Month: July 2021

How to Write Informal Letter: Writing Tips and Samples

Want to write Informal letter but don’t know how to write Informal letter then this article is only for you and the learners who wants to learn letter writing. In today’s article we are sharing the steps, Tips or samples for writing Informal letter.
Informal letter or a Personal letter is a letter written to a close friend or an acquaintance. Isn’t it wonderful to receive such written letter from a friend?
Better yet, isn’t it wonderful to actually write one?

Letter writing still has a sentimentality about it that transcends all other forms of communication, and this is probably why some people stick to it even though they could use other means.
The best way of learning how to write letters, I reckon, is to look at a number of specimens, analyse what has to be done and perhaps what does not have to be done, don’t you agree?

Of course there are no hard and fast rules about how to write informal letter and common sense dictates that someone may use whatever works best for him. However, there is a conventional way of going about it that will make all the difference if you apply it.

How to Write Informal Letter:

As compared to formal letter writing Informal Letter writing is easy.

Informal Letter Format:

[Address of the Sender]

Date:

Dear (name of person)

Body of the letter:

Paragraph 1: Ask for the wellbeing of the person

Paragraph 2: Main reason to write the letter

Paragraph 3: Conclusion and end of letter

Yours lovingly,

Name of sender

Address and date in informal letter :

Some people may think the address is not important in an informal letter and prefer to leave it out. That works well if the person you are writing to knows your address already or if she has a good memory! However, it is very unlikely that someone will always remember your address, so it is always a good idea to include it.

Remember, this is the address they have to write to for the informal letter to reach you. The recipient’s address is on the envelope.

Salutation in Informal Letter

The most common salutation in an informal letter is “Dear….”
Note that it is followed by a comma.
Dear Mimi,
However, some go extremely informal and use “Hey!” or “Hi!”

You should use your discretion. Obviously if you are writing to your father, you would not use “Hey!” unless of course you are extremely close.

Body of an Informal Letter

Here are a few things you should take note of:

  • Paragraphs:

Since informal letters are usually written by hand, the paragraphs are usually indented. However, with more people using their computers to do most of their writing(and I have a bad feeling most people will forget how to write with their hands), it is becoming a common practice to write paragraphs without
indentations—like the way this one is written:

This,
apparently, is the modern way of writing paragraphs.

Use informal language:

The first paragraph generally expresses a greeting, followed by wishes of good health. Remember you are writing to someone you know very well, so try to be as friendly as possible:
How are you my dear sister?
However, always use your discretion. Try not to go overboard. Some people become bold and daring in letters and write things that they would otherwise not say to the person face to face. Obviously if you are writing to
an adult that you respect, like your dad, try not to write things like:
“What’s up dude!” or “What’s going down?”
Try to picture the person you are writing to standing in front
of you. Imagine the things that you would say to him and write them down. This will help you not to go overboard.
Also avoid boring sentences like…
“I am writing this letter to….”

Punctuation and spelling

I have come across a good number of letters that abound with spelling mistakes and awful punctuation. Such
mistakes tend to distract the reader, so don’t neglect them even though you know your friend will understand.
The quality of your letter also speaks volumes about the kind of person you are so all the more reason to be careful!
If you use contractions, make sure that you put the apostrophe in the right places.

For example:

Isn’t and not is’nt
won’t and not wont
mustn’t and not must’nt
The contraction it’s is especially one that you must watch out for. It is the short form of it is or it has. But if you want to use it to indicate possession, you should use its and not it’s.

Check out this example:
The dog lost its collar.
Remember also to use capitals for the right things i.e. the names of people, places, holidays, etc should all start witha capital letter. Bottom line? Don’t throw away your grammar book!

Use consistence voice and style in Informal Letter

Use the active voice if you want your letter to sound more conversational and interesting. Avoid shifts in the voice.

Informal Letter of Business Format

Your Address

Your City, State Zip (Hit enter twice)

Today’s Date – Year, Month, Day

Company Name

Company Address

City, State Zip (Hit enter twice)

Dear Order Department : (Hit enter twice)

Paragraph 1( Hit enter twice)

Paragraph 2 ( Hit enter twice)

Last Paragraph( Hit enter twice)

Sincerely, (Hit enter 4 times)

Your handwritten signature goes here

Your Name

Your Title (if you have one)

Informal letter of business format block style :

Return Address
The address of the person sending the letter (sender). Includes the street address, city, state, and zip code. Note: The return address does not include the sender’s name.

Date
The date of the informal letter is written.Inside Address Includes the following information of the person receiving the letter: courtesy title (Mr., Mrs., or Ms.), first and last name and his/her job title (if applicable), company name (if applicable), street address, city, state, and zip code.

Salutation
Includes the greeting (opening) of the letter, followed by the receiver’s courtesy title and last name.

Body Includes the details of the letter. The first paragraph should introduce and state the reason for the letter. The following paragraphs should provide details for why the letter is being written and any background information that supports the message.

Complimentary Closing
Typically includes a closing phrase and is used to show respect and appreciation for the person reading
the letter.
Signature Area
The space for the sender’s signature.

Sender’s Name
Includes the sender’s first and last name, followed by his/her job title (if applicable).
Reference Initials
Initials of the person (other than the author) who keyed the letter for the sender.
Attachment/Enclosure Notation
Indicates another document is attached or enclosed with the letter.

Is India wrecked by socialism?

India’s economy is socialist, according to the constitution. Mrs. Indira Gandhi introduced this word in the 1970s. As the British occupied India for nearly 150 years, they began as a firm to transfer raw materials from India to the United Kingdom. This has frightened India into reopening its market to the rest of the world. Nehru was unusual in this regard; he permitted only a few enterprises to expand and concentrated his efforts on the agriculture sector.

