Sugarcane- a resource for food, industries, culture and history

For a majority of Indians their first love is “doodh waali chai” with a large amount of sugar. It is also a well known fact about the love that exists between the Indians and the sweets. The basic ingredients of all these eatables which are a source of happiness for us is SUGAR. When the different forms of sugar goes in our system they not only boost our immune system , maintains over all health but also boost up our energy levels.

Ever wondered how this crystalline dose of happiness was first created? Sugar comes from the crop of Sugarcane of which India is the second largest producer. Today India has 732 sugar mills both private and government runned with Uttar Pradesh leading in the sugar production in India. The crop of sugarcane provides employment to nearly 50 million farmers and over 5 lakh workers directly employed in the sugar mills in the country. Further, sugar is not the only product extracted from sugarcane, sugarcane juice is a very popular summer drink in India and jaggery a sweet brown mass is like a national sweet for winters which is also said to maintain the immune system in the chilly winters of the North.

A product of such vast food value has a great industrial value as well as provides 7.5 % of employment in the Indian economy and has over 1% contribution in the GDP value. Read the blog further to know about the history of the production of this big stick of juice which has a great cultural and monetary significance .

Although sugar was being used in India from time immemorial , there was no sugar industry in India before 1904 which was set up in Saran, Bihar. Prior to that the juice from sugar cane was extracted and the crystals formed on boiling the juice were used as sugar . Though the crystals were not as refines as the sugar we get today , it served the purpose. These crystals were called SARKARA in the ancient times which mean sgravel in Sanskrit. The word sugar is a derivative from Sarkara.

BY-Products of Sugarcane and its industrial value

Bagasse and Molasses are the two major by products of sugarcane which holds a great industrial value.

Bagasse is the heterogeneous fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed for sugar extraction. Typically, from processing 100 tons of sugarcane in a factory, 30–34 tons of bagasse is obtained . Bagasse is mainly used in cellulose based industries such as pulp, paper, particle boards and as a cattle fodder. In order to conserve the forests, initiatives are being taken to replace the wooden products by equally sustainable material. Bagasse based particle board and fibre based board plants are set up to produce wooden boards which are used as a wood replacement in making table tops, office racks, partition ceilings etc.

Molasses is the final mother liquor leftover after the crystallization of sugar which is sent out of the factory. However, the total sugar content of molasses is 45–55 per cent. It is by virtue of this total content that molasses is a valuable raw material for the production of many value-added products. The main products that can be produced from it on commercial scale are ethyl alcohol, citric acid, lactic acid, cattle feed, oxalic acid, bakers yeast, mono sodium glutamate, torula yeast, lysine etc which are some of great industrial value being used in one or the other industries. In addition to this, many alcohol-based chemicals like acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene, styrene, poly-styrene, poly-ethylene and synthetic rubber are also produced using cane molasses.

The historical and cultural value of sugarcane

There are references of sugarcane cultivation, its crushing and preparation of Gur ( jaggery) in Atharva Veda as well as Kautaliya’s Arthasastra. Also, the scribes of Alexander the Great, who happens to visit India in 327 BC recorded that the inhabitants chewed a marvelous reed which produced a kind of honey without the help of bees,which was a reference to none other than the famous jaggery. Also, the Indian religious offerings contain five ‘Amrits’ (elixirs) like milk, curd, ghee (clarified butter), honey and sugar — which indicates how important sugar is not only as an item of consumption but as an item which influences the Indian way of life.

It is fascinating to know how a crop which is hardly 3 to 4 m in height is of such value and importance in the Indian sub continent.

Michael Jackson

Michael Joseph Jackson(1958-2009) also popularly known as Michael Jackson,was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. He is famously known as king of pop,he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century.

His contributions to music, dance, fashion, and philanthropy, made him a global figure.

He influenced many people, many genres across the world through stage and video performances.

His popularized dance moves like moon walk , still this complicated dance gestures is creating popularity, records.He is the most awarded music artist in history.

Jackson is one of the best selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 350 million records worldwide. For his incredible contribution to music,dance he was honoured with 15 Grammy awards, six Brit awards, a golden globe award, and 39 Guinness world records.

Michael Jackson, also known as most commercially successful entertainers of all time. At the age of 50, Michael Jackson passed away,at his home in Los Angeles, California, after suffering from cardiac arrest caused by a fatal combination of drugs given to him by his personal doctor.

