Gandhi’s Concept of Bread Labour and Sarvodaya

Mahatma Gandhi are one of the legend figures associated with India and it’s Independence. Born on 2 October 1869, Gandhi Ji always stood strong about their principles. Two of their very famous principles; Bread Labour and Sarvodaya are explored in this article.

Bread Labour is a concept that is referred to as a blessing to those who observe non-violence and worship truth. When we talk about labour there exists two types of labour, manual labour and intelligence labour. Manual labour, as the name suggests refers to work that includes physical handwork like carpentry or labours that help in construction works. Intelligence labour talks about work that uses the intellect of a human being for example scientists, teachers, salesmen etc.

Gandhi advocated that an individual must labour to fulfil their daily needs and desires but along with this the individual should also make use of their intellect to help others and provide service to mankind. E.g. NGOs, social workers who labour for the well-being of others.

Gandhi ji first practiced the ideal of Bread Labour in Phoenix Settlement and Tolstoy farm in South Africa. Bread labour was a compulsion for certain hours of every day in the ashrams and people performed activities like agriculture, dairying, weaving, carpentry etc.

When Gandhi ji returned to India he continued with the bread labour concept in his Sabarmati Ashram along with providing people with basic educational activities. The reason why Gandhi ji strongly believed in Bread Labour and encouraged it was because he believed that upon the adoption of bread labour, we will have a classless and casteless society.

Gandhi ji also said that a rich man cannot forever be happy with his riches and will someday get bored of them. And that this rich man will be able to understand others and feel satisfied only when he takes upon physical work and engages in the activity of bread labour.

In his concept of Sarvodaya Gandhi ji explores a more a comprehensive, social, economic, political, moral and spiritual philosophy.

Sarvodaya is a term meaning ‘Universal Uplift’ or ‘Progress of All’. It is based on the principle of duties rather than rights of individuals. It lays great emphasis on moral and spiritual values. It seeks to create new social and economic values.

The term was first coined by Mohandas Gandhi as the title of his 1908 translation of John Ruskin’s tract on political economy, “Unto This Last”, and Gandhi came to use the term for the ideal of his own political philosophy.

Gandhi advances the concept of Sarvodaya, which were the based on three basic principles:

That the good of the individual is contained in the good of all.
That a lawyer’s work has the same value as the barber’s in as much as all have the same right of earning their livelihood from their work.
That is a life of labour, i.e., the life of the tiller of the soil and the handicraftsman is the life worth living.

Gandhi ji were of the firm view that the earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not for every man’s greed. The concept of possession yields places to the concept of trusteeship. In the Sarvodaya society of Gandhi ji’s dream, therefore, every member will be free from any greed for limitless acquisition of material wealth and more and more luxurious living and they will follow the motto of simple living and high thinking. Everyone will, thus, get ample opportunity to produce and earn sufficiently through honest work for decent and dignified living. Consequently there will be no problem of unemployment.

In short we can say that the concept of Sarvodaya and Bread Labour is for the betterment of the society and holds a significant role even today in its application.

Is perfection for real ?

“Perfection is shallow, unreal and fattaly uninteresting” – Anne Lamott

Perfection is not attained in a day, actually perfection is myth even the most perfect person is not satisfised with his perfection and it cannot be fully 100% but, close to that.

It is said that many people live a life of perfection. Which is not true actually like these days social media is the greatest influencer specially for the young generation. They are more aware about the social media trends then themselves, and what we see on social media is mostly the reality getting whitewashed in the name of perfection. Thus, do not rely totally on what you see or hear everything is not true. If we are talking about trends and attaining perfection then surely we can not forget few incidence where the celebrities have tried showing the reality to the world. It can be in the form of body positivity, art appreciation or being true about what you feel. Thus, perfection is just a myth one should not involve himself or herself so much into the idea of attain perfection instead it is better to improve yourself each day if you want to overcome anything and achieve the desired goals.

Also, practice because it is not possible to draw a straight line without a ruler at the first attempt but, if you practice well to achieve the stability in your hand you can deffinately draw a line and then the whole painting. One of the factor that most of the young people are focused on achieving more in less time or early is quiet common these days but, this can create trouble as in the hurry of gaining everything that too early can cost many other things. Perfection is real only if wanted till certain extend you can multitask, work hard, set goals, and became more aware about your inner self all this is equal to achieving perfection in anything.
Perfection is about eliminating flaws and mistakes , while some people are thinking that if it is possible to be perfect, some are already indulged in the process and some are probably faking perfection. Every one is at different stage. Also, there are professions that demand perfection like a photographer who has to click thousands of pictures and even sometimes wait for years to get that one perfect shot.
So its not like perfection does not exist but, the term has been created to appreciate the efforts of the person. Its just about being the best version of yourself and excel in the areas of your interest at both personal and professional level. It is important to not forget what you really are chasing perfection can be a tough job so it is better to chase excellence and be happy with all that you have and achieved so far in life.

Your Humble Beginnings Matter

Even if your beginnings are humble, the end will be prosperous.