The term ‘socialist’ was added to the Preamble by the Forty-second Amendment.

In the past, the Indian government implemented many social welfare programmes to demonstrate its socialist credentials, such as bank nationalisation, various job initiatives such as NREGA, and even selling milk. While the majority of these ponzi schemes failed, they added to the government’s financial burden. All of these ideas had a significant impact on citizens. Everyone began to rely more heavily on free goods. People began to expect cheaper rations, a free cooker, and subsidised gasoline or kerosene. Except for a few communities such as the Marwadi and the Gujratis, no one backed private industry, and everyone was focused on government jobs. Entrepreneurs were frequently reprimanded or disheartened. Profit was viewed as a bad thing, and wealthy people were frequently blamed for the country’s plight. In films from the 1970s and 1980s, the villain is typically wealthy, smoking a cigar, holding a peg of whisky in one hand, and plotting how to exploit low-wage workers. Building a business involves time, effort, risk, and expertise. In India, the image of business and the evil it entails is still pervasive. A large number of people still rely on the government to help them. Everything that is wrong with their lives is due to the government in some way.

India gradually up its market to the rest of the world and established a free market economy in 1991. While every step India takes has a significant impact, we have fallen behind other countries such as China, which began reforming a decade ago. China was able to nail down a few details regarding how the business model will work in a communist country. In India, entrepreneurs find it extremely difficult to start a firm because of the so-called red tape that still exists. The Indian bureaucracy is rotting from the inside out. The nature of the “Sarkari Babus” is still incompetent, slow, and corrupt. Obtaining land, establishing a factory, and obtaining a licence are all arduous tasks for entrepreneurs.

India chose a government-directed growth path over a market-driven one when it gained independence. With a GDP of around Rs.36 thousand crores and government revenue of around Rs.330 crores, we were a shaky economy. The average lifespan was only 31 years. That was an opportune time to pass away. We were also hard struck by the costs of World War II, as well as the bloody partition, which saw the largest human migration in history. Market forces would have positioned us as the world’s tailors, cobblers, and domestic assistance suppliers, given our large and impoverished population. Nehru, on the other hand, chose to invest on new infrastructure (the Temples of Modern India) in order to propel India ahead. The four huge steel plants, the DVC, the Bhakra Nangal project, and numerous public sector investments in power, locomotives, railway coaches, paved roads, irrigation, water supply, schools, IITs and IIMs, hospitals, and other areas were among them. The pressures continued to mount until we were on the verge of declaring bankruptcy in 1991. Then came the Narasimha Rao government, with Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister and Chidambaram as Commerce Minister, which changed everything. Nonetheless, all administrations since then have been mindful of the need to help India’s poor, rather than abandoning them to market forces.

Types of learners and how to engage them

  1. Auditory and Musical learners

To engage a social learner, encourage both group collaboration and presentation. Consider:

  • Roleplaying historical events or works of literature
  • Collaborating on maths problems
  • Working as a class on comprehension questions

Auditory learners like to hear solutions and examples explained to them, and may gravitate towards music subjects and group learning as a way to understand information. Auditory learners often have a high aptitude for distinguishing notes and tones in music and speech.

Qualities often associated with auditory learners include:

  • Possessing a ‘good ear’ for music and tones
  • May be distractible
  • Likes to talk to self / others / hum / sing

Auditory learners might say words out loud or hum tones to better learn them. This strategy is key for keeping musical learners engaged in class lessons.

How to engage them?

If you’re a music teacher, you’re in luck. Auditory learners will be engaged from start to finish. For other subjects however, engaging aural learners requires some tact and forethought.

The key here is your voice (and the voice of your students). Write down something on the whiteboard, then read it out loud. Work on your delivery so you can express learning material in interesting and engaging tones. Similarly, encourage your students to read back their own notes to themselves (and the class). Hearing the sound of their own voice and the voices of others is engaging to auditory learners, but it can be a great learning tool for students of all types.

Other strategies you can try include:

  • Recording lessons for later listening and reference
  • Encouraging auditory listeners to ‘teach others’ verbally
  • Seating them away from distractions

2. Visual and Spatial learner

Visual learners like diagrams, drawing out concepts, charts and processes. They learn by looking at visual concepts, creating them, and watching other people create them. Visual learners might be organised or creative in their application, and find things like colours and shapes useful.

Visual learners often possess the following qualities:

  • Habitual doodlers / drawers
  • Observant
  • Not easily distracted
  • Enjoys planning
  • Prefers visual instructions

How to engage them?

To engage a visual learner in the classroom you’ll want to include elements like maps, diagrams and imagery. If you have a projector, try to include relevant images to go along with the course content. In geography and history, maps are helpful, while for maths and logic, go with diagrams.

Charts, images and diagrams will aid most students, so catering to visual learners doesn’t mean you have to ignore other types. When it comes to self-driven learning, encourage the spatially aware to sketch out their ideas, create mind maps and flowcharts. It should probably come to them naturally, but a bit of prompting can always help.

Other tactics you can use include:

  • Sitting visual learners near the front
  • Using colour codes and cues
  • Encouraging note taking and recopying notes during study

3. Verbal learner

Verbal learning includes both writing and speaking. Verbal learners might have a preference for reading and writing, word games and poems. Verbal learners know the meanings of a broad category of words, can use them effectively, and actively seek out new words to add to their repertoire.

Some qualities associated with verbal learners include:

  • Intellectual
  • Bookworm
  • Good story teller

Verbal learners often seek out careers in journalism and writing, administration, law and politics.

How to engage them?