Modernism & Postmodernism – II

The 2nd half 20th Century – the socio cultural movements that effected people are merging and becoming more. Post Colonial literature became popular, Ngugi wa thiongo a Kenyan thinker – Moving the Centre – The plurality of culture and literature, the shift from Eurocentric understanding of the world. Grand narratives centred around the Eurocentric understanding, and postcolonial works thus became a shift from these Grand Narratives. The way art aesthetics and literature were looking at the past and the grand narratives became problematic, because people felt a need to bring back the past, but simultaneously in every country there was this need to bring something new back. Every age becomes a response to a previous period and the previous period is a response to resistance. Literatureis not something that is just to entertain people, the position of literature is embedded in our social systems, part of your existence. To understand postmodernism, is to lie on modernism. France Fanon, Meena Kandasamy, examples of theoretical perception are taken forward with people of different discipline. Thiongo’s work becomes important for the possibility of multiple centres and multiple meanings – a product of European imperialism and internal resistance as well.

Mcluhan’s Medium as message, depending on the medium the reachability is different and the access as well is differing.

Susan Sontag – a revolt against ‘the departure from modernism can be regarded as new sensibility, a revolt against canonised modernism’s avant-guard revolution’ – Critiquing the high culture of Modern Capitalist world, against the cannon. On one hand Modernism tried critiquing the Grand narratives and on the other it cerated a canon for itself.

Modernism is adopting plurality like Postmodernism, but was lamenting fragmentation even though working through it, trying to work on a wholesome unity, they continued to believe that with lit or artistic expression we may achieve a ‘self’ while postmodernism are embracing fragmentation, praising dissent, rather celebrating fragmentation.

Arnold Toynbee – birth of postmodernism, and questioning the tradition moral values and beliefs (grand narratives); and by questioning this he’s talking about the development of cultural modernists and the different understanding of the world, a better apparatus of understanding world and culture. Grand Narratives continue to be over – aching and totalising and replace or silence other narratives around us. And how mini-narratives can replace grand narratives by promoting plurality and heterogeneity as it becomes local. [Culture in modernism – a cultural innovation – development of new meanings.] Postmodernism is branching out to different ways, questioning the requirement and the need for plurality and heterogeneity.

Modernism & Postmodernism – I

1922 – TS Elliot’s Wasteland & James Joyce’s Ulysses, Virginia Woolf – Jacob’s Room

1927 – Virginia Woolf – To the lighthouse.

1924 – Manifesto of the Surrealist Moment – Andre Bretel

1937 – Guernica – an anti-war painting.

1914 – Stravinsky – Rise of Spring

Before Modernist was the Victorian Period, certain set of practices that was held sacrosanct up until the 1920’s, and everything that came out post 1920’s questioned everything. Linear chronological narrative was held sacrosanct for ages, and Elliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf were subservient to these narrative, alongside the impressionist, and the Credo of Modernism ‘make it new’ campaign by Ezra Pound; Modernist thinkers and philosophers stood for renovation and experiments, ‘Avant Garde’ ‘Sapere Aude’ (dare to know – courage to chart new territories) – after WWI.

Theoretical justification form this break of the past ? Why ? The central image of modernism was a big large void that defined Modernism – Scepticism/disbelief/boredom/disillusionment/restrictive and that this is not ‘it’, and to replace it with something new; and everything that was held important started falling apart. The science that was to make everything better couldn’t hold, the centre was falling apart and one couldn’t make sense of it, here structuralism to poststructuralism – Derrida – meaning is differing.

1990 – Virginia Woolf – Modern Fiction – in the pre-verbal or pre-literate thought your words are not linear, because it’s happening in your mind, therefore chronological pattern never works, it’s always in a flux, therefore she suggests “stream-of-consciousness” – a randomness of a narrative – no structure, a linear mode of storytelling – Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway.

Purist, Exclusivist/Universalist – to contain a single meaning – something that is questioned by Modernism. Meta Narratives/Grand Narratives that dictate the Euro – Centric understanding of the world, that make things/life better or easier – Marxism, Religion – Christianity – Redemption.

Single Epistemology (the theory of knowledge)

Post Colonial/Gender/Race came in complicating others.

Moving the Centre by Ngugi wa thiongo, and Afrocentrism.

Skincare

This is a topic that each one of us need to address, and over the years, there is definitely been a rise in discussions on but what has predominantly tampered these discussions are the issues of finance, because skincare isn’t just for the middle class or the elites, it’s is for everyone, even if the common consensus is not for the same.

Undoubtedly, there are startups and other companies that cater to the lower side of budget scale, and even deliver a somewhat mediocre result, but it still isn’t cost effective for everyone.