When was the last time you compared yourself to someone and felt utterly dejected about your own self? When was the last time you stopped rushing through tasks and took time to breathe in an air of relief?

For me, comparison is something that I do on a daily basis. Randomly, anytime, anywhere as if performing a sacred ritual meant to calm you. In my case, this ritual only leaves a turmoil behind. And to be honest I can’t help it.

For instance, one time I saw a girl riding a bike and going to work. She was dressed in “office-clothes” while I wasn’t. Looking at her beam confidence I started to compare myself to her and started feeling lower than her in some way. Another time, I heard some of my seniors bad-mouthing someone and I felt how much better I was than them because I wasn’t doing such a thing. But the truth was that I just wasn’t comfortable enough with them to join in the conversation. If it had been a good-friend of mine I bet I would have joined in the “judgy-gossip” right away. But the thing is, I really am clueless about how to do this away.

The regular sayings of “It’s okay”, “It happens. You’ll grow through it” doesn’t seem to take the shape of reality. Everyday goes on with me self-assessing almost every individual that piques my interest and trying to find ways just to put myself below or above them in the hierarchical status called being and life. I don’t think there are any successful ways out for people like me, for whom even trying feels like a hassle because all we’ve gotten back until now is nothing.

So the only thing that I’d like to tell people and to myself is, “Keep your beginnings humble”. What I mean to say is, take your baby steps, and take your sweet time to grow, even though life is short, it’s actually pretty long and no one knows what lies on the other side of life.

When your beginnings are humble, and your view is not clogged with ‘perfectionism’ or victory, you’d be more at ease. You’d move with your own conditions and would therefore care less about the tasks of others. Your humble beginnings will remind you to see things from your perspective and not from the object race-winning one. Your humble beginnings will show you that you don’t have to learn things fast and execute them perfectly as a machine. Some things can be taken slow. (I don’t mean the hobbies)

If you keep your beginnings humble you’ll be able to cut yourself some slack once in a while without any guilt and without the pressure of keeping up with others. You’ll understand that everyone’s pace is different and so is their direction. So whenever you’ll find yourself in a tough spot, you won’t hesitate to take a break.

Your humble beginnings, that doesn’t blow the bomb right out of the cannon, are okay too. It’s okay if your focus is on one thing and a little minor on the rest. These simple and humble beginnings will end up as prosperous and bring happiness for you someday.

Know About The Vinca Cora Red (The Beautiful Periwinkle)

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Gentianales

Family: Apocynaceae

Flowers are often famous for either their smell or their visuals that catches the heart many. However very little attention is paid to flowers that grow locally and doesn’t belong to the ‘exotic’ category of plants. Vinca minor or as it is locally known, Periwinkle is one such flower plant. It is a perennial, evergreen flower plant that has a quick growth rate and not much of a fragrance. Apart from the pre-dominantly white and pink periwinkle flowers, the Vinca genus also includes other color variations such as blue, maroon-red, faded-pink, purple etc. In this article, the focus will be on the maroon-red flower plant of Vinca Genus known as Vinca Cora.

The periwinkle plant – Catharanthus roseus also known as rosy periwinkle or Vinca Cora Red, is a lovely small plant that grows outside very well but also finds itself at home in a summer window.

Vinca Cora Red features large, dark red blooms along glossy green foliage. The stunning scarlet flowers of ‘Cora Red’ annual vinca have a white eye that gives the plant an extra dose of personality. Vinca plants are native to North America, Europe, China and India.

Vinca or Periwinkle is a prolific heat and drought tolerant annual, perfect for hot, dry areas. This small upright plant grows to about a maximum height of 14 inches. The leaves of Vinca are very shiny and long, with a clear almost white center vein.

Periwinkle plants are easy to grow and care for. Provide them a well-drained moist soil, plenty of bright light, warm temperatures 65° F and above and they will do wonderfully out on the patio or deck as potted plants.

Take care not to overwater this plant as it’s easily susceptible to root rot.

Taking care of Vinca

Lower Leaves Turing Yellow and Falling Off

When lower foliage turn yellow and fall off, it usually is the sign of too much water or the plant has been subjected to cold.

Back off the water or if it is cold related, move the plant to a warmer position.

Leaves Droop and Fall

When leaves hang, droop and fall, it normally is a periwinkle plant growing in a pot and has dried out too much. The best solution is to drop the whole pot into a bucket of Luke warm water for at least half an hour.

When the weather is warm, plants may need to be watered daily.

Uses Of Periwinkle Plant

Apart from functioning as a ground cover to areas where grass won’t grow, periwinkle also serve as a source of alkaloids for medicinal use. With a total of 86 alkaloids, the periwinkle plant extract covers a lot of benefits.

One of its products is vinpocetine, a synthetic derivative coming from the vincas alkaloid vincamine. This compound aids short-term memory and serves as an anti-aging agent.

Vincristine and vinblastine can treat various forms of cancer such as leukemia, child cancers, hodgkin disease or hodgkin lymphoma, and other types of lymphoma.

