Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants.
Are you stressed out seeing the increasing digits of your weight machine when you stand on it? Or have you tried giving up dieting just by saying yourself that it is not your cup of it? Have you ever wondered how your thoughts could shape your body? Yes, you heard right not only the food you take or the exercise you do define your body shaping but also how you think about yourself matters. Even once I was surprised to see a change in the weight of one of my relatives, and as I asked her about the tricks she used, she told me it was a magic of meditation. Thinking optimistic about reducing your body weight as well as working with full positivity would makes work easier for you. Lebron James once quoted that “I LIKE CRITICISM, IT MAKES ME STRONGER” similarly taking up wicked comments with a noble attitude helps you to change your lifestyle healthily directly affecting your body.
Many boys also face body shamming in every sphere of life, so this thing is not sticked to one section of society which makes it even more important to fight it using 3 essential components; YOU, YOUR MIND, AND YOUR BODY. So stop feeling sad about yourself, your weight instead feels strong, and keep an affirmative outlook in shaping yourself and hence your personality.
Unix is not a single operating system. It is in fact a general name given to dozens of o.s. by different companies, organizations or groups of individuals. These variants of unix are referred to as flavors. Although based on the same core set of unix commands, different flavors can have their own unique commands and features, and are designed to work with different types of h/w. Linux is often considered a unix flavor.
Among the ways in which the various flavors of UNIX differ are (1) fundamental design, (2) commands and features, (3) the hardware platform(s) (i.e., processors) for which they are intended and (4) whether they are proprietary software (i.e., commercial software) or free software (i.e., software that anyone can obtain at no cost and use for any desired purpose).
Linux : The most popular and fastest growing of all the Unix-like operating systems. It is developed by Linus Torvalds, Linux is a product that mimics the form and function of a UNIX system, but is not derived from licensed source code. Rather, it was developed independently; by a group of developers in an informal alliance on the net. A major benefit is that the source code is freely available (under the GNU copyleft), enabling the technically astute to alter and amend the system; it also means that there are many, freely available, utilities and specialist drivers available on the net. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Recent versions of Glibc include much functionality from the Single UNIX Specification, Version 2 (for UNIX 98) and later.
FreeBSD : The most popular of the BSD systems (all of which are direct descendants of BSD UNIX, which was developed at the University of California at Berkeley). BSDI is an independent company that markets products derived from the Berkeley Systems Distribution (BSD), developed at the University of California at Berkeley in the 60’s and 70’s. It is the operating system of choice for many Internet service providers. It is, as with Linux, not a registered. UNIX system, though in this case there is a common code heritage if one looks far enough back in history.
IBM : IBM has been quietly working on its mainframe operating system (formerly MVS) to add open interfaces for some years. In September 1996, The Open Group announced that OS/390 had been awarded the X/Open UNIX brand, enabling IBM to identify its premier operating system to be marked UNIX 95. This is a significant event as OS/390 is the first product to guarantee conformance to the Single UNIX Specification, and therefore to carry the label UNIX 95, that is not derived from the AT&T/ SCO source code.
NetBSD : NetBSD is a free, fast, secure, and highly portable Unix-like Open Source operating system. It is available for a wide range of platforms, from large-scale servers and powerful desktop systems to handheld and embedded devices. Features the ability to run on more than 50 platforms, ranging from acorn26 to x68k
OpenBSD : The OpenBSD project produces a FREE, multi-platform 4.4BSD-based UNIX-like operating system. Our efforts emphasize portability, standardization, correctness, proactive security and integrated cryptography. As an example of the effect OpenBSD has, the popular OpenSSH software comes from OpenBSD. It May have already attained its goal of becoming the most secure of all computer operating systems.
Darwin : Darwin is an open-source Unix-like operating system first released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach, and other free software projects The new version of BSD that serves as the core for the Mac OS X
Many of the proprietary flavors have been designed to run only (or mainly) on proprietary hardware sold by the same company that has developed them. Examples include:
AIX – developed by IBM for use on its mainframe computers
BSD/OS – a commercial version of BSD developed by Wind River for Intel processors
HP-UX – developed by Hewlett-Packard for its HP 9000 series of business servers
IRIX – developed by SGI for applications that use 3-D visualization and virtual reality
QNX – a real time operating system developed by QNX Software Systems primarily for use in embedded systems
Solaris – developed by Sun Microsystems for the SPARC platform and the most widely used proprietary flavor for web servers
Tru64 – developed by Compaq for the Alpha processor
Crop circles have been appearing in grain fields all over the earth during the last few decades. They appear suddenly, usually at night. At first they were simple circles of bent-over grain stalks. Soon a new crop of more elaborate designs evolved—geometric forms reminiscent of profound mathematical theorems.