Next, the complicated process that is served to us, makes us blinded towards what our needs are or what our skin needs, we are normalised to ignore the nourishments our skin needs, the lil’ TLC we deserve, rather we are fished by companies, complicating the process and many celebrities add more to this complication, just because it suits their skin, it doesn’t necessarily suit yours, and these celebrities are more often than not are paid to promote a certain product, or are using products that are capable to leave a dent on your pockets.

So what’s the best line of action? Some R&D, dig through articles, figure what skin type you have, read what could suit your skin, what could benefit you, and is good for you — ingredient wise, and one that, start filtering what suits your budget, and what is easily available to you, read more about the products and the company, their ethical practices, and its cruel-free deliverance, and once you are satisfied with your choice, go for it, trust you gut, since its about self care, start loving yourself as well.

And make sure, you always, ALWAYS, listen to your skin’s needs, they will speak to you and depending upon that go by your routine, nothing has to be rigid.

The Golden Olden institution

Hello guys!

Jumping straight into the topic . Do you guys know how old the school you studied in ? Have you ever heard of an institution that might be established hundreds of years ago and present till know?

I asked that question because I recently got to know about an institution that is almost 479 years old and also is present till now . Fascinating isn’t it!

As the saying goes “Old is Gold” this 479 year old institution is also a “treasure”.

This 479 years old Educational Institution in India still continues the tradition of imparting knowledge

This institution is Raja Veda Kavya Patasala, established in 1542 AD. It is located in Kumbakonam,Tamilnadu,India.

Started by Govinda Dikshitar, the prime minister of Nayaka kings.
The Veda Patasala still runs in Kumbakonam today .

This patasala is providing vedic education for almost 5 centuries without any interruption adds another feather to it’s cap.

This institution is established on the southern banks of the river cauvery with prime aim of imparting the knowledge of Vedas and sastric studies.

It’s speciality is students here don’t use pen and paper to mug up the answers later ,they don’t carry heavy bags here everything is taught vocally and people also should remember which inturn increase the memory capacity of the students.

These are the institutions that still carry on the legacy of our Indian Vedic culture to our future generations.

These type of institutions are the backbone of our country’s vedic knowledge. They are the torch bearers for future generations.

Thankyou^^🙏

“Jingoism Ruins Lives”, Here’s Why

Jingoism is a term used to describe a political perspective that advocates the use of threats or military force in foreign relations, as opposed to finding a peaceful or diplomatic solution. Jingoism often contains strong elements of nationalism and moral superiority, and is often present in fiercely patriotic rhetoric. Modern day jingoism is often linked to chauvinism. In India jingoism as a concept has a long history, but it has taken a sudden rise in the recent years due to various factors, be it constant clash between Pakistan or china, whether it is the concept of ‘Hindutva’ or be it Kashmir. The feeling of jingoism is often attached with the notion of conquering and defeating other nations which leads to negative consequences. Every kid in an Indian household has at-least heard some stories about Pakistan or china being our enemy nation and how defeating them will be our victory. Nationalism is a feeling which is ascribed and built over with time, it is feeling that we learned and taught to have.

Jingoism in India has been a part of the history and is by far the concept of ‘Hindutva’ which is believed by some people. From discrimination in the choice of meat to forcing opinions into the larger mass, the whole situation has now taken an even uglier turn.

Terrorism is a byproduct of jingoism. “Get tough on terror” new mantra and getting tough means bringing tougher laws. India has already enacted many laws against terrorism. Now the question arises what makes the law tough or how ‘tougher’ laws might deter or prevent terrorism. The implementation of reforms within the police and intelligence agencies is guaranteed to improve security and strengthen the country’s capability to prevent terror strikes. Biggest problem is that this hysteria and hyper-nationalism are adding muscle to a narrative that is being built to gain political mileage ahead of national elections. As the world’s largest democracy, we need to be careful about our actions and words. The consistent fight to achieve the status of who the best is still continues even after ages. Some people still have these orthodox perceptions in their minds and still have jingoistic feelings for their religion to extreme levels. I fully agree that nationalistic ideals should be respected but this is not what jingoism stands for. Jingoism is a chauvinistic sentiment that needs to change.

BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY

Around 1 a.m. on Monday, the 3rd of December, 1984, In the city of Bhopal, Central India, a poisonous vapour burst from the tall stacks of the Union Carbide pesticide plant. This vapour was a highly toxic cloud of methyl isocyanate. 2,000 people died immediately, 300,000 were injured. 7,000 animals were injured, of which about one thousand were killed.

