management authority is in drawing of the state plan.

To co-ordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and planning for disaster management.

To recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation. 

To provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the central government.

To lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of disaster management.

Lockdown and Depression

Depression is a disorder of mood that involves a numb feeling with sadness, loss of interest in mundane life. In this stage of life a person feels fluctuation of mood that a person feels within the time period.  Depression is a stage which is more than the feeling of sadness and certain time can be a very serious illness. ‘Depression’ is term which has the characteristics of sadness, a feeling of loneliness, loss of hope in life, lose in appetite, a feeling of discourage, irritation as well as restlessness which frequently gives a shattering outcome. It is also called mood disorder which is divided into three categories:

  1. Major Depression
  2. Persistent Depression
  3. Bipolar Depression


It was found in a study that depression and its symptoms have increased three times much more just because of the entrance of Covid-19 lockdown. The arrival of such disastrous pandemic has led to the influx of traumatic event in such a huge scale. It caused physical, emotional as well as psychological distress in the mind and heart of people. Depression was another cause of making Covid-19 a
more massive outbreak. Before the arrival of this pandemic people suffered from this disorder at a ratio of 8.5% but in the recent time it has increased to 27.8%. Covid-19 is a virus which has created a hazardous environment by making separation physically with people however it has also created detachment in the heart of the individuals. In indulge our self determinedly to keep a safe environment by covering our face throughout, washing and sanitizing our hands regularly, and maintaining a gap of 6 feet
we all have forgotten that in creating a surrounding of social distancing we have ultimately created distance with our loved once and chipped away our mental health. Unquestionably, there are several factors present which increased the factors of depression in this Covid-19 were the increasing social isolation and gap within the people, economic hardship faced by the common man and other stressors were the real cause of it. As the date of lockdown started to extend the symptoms of depression also increased. The one who had a lower level of income and those who have savings less than Rs.5000 have suffered the most. But income was not the only factor the increasing insolation created the symptoms of depression in all social background people. Other prominent reason for depression in this lockdown was the increasing fights among family. As the fights increased more and more people stuck in the trap of this disorder. The uncertainty among future led to doubts and negativity in the heart of the people. If we look around our surrounding we may fights more fights and separation and less love in addition peace. Harmony and love is something which has lost its spark in this current generation. The arrival of such lockdown had disturbed the plans of people, the one who had planned to start a new job are the one who are suffering financially and finding difficulties in tackling the problem of mundane life. Other than this, the arrival of Covid-19 had result in loss of life of many people including our close once. It is quite disturbing to live a life without a person with whom we used to stay 24hrs.
Covid-19 and depression is a real outbreak which has caused a hazardous environment. It has not only disturbed out mental peace but has also created social distance in the heart of the people. On top of it, we all have no idea when this outbreak and suffering will end but let’s hope it end soon.

Sarojini Naidu – Padmini Sengupta:

🔹️Introduction:🔹️

🌟Sarojini Naidu was born in 1879.

🌟She was the eldest of eight children in the family. She had her school education in Madras. 🌟She passes her matriculation examination in first class.

🌟Because of her father,Her father was Chattopadhya and her mother was Varada Sundari. They came from Eaqst Bengal but settled in Hyderabad.

🌟Her father was a great scholar.

🌟He founded the Nizam's College in Hyderabad.

🔹️Her education:🔹️

🌟She mastered English language.

🌟The Nizam granted scholarship.

🌟So she went to London for her higher education

🔹️Her Married Life: 🔹️

🌟In 1898 she married Dr.Naidu.

🌟He was q windower and 10 years senior to her.

🌟He was of lower caste.

🌟She gave birth to four children.

🔹️Her political Life:🔹️

🌟she had a keen interest in Indian politics.

🌟Later she accepted Gandhi as her master.

🌟Nehru also became her friend. 🌟Gandhi called her 'Bharat Kokila'.

🔹️Her Good Qualities:🔹️

🌟She had undrying interest in human beings.

🌟She worked hard for the emancipation of women.

🌟She arranged the all India women conference in 1926.

🌟She was a powerful orator.

🌟When she thirteen she wrote her fist drama.

🌟Because of her poetic talents she was called the Nightingle of India.

🌟She was friendly with all communities and races.

🌟She insisted on unity between political parties and Indians. 🌟English statesman considered her the greatest Indian women.