Online Examination

Since pandemic , we have the seen and experienced struggles and difficulties in all fields of life. one of the biggest problem was caused for our Education System . the Education system has suffered a lot during this pandemic in terms of both, resources and mode of education and due to this online exams and online education has become a new norm in our life.

As soon as pandemic arrived , the pandemic affected every age group but especially students in each and every country. They were forced to take online classes. students had no other option but gradually it became a success too, student could learn there respective subjects from home by just clicking one link and enter the class. After seeing good amount of success and response in online classes, Online examination was the next thing to come.

Online examination is a very simple ,easy and cost-effective way to give exams from home using a laptop, desktop or mobile. students do not need to go schools during pandemic they can easily give there test and pass there respective standard or degree. nowadays almost all schools and Universities are organizing exams online because that is the best and only way to conduct examinations .But every thing in this world has its advantages and disadvantages and Online Exams too have its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of Online exams:-

It saves paper: In most of the online exams ,we do not require pages due to which we can save a lots of papers.

It saves more time :A lot of time is saved in online classes the result is given instantly after the exam instead of offline where a teacher will check it and the result will be declared after a month. it saves a lot of time.

3. it saves money: we do not require stationary items and other stuffs during online exams.

4. It saves the student’s money : Students don’t have to travel to a particular location to conduct the exam. So even for students from remote area’s it’s possible to take the exam. without facing any difficulties.

5. flexible and secure: it is very flexible and very secure. student feels comfortable with it.

Disadvantages of online Exams:-

Some of the disadvantages of online examinations are mentioned below.

Connectivity issue:

As the exam is executed online, it needs a good internet connection. The connection is not constant in some places. Hence, if connectivity loses, then there is a high chances of getting low marks due to netwok. A good internet connection is a must for online exams and most of the students have a poor internet connection.

Comfortability:

Not everyone is comfortable with online exams. some face many technical issues during test, some do not have a good typing speed and many other things .a nd there are some subjects where typing the answer does not works.

Online exams are being adopted by every school and college. it has some disadvantages( including many advantages) but we have no other clue or a way to deal the situation.it is also a veery new expereience for students who have always given the offline exams.

Building a learning culture for Remote employees?

Learning is an important part in the growth of any organization, and building a culture that encourages and empowers this is essential.

Through adaptive learning an organisation can build a learning culture for remote employees. They can be given a set of problems to solve online and make observations on qualitative and quantitative financial parameters such as rating, growth and financial stress.

With the flexibility to take the test multiple times, employees are motivated to acquire relevant skills. Instructors can review, curate, and assign multiple projects for employees to solve and enhance skills.

This solution is approved by the Ministry of Education under NEAT program and was implemented with learners at Indian School of Business.

Moreover, when employees are rewarded for enhancing their skills – with better roles or pay – there is always incentive for these remote workers to keep signing up for more workshops, courses and adaptive learning.

Photo by Christina Morillo on Pexels.com

To build a future – ready remote workforce, one needs to go an extra mile to ensure learning in the virtual environment

Reference

http://www.timesofindia

http://www.badrinarayan.com

The Epic

Introduction:

Impersonal poetry can be divided into two groups dash the narrative and The dramatic.

Epic:

In the first group, The Epic on the heroic poem is the most important. an epic is a long narrative in verse on a great and serious subject related in an elevated style. And nothing else is generally a well-known story and is centered around the heroic or semi-divine figure whose action depends on the fate of a tribe in addition to the human race. The action in an epic is serious and there is a good deal of physical and spiritual conflict. the characters and events or boat ride in detail, elaborate descriptions of places and actions are given, figures of speech are used and usually, an elevator and ornated style are adopted. Aristotle the epic second only to tragedy. It was the norm of great poetry in sixteenth and seventeenth-century England. Dryden wrote, “A hero poem, truly such, is undoubtedly the greatest work which the soul of man is capable to perform.

Two types of epics:

Historically, there have been two types of epics:

The primitive epic or The epic of growth
The epic of art or the literary epic.

The epic of growth:

The epic of growth is not entirely the work of a single author but is evolved from pre-existing legends, folk poems, and sagas. It is the final product of a long series of accretions and synthesis shaped by the conscious intervention of some great poet. Well-known examples of this type of EPIC are Iliad and Odyssey, the English Beowulf, and the Indian epics The Ramayana and The Mahabharata. All epics of growth deal with the same subject matter – the deed of heroes. These heroes belong to the race and their exploits form the core of mythology. As such the epics of growth contain supernatural and religious elements. The style of such an epic is marked by directness and simplicity. Stylistic devices may be repeater why they are never obscure.

The epic of art:

The epic of art or the literary epic is the product of individual genius. Of this kind, the earliest was Virgil’s ‘Aenid’. It became a model for the later epic poets. In English, the supreme example of a literary epic is Milton’s Paradise Lost. Arnold’s “Sohrab and Rustom” the fragmentary epic “Hyperion” by Keats and Spencer’s “Fairy Queen” also belong to this category stop a literary epic is the result of the poet’s erudition and scholarly research through it shares several of its characteristics with the epic of growth. Most traits of the traditional epic are found in the literary epic also.