POSSIBLE CAUSES

A tank containing methyl isocyanate (MIC) leaked. MIC is an extremely reactive chemical and is used in production of the insecticide carbaryl. The scientific reason for the accident was that water entered the tank where about 40 cubic meters of MIC was stored. When water and MIC mixed, an exothermic chemical reaction started, producing a lot of heat. As a result, the safety valve of the tank burst because of the increase in pressure. It is presumed that between 20 and 30 tonnes of MIC were released during the hour that the leak took place. The gas leaked from a 30 m high chimney and this height was not enough to reduce the effects of the discharge.

The high moisture content (aerosol) in the discharge when evaporating, gave rise to a heavy gas which rapidly sank to the ground. A weak wind which frequently changed direction, which in turn helped the gas to cover more area in a shorter period of time (about one hour). The weak wind and the weak vertical turbulence caused a slow dilution of gas and thus allowed the poisonous gas to spread over considerable distances.

One of the main reasons for the tragedy was found to be a result of a combination of human factors and an incorrectly designed safety system. A portion of the safety equipment at the plant had been non-operational for four months and the rest failed.

LAPSES ON THE PART OF THE GOVERNMENT

The Madhya Pradesh State government had not mandated any safety standards. Union Carbide failed to implement its own safety rules. The Bhopal plant experienced six accidents between 1981 and 1984, at least three of which involved MIC or phosgene.

WHY DID THE PEOPLE STAY QUITE ??

The country needed pesticides to protect her agricultural production. MIC is used to produce pesticides that control insects which would in turn, help increase production of food as a part of India’s GREEN REVOLUTION. Initially, India imported the MIC from the United States. In an attempt to achieve industrial self-sufficiency, India invited Union Carbide to set up a plant in the state of Madhya Pradesh to produce methyl isocyanate. To the people of the city of Bhopal, Union Carbide was a highly respected , technically advanced Western company. This coupled with political power and scientific expertise worked together to changed the people’s perception of what was dangerous and more importantly what was safe.

Suggested Solution

Alpha Napthol on carbonyl group addition followed by reaction with methyl amine would eventually gives carbaryl. This process does not generate or require handling the of Phosgene. This process does not require storage of MIC. Inherently safe process.

WORMHOLE-That helps you to teleport

Wormhole theory

Wormholes were first theorized in 1916, though that wasn’t what they were called at the time. While reviewing another physicist’s solution to the equations in Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, Austrian physicist Ludwig Flamm realized another solution was possible. He described a “white hole,” a theoretical time reversal of a black hole. Entrances to both black and white holes could be connected by a space-time conduit.

In 1935, Einstein and physicist Nathan Rosen used the theory of general relativity to elaborate on the idea, proposing the existence of “bridges” through space-time. These bridges connect two different points in space-time, theoretically creating a shortcut that could reduce travel time and distance. The shortcuts came to be called Einstein-Rosen bridges, or wormholes.

“The whole thing is very hypothetical at this point,” said Stephen Hsu, a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Oregon, told our sister site, LiveScience. “No one thinks we’re going to find a wormhole anytime soon.”

Wormholes contain two mouths, with a throat connecting the two. The mouths would most likely be spheroidal. The throat might be a straight stretch, but it could also wind around, taking a longer path than a more conventional route might require.

Einstein’s theory of general relativity mathematically predicts the existence of wormholes, but none have been discovered to date. A negative mass wormhole might be spotted by the way its gravity affects light that passes by.

Certain solutions of general relativity allow for the existence of wormholes where the mouth of each is a black hole. However, a naturally occurring black hole, formed by the collapse of a dying star, does not by itself create a wormhole.

Through the wormhole

Science fiction is filled with tales of traveling through wormholes. But the reality of such travel is more complicated, and not just because we’ve yet to spot one.

The first problem is size. Primordial wormholes are predicted to exist on microscopic levels, about 10^–33 centimeters. However, as the universe expands, it is possible that some may have been stretched to larger sizes.

Another problem comes from stability. The predicted Einstein-Rosen wormholes would be useless for travel because they collapse quickly.

“You would need some very exotic type of matter in order to stabilize a wormhole,” said Hsu, “and it’s not clear whether such matter exists in the universe.”

But more recent research found that a wormhole containing “exotic” matter could stay open and unchanging for longer periods of time.