Verbal learners will want to write down notes, talk about concepts and potentially present them as well. The trick with verbal learners is knowing what adjacent types of learning apply to them – are they an outgoing or more introspective verbal learner? Some may lean more to talking, while others to reading and writing. Try to cater to preference while also using their verbal abilities to push personal boundaries every once in awhile.

4. Logical and Mahematical learners

Perhaps unsurprisingly, mathematical learners err towards careers in programming, accountancy, science, research and other number and pattern-orientated careers. Some qualities associated with mathematical learners include:

  • Pattern recognition
  • Good with numbers
  • Predisposition towards grouping and classification

How to engage them?

Mathematical learners will greatly appreciate any type of learning that logically explains the subject at hand. For maths, that’s easy. For other subjects, it requires some effort and planning:

  • History and geography: Try to include statistics and classification taxonomy in your lesson plans.
  • Literature: Ask your students “What category of book is this?” Or in poetry, have them learn the meters and explain them to other students.
  • Music: Teach both musical instrument classification (woodwind etc) and the mathematical relationships between notes.
  • Art: A good starting point is the colour wheel and the effects of combining different colours.

With logical students, always look to incorporate a system. If you’re unsure, include the students in the development of that system. They’ll benefit from it greatly.

5. Physical and Kinaesthetic learner

Commonly called hands-on learners, kinesthetics prefer to physically engage with the materials of the subject matter. Some qualities associated with physical learners include:

  • Preference to ‘get their hands dirty’
  • Energetic, may drum fingers or shake legs
  • Action-orientated and outgoing
  • May de-prioritise reading and writing

Physical learners represent about 50% of the population,and gravitate towards careers with lots of hands on work like emergency services, physical education and sports.

How to engage them?

Channeling the energy and excitability of physical learners is key to offering a good lesson. Taking breaks so they can move around can help, but so can encouraging role play and movement within the lesson itself. Physical interaction is also important. The use of props and models will greatly benefit a kinaesthetic learner. Give them something to grab onto and they’ll process information much better than from a book or whiteboard.

Other strategies to engage physical learners include:

  • Encouraging movement during study (don’t punish them for fidgeting)
  • Decluttering desks and surfaces so they can focus on learning

6. Social and Interpersonal learner

Social learners show preference towards groups and collaboration. Some, but not all, will gravitate towards leadership within a group. Some of the qualities often associated with this type of learner include:

  • Extraverted
  • Good communicator
  • Sensitive and empathetic

It’s important for educators to understand that not all social learners are extraverted or highly communicative, and that they can also be visual, auditory, verbal, logical or physical learners. The interpersonal aspect perhaps better describes the settings in which they are most comfortable, rather than how they absorb information.

As such, teachers should be cognisant of the breadth of variation between different types of social learners. For example, social doesn’t strictly mean verbal. Some social learners prefer to listen in a group setting, rather than on their own.

How to engage them?

Interpersonal learners like to ‘do’ and to ‘share’. This can sometimes lead to distraction for other students who are more intrapersonal in their learning habits. To prevent this, try to channel social learners into providing value to the group, giving them tasks that use their energy usefully, with a focus on empathy for their classmates.

7. Social and Intrapersonal learner

Solitary learners can be visual, auditory, physical, verbal or logical learners. Fulfilling all the needs of the solitary student will ensure they are fully engaged. Some of the qualities often associated with this type of learner include:

  • Independent
  • Introspective
  • Private

Intrapersonal learners may gravitate towards careers with a lot of self determination or motivation, as well as solitary workloads. Think:

  • Researchers
  • Writers and authors
  • Programmers and coders

How to engage them?

In a classroom environment it can sometimes be difficult to engage a solitary learner. They might sit silently in the back of the classroom, only to ace the exam at the end of semester. For the educator, it’s important to engage them during class. Provide visual materials, books and learning aids. Designate quiet areas, and collaborate with defined sharing time so the solitary learner can feel adequately prepared.

Mixed learning approach

With large classrooms, it’s not always easy to personalise lessons, but using a mixed learning approach throughout coursework can help you cater to each type of learning style. You may decide to focus on a particular learning type each lesson, or incorporate multiple strategies within each lesson. The most important element is first recognising the differences in student learning – the rest will flow from there.

Self help

What is self-love?

            It is nothing but the self-improvement economically, intellectually or emotionally. In other word’s one care about him/her self in all aspects of life.

Self-doubt

When you spend all your time and energy trying to manage other people perceptive of you, you will stuck with the self-doubt.

When you do it so you will feel inadequate and at the point remember that each one of us life is different from one another.

I’m sure you’re experienced a situation where someone made your day it all because of the kind word and compliment, it can bring to yourself by a writing a letter to your own.

No person is an island, as the saying goes and that holds true for our life too, so keep people who encourage you.

Becoming comfortable with yourself

            When you make your needs priorities it is easier to feel good about who you are.

            Meditation will help’s you to find what’s your need, It’s like answering yes or no.

            Say yes or no according to you.

            Don’t let other people put you down for the things that make you unique.

            In this modern era, we don’t even have time to spend with friends and family, so at least you have to spend time with your self and you will meet the best person in this world.

Identifying the triggers

            Our body say’s what we are going through.

            Notice any tensing of muscles, increased heart rate, tingles or any physical change that generally indicates what you’re experiencing.

            It help’s to enhance your self- awareness, do notice that how your mind takes the story its good/ bad, nice/evil.

            When you are trying to identify your emotional triggers, often you can prevent yourself from being triggered, so remove your attention from that and focus on your breath.

Eliminate negativity

            The minute you catch your mind in a negative thought focus on how grateful you are.