Some cerealogists (people who study crop circles) say that these diagrams must be created by intelligent alien beings from elsewhere. Even though these diagrams must be constructed in a very short timespan, the genuine crop circles never show any serious mistakes or blunders of execution. Cerealogists see this as evidence that the aliens must be very intelligent and much more advanced than we are. That’s mere speculation, of course. Others say the real reason is that there’s a worldwide conspiracy to hide the fact that the aliens sometimes do make mistakes. This coverup is carried out by people who want to preserve the myth that the aliens are a perfect race. The fact that you’ve never heard of such crop circle blunders just shows how effective this coverup is, they say. Mistakes are repaired at the site, or sometimes photographs of the circles are retouched. This has about as much to recommend it as any of the other conspiracy theories accepted and believed by simple-minded people.
Let’s look at more plausible explanations. Actually, a few designs do seem at first to have apparent irregularities or flaws. Some of these are surely caused by wind or rain, careless hoaxers or the trampling feet of crop circle buffs. But let’s set those aside and look only at those that are genuine and undisturbed. What appear at first to be iregularities or errors, may only be perfection of a higher and subtler kind, that we do not as yet understand.
Crop circles made by aliens?
Why should supposedly intelligent aliens travel huge cosmic distances across the galaxy just to doodle in our grain fields? What an absurd idea! [1] No one has ever seen them doing it, have they? Usually there aren’t even any ufo sightings associated with the circles, except for those reported after the fact by people with overactive imaginations. Surely intelligent aliens have better things to do. The true origin of crop circle designs may be nearer to home.
The whole thing begins to make sense once we realize that the earth is flat. We live on the backside of a huge flat blackboard (whiteboard, scratch paper, or whatever) used by aliens in their schools and universities. There are many of these in the universe. The flat disk of the earth is thin enough that student doodles made in alien art and math classes “bleed through” to our side. This happens because their writing instruments emit mitogenetic radiation (M-rays) that are well known to affect some living plants, especially wheat, barley, oats and corn. [2] M-rays weaken the stalk structure near the ground, and the stalks bend over gently to lie flat on the ground, showing no evidence of forceful breaking. So the crop circles in grain fields are nothing more than the reverse pattern of alien students’ diagrams made in geometry class.
It’s true that a few designs have straight lines and curves that seem at first to be more complex than circles. But we must remember that straight lines are simply circles of infinite radius. Any complex curves can be constructed approximately from circular arc segments of different radius.
Did they use a ruler?
There’s good evidence that aliens have been defacing the earth’s surface with geological grafitti for a very long time. The curious lines and drawings on the Nazca plain in Peru likely have the same cause. At that earlier time in history the aliens had only primitive writing instruments. They were still using “pens” made of inorganic material, that emit E-rays (Earth rays). These only affect non-living things. Sand on flat ground is easily moved around with very little energy. The sandy surface of the Nazca plain acted like a giant Etch-A-Sketch ®. No advanced mathematical figures are found at Nazca, only long straight lines, pictures and geometric doodles. Obviously the aliens weren’t as scientifically advanced then. Then why are the lines so perfect, and the straight lines so straight? The reason is quite simple: on their side of the blackboard the aliens used rulers.
School kid’s prank?
A number of commentators claim to have proven to their own satisfaction that the Ancient Egyptians didn’t have the resources or technology to build the pyramids. Could it be that the pyramids of Egypt were built by alien kids, who, in a playful mood, pushed their play blocks into their blackboard, all the way through, coming up point first on our side? Following this line of reasoning, perhaps Stonehenge and similar structures are the result of an alien children’s game in which stone pegs are pushed into a geometric array of holes
It is very difficult for all of us to pass our time in weekends and especially if weekends fall in between big pandemic lockdowns. For many of us, each day has become like a weekend due to long imposed lockdowns in our respective areas.
We must utilise our time in something productive and productive doesn’t have to necessarily mean learning a new skill or cleaning our house. Being productive is so much more than that! Productive is also when we give times to things that would bring us instant joy.
Let’s get back in time and relive some of the moments that were daily habits for us at some point in time and practise them in these weekends.
1) Take out Old Photo Albums.
Photo Credits: The Guardian
Remember the time when there used to be only one camera at our homes? A photo album carries so much in itself. From our grandparents’ youth to our parents’ wedding to our own childhood, photo albums are always refreshing even after being so old. It’s always good to visit our family’s old family photo albums and live those old memories yet again.!
2) Write Journal or Diary.
Photo Credits : She The People Tv.
Writing has always been fun, isn’t it? Well, now writing means just WhatsApp or Email or for other professional purposes. It’s time for us to give one day to write happenings around us on a piece of paper in a diary or in a journal like we used to do in our childhood. The time when we used to collect those New Year gift diaries all for diary writing!
3) Solo Indoor Picnic.
Photo Credits: Medium.