🔹️Death of Sarojini Naidu:🔹️

🌟She was made government of U.P. After Indiw became independent, in 1949 at the age of seventy she died.

🌟Her eldest som set fire to the pire.

🌟Great leaders like Nehru, Lord Mountbatten and Rajaji attended her funeral.

🌟Her death was a real loss to India.

🔹️Conclusion:🔹️

🌟Thus Sarojini Naidu lived a meaningful life.

🌟She tried for peace among all Indians.

🌟She was a guiding light for women in India.

India is pressuring Twitter with requests for user data and content removal.

This year, Twitter is under a lot of pressure in India. However, even before the country imposed stringent new regulations on tech firms, the corporation was bombarded with requests from the government to delete material or disclose user data.

Indian authorities requested more account information from Twitter in the final six months of 2020 than any other nation, according to the Silicon Valley-based company’s newest transparency report released on Wednesday. The number of requests for content removal submitted by India increased by 152% to over 7,000.

This journalist explains why one of her tweets vanished.

India’s demands for user information amounted to 25% of the total it received during the reporting period, which runs from July 1 to December 31, 2020, according to Twitter (TWTR). Over 99 percent of the requests were ignored by Twitter.

“Notably, this is the first time since we began releasing our transparency report in 2012 that the US is not the top worldwide requester,” the firm stated, adding that the US came in second in terms of global volume.

According to the company, the information requests comprised normal legal demands as well as emergency requests from government agencies and law enforcement authorities.

“Where appropriate, Twitter will push back on requests for account information that are incomplete or inappropriate,” according to the firm, such as those that are “invalid or overbroad in scope.” In the event of an emergency involving the risk of death or serious harm, the firm may reveal account information if sufficient proof is presented that such information will prevent the hazards.

Just over 150 information requests from India were classed as emergencies by Twitter. According to the firm, the United States sent the most such requests in the globe, with 822.

Meanwhile, legal requests from India to delete or withhold information increased by 152% in the latter six months of 2020 compared to the previous reporting period. Just over 9% of the 6,971 demands were met, according to Twitter.

After Japan, which made over 16,000 requests mostly connected to narcotics, obscenity, or money lending, India became the world’s second-highest submitter of such requests. The number of requests from Japan decreased by 16 percent from the previous quarter, but it still accounted for 43 percent of all worldwide requests.

According to the firm, 361 requests for information removal were made on 199 verified journalist and news outlet accounts throughout the world. It went on to say that India accounted for 128 of the requests.

The research excludes 2021 when Twitter is embroiled in a heated standoff with the Indian government over new information technology regulations.

During a series of farmer demonstrations in February, the business fought with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology over accounts that the agency wanted to be taken down. Some of the requests were granted, but Twitter declined to take action against accounts belonging to journalists, activists, or politicians.

Weeks after the feud, India issued new rules requiring social media companies to establish three roles in the country: a “compliance officer” who will ensure that their platforms comply with local laws, a “grievance officer” who will handle complaints from Indian users about their platforms, and a “contact person” who will be available to Indian law enforcement 24 hours a day, seven days a week. They are all required to live in India. If authorities demand it, companies must track out the “first originator” of messages.

In May, the firm raised worries about “fundamental components of the new IT Rules” as well as the country’s “potential threat to freedom of speech.” It promised to fulfill the new standards a few days later.

A Delhi court recently chastised Twitter for failing to comply with the new guidelines promptly. In a court filing last week, the business stated that it had appointed an interim compliance officer. It also stated in the filing that it will “attempt in good faith to make an offer of employment to a qualified candidate” for all of the positions within eight weeks.

The company’s website featured a complaints officer and a Bangalore location where Twitter could be reached as of last weekend.

India is pressuring Twitter with requests for user data and content removal.

This year, Twitter is under a lot of pressure in India. However, even before the country imposed stringent new regulations on tech firms, the corporation was bombarded with requests from the government to delete material or disclose user data.

Indian authorities requested more account information from Twitter in the final six months of 2020 than any other nation, according to the Silicon Valley-based company’s newest transparency report released on Wednesday. The number of requests for content removal submitted by India increased by 152% to over 7,000.

This journalist explains why one of her tweets vanished.

India’s demands for user information amounted to 25% of the total it received during the reporting period, which runs from July 1 to December 31, 2020, according to Twitter (TWTR). Over 99 percent of the requests were ignored by Twitter.