Conclusion:

The Epic is an important literary form in English literature. In the earlier period, In the English language mostly authors wrote about Historical novels and Epic novels. They described the huge events, God’s and their stories and incidents. Even now Epic is mostly used to write about mythologies and God deeds and it is popular among the readers. Nowadays, authors are writing many fictional epics also.

Book Review: 1984 by George Orwell

Two must read books by Paulo Coelho

Some Myths about Solar Energy

The sun is the source of the solar power which converts into other form of power for utilization .Today’s Solar Energy is the most popular & most needed renewable energy .But with its popularity here comes some myths which create misbelieve among people & prevent the consumption of solar energy in great dimension .There are some of the myths about solar energy are discussed below .

1. Manufacturing Energy of Solar Panels are Greater than Produced Energy by Solar Panels : It is a baseless conception about solar panels .National Renewable Energy Laboratory proved with their experiments that all types of solar panels pay back energy positively within 4 years .Retaliation Period for Mono- crystalline panels ,Poly-crystalline panels & Thin film panels are 2 years , 1-1.5 years & 1 year respectively .

2. Daily Maintenance is Necessary for Solar Panels : Solar panels loss only 5-10% efficiency without it’s cleaning maintenance .So it is not a necessary requirement .Only off grid solar panels need some maintenances in battery but not in majority .

3. Solar Panels will Wreck the Roof of House: The Roof-attached Solar panels are not attached to the roof directly .Solar panels are sited on a rack which is actually attached to the rooftop .So solar panels can’t harm a roof of the house.

4. Solar Power Systems are Costly : It is one of the popular misbelieve about solar energy .It was true at the innovation time of solar panels around 1970 but in recent days solar panels are not expensive compared to other technological innovation . For recent advanced technology ,solar system becomes reachable in cost .

5. Solar Panels are Invalid in Cloudy Days : It is the biggest wrong information about solar panels .People think that as solar panels use solar light & heat to generate current so rainy days are not suitable for absence of light & heat .In fact solar panels can generate current in cloudy days but in less amount than the sunny days for efficiency reduction . Minimum 10-25% of usual current can be produced in rainy days by panels .

6. Solar System Keeps Working Even at the Time of Power-cut : It is a misconception to think that solar systems are able to work if power goes out .For Grid-connected system ,it will be invalid to work & for Hybrid system ,they only able to work in daytime .Only when the solar battery storage are coupled with solar system ,it can work during outage

7. Warm Weather is Better for Solar Power Production : It is a conventional misapprehension among people that warm climate helps to generate much power .The actual fact is solar panel use sun light to produce power rather than heat .On the contrary ,high temperature reduced efficiency of solar system .

8. Solar Panels Don’t Work on Cold Climate : With advanced technology ,solar panels can induce energy in every types of climate even in snowy or cold days .In fact cold weather helps to increase efficiency of solar system .

9. Solar Panels , Which finished Their Life-time, are Environmentally Greave : It is a fallacy that time span finished solar panels is harmful for environment . The life time limitation for a solar panels are usually 25 years .The parts of solar systems can be recycled again for reuse after its lifetime .So in no way the parts of the solar system damage the nature .

10. Electric Bill will be Cheaper by the Installation of Solar System :

It is not actually true statement . The electric bill in fact depends on the way of using produced energy . Electric bill can be cheap by using produced excess energy or using electric appliances (which needed much electric) in less electricity using time (evening or night time).

There are more myths about solar energy other than these 10 — ~Heavy current loaded appliances are unable to run in Solar Energy . ~Solar panels are easily damageable by wind , birds . ~Installation of solar panel are complicated .

These are the usual myths .But one have to remember that these are all myths .These statements doesn’t hold the complete truth about solar energy .So we should search about the complete truth before believing these conceptions about solar power .

The Sonnet

The Sonnet is the lyric in fourteen lines in iambic pentameter governed by certain prescribed rules in general and in the arrangement of The rhymes. It aims at concentrated expression, but a fairly complex development of a single theme also is possible.

Origin of sonnet:

It derives its name from the Italian “sonnetto”which means “A little song” or sound sung to the strain of music. It has only one leading thought or emotion as in Milton’s ‘On his blindness’ or Keats’s ‘On first looking into chapman’s Homer’.

Sonnets were first written in Italy in the latter half of the thirteenth century. The form of composition is associated with the name of petrarch, through the form had been used even by Dante before him.

Composition of the sonnets:

A petrarchan sonnet is composed of two parts, the octave compressing the first eight lines and the sestet compressing the last six lines. The octave two has rhymes ‘a’ and ‘b’ are arranged in the a b a b a b a b scheme. The sestet has three rhymes arranged in various forms as cde, cde or cde, dcd or cde, dce. The octave may be divided into two stanzas of four lines each called quatrains and sestet into two of three lines is called the tercets. At the end of the eight lines, there is a pause called caesura followed by a turn of thought called volta. Milton wrote some of his sonnets in this manner.