It’s always good to eat and it’s even better when we can eat all the food alone. Although some people might be thinking that this never used to happen in the past. So yes, you’re correct. Solo Picnics never used to happen in the past. Picnic itself means social gathering with friends or families. However, here I’m urging everyone to have a solo picnic indoor because of the ongoing pandemic. Though if you’re living in a nuclear or joint family, go for a picnic indoor with them. Cook great food, eat and chill.
4) Read Old Books and Magazines:
Photo Credits: Etsy
We always have a shelf in our house with full of books and magazines from the past era. We just keep them aside and forget about them after reading them once. There are also our favourite magazines that we used to collect during our childhood, may be because of their content or because they used to have our favourite celebrity on their covers. We can just relive those memories by simply taking out and reading them.
5) Put on the radio!
Photo Credits: The Conversation.
Don’t have a radio? Don’t worry about it at all. There are plenty of mediums in this new era that would give you the feeling of a typical radio. There are also radio stations available on new smartphones, some are even available on normal typing phones! You can always look for radio in these platforms in absolutely no cost. Just listen to the Radio Jockeys narration and listen to news stories and music in that old style.
6) Take out Old CDs
Photo Credits: Britannica
This is somewhat similar to photo albums. Do you also have old compact discs in your home cupboards. Well, then just take them out and watch your old family happenings recorded in them and enjoy!
Yes, lockdown and weekends have always been stressful for each one of us. But we can always find a way to engage ourselves in something that would make us happy and lively! Try these six ways and get nostalgic!
Life changes with the passage of time, as does the circumstance. And the perfect example to relate to this phrase is the situation in which we are living today. The ongoing pandemic scenario has altered conventional lifestyles while also bringing remote learning into the spotlight.
So, distance learning is a form of learning in which lectures are broadcast over the air or lessons are delivered through mail, with the learner not having to attend a school or institution. This learning method is not entirely unique to us, but due to the ongoing circumstances it has become a catchword and has lately swept the world by storm.
Traditional learning, in contrast to distant learning, needs several variables to support education for students, such as infrastructural setups and study materials which in turn elevates the cost level. however, everything has its pros and cons and I’m going to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of traditional learning and distance learning below in order to make a judgment upon the selected topic.
TRADITIONAL LEARNING
DISTANCE LEARNING
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
It is highly interactive and keeps the student motivated
Lack of individual attention and feedback
Access to libraries and research materials
Limited scope of practical learning
Lesser chances of distraction
Higher chances of distraction
Helps in maintaining interpersonal interactions
Don’t help in developing oral skills and social interactions
No technical difficulties
Technical difficulties
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Less affordable
It is much more affordable
Transportation is needed to attend lectures that will cost the learner money as well as time.
No commutation needed to attend classes which saves time and money
Access to gain multiple knowledge is challenging
Easier access to knowledge
Cannot work while learning
Can work while learning
Does not ensure flexibility with time
Ensures flexibility with time
Geographical boundary is a barrier to gain knowledge
No location restriction to earn knowledge
After comparing the benefits and drawbacks of online learning and traditional learning it can be said that online learning has certain drawbacks, but as we can see in this information age, we don’t have any other option than to obtain knowledge through online platforms; it may evolve to be user-friendly and become an integral part of human life, just like traditional education. Because in today’s educational system, distance learning is becoming more and more accepted, and the online programs are becoming diversified. With the ongoing technical advances distance learning disadvantages will soon be no longer drawbacks. For example- In today’s world, everyone is getting their education through e-learning, which is a type of distance learning that makes studying more engaging and convenient. It also allows the student to progress at their own speed because e-learning materials may be accessed at any time. When we look at the statistics of e learning, we can see that it is becoming a trend lately in learning and development since it saves time, money, and effort in building up educational institutions and training programs, as well as in delivering content to learners. So therefore, it can be said that distance learning which includes e learning can become the future of education globally and education becomes easier with distance learning.
Trade cycle or business cycle refers to cyclical fluctuations in economic activities like employment, income, prices etc. It is a characteristic feature of capitalist system. In a trade cycle, there are alternating waves of expansion and contraction. These waves recur frequently and in similar patterns. It comprises of a period of good trade wherein the prices are high and unemployment is low and a period of bad trade wherein the prices are low and unemployment is high. A business cycle usually consists of four phases. These phases do not have a definite time intervals or periodicity. The four phases are: recovery, prosperity, recession and depression. Recovery is the first phase in the trade cycle. It is the revival period. Here entrepreneurs increase the level of investment. This in turn leads to increased employment and income. A increased income level means more purchasing power in the hands of people which leads to more demand for consumer goods. This leads to increase in prices for commodities and eventually leads to profit generation Business expectations improve and optimism prevails. Prosperity is the second phase in the trade cycle. In this stage, demand, output, employment and income are at the peak levels. Increased profits lead to increased stock market values. There is expansion in economic activities. Demand and prices go up. The production level is very high and known as boom. The economy surpasses the level of full employment to reach the level of over full employment. This leads to inflation and is a sign of end of prosperity. Recession is the third phase of the trade cycle. It starts when there is a downward descend from the peak. The level of investment declines and consequently the demand for raw materials decline as well. Liquidity preference rises in the economy. The margin of profit declines and a wave of pessimism spreads in the business. Recession can be mild or severe. Depression is the fourth phase of the trade cycle. It’s characteristic feature is the general fall in all economic activities. Production, employment, income decline. This general decline in economic activities lead to fall in bank deposits. Credit creation declines and bank rate falls. Distribution of national income change and margin of profit declines.