“Notably, this is the first time since we began releasing our transparency report in 2012 that the US is not the top worldwide requester,” the firm stated, adding that the US came in second in terms of global volume.

According to the company, the information requests comprised normal legal demands as well as emergency requests from government agencies and law enforcement authorities.

“Where appropriate, Twitter will push back on requests for account information that are incomplete or inappropriate,” according to the firm, such as those that are “invalid or overbroad in scope.” In the event of an emergency involving the risk of death or serious harm, the firm may reveal account information if sufficient proof is presented that such information will prevent the hazards.

Just over 150 information requests from India were classed as emergencies by Twitter. According to the firm, the United States sent the most such requests in the globe, with 822.

Meanwhile, legal requests from India to delete or withhold information increased by 152% in the latter six months of 2020 compared to the previous reporting period. Just over 9% of the 6,971 demands were met, according to Twitter.

After Japan, which made over 16,000 requests mostly connected to narcotics, obscenity, or money lending, India became the world’s second-highest submitter of such requests. The number of requests from Japan decreased by 16 percent from the previous quarter, but it still accounted for 43 percent of all worldwide requests.

According to the firm, 361 requests for information removal were made on 199 verified journalist and news outlet accounts throughout the world. It went on to say that India accounted for 128 of the requests.

The research excludes 2021 when Twitter is embroiled in a heated standoff with the Indian government over new information technology regulations.

During a series of farmer demonstrations in February, the business fought with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology over accounts that the agency wanted to be taken down. Some of the requests were granted, but Twitter declined to take action against accounts belonging to journalists, activists, or politicians.

Weeks after the feud, India issued new rules requiring social media companies to establish three roles in the country: a “compliance officer” who will ensure that their platforms comply with local laws, a “grievance officer” who will handle complaints from Indian users about their platforms, and a “contact person” who will be available to Indian law enforcement 24 hours a day, seven days a week. They are all required to live in India. If authorities demand it, companies must track out the “first originator” of messages.

In May, the firm raised worries about “fundamental components of the new IT Rules” as well as the country’s “potential threat to freedom of speech.” It promised to fulfill the new standards a few days later.

A Delhi court recently chastised Twitter for failing to comply with the new guidelines promptly. In a court filing last week, the business stated that it had appointed an interim compliance officer. It also stated in the filing that it will “attempt in good faith to make an offer of employment to a qualified candidate” for all of the positions within eight weeks.

The company’s website featured a complaints officer and a Bangalore location where Twitter could be reached as of last weekend.

Status Signalling among birds

Paragraph 1

Many birds that form flocks compete through aggressive interaction for priority of access to resources such as food and shelter. The result of repeated interactions between flock members is that each bird gains a particular social status related to its fighting ability, with priority of access to resources increasing with higher status. As the number and intensity of interactions between birds increase, however, so increase the costs to each birds in terms of energy expenditure, time, and risk of injury. Thus, birds possessing attributes that reduce the number of costly interactions in which they must be involved, without leading to a reduction in status, are at an advantage. An external signal, such as a plumage type, announcing fighting ability and thereby obviating the actual need to fight, could be one such attribute.

Paragraph 2

The zoologist Rohwer assented that plumage variations in “Harris sparrows” support the status signaling hypothesis (SSH). He reported that almost without exception birds with darker throats win conflicts with individuals having lighter plumage. He claimed that even among birds of the same age and sex the amount of dark plumage predicts relative dominance status.

Paragraph 3

However, Rohwer’s data do not support his assertions: in one of his studies darker birds won only 57 out of 75 conflicts; within another, focusing on conflicts between birds of the same age group or sex, darker birds won 63 and lost 62. There are indications that plumage probably does signal broad age-related differences in status among Harris sparrows: adults, usually dark throated, have higher status than juveniles, who are usually light throated; moreover, juveniles dyed to resemble adults are dominant over undyed juveniles. However, the Harris sparrows’ age-related plumage differences do not signal the status of individual birds within an age class, and thus cannot properly be included under the term “status signaling.”