Exotic matter, which should not be confused with dark matter or antimatter, contains negative energy density and a large negative pressure. Such matter has only been seen in the behavior of certain vacuum states as part of quantum field theory.

If a wormhole contained sufficient exotic matter, whether naturally occurring or artificially added, it could theoretically be used as a method of sending information or travelers through space. Unfortunately, human journeys through the space tunnels may be challenging.

“The jury is not in, so we just don’t know,” physicist Kip Thorne, one of the world’s leading authorities on relativity, black holes and wormholes, told Space.com. “But there are very strong indications that wormholes that a human could travel through are forbidden by the laws of physics. That’s sad, that’s unfortunate, but that’s the direction in which things are pointing.”

Wormholes may not only connect two separate regions within the universe, they could also connect two different universes. Similarly, some scientists have conjectured that if one mouth of a wormhole is moved in a specific manner, it could allow for time travel.

“You can go into the future or into the past using traversable wormholes,” astrophysicist Eric Davis told LiveScience. But it won’t be easy: “It would take a Herculean effort to turn a wormhole into a time machine. It’s going to be tough enough to pull off a wormhole.”

However, British cosmologist Stephen Hawking has argued that such use is not possible. [Weird Science: Wormholes Make the Best Time Machines]

“A wormhole is not really a means of going back in time, it’s a short cut, so that something that was far away is much closer,” NASA’s Eric Christian wrote.

Although adding exotic matter to a wormhole might stabilize it to the point that human passengers could travel safely through it, there is still the possibility that the addition of “regular” matter would be sufficient to destabilize the portal.

Today’s technology is insufficient to enlarge or stabilize wormholes, even if they could be found. However, scientists continue to explore the concept as a method of space travel with the hope that technology will eventually be able to utilize them.

“You would need some of super-super-advanced technology,” Hsu said. “Humans won’t be doing this any time in the near future.”

Additional resources:

What do we know about Music?

“Music is the language of the spirit. It opens the secret of life bringing peace, abolishing strife.”
Kahlil Gibran

“Music is the moonlight in the gloomy night of life”
John Paul Friedrich Richter

“Music is the universal language of mankind”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Introduction

These quotes on music give us a little idea about what music is to people and how it makes them feel. Music is defined as vocal or instrumental sounds or both combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion. Music is an art and so it is usually influenced by culture and it becomes an important part of all cultures. Music does not only have to be professional, even a mother singing a lullaby for her baby is music.

History of Music

The history of music is almost as old as humanity. Archaeologists have found a primitive flute made of bone and ivory which can be dated back to almost 43,000 years old. A lot of musical styles could have been oral and so there is not much evidence on that. The oldest song by man is known to be the “Hurrian Hymn No. 6” which was an ode to the goddess Nikkal composed in cuneiform by ancient Hurrians around 14^th century B.C. But the earliest piece of music was found on a 4000-year-old Sumerian clay tablet which had instructions on how to play the hymn in honour of the ruler Lipit-Ishtar. The oldest musical composition to have survived is known to be from the first century A.D., a Greek tune called the “Seikilos Epitaph”. This song was found engraved on an ancient marble.

Types of Music

The world is filled with several music genres and music styles. Some of the common music genres with examples are:

Classical – Moonlight by Ludwig Van Beethoven
Country – You should be here by Cole Swindell
Electronic Dance Music (EDM) – Fade by NCIS
Hip Hop – Gangsters Paradise by Coolio
Indie Rock – Heaven Knows I’m Miserable Now by The Smiths
Jazz – A Kiss to Build a Dream on by Louis Armstrong
K-pop – Butter by BTS
Metal – Diary of Jane by Breaking Benjamin
Pop – Shape of You by Ed Sheeran
Rap – These Guys by Blay Vision
Rhythm & Blues (R&B) – You Got it Bad by usher
Rock – Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin
Blues – Sultans of Swing by Dire Straits

Benefits of Music

Research shows that music helps in keeping your heart healthy. Blood flows more easily when music is played, heart rate gets reduced, blood pressure lowers, it also decreased cortisol levels which is the stress hormone and it increases serotonin and endorphin in blood.
Music boosts the brain’s production of dopamine which helps in relieving anxiety and depression.
Music triggers some biochemical stress reducers which then help in reducing stress.
People going through depression are recommended to listen to music and it is supposed to help.
Music therapy is used for people suffering from Alzheimer’s or dementia. This music therapy relaxes the patients.
Music therapy also helps in managing the pain, it reduces the perceived intensity of pain.
Music is supposed to increase the workout endurance one might have.
For some people, music helps in concentration and minimizes the chances of getting distracted.
Music helps in regulating and understanding your emotions.