There are several factors responsible for the existence of fluctuations and trade cycles. External factors like political events, growth rate of population, migrations, discoveries, innovations etc are responsible for the cyclical fluctuations in the economy. As far as internal factors are concerned, mechanisms within the economy give rise to repetitive fluctuations. Over investment is one such factor. It is the credit availability by the banks which leads to over investment in capital goods rather than consumer goods. This eventually brings depression in the economy. Competition may be another reason for fluctuations. The profit motive causes firms to anticipate demand and subsequently do excess production. For this, firms hire more workforce and cost of production increases. This raises the prices of the commodities and decline in the demand for them. This ultimately leads to depression.
Tamil Chair Inc. is a non-profit organization registered in the state of Maryland (USA) that is currently working on fund raising for Harvard Tamil Chair
6m $ is required to establish it
Tamil is one of the very few languages of the world with a classical past and a robust literary tradition that has continued to this day. Despite many foreign occupations of the Tamil country and other outside influences, this noble language has always shined, producing vibrant literature for over 2 thousand years.
In addition to the literature, there have been numerous grammar books, commentaries, religious works, didactic books, secular literature and works from many other genres.
This is what the Tamil chair of Harvard university states about tamil
What is the need for a Tamil Chair?
Tamil language has one of the oldest written traditions in all of Asia and boasts a rich body of literary work dating back 2,500 years. Tamil has been accorded with a prestigious recognition as one of the seven classic languages (Greek, Sanskrit, Latin, Hebrew, Persian, Tamil and Chinese), and it is one of the very few that has survived all the way through to the modern world since its beginning.
Currently, Tamil is the 20th most commonly-spoken language (by 80 million people) in the world, with vibrant literatures for over 2 thousand years. Literature represents the culture and tradition of a language or people, and it provides a kind of blueprint of human civilization.
Thus far the global reach of Tamil literature is so limited, and for its ancient and Classic standing, Tamil literature deserves to be critically looked from new and diverse perspectives and the resulting knowledge needs to be shared across other cultures for mutual benefits.
So the purpose of this chair is multifold. First, it is a matter of great prestige for Tamils to have our language taught at the world’s most prestigious university which attracts brilliant students from all over the world.
There is also a need for research in ancient classical Tamil literature. Harvard will produce Tamil scholars who will be trained in research methodologies.
IMPORTANCE OF TAMIL CHAIR IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND THE WAY IT ENRICHES THE LANGUAGE
Helps building History
History can be written on the basis of outputs from researching a language.
Research about a language is a step to build a history.
Ex: In recent, historians of India use vedic texts of sanskrit to build the own history.
They build Indian history with vedas as base.
If more outputs from researching tamil comes out it will help build Indian History which may be seen from view of tamil literature.
2. Helps developing the language
In India Hindi and sanskrit are given importance by central government for promoting and developing them. These types of actions from Indian government limits Tamil as a regional language and major funding is deprieved.
Promoting through a reputed university will ensure good amount of funding for research.
It will help explore the Tamil studies on a much deeper level through a rigorous approach executing formal academic research processes to bring out the traditions, the cultural, intellectual, and social practices of the Sangam period that are barely explored as of now. This will elicit Tamil’s long tenured literary tradition to the peer academic communities and establish it’s much deserved recognition as a Classic language.
3. Competition with Sanskrit and other classical languages
Indian goverment in name of Hindu Nationalism promotes only sanskrit.
For all other Classic and widely spoken languages like Sanskrit, Greek etc , there is so much research and progressive work that is done at various international academic centers. It is quite urgent and highly imperative that the same world class effort is put forth for Tamil to expand its stature and reach. It will enhance not only the chances for continual use but also the newly embraced recognition from the global populace.
4. Intensive Research and development
Any developments on language of Tamil is stopped by Indian government . Without funds researchers are suffering. Even if someone come out with good research it is deemed valued by Hindutuvas/Hindi Nationalist Indian government
Independent research in a foreign country will only enrich it for good without influence by Indian Government.
5. Gets world wide interest and new learners
Developing the language in a well known University will gather world wide interest for the language and gather new learners.
May revoke intersets in researchers to resume archaelogical excavations a, Keezhadi, Poombukar, Adhichanallur which were currently banned by Indian government for excavating. Because they provide excessive proofs to Independent tamil culture in Sangam period, so that it will affect sanskrit’s claim on Tamil.