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247193944_Plumage_Coloration_as_a_Signal_of_Social_Status&ved=2ahUKEwjlsZqa2ufxAhW7zzgGHYn5BbAQFnoECCAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3yf5mNLgJJUHPQqo0l7lNS

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1369578&ved=2ahUKEwjlsZqa2ufxAhW7zzgGHYn5BbAQFnoECAgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw10FfMYrcscYgJr0eqziwI_

Status Signalling among birds

Paragraph 1

Many birds that form flocks compete through aggressive interaction for priority of access to resources such as food and shelter. The result of repeated interactions between flock members is that each bird gains a particular social status related to its fighting ability, with priority of access to resources increasing with higher status. As the number and intensity of interactions between birds increase, however, so increase the costs to each birds in terms of energy expenditure, time, and risk of injury. Thus, birds possessing attributes that reduce the number of costly interactions in which they must be involved, without leading to a reduction in status, are at an advantage. An external signal, such as a plumage type, announcing fighting ability and thereby obviating the actual need to fight, could be one such attribute.

Paragraph 2

The zoologist Rohwer assented that plumage variations in “Harris sparrows” support the status signaling hypothesis (SSH). He reported that almost without exception birds with darker throats win conflicts with individuals having lighter plumage. He claimed that even among birds of the same age and sex the amount of dark plumage predicts relative dominance status.

Paragraph 3

However, Rohwer’s data do not support his assertions: in one of his studies darker birds won only 57 out of 75 conflicts; within another, focusing on conflicts between birds of the same age group or sex, darker birds won 63 and lost 62. There are indications that plumage probably does signal broad age-related differences in status among Harris sparrows: adults, usually dark throated, have higher status than juveniles, who are usually light throated; moreover, juveniles dyed to resemble adults are dominant over undyed juveniles. However, the Harris sparrows’ age-related plumage differences do not signal the status of individual birds within an age class, and thus cannot properly be included under the term “status signaling.”

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247193944_Plumage_Coloration_as_a_Signal_of_Social_Status&ved=2ahUKEwjlsZqa2ufxAhW7zzgGHYn5BbAQFnoECCAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3yf5mNLgJJUHPQqo0l7lNS

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1369578&ved=2ahUKEwjlsZqa2ufxAhW7zzgGHYn5BbAQFnoECAgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw10FfMYrcscYgJr0eqziwI_

Why Digital Marketing Matters

introduction

Remember billboards? I do.As a young kid in California, my experiences from the back seat of our car mostly alternated between: “Mom, when are we there?” and “Uh, look, McDonald’s, can we go?” whenever one of those 10-foot billboards popped up on the side of the road.Growing up with Indian parents, the answer to both of those would, most times, be the same: “not yet.”Sometimes, big brands would even start a billboard war, like this one between Audi and BMW, which got quite a few laughs:

In 2015, a ton of my clients still spent hundreds of millions of dollars on billboard advertising.Unfortunately or fortunately, billboard advertising is mostly dead.Just think of it this way: Google and Facebook generate more revenue than any traditional media company because they control more eyeballs. That’s why digital marketing matters; it’s where the attention is.The reason why billboards, like the ones above, will die, is because the future of driving will look like this:

Although driverless cars already exist, drivers still have to pay attention; in the future, as the technology improves, not a single passenger will spend their time looking at the road.Do me a favor, the next time you drive and are giving a friend a ride, take a peek at the passenger seat. Even now, chances are they’ll be looking at their phone. If no one is looking at the road anymore, who’s supposed to see those advertisements?That means you don’t have much time to figure out this digital marketing stuff before you can power down your old school printing press and close up shop.

Why Digital Marketing Matters

introduction

Remember billboards? I do.As a young kid in California, my experiences from the back seat of our car mostly alternated between: “Mom, when are we there?” and “Uh, look, McDonald’s, can we go?” whenever one of those 10-foot billboards popped up on the side of the road.Growing up with Indian parents, the answer to both of those would, most times, be the same: “not yet.”Sometimes, big brands would even start a billboard war, like this one between Audi and BMW, which got quite a few laughs:

In 2015, a ton of my clients still spent hundreds of millions of dollars on billboard advertising.Unfortunately or fortunately, billboard advertising is mostly dead.Just think of it this way: Google and Facebook generate more revenue than any traditional media company because they control more eyeballs. That’s why digital marketing matters; it’s where the attention is.The reason why billboards, like the ones above, will die, is because the future of driving will look like this:

Although driverless cars already exist, drivers still have to pay attention; in the future, as the technology improves, not a single passenger will spend their time looking at the road.Do me a favor, the next time you drive and are giving a friend a ride, take a peek at the passenger seat. Even now, chances are they’ll be looking at their phone. If no one is looking at the road anymore, who’s supposed to see those advertisements?That means you don’t have much time to figure out this digital marketing stuff before you can power down your old school printing press and close up shop.