Conclusion

Music has existed for a very long time and that too in many forms. Most of us listen to different kinds of music just because we feel like it, without realizing the benefits it has. So, music isn’t just some sound with some instrument, it indeed is the moonlight in the gloomy night of light.

References

Provide Poor Lunch Organization(PPLO)

PPLO is started by G.Sanjay on 2019 as an initiative to serve the lunch to the poor people who starve for food.

PPLO’s motive is to “Reduce Shortage by Donating the Wastage“.

FOOD WASTAGE- A SHORT GLIMPSE AND STATS:

Having food is something to celebrate but have you ever wondered consciously just much food you waste. Have you ever stopped to analyze just how much food is wasted in your household, society, country and the world? It is not something that people, who have food readily available whenever they feel hungry, worry about. However, for people who are not even able to eat one meal a day, often wonder if all the food that is being wasted around them on a daily basis could have filled their stomach.

Food waste is an issue of importance to global food security and the environment. But what a lot people may not realise is that is impacts a country’s economy as well. Every day, food suitable for human consumption is wasted in large quantities in medium and high-income countries at the retail and consumer level. In fact, a significant food loss and waste occur at the production to processing stages in the food supply chain in low-income countries.

Food Wastage in India:

Contrary to the belief of Indians that we don’t waste food, data showed that India wastes as much food as the whole of United Kingdom consumes. In fact, food wastage is an alarming issue in India and country’s streets, garbage bins and landfills have sufficient evidence to prove this. According to the United Nations Development Programme, up to 40 per cent of the food produced in India is wasted and about 21 million tonnes of wheat are wasted annually.

You don’t even have to scour through several resources to see how much food is wasted in the country. During the nationwide lockdown this year, India registered high wastage because of a poor supply chain. Food delivery website MilkBasket lost 15,000 litres of milk and 10,000 kg of vegetables in a single day after delivery agents were denied entry in societies due to lockdown. Farmers in Belagavi district of Karnataka spilt thousands of litres of milk in a river after they could not reach the people due to the lockdown. Several other reports surfaces which showed how much food was wasted.

Food Wastage stats:

Around 67 million tonnes of food is wasted in India every year which has been valued at around Rs 92,000 crores. For context, this amount is enough to feed all of Bihar for a year
Annually, nearly 21 million metric tonnes of wheat rots in India. This figure is equal to Australia’s total annual production
According to old 2018 BMC data, Mumbai generates close to 9,400 metric tonnes of solid waste per day, from which 73% is food, vegetable, and fruit waste, while only 3% is plastic.
National Delhi also generates around 9,000 metric tonnes of waste per day, with the country’s largest landfill located in East Delhi.

Economic Impact:

Food Wastage not only leads to negative environmental impact but also causes economic loss. According to an FAO report, approximately one-third of all food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted. The economic costs of this food wastage are substantial and amount to about $1 trillion each year. However, the hidden costs of food wastage extend much further. In addition to the $1 trillion of economic costs per year, environmental costs reach around $700 billion and social costs around $900 billion.

Global food wastage costs as per FAO report:

3.5 Gt CO2e of greenhouse gas emissions. Based on the social cost of carbon, these are estimated to cause $394 billion of damages per year.
Increased water scarcity, particularly for dry regions and seasons. Globally, this is estimated to cost $164 billion per year.
Soil erosion due to water is estimated to cost USD 35 billion per year through nutrient loss, lower yields biological losses and off-site damages. The cost of wind erosion may be of a similar magnitude.
Risks to biodiversity including the impacts of pesticide use, nitrate and phosphorus eutrophication, pollinator losses and fisheries overexploitation are estimated to cost $32 billion per year.
Increased risk of conflict due to soil erosion, estimated to cost $396 billion per year.
Loss of livelihoods due to soil erosion estimated to cost $333 billion per year.
Adverse health effects due to pesticide exposure, estimated to cost $153 billion per year.

Earlier this year, former Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Ram Vilas Paswan said that in financial year 2019-20, foodgrain wastage in the country stood at 1,930 tonnes, which was 0.002 per cent of the total procurement. The total procurement in FY 2019-20 was 751.72 LMT (Lakh Metric Tonnes). The minister shared the data on Twitter and asserted that the notion that foodgrain wastage is high in FCI (Food Corporation of India) godowns is not true. While he was right, the truth is that over a thousand tonnes of foodgrains was wasted which could have fed millions of people.