Assures Tamil language’s legacy to survive and grow.
This endeavour will cerainly increase the horizon of Tamil
Minimalism is defined as a design or style in which the simplest and fewest elements are used to create the maximum effect. Minimalism had its origins in the arts—with the artwork featuring simple lines, only a few colors, and careful placement of those lines and colors. More recently, it has become representative of a lifestyle that aims to remove clutter from all facets of life.
Minimalism is all about owning only what adds value and meaning to your life (as well as the lives of the people you care about) and removing the rest. It’s about removing the clutter and using your time and energy for the things that remain. We only have a certain amount of energy, time, and space in our lives. In order to make the most of it, we must be intentional about how we’re living each day.
There are many different approaches to minimalism, but it’s really just a tool to help you prioritize what’s important in your life.
Joshua Becker of Becoming Minimalist offers this definition: “Minimalism is the intentional promotion of the things that bring you joy and the removal of those that do not.” It might be called simple living, tiny living, intentional living, and a myriad of other things—but there is at least one common thread: the idea of curating the things we own to best reflect our priorities and vision for our lives.
If the idea of minimalism sounds intimidating to you or if you’ve seen some images and thought, “that’s a nice idea, but I’d never want to live like that,” don’t worry. You can benefit from applying minimalism in your life whether you live in a tiny home, suburban house, or a mansion. You can use minimalism as a guiding philosophy and customize based on what works best for you.
Common Misconceptions of Minimalism
Contrary to what some people think, there aren’t any actual rules to minimalism. There’s no official board of minimalism to determine whether or not you’re doing minimalism right. Minimalism truly looks different for everyone.
You don’t have to own below a certain number of items. You can still have nice things, and no, you don’t need to get rid of your favorite collection—whether it’s books, shoes, or music. Minimalism doesn’t have to look like white-walled, modern and sparse homes you’ve probably seen in magazines and videos, a common minimalism mistake. Minimalism is also not a one and done project. It is a a continual practice to ensure everything in our lives is working for us in our vision, not against us. Its used over the years to make substantial changes in our careers, home, lifestyle, buying behaviors, etc.
Everyone can benefit from applying the principles of minimalism to their lives. It’s a process of removing distractions and things that no longer add value to our lives.
Why Minimalism Is An Effective Tool For Living An Intentional Life?
In the end, minimalism is less about owning fewer items and more about actively making choices on what kind of things truly matter to you.
We exist in a society that creates false value on owning more stuff and having no time to use them much. The constant pursuit of bigger and better is an endless cycle. There will always be a nicer car to buy, a bigger boat, a larger home, and or a faster private jet. Did you know that there’s a website for billionaires to shop? Yeah. It never ends.
It may seem like an overwhelming challenge at first, but as you untangle the life you built around owning more things, you’ll find the stress disappearing and the world starting to slow down. Those choices you make will begin to build a muscle that will fundamentally change the way you live your life.
Since the last 1.5 year from facing the Outbreak of Covid-19 to the circumstances after, each and every person in the world has understood the Importance of maintaining a good Health be it physically or Mentally . COVID had been like that unknown sudden curve on the steady going road of our lives, on which we had to take a sharp turn and everything fled around with a jerk. It was something we never experienced before, perhaps it taught us a lot many things which we should have already done. Among which the most necessary lesson was to stay fit and strong, not just for saving oneself from numerously spreading diseases but also from the trauma of being locked at a place,for keeping us active and not let our bodies rust down while sitting continuously. And as we know, the best thing to do when aiming to be fit is Exercising.
INEVITABLE PART OF LIFE.
According to experts, Working out (Exercise/ Yoga) should be like a basic necessity for our everyday life like food. An individual of every age, child or adult should regularly indulge into physical activities indoor and outdoors so as to keep their body and mind functioning properly. “Yoga is not a religion. It is a science, science of well-being, science of youthfulness, science of integrating body, mind and soul” – Amit Ray. Exercising is not just an activity. Rather, you learn life lessons, with every step you take/ with every move you make. For Example, push -ups are not easy enough to be tried or done by everyone. It takes hard work to learn it and determination to carry it out with every next pull you do. It teaches that in the same way as these, it isn’t easy to reach our final destiny in life. It takes a lot of hard work to achieve success and even more determination to maintain and improve your methods to stay at that top position always.
Yoga activates your senses, boosts up immunity as well as build up the balance in you. Meanwhile, giving you the calm and showing you the relaxing impact of thoughtfulness and nurturing balance in every aspect of life. Exercising regularly improvise efficiency of your body and also keeps you fresh and happy. We all know it’s basic benefits like weight maintenance. However there’s a lot more it has to serve you with.
Let us look at a few Lesser known benefits of exercising ;
It strengthens the mind to fight depression.