Unemployment

Unemployment has become one of the biggest problems around the world. When an individual is an implied, he or she will know very less about the mankind. It is so difficult to face situation and handle situations when the individual is unemployed. Unemployment leads to many silly mistakes. And an unemployed person cannot take over the family and lead the family as well. There is a huge competition in highly populated countries like India. In order to be employed, the only method is to study hard and improve the skills and score better. Basically, the students are not showing good amount of interest towards the studies. Let us now see how to motivate them.

Covid crisis has made many people unemployed. It has taken away the basic need of living. Many people are left with the unfilled stomachs. Some people are dead about by not finding a way to live.

Types of unemployment :

There are four main types of unemployment in an economy frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal and each has a different cause.

1. Frictional unemployment :

Frictional unemployment is caused by temporary transitions in workers lives, such as when a worker moves to a new city and has to find a new job. Frictional unemployment also includes people just entering the labor force, such as freshly graduated college students. It is the most common cause of unemployment, and it is always in effect in an economy.

2. Structural unemployment :

Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch in the demographics of workers and the types of jobs available, either when there are jobs available that workers don’t have the skills for, or when there are workers availabes but no jobs to fill. Structural unemployment is most obvious in industries undergoing technological advancements.

3. Cyclical unemployment :

Cyclical unemployment is caused by declining demand. When there is not enough demand in an economy for goods and services, businesses cannot offer jobs . According to keynesian economics , cyclical unemployment is a natural result of the business cycle in times of recession: if all consumers become fearful at once, consumers will attempt to increase their saving at the same time, which means there will be a decrease in spending, and businesses will not be able to employ all employable workers.

4. Seasonal unemployment :

Seasonal unemployment is caused by different industries or parts of the labor market being available during different seasons. Fot instance, unemployment goes up in the winter months, because many agricultural jobs end oncr crops are have harvested in the fall, and those wotkers are left to find new jobs.

Consequences of unemployment in an Economy :

Low unemployment is key to economic stability High and long- term unemployment can cause significant stress on a nation in three key areas.

* Individuals :

Unemployed people have no ability to fulfill their financial obligations and can become mentally stressed, ill, and even homeless.

* Economic efficiency :

During times of high unemployment many job seekers will accept new jobs below their skill level, a situation called “underemployment ” which translates to a loss of human capital for an economys labor market. Unemployed workers will also significantly decreases their consumer spending, which is one of the driving forces of economic growth. Without consumer spending, the economy will slow dramatically.

* socio- political stability :

If unemployment remains high, citizen dissatisfaction can rise to the point of widespread civil unrest.

Possible solutions for Unemployment :

Solving unemployment is a hotly debated topic, and no economists agree on one simple way to do it. However, in the U.S ,if unemployment rises noticeably, the government usually steps in with specific policies designed to lower the total number of unemployed people.

1. Monetary policy :

Monetary policy is financial influence implemented by a central bank . Monetary policies usually come in the form of lower interest rates, which increase the total money supply within an economy by allowing banks and businesses more access to loans and therefore, more accessible spending power.

2. Fiscal policy :

If expansionary monetary policy doesn’t adequately lower the unemployment rate government agencies will turn to fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is fiscal stimulus implemented by the national government and fiscal policies include spending on infrastructure, proposingtax cuts , increasing the minimum wage, or implementing unemployment benefits. These methods are designed to inject more demand into private economy and strengthen economic activity.

Let us now see some of the ways to motivate the students to study and get employeed.

Make things easier :

Showing the things easier and explaining them with clarity helps the students to show better interest on the subject and makes them to pay more attention on what the teacher is trying to convey. When the topics are shown easier for the students, they start learning them and they feel achieved and they pay more attention to study. When a student learns a particular topic or a question, he/she feels comfortable and happy for getting it. Once if they start reading, they develop the interest in them and they continue to read more and more.

Tell the importance :

The students must be motivated with good number of words to understand the need of studying and what happens if they don’t study. A student is like a bird without the wings when they don’t study. So, it is very important to motivate students to study and to make them understand the need of the situation. Motivation brings the right change in the students who are not interested in learning. It develops the interest in them to study.