            Be grateful what you have

            When you catch yourself in a complaint, congratulate yourself for being aware, awareness is the 1st step in stopping bad habit.

            Turn your problem into challenge.

Making new habits

            Decide clearly that you are going to begin acting in a specific way 100% of the time, whenever that be haviour is required.

            The more often you visualize and imagine yourself acting as if you already had the new habit, the more rapidly this new be haviour will be accepted by your brain and becomes automatic.

            When you realize to persist in the new be haviour it become automatic and easy and even you will feel uncomfortable when you don’t do.

            When you start rewarding yourself you will become more positive and you will become more positive and you will keep on doing.

Self-love

            People become mindful when they think, feel, do, what they want.

            You will like yourself more, when you take better care of you basic need.

            Say yes or no as per your needs, if you say yes to what you don’t like, it will deplete or harm you physically/ emotionally.

            Remember, there are no failure, if you have learned and grown from your mistakes, they are only lessons learned.

            Your purpose doesn’t have to be crystal clear to you, we are living with purpose and design.

                                    “GO HELP YOURSELF”

Communism in India

The change of administration at the centre in 2014 has brought with it new promises, but it has also brought suffering to the people of India who are being drugged or tranquillized in the hope of long-term benefits. The people of the country will vote for the current government for a second term because they perceive no credible opposition or viable alternative to it.

Although the current government’s administrative efficiency is marginally better than its predecessor’s, the majority of Hindus applaud their radical non-secular approach on specific topics like as the sacredness of the cow or actions against minority appeasement. Furthermore, the minority appeasement approach used by previous Congress-led governments has warped the Indian polity’s secular nature, which must be remedied. However, the BJP government’s work is more of an antithesis to past practises and cannot be termed long-term strategies because it will transform India into a non-secular nation-state with characteristics akin to those of a Fascist state. This is the time for the Left Parties to move forward quietly but earnestly, despite political and economic restraints, and endeavour to enlist the support of the common man. Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan are three states that have refused to recognise the Left Parties as an option and have been difficult for the Left to crack for the past seventy-one years.

In Maharashtra, the Indian National Congress (INC), National Congress Party (NCP), and, to a lesser extent, the Shiv Sena are well entrenched, and removing them will be difficult. Except for a brief period under Shankar Singh Vaghela’s leadership, the Bharatiya Janata Party has ruled Gujarat for the past thirty years. Rajasthan has seen five-year transitions between the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress since 1993. In Maharashtra, the sole RED Flag-affiliated party with some clout is the Shetkari Kamgaar Paksha, whose presence and political clout are insufficient to gain an absolute majority in the state legislature. The left must build cadres in these three states over the next few years, as well as re-establish acceptance in West Bengal and Tripura, and attempt a second consecutive inning in Kerala. Along with it, the Communists, or the Left Front, should endeavour to train cadres and prepare for the elections set for 2024, or else aim for an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha elections in 2029.

The road will be rough, but the people of our country require a third option that is superior to both previous and current regimes. This must be a joint effort by all of the Left Parties, i.e.

Except in a few places such as West Bengal, Kerala, and Tripura, the average man in India has not yet developed the needed confidence and faith in the Left Parties, and this has been their most significant disadvantage. There is yet a chance if the Left Parties examine and adjust their approach, making it more inclusive and abstaining from sticking to the Marxist norms that must be abandoned in order to win the trust of the Indian people. A more Machiavellian style, similar to that of Comrade Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov Lenin during the early years of Communist leadership in Russia. Despite the fact that Indian Communism will be relatively different and distinct in light of the country’s economic and social structure, it is the answer, the ultimate answer to equitable and fair governance.

POLICY GUIDELINES FOR TELEVISION RATING AGENCIES IN INDIA

Television rating points have been a much debated issues in india since the present system of TRP’s is riddled with several maladies such as small sample size which is not representative. lack of transparency, lack of reliability and credibility of data e.t.c. shortcornings in the present rating system have been highlighted by key stakeholders that includes individuals, consumer groups , government, broadcasters, advertisers, and advertising shortcomings. in 2008 the ministry of information and broadcasting had sought recommendations of TRAI on various issues relating to TRPs and policy guidelines to be adopted for rating agencies. TRAI, in its recommendations in august 2008 had amongst other things recommended the self regulation through the establishment of an industry led body, that is the broadcast audience research council. the ministry is constituted a commitee under the chairmanship of dr. amith mitra, the then secretary general FICCI in 2010 to review existing TRP System in india. the commitee also recommended that self regulation through the establishment of an industry was the best way forward. since the BARC could not operationalise the TRP generating mechanism the ministry of information and broadcasting sought recommendations of TRAI in september 2003 on comprehensive guidelines mechanism for television rating agencies in india to ensure fair competition better standards and quality of services by television rating agencies. TRAI recommendations on guidelines television rating agencies were received in september 2013, while supporting selfregulation of television ratings through an industry led body like BARC, TRAI recommended that television rating agencies shall be regulated ratings shall be regulated through framework in the form of guidelines to be notified by MIB. it also recommended that all rating agencies including the existing rating agency, shall require registration with MIB in accordance with the terms and conditions prescribed under the guidelines.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THESE GUIDELINES ARE AS FOLLOWS:

all rating agencies including the existing rating agencies shall obtain registration from ministry of information and broadcasting.

the rating agency shall submit the detailed methodology to the government and also publish it on its website.