Now that it is clear that food wastage cripples a country’s economy to an extent that most are unaware, some measures that the government needs to take is to include containing wastage in transportation, improve storage facilities. Food processing also needs to be sped up so food is saved and wasted less to feed more.

PPLO’s WORK:

In PPLO Sanjay and his friends collects the food wasted by common people from their schools and houses and test the quality of the food ensuring that only healthier and good food will be served. We then serve the lunch for the poor people in need instead of throwing to the dusbin. If we find the food has been contaminated we convert the food into a manure by composting.

So in PPLO we ensure that the food is not wasted and it is either used to feed humans or to nurture plants.

Chennai: Fish sales remain extremely poor

Why eat lunch?

Lunch is an important meal for everyone. It provides energy and nutrients to keep the body and brain working efficiently through the afternoon. A packed lunch made at home can be a healthy and delicious choice and gives you control over the foods and ingredients included so the mothers or fathers or children who cook their food for loved ones can able to help the people in need by donating their wastage. So, we took a step to serve the lunch to the needs.

We were able to provide lunch for the slum consisting of 370 people from food collected from a single school. So, we can able to feed the whole world if the wastage is managed properly.

Food waste as fertilizer.

Foods which we find contaminated are transformed to manure to Grow plants. We could use all the food waste and prepare a compost out of them which can be used as organic fertilizer. This way we save the earth from the pollution caused by food waste and also do something productive.

Food waste is unique as a composting agent, it is the main source of organic matters. Fruits, vegetables grains, coffee filters, eggshells can be composted.

PPLO MISSION:

FOOD FOR ALL AND WASTE FOR NONE.

PPLO ACCOMPLISHMENT:

PPLO was successful in providing lunch for nearly 400 people from the food remains generated by a school of 527 students.

If you would like to support PPLO or if you need support from PPLO

Please Contact: s98208366@gmail.com

Money and it’s Functions

Money a commodity accepted by general consent as a medium of economic exchange. It is basically the legal tender of exchange. The paper currency which we use today has a long history behind it’s origin and evolution. Even today, money is continuously evolving, going from paper to plastic to digital. Over the years, money has changed it’s forms several times but what hasn’t changed is it’s functions. No matter what form it is used in, money almost always serves the same functions.
The functions of money are categorised as primary, secondary and contingent functions.

Primary Functions of Money:

Under this category, money performs it’s two main functions that are medium of exchange and unit of value. In the former case, money has removed the need of double coincidence of wants, something which was very much needed in the batter system which was used earlier. Being a medium of exchange means being generally acceptable. This gives the user freedom of choice and economic independence. It also acts as an intermediary and facilities exchange.
Money as unit of value means money is the standard for measuring values of all goods and services. This value is expressed in terms of price. Price is in terms of monetary unit and money acts as the determiner of rate of exchange. It also helps in calculating important economic parameters like costs, revenue, profits etc.

Secondary Functions of Money:

Under this, money performs three functions. It acts as a standard of deferred payments, it acts as a store of value and as a transfer of value. Money as a standard of deferred payments means that money acts as a standard for payments, which are to be made in future.
Money as a store of value means that money can be used to transfer purchasing power from present to future. Money is a way to store wealth. Although wealth can be stored in other forms also, but money is the most economical and convenient way. Money as a transfer value refers to the fact that money has velocity. It keeps transferring from person to other person.

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/money/primary-and-secondary-functions-of-money/30307

Contingent Functions of Money:

Money performs certain contingent functions. These include: distribution of national income, maximization of satisfaction, basis of credit system, money as the most liquid asset. Money helps in distribution of the national product in the form of rent, wage, interest and profit, which are expressed in money terms. Money helps the consumers and producers in maximizing their satisfaction. A consumer derives maximum satisfaction when marginal utility is greater than marginal cost. Money helps in credit creation for banks. Money as a store of value has encouraged savings by people in the form of demand deposits in banks. These deposits are used for generating credit. Money is the most liquid asset of all assets in which wealth is healed. Individuals hold wealth in numerous forms ranging from currency, demand deposits, time deposits to bonds , savings, treasury bills etc. All these forms can be converted into money and vice versa.

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/money/contingent-functions-of-money-in-economics/30310

Volcano Eruption

“We are, all of us, growing volcanoes that approach the hour of their eruption, but how near or distant that is, nobody knows- not even God.”
~ Friedrich Nietzsche

We always talk about , what it would be like to see volcano eruption in front of your eyes ?