It seems good if the government provides good number of jobs.

Unemployment

Unemployment has become one of the biggest problems around the world. When an individual is an implied, he or she will know very less about the mankind. It is so difficult to face situation and handle situations when the individual is unemployed. Unemployment leads to many silly mistakes. And an unemployed person cannot take over the family and lead the family as well. There is a huge competition in highly populated countries like India. In order to be employed, the only method is to study hard and improve the skills and score better. Basically, the students are not showing good amount of interest towards the studies. Let us now see how to motivate them.

Covid crisis has made many people unemployed. It has taken away the basic need of living. Many people are left with the unfilled stomachs. Some people are dead about by not finding a way to live.

Types of unemployment :

There are four main types of unemployment in an economy frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal and each has a different cause.

1. Frictional unemployment :

Frictional unemployment is caused by temporary transitions in workers lives, such as when a worker moves to a new city and has to find a new job. Frictional unemployment also includes people just entering the labor force, such as freshly graduated college students. It is the most common cause of unemployment, and it is always in effect in an economy.

2. Structural unemployment :

Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch in the demographics of workers and the types of jobs available, either when there are jobs available that workers don’t have the skills for, or when there are workers availabes but no jobs to fill. Structural unemployment is most obvious in industries undergoing technological advancements.

3. Cyclical unemployment :

Cyclical unemployment is caused by declining demand. When there is not enough demand in an economy for goods and services, businesses cannot offer jobs . According to keynesian economics , cyclical unemployment is a natural result of the business cycle in times of recession: if all consumers become fearful at once, consumers will attempt to increase their saving at the same time, which means there will be a decrease in spending, and businesses will not be able to employ all employable workers.

4. Seasonal unemployment :

Seasonal unemployment is caused by different industries or parts of the labor market being available during different seasons. Fot instance, unemployment goes up in the winter months, because many agricultural jobs end oncr crops are have harvested in the fall, and those wotkers are left to find new jobs.

Consequences of unemployment in an Economy :

Low unemployment is key to economic stability High and long- term unemployment can cause significant stress on a nation in three key areas.

* Individuals :

Unemployed people have no ability to fulfill their financial obligations and can become mentally stressed, ill, and even homeless.

* Economic efficiency :

During times of high unemployment many job seekers will accept new jobs below their skill level, a situation called “underemployment ” which translates to a loss of human capital for an economys labor market. Unemployed workers will also significantly decreases their consumer spending, which is one of the driving forces of economic growth. Without consumer spending, the economy will slow dramatically.

* socio- political stability :

If unemployment remains high, citizen dissatisfaction can rise to the point of widespread civil unrest.

Possible solutions for Unemployment :

Solving unemployment is a hotly debated topic, and no economists agree on one simple way to do it. However, in the U.S ,if unemployment rises noticeably, the government usually steps in with specific policies designed to lower the total number of unemployed people.

1. Monetary policy :

Monetary policy is financial influence implemented by a central bank . Monetary policies usually come in the form of lower interest rates, which increase the total money supply within an economy by allowing banks and businesses more access to loans and therefore, more accessible spending power.

2. Fiscal policy :

If expansionary monetary policy doesn’t adequately lower the unemployment rate government agencies will turn to fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is fiscal stimulus implemented by the national government and fiscal policies include spending on infrastructure, proposingtax cuts , increasing the minimum wage, or implementing unemployment benefits. These methods are designed to inject more demand into private economy and strengthen economic activity.

Let us now see some of the ways to motivate the students to study and get employeed.

Make things easier :

Showing the things easier and explaining them with clarity helps the students to show better interest on the subject and makes them to pay more attention on what the teacher is trying to convey. When the topics are shown easier for the students, they start learning them and they feel achieved and they pay more attention to study. When a student learns a particular topic or a question, he/she feels comfortable and happy for getting it. Once if they start reading, they develop the interest in them and they continue to read more and more.

Tell the importance :

The students must be motivated with good number of words to understand the need of studying and what happens if they don’t study. A student is like a bird without the wings when they don’t study. So, it is very important to motivate students to study and to make them understand the need of the situation. Motivation brings the right change in the students who are not interested in learning. It develops the interest in them to study.

It seems good if the government provides good number of jobs.