30 days time would be given to the existing rating agency to comply with the guidelines.

ratings ought to be technology neutral and shall capture data across multiple viewing platforms viz cable TV, direct to home , terrestrial TV e.t.c

Melville and his Moby dick

About the author

Herman Melville (1819-1891), the author of Moby Dick, is recognized today as one of America’s greatest writers, although there was a time when critics as well as readers rejected his writings. He wrote more than ten major novels, based on experiences that he had gone through himself. Some of his adventures in real life were more exciting than the ones he describes in his novels, but none was as strange and thrilling as the story he tells in Moby Dick.
Melville was born in 1819 in New York City. His parents, like many other Americans, were of mixed nationality, being partly English and partly Dutch. The Melville family was a well known one, but had become poor at the time of Herman’s birth. He was forced to give up school at the age of fifteen in order to earn his living. He tried his hand at various jobs: farming, teaching at schools, working in offices-in fact, any work that he could find. Finally, in 1839, he went to sea as a common sailor. His first voyage took him to the port of Liverpool, in England. He found life at sea so attractive that he decided to remain in this profession.


In December 1840, Melville joined the crew of a whaling-ship, the Acushnet, and went on a long voyage to the Pacific. After sixteen months on board, he and a shipmate ran away from the ship when it stopped at Nukhera, an island in the group of islands in the Pacific known as the Marquesas. They spent several weeks on this island, where they were in danger of being killed and eaten by cannibal tribes, before returning to America on another ship. Melville described these adventures in two of his novels which became instant hits-Typee and Omoo.


Between 1840 and 1843, Melville worked on two other whaling ships, the Lucy Ann, and the Charles and Henry. His experiences on these ships were used by him in writing Moby Dick. He gave up his sea-going life in 1844 and devoted himself completely to writing. In 1850, he met the great American writer, Nathaniel Hawthorne, who encouraged him to write Moby Dick, and to whom this novel was dedicated.



About the book


Moby Dick is a book with several layers of meaning and can be read at different levels. At one level, it is an exciting tale of adventure. There are many other well known stories of adventures at sea, but what makes Moby Dick special is the fact that it provides a rare glimpse into a particular kind of life-life on a whaling-ship, or whaler, which Melville knew at first hand.


This is the story of Captain Ahab, the captain of a whaling-ship, the Pequod, and his unending battle against a white whale, to which sailors had given the name Moby Dick. Because of its unusual colour and its great size, Moby Dick had become a valued prize for all whale-hunters. But in the case of Captain Ahab, there was an element of personal enmity and a desire for revenge as well. In an earlier meeting with Moby Dick, Ahab had lost one of his legs, which was bitten off by the whale. Thereafter, he had only one goal in life-to kill the white whale. After months of pursuit through the oceans, the man and the whale came together at last; the battle is resumed.
The story is narrated by a sailor called Ishmael, who becomes a witness to the battle between Ahab and Moby Dick.



MOBY DICK as an Allegory


It becomes clear from the beginning that the author wants us to read his story as an allegory-a story with hidden spiritual meaning. Almost everything in the book has symbolic value and represents something abstract. The names of the major characters in the story are taken from the Bible, which was a source of inspiration for Puritans, a religious group.


Moby Dick can be read, at one level, as a tale of adventure. However, the fame of this book rests chiefly on the complex spiritual and religious elements that Melville wove into the story. Moby Dick is regarded as an epic, like our own Mahabharat or Ramayan, or the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were written by the Greek poet Homer, thousands of years ago.


An epic is a long tale which presents before us a vast, many-sided picture of human life and nature. Everything in an epic is on a grand scale there may be hundreds of characters, engaged over a long period of time in numerous exciting adventures. Most epics are stories of great battles, in which human beings perform heroic, almost superhuman deeds. These battles often represent wars between the forces of good and those of evil, with the former becoming victorious in the end.


Moby Dick is also an allegory in which ordinary objects, characters and events become ‘symbols’, representing abstract qualities or emotions. In poetry, for example, the rose is often used as a symbol to represent beauty and love, both of which are abstract things. Another common example of a symbol is the national flag of a country-though only a piece of cloth, it can give rise to the powerful but abstract emotion of patriotism. Many men and women have sacrificed their lives to protect the honor of their national flag.


The early American writers were mostly Puritans from New England. The Puritans, who became powerful in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, belonged to a Christian group which believed that God had created man only to serve and obey Him and that it was the duty of every human being to lead a pure and strict life, avoiding all forms of temptation. For a Puritan, life was a constant struggle against Evil. They believed that they were the only true Christians. In the sixteenth century, a group of Puritans left England and sailed to America, because they felt they did not have the freedom to lead the kind of religious life which they wanted. The part of America where they settled was known as New England.


Herman Melville was brought up as a Puritan and was deeply influenced by other Puritan writers. It was natural for him, therefore, to see life as a struggle between the forces of good and evil.
Moby Dick is a powerful expression of this Puritan view of life, although there are other elements in it as well, taken from other cultures and religions that Melville became interested in.
When we read Moby Dick as an allegory, symbolizing the battle between good and evil, it is not always easy to decide which qualities a character represents. Is Ahab a symbol of Goodness, and does Moby Dick symbolize Evil? This is what one might think at the beginning of the novel, since Ahab is shown as a heroic character, possessing superhuman courage and determination, while Moby Dick, the whale, is described as a killer. But gradually, we begin to see that there are many sides to both Ahab and Moby Dick. The whale turns into a mysterious supernatural power, which is beyond human understanding, while Ahab appears to become inhuman in the way he ignores the pain and suffering of others in his thirst for revenge. The line separating good from evil is not clear; both good and evil are seen to be parts of a larger design, balancing each other. Here, Melville seems to move away from a Puritan view of life and may have been influenced by other religions such as Zoroastrianism (the religion of the Parsis) as well as Buddhism and Hinduism.