It helps in relaxing the stress and occurences of muscle and joint pains due to that.
It reduces anxiety and fills you up with a sense of contentment and cheerfulness in your mind, discarding out the negativity and exuding positivity in you.
Exercising or doing other such physical activities helps releasing endorphins which are powerful chemicals in the brain cells that helps energizing your mind and spirit and makes you feel good. Moreover, when you work out regularly, your body gets into a toned shape, plus it leaves a glowing effect on your facial skin. You see positive changes in yourself including those in your outer appearance and in your inner healthy and relived self. Thus, building up your self-confidence and making you feel happier about yourself and you remain at peace with your Mental health. Hence, one should always believe in practicing exercising and yoga for keeping your present and future self healthier and delightful rather than taking hundreds of pills having thousands of side effects on your bodies.
So In Case, you are inspired well and want to infuse this habbit in your daily routine. Then, there’s these little suggestion videos for you about how to start your beginner level Exercising.,
“Black Hole” almost everyone has heard this term but, what exactly it is? How it is formed? Is a black hole is danger? what if we pass near to black hole?
The idea of a body so massive that even light cannot escape was given by astronomical pioneer John Michell in a letter published by him in november 1784. And since after this an excitement was filled between astronomers and physicists about a body which is invisible. And in December 1967 in a lecture of John Wheeler one of his student reportedly suggested phrase ‘Black Hole’, which Wheeler adopted for his brevity.
Black hole was first spotted in 1971. But after 235 when it was first mentioned by John Michell in 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope(EHT) saw and captured an image of black hole in center of Galaxy M87 53.49 million light years away from earth. The images before this are just art work based imagination and properties of black hole done by astronomers and physicists to define black hole.
Image of black hole captured by Event Horizon Telescope in 2019
How Black Hole is formed? Let us first understand how a star is made. From cloud from Nebula(made of hydrogen and 25% helium) due to density compresses together and forms a shape some what circular, and this object after many million years becomes star one of like sun. The core of star burns hydrogen to be active, when after million years the fuel of star burns out then due to its own gravity and density it starts to compress itself. And if that star is bigger than our sun than it may form a neutron star or the star makes a negative gravity and starts to pull every mass near it. If we compress a massive body bigger than our sun into a size of a city say Mumbai, then it will become black hole. The gravity of this black hole so much increases that even light cannot escape from its horizon making it invisible.
A black can also be size of our sun but its gravity is 1 crore times more than sun. Albert Einstein in his theory of special relativity said that near the black hole the time will run slow. When a star becomes black hole it makes changes in fabric of space-time. And the movement will happen in only linear direction for a person inside it.
What if s person goes inside Black Hole? If a person goes near black hole than time will run slow for him compared to a person on earth. And as a person goes inside the black hole than he will feel so much gravity i.e. gravity 1 crore time more than our sun, that he can die. When a matter goes inside a black hole than due to gravity the atoms are separated and slowly it is vanished. But let say somehow a person survives than for the person it is like having a boon of immortality. If we put a black hole same as the size of sun and replace it with sun then probably nothing change will be happen, it cannot affect us. But due to lack of sunlight our earth will freeze and will only be a giant snowball.
How to find a Black Hole? When a black hole tries to swallow a massive body than its own then it belch just like animals and it gives some portion of light. Black hole has gravity much higher that light like x-rays cannot escape, but when there is a material very close to horizon of black hole, matter is heated at millions of degrees as it is pulled towards black hole and glows in x-rays. Black hole can also be found by coronas. Black holes don’t give any light themselves, but they are often encircled by glowing materials and making it to shine with different types of light.
Corona coming out of a black hole
Types of Black Holes: There are four types four black holes. 1) Stellar-mass black holes As star reaches to the end of their lives, most will inflate, lose mass, and then will cool down to be a white dwarfs. But those with 10 to 20 times as massive as our sun, destined to either become a super-dense neutron star or stellar-mass black holes. Thousands of these stellar-mass black holes may lurk within our own galaxy. 2) Super massive black holes Super massive black hole are the ones predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, can have masses equal to billion of suns; these cosmic giant creatures hide in the center of galaxies. The milky way hosts its own black hole called Sagittarius A* as is more than four million times massive than our own sun. 3) Intermediate Black holes Astronomers also suspect that there is class of so-called intermediate black holes exists in the universe, although evidence for them is so far debatable. 4) Miniature black holes The tiniest member of the black hole family, so far theoretical. These black holes may have swirled to life soon after the universe formed by big bang, some 13.7 billion years ago and quickly evaporated.