Some of the earliest writers of sonnet:

The sonnet was introduced in England by wyatt and Surrey in the 16th century. They discarded the Italian form and adapted a new rhyme sheme. Surrey wrote his sonnets in three quatrains in alternate rhymes followed by a concluding couplet.- a b a b, c d c d, e f e f, g g . This form was later used by Shakespeare with the marvelous success in his series of sonnet dedicated to Mr WH. so it came to be known as the shakespearean sonnet. romantic poets like Wordsworth and keat’s followed the shakespearean pattern. Spenser adopted a slightly altered form of the shakespearean sonnet. He used an intermixture of rhyme to connect each of the quatrains making it a b a b, b c b c, c d c d, e e.

The theme of the sonnets:

The common theme of a sonnet is love as the sonnets of Shakespeare, Philip Sidney and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. However several poets have used other themes also in their sonnets. Milton’s sonnet ‘On his blindness’, wordsworth’s sonnet addressed to Milton, Keats’s sonnet ‘On first looking into chapman’s Homer’ and Arnold’s Sonnet on Shakespeare are examples.

Some of the famous sonnets are:

Sir Thomas Wyatt, ‘Whoso List to Hunt’.
Sir Philip Sidney, Sonnet 1 from Astrophil and Stella.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29.
John Donne, ‘Death, Be Not Proud’.
William Wordsworth, ‘Composed upon Westminster Bridge’.
John Keats, ‘On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer’.

Conclusion:

Sonnet is one of the literary forms that used in majorly writing poems. It will contain fourteen lines and has a lot of poetical devices like, metaphor, allitration, personalification etc.

The Farce

Bookish Terms

Economics

Introduction:- The term economic comes from the ancient Greek word oikonomia means ‘management of a household’. The term economic process refers to those activities, through which goods and services aimed at satisfying human needs, are produced distributed, and used. Economic includes the study of labor, land investment of capital, income, and production, and taxes and government expenditures. Adam Smith regarded as the Father of Economics, defines Economics as “the science relating to the laws of production, distribution, and exchange”.

Branches of Economics:- The two chief branches of economics are as follow:

Micro Economics – It examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy including individual agents, such as households and firms, or as buyers and sellers and market and their interactions.

Macro Economics – It studies the economy as a whole and its features like national income, unemployment, poverty, the balance of payments, and inflation. It deals with the formulation of models explaining the relationship between factors such as consumption, inflation, savings, investment, national income, and finance.

Economy:- It represents production, distribution, or trade and consumption of goods and services in a given geographical area by different agents which can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. The study of the economy of any country helps us to find out the financial condition of the population as well as the different working sectors of the economy.

A modern economy is a complex machine. Its job is to allocate limited resources and distribute output among a large number of agents mainly individuals, firms, and governments allowing for the possibility that each agent’s action can directly or indirectly affect another agent’s actions. There are two major types of economies they are:

Open Economy: It belongs to a market economy, which is mainly free from trade obstructions and where exports and imports comprise a lush large percentage of the GDP. No economy is absolute whether open or closed in terms of trade restraints and all governments have fluctuating levels of control over the activities of capital and exchange.

The degree of the vulnerability of an economy determines a government’s freedom to pursue monetary policies of its choice and the exposure of the country to the international economic cycles.

Closed Economy- An economy in which no exercise is conducted with outside economies. A closed economy is self-sufficient, meaning that no imports are brought in and no exports are sent out. The goals of such an economy are to furnish consumers with everything that they need from within the economy’s perimeters.

The degree of exposure of an economy is decided by their respective governments by using policy controls like tariffs, import, and export quotas, and exchange rate limits. In india, since independence, the government has played a major role in planning economic activities.

Present status of the Indian economy: Indian economy is the world’s 6th largest economy or nominal GDP basis and the 3rd largest by Purchasing Power Party (PPP) in 2017. According to CSO, the growth in GDP during 2017-2018 is estimated at 6.5% as compared to the growth rate of 7.1% in 2016-17.

High Court

Every High Court consisted of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deemed necessary to appoint. Thus the Constitution does not specify the strength of a High Court and leaves it to the direction of the President. Accordingly, the President determines the strength of a High Court from time to time depending upon the workload.

The Constitution of India provides a High Court for every state, but the 7th Amendment Act 1956 authorized the Parliament to establish a common High Court for two or more states or a state and a union territory.

The territorial jurisdiction of a high court is co-terminus with the territory of a state. There are 25 High Courts in India as of 2019.

Appointment of Judges:-

• Under Article 217, the judges of the High Court are appointed by the President.

• The Chief Justice of the High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court and the Governor of the concerned state.

Qualification of Judges:- One should be a:

• citizen of India.

• have held a judicial office in the territory of India for 10 years; or

• have been an advocate of a High Court for 10 years.

Tenure:- Holds Office until he attains the age of 62 years.

Removal:-

• He can resign his office by writing in his hand to the President.