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Delinquency is a kind of abnormality when an individual deviates from the course of normal social life this behaviour is called delinquency when a Juvenile below an age specified under a statute exhibits behaviour which may prove to be dangerous to society and or himself he may be called Juvenile delinquent.

Juvenile delinquents are those offenders including boys and girls were normally under 16 years of age

The acts of delinquency may include running away from home without the permission of parents, use of multiple languages, wandering about railroad street, market places, visiting gambling centers, shoplifting, stealing, etc.

Causes of Juvenile delinquency:

Broken homes- The broken homes and families lack of parental affection, security, absence of a loving mother in the childhood or lack of family ties, parental responsibility for all contributory factors to delinquency. Interaction at home is a very important means for socializing the child.

Poverty- A very large proportion of delinquent children come from poor homes. Poverty compels sometimes both of the parents to be outside the home for a very long period to earn their daily bread, the children will be uncared for and they may join hands with the Gangsters and become delinquents.

School dissatisfaction some student get dissatisfied with the school life there is lack of entertainment and sports facilities in schools, indifference of the teachers may contribute to such dissatisfied students become regular absentees in schools and start wandering in streets.

Emotional problems of the individual- Mental troubles and emotional maladjustments are strong factors in delinquency. From the psychological point of view “delinquency is a rebellion and an expression of aggression which is aimed at destroying, breaking down or changing the environment”.

Remedies for juvenile delinquency:

  • Creating and inspiring a team of work  of private and public agencies devoted to preventive work.
  • Establishing a child guidance clinic to give appropriate treatment to the disturbed children.
  • The problems of beggary and poverty are to be removed or controlled and the general economic standards of the people must be increased to prevent children from becoming delinquent due to economic exigencies.
  • Under section 399 of the Indian Criminal Procedure Code convicted young offenders below the age of 15 could be sent to reformatory school established by the state government. Section 562 of the C.P.C. also permitted discharge of certain convicted offenders on probation.
  • Certified schools are established to give some general education and Technical training to the children here are the children 10 and for the long-term treatment. After their release they are put under the charge of a probation officer or a welfare officer who watches their activities.

A great problem such as Juvenile delinquency cannot be solved by means of legislation and government efforts alone. Government as well as private agencies must work hard with all sincerity and seriousness to find an effective remedy for the problem of Juvenile delinquency. The public attitude towards Juvenile delinquent must also change.

Lambda variant of Corona virus (COVID) is deadlier than delta variant

The lambda variant has been detected in 30 countries so far. In the UK, there are six cases of lambda, which has been designated as ‘variant of interest’ by the World Health Organization.

Lambda variant and its history –

The Lambda variant is not a new emergence. It has been around at least since last year, possibly as early as August 2020. In Peru, where it is believed to have originated, it accounts for almost 80% of the infections. It is the dominant strain in neighboring Chile as well. But until recently, it was largely concentrated in a handful of South American countries, including Ecuador and Argentina.

Since the end of March, this variant has been detected in more than 25 countries, although the numbers are still very small. The UK, for example, said it had found this variant in six infected people, all international travelers. Recently, it has also been found in Australia.

Mutations of lambda variant –

According to the WHO, the Lambda variant has at least seven significant mutations in the spike protein (the Delta variant has three) which could have a range of implications, including the possibility of increased transmissibility or enhanced resistance to antibodies, created either through natural infection or vaccination.

A recent study by researchers at the Chile reported that the Lambda variant had greater infectivity than the Alpha and Gamma variants (known to have originated in the UK and Brazil respectively). The study also reported decreased effectiveness of the Chinese Sinovac vaccine (Coronavac) against the Lambda variant.

However, the behavior of the Lambda variant is not very well understood right now.

“There is currently limited evidence on the full extent of the impact associated with these genomic changes, and further robust studies into the phenotype impacts are needed to better understand the impact on countermeasures, and to control the spread,” the WHO said in a statement. “Further studies are also required to validate the continued effectiveness of vaccines.”

But, the designation as a “variant of interest” means that the genetic changes involved are predicted or known to affect transmissibility, disease severity, or immune escape. It is also an acknowledgement of the fact that the variant has caused significant community transmission in multiple countries and population groups.

There are currently seven variants, including the Lambda, that the WHO classifies as “variants of interest”. Another four – Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta – have been designated as “variants of concern”, and are considered a bigger threat. These were all recently named after letters of the Greek alphabet to avoid linkage with the country of their origin that had been happening until then.

Should India worry about the Lambda variant?

The Lambda variant has so far not been found in India or neighboring countries. In Asia, only Israel has reported this variant until now. But several countries in Europe from where travel to India is frequent, including France, Germany, UK, and Italy have reported this variant.

The potential of emerging variants to bypass the immunity gained through vaccination means that there could be fresh waves of infections even in populations that were being considered close to reaching community-level protection. That is what is happening in many countries in Europe right now, particularly in the UK. There has been a sharp rise in cases in several countries in the last few weeks.

That means that a country like India, which is still recovering from the debilitating second wave, would need to proactively watch out for, and prevent the spread of any new variant that could trigger a fresh wave.

Health consciousness.

Consciousness, at its simplest, is sentience or awareness of internal and external existence. Despite millennia of analyses, definitions, explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists, consciousness remains puzzling and controversial, being “at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives”. Perhaps the only widely agreed notion about the topic is the intuition that it exists. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied and explained as consciousness. Sometimes, it is synonymous with the mind, and at other times, an aspect of it. In the past, it was one’s “inner life”, the world of introspection, of private thought, imagination and volition. Today, it often includes some kind of experience, cognition, feeling or perception. It may be awareness, awareness of awareness, or self-awareness. There might be different levels or orders of consciousness, or different kinds of consciousness, or just one kind with different features. Other questions include whether only humans are conscious, all animals, or even the whole universe. The disparate range of research, notions and speculations raises doubts about whether the right questions are being asked.