Answer to some questions about black holesIs it possible for a black hole eat entire galaxy? No. There is no chance that a black hole whatever is in size can eat a whole galaxy, because the gravitational reach of black holes(even super massive black holes) is not large enough to eat entire galaxy. What if sun turned it a black hole? The sun will never turn into a black hole as it is not massive to explode into a black hole. Instead sun will become a white dwarf. Have black holes have any influence on our planet? No. Even if we put a black hole in place of our sun then also it will not make a difference, earth will continue its rotation, but due to no sunlight it will we disastrous event on earth. Which is farthest black hole we found? The most distant black hole is located 13.1 million light years away from earth called “Quasar”. This black hole is made 690 million years after big bang.
We have found many black hole and learnt many things about them, yet many discoveries are to be made. And black holes will always amaze us.
In an ideal world, people would always make optimal decisions that provide them with the greatest benefit and satisfaction. In economics, rational choice theory states that when humans are presented with various options under the conditions of scarcity , they would choose the option that maximizes their individual satisfaction. This theory assumes that people, given their preferences and constraints, are capable of making rational decisions by effectively weighing the costs and benefits of each option available to them. The final decision made will be the best choice for the individual. The rational person has self-control and is unmoved by emotions and external factors and, hence, knows what is best for himself. Alas behavioral economics explains that humans are not rational and are incapable of making good decisions.
Behavioral Economics is the study of psychology as it relates to the economic decision-making processes of individuals and institutions. Behavioral economics draws on psychology and economics to explore why people sometimes make irrational decisions, and why and how their behavior does not follow the predictions of economic models. Decisions such as how much to pay for a cup of coffee, whether to go to graduate school, whether to pursue a healthy lifestyle, how much to contribute towards retirement, etc. are the sorts of decisions that most people make at some point in their lives. Behavioral economics seeks to explain why an individual decided to go for choice A, instead of choice B.
Because humans are emotional and easily distracted beings, they make decisions that are not in their self-interest. For example, according to the rational choice theory, if Charles wants to lose weight and is equipped with information about the number of calories available in each edible product, he will opt only for the food products with minimal calories. Behavioral economics states that even if Charles wants to lose weight and sets his mind on eating healthy food going forward, his end behavior will be subject to cognitive bias, emotions, and social influences. If a commercial on TV advertises a brand of ice cream at an attractive price and quotes that all human beings need 2,000 calories a day to function effectively after all, the mouth-watering ice cream image, price, and seemingly valid statistics may lead Charles to fall into the sweet temptation and fall off of the weight loss bandwagon, showing his lack of self-control.
Let’s double down on solar energy, let’s be more energy-efficient, let’s weatherize our homes. We can build a better, healthier economy based on good-paying, clean energy jobs.”
Ian Somerhalder, Actor
Being one of the second largest country , climate change in India is having profound effect on India and all over the world . India is ranked fourth among the list of countries most affected by climate change in the period from 1996 to 2015 .
With 7% of global emissions , India emits about 3 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year; about two and a half tons per person, which is half the world average.
Due to the rise in temperature , the Tibetan plateau are causing problem to Himalayan glaciers . It directly effect in increasing the flow rate of the Ganges , Brahmaputra, Yamuna and other major rivers.
The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that, if the prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is correct about Global warming than it may cause fall of GDP upto 9%.
In all over the world , climate change is drastically affecting the change in temperature of the globe 🌎 . Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns.
Causes :
Human envision and green house gasses are two important causes in the climate change. Greenhouse gases affect Earth’s energy balance and climate .Human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Human activities are changing the climate.
Other causes :
Power Plants.
Farming .
Deforestation.
Fertilizers.
Oil drilling.
Natural gas drilling.
Permafrost.
Garbage .
Volcanic eruption.
Pollution.
Campaigns
There are many campaigns that are going on . One of them is The ActNow campaign . It was launched at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 24) in December 2018, with a call from Sir David Attenborough in conjunction with the award-winning “People’s Seat” initiative.
It signifies individual action on climate change and sustainability. By changing our habits and making choices that have less harmful effects on the environment, we can tackle the climate emergency and build a more sustainable world.
It is also working with other campaigns like The Good life goals , Anatomy of action , 170 actions to combat climate change , lazy person guide to saving the world , connect4climate , climate neutral now , trash hack , stop the waste , Think. Eat. Save. , Clean seas , breathe life , glowing glowing gone . Their may be others as well .
Prevention :
Becoming more energy efficient is a great way to prevent pollution. It causes the power plants to expend less energy that can lead to the production of greenhouse gases. … Replace your light bulbs with energy-efficient light bulbs that help you save electricity too.
Speak up!
Power your home with renewable energy.
Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.
Invest in energy-efficient appliances.
Reduce water waste.
Actually eat the food you buy—and make less of it meat.
Buy better bulbs.
Pull the plug(s).
Conclusion
In the times , where the world is changing and taking measurements for saving the globe . Many Environmentalist , Actors , Politicians , Countries are taking precautions and actions on the climate change . It is our duty to prevent our world from falling . Take Initiative To Save The World .
Climate change is real. It is happening right now, it is the most urgent threat facing our entire species and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating.