• He can be removed from his office at the recommendation of the President.

• He vacates his office when he is appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court or when he is transferred to another High Court.

Salaries and Allowances:-

• Determined by Parliament from time to time.

Independence of High Court:- Following provisions are made to safeguard and ensure the independence of the High Court:

• Mode of Appointment

• Security of tenure

• Fixed service conditions

• Expenses charged on the consolidated fund of state

• Conduct of judges cannot be discussed

• Power to punish for its contempt

• Freedom of appointment of his staff

• Its jurisdiction cannot be curtailed

• Separate from executive

Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court:- At present, a High Court enjoys the following is the jurisdiction and powers:

• Original Jurisdiction

• Writ Jurisdiction(Article 226)

• Appellate Jurisdiction

• Supervisory Jurisdiction

• Control over Subordinate courts

• A court of record

• Powers of Judicial review

The Supreme Court can issue a writ jurisdiction, only where a fundamental right has been infringed. High Court can issue these writs under Article 226 not only in such cases but also where an ordinary legal right has been infringed. High Court does not have advisory powers as in the case of the Supreme Court.

Appointment of District Judges:- The appointment, posting, and promotion of a district judge in a state are made by the Governor of the concerned state in consultation with the High Court.

A person to be appointed as District judge should have the following:

• He should not already be in the service of the Union or the State Government.

• He should have been an advocate pleader for 7 years

• He should be recommended by the High Court.

3 HARMLESS HABITS THAT MAY CAUSE CANCER

women who keeps their phone close to their chest are prone to skin cancer .

Everybody knows that smoking can cause cancer , you protect yourself from excessive exposure to sun as it may cause skin cancer , but do you know we all have harmless habits that may cause cancer & other health issues . These habits are our regular habits which we not considered , but they can cause Sevier problem to us

3 harmless habits that may cause cancer

Wearing your cell phone in your bra. Devra Davis Ph.D. MPH, President and Founder, Environmental Health Trust, has documented seven cases of young women who have developed cancerous tumors in the center of the breast where they carried their cell phones for 10 years. “These cases all formed with multiple primary tumors in the outlines of where the cell phones lodged. the harmful radiations from your phone can cause breast cancer .

protect yourself :

Carry your phone in a phone holster or in your purse.
Read cell phone manufacturers’ warnings on the safest way to use and carry the phones.
When buying a phone, ask about the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), which measures the rate of radiofrequency (RF) energy absorption by the body from your cell phone. The FCC has adopted limits for safe exposure to RF energy from cell phones: a SAR level of 1.6 watts per kilogram (1.6 W/kg).
Turn off your cell phone. Even if you are not using it, it is emitting radiation if it’s on.
Beware of areas with weak signals. Cell phones are programmed to work harder—emitting more radiation—when signal strength is blocked.
If you see reddened skin on your breast that does not go away, get it checked out by your physician.

2. Using talcum powder : Several studies have reported a positive association between use of talcum powder on women’s perineal area (from the anus to the vulva) and ovarian cancer risk. A 2010 study published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention found that talcum powder also increases the risk of endometrial cancer, particularly among postmenopausal women. All should avoid talcum powder for parts which it is not meant .

2 . Drinking sugary beverages:

Sodas, sweetened tea, and lemonade—among other foods that have a high glycemic index—increase the risk of endometrial cancer. “When you eat those foods, it causes a spike in blood sugar and insulin. Having continually high amounts of insulin can help create an environment that is conducive to endometrial cancer cells proliferating,” says Bender. In addition, sugary drinks promote obesity, which increases the risk for colorectal, postmenopausal breast, esophageal, endometrial, kidney, pancreatic, gallbladder, and ovarian cancers. These are one time kind of drinks , regular drinking of these artificial sugary drinks causes health issues .

3. Drinking alcohol : Bender reports that alcohol increases the risk for colorectal, breast, esophageal, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and liver cancers. “The idea is that when alcohol metabolizes, it produces a carcinogen in the body,” she says, referring to the byproduct acetaldehyde, which then further metabolizes into acetate, and finally into water and carbon dioxide, which your body eliminates. Alcohol results in increase of body weight , which leads to link between cancer .

State Legislature

There is no uniformity in the creation of State Legislature. Most of the states have unicameral system, only seven states Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Utar Pradesh, and Telangana are having bicameral system.

Legislative Assembly [Article 170]:- The Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) consist of not more than 500 members and not less than 60 members. However the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim, Goa, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Puducherry have less than 60 members.

Legislative Council [Article 171]:- As per Article 169, if the Legislative Assembly passes a resolution for abolition or creating of the Legislative Council by a majority of the total membership of the assembly and by a majority of not less than 2/3rd if the members present and voting, the Parliament may approve the resolution by a simple majority to create or abolish the Legislative Council.

Composition of Legislative Council:- Of the total member of members of a Legislative Council shall consist:

• 1/3rd elected from local bodies

• 1/2th elected by graduates in the states.

• 1/2th elected by teachers of 3 year standing in the state, not lower in standard than secondary school.