Examples of the range of descriptions, definitions or explanations are: simple wakefulness, one’s sense of selfhood or soul explored by “looking within”; being a metaphorical “stream” of contents, or being a mental state, mental event or mental process of the brain; having phanera or qualia and subjectivity; being the ‘something that it is like’ to ‘have’ or ‘be’ it; being the “inner theatre” or the executive control system of the mind.

And that’s why to be health conscious is better than being careless.

Communalism in India

Lets start with knowing what is communalism ? Communalism is described as an ideology stating the division between states (people, groups of people or communities) on the basis of ethnicity, religion, beliefs, values, etc . The idea of creating community is to make this world a better place to live but what happened really ?

It has became a significant social issue in countries like India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri-Lanka. Communal conflicts between religious communities in India, especially Hindus and Muslims, have occurred since the period of British colonial rule, occasionally leading to serious inter-communal violence. From 2005 to 2009, an average of 130 people died every year from communal violence, or about 0.01 deaths per 100,000 population.

We live in 21st century but we still hung up on communalism. we still hear news about people brutally murdered due to inter caste marriages will this barbarism come to an end. We cannot blame anyone for this we have to blame ourselves because its us who has been holding om to our community. We require our community to get admission in schools , colleges etc .

How can we end it ? We can end communalism by Interacting and befriending people of different religions.Understanding the political and historical reasons behind fights between people of different religions. understanding the economic and social problem through logic rather than prejudice . However we can come up with many remedies and solutions as i said the can should be brought between us before enforcing into our society. communalism can be only ended by building trust between people of different religious without trust, rumors and fights to develop that trust just remember they are also a human being and think how will you feel when someone treats you like this just because you born in a different mother…

WORLD CHOCOLATE DAY

World Chocolate Day celebrated on 7th July

Every year on July 7th, World Chocolate Day allows chocolate lovers around the world to indulge in their favorite treat without any guilt. The day also celebrates all kinds of goodies made from chocolate, including chocolate milk, hot chocolate, chocolate candy bar, chocolate cake, brownies, or anything covered in chocolate.

Chocolate comes from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. Cacao has been cultivated for at least three millennia and grows in Mexico, Central America, and Northern South America. The earliest known documentation of using cacao seeds is from around 1100 BC.

Since cacao tree seeds have a very intense, bitter taste, they must be fermented to develop the flavor. Once fermented, processors dry, clean and roast the beans. After roasting, the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs.

The cacao nibs are then ground into cocoa mass, which is pure chocolate in rough form. The cocoa mass is usually liquefied, then molded with or without other ingredients. At this point in the process, it is called chocolate liquor. The chocolate liquor gets processed into two components: cocoa solids and cocoa butter.

Most Common Types of Chocolate
  • Unsweetened baking chocolate – cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions.
  • Sweet chocolate – cocoa solids, cocoa butter or other fat and sugar.
  • Milk chocolate – sweet chocolate with milk powder or condensed milk.
  • White chocolate – cocoa butter, sugar, and milk but no cocoa solids.

Most people love chocolate. In fact, nine out of ten people love chocolate. Besides the fact it tastes so good, there are some health benefits of chocolate. Chocolate increases serotonin and dopamine levels, which helps to boost the mood. Dark chocolate can also be especially good for you. Dark chocolate is a powerful source of antioxidants, plus it helps to improve blood flow, lower blood pressure, and reduce the risk of heart disease.

The best way to celebrate world chocolate day is to, of course, enjoy this silky delicacy in your favorite form without any guilt! Now that corona has made it questionable to visit restaurants, you can take this opportunity to make yummy chocolate-based treats with your family. Attempt a recipe that you have never had the courage to try. Or make a box of assorted chocolate treat and gift your best friend or loved one. You can also enhance your knowledge of chocolates by knowing about different varieties, storage techniques and recipes!

Startup Stories – Nua Women

Nua women

Menstrual Hygiene:

Menstrual Hygiene is the area with the least awareness in India. It is pathetic to know that only 18% of women in India have access to better sanitary hygiene. The rest percentage of the women make use of economic alternatives to pads like cloths unaware of the side effects caused by them. This is primarily due to the fact that despite everyone knows about periods, their frequency they consider it a  disgrace when discussed in public. Pads that are primarily composed of synthetic material are constantly in contact with the skin surface causing rashes, infections, etc.

The Launch:

Nua women was launched in the year 2017 in Mumbai by Ravi Ramachandran and Swathi Kulkarni with the goal of making the menstruation cycle to be hassle-free. The market of sanitary pads in India enormous due to the population prevailed in here.  But it never remained as an untapped market.  Amidst the global competitors like Whisper, Stayfree, Nua Women was launched. Hence it was expected to make a Herculean effect to gain the attention of the audience and capture the market.

Novel Nua Women:

While certain startups were hustling to capture the market with their innovative market, Nua women choose either way. Following are the reasons for their triumph in India:

  • User experience: They understood their customers clearly at the early stage of its launch. Hence they ensured that they would provide not just a product but an experience. They came up with a plan where their users can choose pads according to their flow. Most of the women would have definitely wished for such a plan as the flow varies between day 1 to day 4. 
  • Marketing: While the primary pad brands were advertising with animations of pads, Nua women started to advertise by forming a community. In the community, women expressed thor period concerns, queries, and pains. The engagement was kept active and all their concerns were addressed. Social media played a vital role in the exposure of their product. This was one of the primary reasons for their initial funding by LIghtBox Ventures.