How amazing it would be like to find out , how the volcano erupt ?

There are many things that we don’t know exist in our earth 🌍. Do you want to know about it . If yes , than read the editorial .

Introduction

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater.

The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman mythology.

Many ancient accounts ascribe volcanic eruptions to supernatural causes, such as the actions of gods or demigods. To the ancient Greeks, volcanoes’ capricious power could only be explained as acts of the gods, while 16th/17th-century German astronomer Johannes Kepler believed they were ducts for the Earth’s tears.[87] One early idea counter to this was proposed by Jesuit Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680), who witnessed eruptions of Mount Etna and Stromboli, then visited the crater of Vesuvius and published his view of an Earth with a central fire connected to numerous others caused by the burning of sulfur, bitumen and coal.

Types of eruptions

Hydrothermal eruption. An eruption driven by the heat in a hydrothermal systems.
Phreatic eruption. An eruption driven by the heat from magma interacting with water.
Phreatomagmatic eruption.
Lava.
Strombolian and Hawaiian eruptions.
Vulcanian eruptions.
Subplinian and Plinian eruptions.

How do volcanoes erupt?

Deep within the Earth it is so hot that some rocks slowly melt and become a thick flowing substance called magma. Since it is lighter than the solid rock around it, magma rises and collects in magma chambers. Eventually, some of the magma pushes through vents and fissures to the Earth’s surface. Magma that has erupted is called lava.

The explosivity of an eruption depends on the composition of the magma. If magma is thin and runny, gases can escape easily from it.
Explosive volcanic eruptions can be dangerous and deadly.

Humans and volcanoes

Volcanic eruptions pose a significant threat to human civilization. However, volcanic activity has also provided humans with important resources.

Although volcanic eruptions pose considerable hazards to humans, past volcanic activity has created important economic resources.

Volcanic ash and weathered basalt produce some of the most fertile soil in the world, rich in nutrients such as iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus.

Volcanic activity is responsible for emplacing valuable mineral resources, such as metal ores.

The paradox of volcanoes was that they were symbols of destruction but also life. Once the lava slows and cools, it solidifies and then breaks down over time to become soil – rich, fertile soil.
She wasn’t a black hole, she decided. She was a volcano. And like a volcano she couldn’t run away from herself. She’d have to stay there and tend to that wasteland.
She could plant a forest inside herself.
Matt Haig, The Midnight Library

Link

History of Java Programming Language

What is Java?

Java is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Micro systems in 1995. There are lots of applications and websites that will not work unless you have Java installed, and more are created every day. Java is fast, secure, and reliable. From laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, cell phones to the Internet, Java is everywhere!

History of Java

The history of Java is very interesting. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced technology for the digital cable television industry at the time. The history of Java starts with the Green Team. Java team members (also known as Green Team), initiated this project to develop a language for digital devices such as set-top boxes, televisions, etc. However, it was best suited for internet programming. Later, Java technology was incorporated by Netscape.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

2) Initially it was designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top boxes.

3) Firstly, it was called “Greentalk” by James Gosling, and the file extension was .gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.

5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many countries like the U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania, etc.

6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as “Java” because it was already a trademark by Oak Technologies.

7) In 1995, Time Magazine called Java One of the Best Product of year 1995.

Difference between Java and C++

Global Variables are not present
Use of goto is not observed
Pointers are not included
Memory Allocation functions are not present
Unsafe Type Casting is not supported
Preprocessor Directives are not present
Separate Header Files are not included

Java Features

Compiled and Interpreted
Platform Independent and Portable
Object Oriented
Robust and Secure
Dynamic
Distributed
Small, Simple and Familiar
Multithreaded

Conclusion

Java offers the real possibility that most programs can be written in a type-safe language. However, for Java to be broadly useful, it needs to have more expressive power than it does at present. This paper addresses one of the areas where more power is needed.

MESSIER 87-The Galaxy that gives Hope

BY-Products of Sugarcane and its industrial value

The historical and cultural value of sugarcane

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Wormhole theory

Through the wormhole

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Introduction

History of Music

Types of Music

Benefits of Music

Conclusion

References

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Why eat lunch?

Food waste as fertilizer.

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Introduction

Humans and volcanoes

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1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

2) Initially it was designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top boxes.

3) Firstly, it was called “Greentalk” by James Gosling, and the file extension was .gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.

5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many countries like the U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania, etc.

6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as “Java” because it was already a trademark by Oak Technologies.

7) In 1995, Time Magazine called Java One of the Best Product of year 1995.

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