• 1/3rd elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly of the state amongst a person who is not a member of the assembly.

• 1/6th are nominated by the Governor from persons of special knowledge, science, art, cooperative movement, and social service.

• 5/6th of the total number of members of the Legislative Council are indirectly elected.

Qualification of members:- Under Article 17, they must fulfill the conditions:

• he must be a citizen of india.

• he must make and subscribe before the person authorized by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form prescribed in the 3rd Schedule.

• he must be not less than 30 years of age in the case of the Legislative Council and not less than the age of 25 years in the case of the Legislative Assembly.

• he must possess other qualifications prescribed by Parliament, under the Representation of People Act 1951.

Duration of the two House:- Legislative Assembly same as Lok Sabha. And Legislative Council same as of Rajya Sabha.

Presiding Officer of the State Legislature:-

• Speaker/ Deputy Speaker in Legislative Assembly [Article 178].

• Chairman/Deputy Chairman in Legislative Council [Article 182].

Speaker of Legislative Assembly:- Speaker of Assembly is elected by the assembly itself from amongst its members. He can vacate his office earlier in any of the following cases:

• if he ceases to be a member of the assembly;

• if he resigns by writing to be Deputy Speaker; and

• if he is removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all the members of the assembly. Such a resolution can be moved only after providing 14 days of advance notice

Chairman of Legislative Council:- The Chairman is elected by the council itself from amongst its members. The Chairman vacates his office in any of the following cases:

• if he ceases to be a member if the counil.

• if he resigns by writing in his hand to the Deputy Chairman; and

• if he is removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all the members of the coucil.

Powers of the State Legislature:-

• it participates in the election of the President.

• it can remove the Council of Ministers by passing a no- confidence Motion.

• it controls the executive by the various financial committees. It ratified certain Constitutional Amendments, in which participation of half of the State Legislatures is required.

Save a ‘GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE’ Part-2.

Development at the cost of nature. Part-2 :

Growth and development are inevitable and necessary to absorb the growing needs of the economy. But the problem lies in the truth that none of this growth is monitored. Giant machines dig the earth out and transport mud to all corners of the city. Ratty trucks with the broken remains of gigantic rocks can be seen ferrying the roads primarily during dusk or night. Most of this quarrying is illegal. Contractors excavate mud and destroy rocks in remote spots often under the dark cover of night for a paltry sum.

Mass destruction of rocks has exacerbated the depletion of green cover. Precious fauna and flora has been destroyed. Loss of these rocks has meant ground water depletion which has further compounded the city’s water woes. Years ago tiny lakes dotted the entire city including the famous Jubilee and Banjara hills localities. Today lakes are found only on the city outskirts in places like Shamirpet. Lakes closer to the city are shrinking every passing year.

Fighting For Conservation :

Though Hyderabad has seen the gradual depletion of rock cover, ecological conservation is an issue that has not found much voice with the population. Most citizens, especially those new to the city, are too busy focusing on seeing a snazzy Hyderabad finding its spot on the global map. But even in this bleak scenario there is a ray of hope for the rocks.

Since 1996, a group of concerned citizens have come together to prevent indiscriminate destruction of the rocks and protect the rocky landscapes. Their organization ‘Society to Save Rocks’ (STSR) has since then been working hard to preserve the rocky ecosystem in the city and state.

Due to their dedicated campaigning, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has added nine rock formations in Regulation No. 13 of the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) for the protection of Heritage Buildings and Precincts. This act of the governments was hailed by conservationists across the country as a great step in recognising the importance of the rocks and the need to protect them. Today Hyderabad is the only city in India where rocks are protected as a natural heritage. Encouraging the government to preserve these rocks by promoting them as tourist attractions i5 an alternative that the Society is pushing for.

But despite STSR’s dedicated efforts, the city faces a challenge as much land in and around the city has already been sold off. Durgam Cheruvu, one of the designated heritage sites is the best place where the government’s attempt at conservation and apathy towards rocks, are both visible. Years ago the lake lay hidden between rocky cliffs and was inaccessible. A few years ago it was converted to a model tourist spot with boating and other leisure facilities. But entire stretches of hills on one bank of this protected area have been destroyed in the past decade to accommodate the fast-growing Hi-tech city. Durgam Cheruvu thus epitomises the ongoing conflict between development and protection in the city.

However some individuals have successfully managed to integrate rocks that abut their house into the structure of their homes. The rock forms as much a part of their home’s interior as does their sofa or any other furniture. Some builders and companies too have taken the initiative to include rocks in their building complexes. While they have included a natural rock structure within their building premise, their focus remains on decorative appeal rather than ecological consideration for the rocks.

Over the years, due to the efforts of organizations like the STSR, the rocks of Hyderabad have found a voice. But the din of the construction industry and growing needs of an expanding city are far louder than the voice of these few individuals. What the rocks require are greater public support and a deeper appreciation of their existence. Locals, tourists and governments need to take a pro-active approach to ensure that growth includes preservation of rocks and their eco-systems. After all if a booming economy overtakes billions of years nature, the consequences and blame will have to be borne by none other than the citizens themselves for the only people who stand to gain will in reality be the ones of who lose.