They also partnered with some women influencers and made promotional videos. The videos clearly explained their product and made very women connect it with their life. Their advertisement in partnership with the Youtube Sensation CheekyDNA won the Best Brand Integration Category Award at StreamCon.

  • Subscription: In the industrious world, everyone is running to balance their work and life. When the product is proven to reduce their time and efforts then it’s for sure a hit in the market. Women normally forget to refill their pads and in such cases, they use pads from their friends or from the sanitary vending machine at their workplaces. The change in brand may cause them discomfort. Hence Nua women came with a subscription plan where they can pay for a period of 3 months and pads will be automatically refilled every month.
  • Rash-free pads: Rashes are the most primary concern of women while purchasing a pad. Nua women customers are saying the rashes have considerably reduced after its usage. 
  • Stress-free Disposal: If you are the one who is irritated by the disposal of pads, Nua women has got your back. Every pad comes with a disposable cover and the way of disposal is smooth.

Funding Facts:

Initial Funding: Series A funding of 5.4 Million Dollars by LIghtBox Ventures in 2019.

Latest Funding: Pre Series B funding of 7.4 Milion Dollars by LightBox Ventures and Kae Capital in June 2021.

https://inc42.com/buzz/nua-raises-7-1-mn-in-funding-led-by-lightbox-ventures-kae-capital/

https://entrackr.com/2021/07/funding-in-indian-startups-this-week-28-june-03-july/

https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/divo-to-now-offer-digital-content-influencer-marketing-services-201221

https://www.vims.ac.in/blog/menstrual-hygiene/

https://inc42.com/startups/lightbox-nua-sanitary-napkins-women-wellness/

Online education

frustrating indeed!!

Online study has become a trend and more schools are opting for it with each passing day; more so, in the wake of COVID-19 lockdown.

Advantages

The online method of study has several advantages. It is very convenient as both you and your teacher can interact from the convenience of your respective homes. You can also ask questions and raise queries as you use to do in the classroom.

The online study method becomes more important in case of a natural calamity of emergency. The perfect example in this regard is the recent COVID 19 pandemic that the world is still recovering from. To date, many schools are running online classes, for the safety of students. Online study is indeed a safer alternative to school education.

Schools Have Saved Operational Costs During Lockdown; Can't Charge Students For Unused Facilities : Supreme Court

Disadvantages

Apart from numerous advantages, the online method of the study also presents certain disadvantages. It lacks the filled with enthusiasm kind of environment presented by a classroom. The lively and joyful ambience of a classroom is usually lacking in an online session. Teachers and students interact with each other only on subject matters on one by one basis.

Moreover, overexposure to gadgets presents its own health hazards like headache, weak eyesight and lack of concentration, etc.

Conclusion

Despite the disadvantages, the online study method proved to be beneficial in certain specific conditions. When it is not advisable to leave your home, or it isn’t convenient for you, then in that case online study becomes a blessing in disguise.

reference-https://www.aplustopper.com/essay-on-online-education/

The Impact of Solitary Confinement

Many years ago, the approach toward detention institutions, convicts, and punishment was severe and obnoxious. After a prolonged battle with the government, the principle of recognizing the human being in the convicted perpetrator has been approved. The socio-legal approach is based on peace, mutual respect, and individual human respect. If a person commits a crime, it does not follow that he stops to be a human being and can be denied those components of existence that constitute basic humanity.

Solitary confinement is a type of imprisonment in which an inmate is segregated from other inmates and subjected to strict observation. It has been proved that such confinement is traumatic and has a negative impact on the prisoner’s overall well-being both physically and mentally. Prisoners are kept in solitary confinement for a variety of reasons. When prisoners are kept in solitary confinement as a form of punishment for what is deemed excessive behavior, such as aggression against fellow prisoners, they are usually forced to stay there for a specified period of time as a measure.

Solitary confinement, according to research findings, fundamentally affects a person’s brain, resulting in major and long-term mental health concerns as well as the expansion of deviant and violent behavior. There is a distinction between loneliness (a highly unpleasant experience to perceived isolation and the imposition of social isolation, also known as social pain) and aloneness (a tendency toward being alone/the decision to be alone), and the brain responds in very different ways. Solitary confinement as a form of punishment is akin to torture, having devastating effects for brain health. Prisoners who are isolated endure a range of psychological impacts, including emotional, cognitive, and psychotic disorders.

Prisons are already destructive, and putting people in solitary confinement adds an added layer of pressure that has been proved to create lifelong abnormalities in people’s minds and characters. In fact, long periods without human interaction have been found to physically decrease the part of the brain that plays a crucial role in memory. And, because humans are social animals by nature, denying people of their capacity to socialize can result in “social pain”, which experts define as “the feelings of sadness and suffering that result from negative social situations such as social deprivation, isolation, rejection, or loss.” Social pain impacts the brain in the same manner that physical pain does, and it can trigger much more suffering due to humans’ tendency to remember social pain months or even years afterwards. Even if a person does not enter solitary confinement with a mental disorder, the consequences of isolation may cause them to acquire a distinct psychiatric syndrome.

Life is more than just animal existence. The people incarcerated cannot be denied the same. A prisoner, whether convicted, under trial, or detained, continues to be a human being. They have all of the rights that a free person enjoys, but with some limitations. Being imprisoned does not strip people of their fundamental rights. Even while imprisoned, he has all of his basic fundamental rights. And especially in this pandemic, when many people are left alone or with a cellmate in confined spaces for 24 hours a day, knowing the negative impacts of solitary confinement and reforming these practices is more necessary than ever.