5 plants of Biofuel Production

What Is Bio fuel : Bio fuel is a liquid type of fuel derived from plant ,grass ,crop & other biological ,agricultural waste product .

Production plants: There are some plants which is used to produce this bio fuel —- Bio ethanol from Corn ; Bio diesel from Canola ; Bio ethanol from sugarcane ;Palm oil (acting as bio diesel ) from Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) ; Bio diesel from Jetropha ; Soy Bio diesel from soybean (Glycine max), Bio diesel from cotton seed or sunflower seed ;Bio ethanol from wheat (Triticum aestivum) ;Bio ethanol from Switch grass (Panicum virgatum) ; Bio diesel (CNSL or Cashew Nut Shell Oil ) from Cashew shell (Anacardium occidentale) .

Palma africana [African oil palm] (Elaeis guineensis) | Flickr — Palm (*Elaeis Guineensis)*

Panicum virgatum | Although cultivated as an ornamental, Pan… | Flickr — Switch grass *(Panicum virgatum)*

File:CSIRO ScienceImage 4689 Soya bean crop ColeamballyNSW.jpg - Wikimedia Commons — soybean *(Glycine max)*

Triticum aestivum | Cultivated wheat is most commonly grown … | Flickr — wheat (*Triticum* *aestivum*)

Significance: 1) Bio fuels contain very low amount of carbon .That’s why the production amount of Carbon dioxide & Carbon monoxide become low .The chances of environment harm reduces . 2) Bio fuels are very good replacement of fossil fuel ,crude oil ,natural gas as fossil fuels are in very demand & low in amount . 3) As bio fuel are a better replacement for carbon containing fossil fuels they helps to prevent the pollution. Sometime they are mixed with gasoline to act as an engine oil.

4) Bio fuel are renewable energy .So there are no threat for finishing up of these type of sources .

Scientists study ways to integrate biofuels and food crops… | Flickr — Environment friendly biofuels

Categories: There are 2 types of bio fuel . 1)Bio Alcohol — Ethanol, which is produced by the fomentation of the starch compound of yeast and bacteria. 2)Biodiesel — Produced from animal fats and plant oils.

Some of the bio fuel plants are discussed below ————

1.Jatropha: Scientific name : Jatropha curcas It is very poisonous tree. Cultivating jatropha is economically benefiting for rural farmers as it has the bio fuel producing value. Moreover jatropha can grow very quickly & live for 50 years long. They need less amount of water for cultivating. Jatropha seeds contain 40% Oil. India is the largest country for producing this plant. Bio fuel is extracted from seeds and the remaining part of these plants are used as a biomass fuel.

Jatropha raw & ripe fruit (Which is used for producing Biofuel)

2.Sugar cane: Scientific Name : Saccharum officinarum Bio ethanol are produced from sugar cane . In Brazil it is cheaper than gasoline and is produced in a lot of amount. The juice of Sugarcane plant has lots of sugar which gives lot of energy and the reduced part is a inflammable product used in cooking. Production cost of bio ethanol by reaction process is costly than production cost of bio ethanol from sugar cane.

3.Rapeseed or Canola: Scientific name : Brassica napus Canola is a type of rapeseed . From ancient time it is used as a cooking oil for containing low amount of erucid acid and is good for human body. In cold environments, biodiesels tend to convert in crystals because of saturated fat which is not good for combustion engines of vehicles. In this case canola has low saturated fat and is able to work in cold climates. Canola is high in oil contain and low in saturated fats. Produced bio diesel have very low amount of Carbon so the production of Carbon monoxide by burning is low .

4.Corn: Scientific name : Zea mays It is the major crops in the world, which produce ethanol. Produced ethanol is used in car engine along with gasoline. The kernels of corn are smashed into dust then it’s mixed with water to made a dough which is fermented by yeast to produce ethanol. Produced bio ethanol emits less carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and Sulphur after burning. The body part cannot be used in the production of biodiesel rather it is used as a cooking mass for containing cellulose. This bio ethanol helps to reduce the smog.

5.Sunflower: Scientific name : Helianthus annuus L. This flower name comes from facing the sun every time. The seeds of sunflower are edible, delicious and good for health. As you all know Edible cooking oil are produced from sunflower. The biodiesel is produced from seeds which have lots of oil & the remaining plant parts are used as a biomass to produce bio fuel. Its plantation of sunflower helps the farmer economically as it has food production value & bio fuel production value .

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Taking care of Vinca

Uses Of Periwinkle Plant

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Reference

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Introduction:

Epic:

Two types of epics:

The epic of growth:

The epic of art:

Conclusion:

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Origin of sonnet:

Composition of the sonnets:

Some of the earliest writers of sonnet:

The theme of the sonnets:

Some of the famous sonnets are:

Conclusion:

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Development at the cost of nature. Part-2 :

Fighting For Conservation :

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