China and Japan India and Byzantium traveling culture and history vector geisha and samurai men and women Taj Mahal and torii gate capitol building and Great wall landmarks and heritage nationalities.
Culture and history is the main building block of our lifes
The Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.
The word “culture” derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin “colere,” which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture
History is the study of life in society in the past, in all its aspect, in relation to present developments and future hopes. It is the story of man in time, an inquiry into the past based on evidence.
As with any scholarly approach that boasts of being “new” when it bursts onto the scene, new cultural history was fairly well established as one among many ways of thinking about history by the twenty-first century. This is not to say that new cultural historians enjoyed the unanimous esteem of their more traditional colleagues, for the field still managed to draw the fire of critics from the left and the right who believed that after twenty years this approach still represented a mere “trend.” One could agree with Peter Novick that this attests to the fragmentation of the historical profession into a plethora of specializations that no longer cohered around shared principles and whose denizens had little common ground for discussion. Yet much has changed in cultural history since its heyday in the 1980s.
When new cultural history was actually “new” it provided innovations both in terms of the topics considered worthy of historical attention and in terms of the ways of theorizing such topics within their respective contexts. It is nevertheless apparent that a good portion of what was marketed in 2000 as “cultural history” reflected more of the topical rather than theoretical innovations entailed by this approach. In fact, some of these works even read more like conventional social histories with a few obligatory nods to one of many privileged theorists.
To some extent this state of affairs reflects the success of this approach in the academy and the willingness of historians to combine methodologies in a creative and eclectic manner. On the other hand, though, one might argue that cultural history lost much of its edge by becoming subsumed into a more or less nonreflective historical establishment. Some historians see less fragmentation than the cooptation of erstwhile radical approaches back into a surprisingly resilient mainstream.
“Whatever possibilities become evident,” notes Patrick Joyce, “something is needed to shake the hold of a history which continually reproduces itself, in the process sucking the erstwhile heterodox into its consensus, in much the way that ‘cultural history’ is slowly but surely becoming routinized as more methodology, yet one more subdiscipline in the house of history.” Joyce’s observation is astute, yet one wonders whether a historical approach that could successfully resist such cooptation is possible and, even if it were, whether it would still merit the name “history.” It seems evident that what makes history “history” has little to do with methodologies and innovations that are unique to it, and perhaps a more thoroughgoing interdisciplinarity would discourage the domestication of future innovations into mere additions to the mansion of conventional history.
Study finds topological materials could boost the efficiency of thermoelectric devices.
What if you could run your air conditioner not on conventional electricity, but on the sun’s heat during a warm summer’s day? With advancements in thermoelectric technology, this sustainable solution might one day become a reality.
Thermoelectric devices are made from materials that can convert a temperature difference into electricity, without requiring any moving parts — a quality that makes thermoelectrics a potentially appealing source of electricity. The phenomenon is reversible: If electricity is applied to a thermoelectric device, it can produce a temperature difference. Today, thermoelectric devices are used for relatively low-power applications, such as powering small sensors along oil pipelines, backing up batteries on space probes, and cooling minifridges.
But scientists are hoping to design more powerful thermoelectric devices that will harvest heat — produced as a byproduct of industrial processes and combustion engines — and turn that otherwise wasted heat into electricity. However, the efficiency of thermoelectric devices, or the amount of energy they are able to produce, is currently limited.
Now researchers at MIT have discovered a way to increase that efficiency threefold, using “topological” materials, which have unique electronic properties. While past work has suggested that topological materials may serve as efficient thermoelectric systems, there has been little understanding as to how electrons in such topological materials would travel in response to temperature differences in order to produce a thermoelectric effect.
In a paper published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the MIT researchers identify the underlying property that makes certain topological materials a potentially more efficient thermoelectric material, compared to existing devices.
“We’ve found we can push the boundaries of this nanostructured material in a way that makes topological materials a good thermoelectric material, more so than conventional semiconductors like silicon,” says Te-Huan Liu, a postdoc in MIT’s Department of Mechanical Engineering. “In the end, this could be a clean-energy way to help us use a heat source to generate electricity, which will lessen our release of carbon dioxide.”
A path freely traveled
When a thermoelectric material is exposed to a temperature gradient — for example, one end is heated, while the other is cooled — electrons in that material start to flow from the hot end to the cold end, generating an electric current. The larger the temperature difference, the more electric current is produced, and the more power is generated. The amount of energy that can be generated depends on the particular transport properties of the electrons in a given material.
Scientists have observed that some topological materials can be made into efficient thermoelectric devices through nanostructuring, a technique scientists use to synthesize a material by patterning its features at the scale of nanometers. Scientists have thought that topological materials’ thermoelectric advantage comes from a reduced thermal conductivity in their nanostructures. But it is unclear how this enhancement in efficiency connects with the material’s inherent, topological properties.
To try and answer this question, Liu and his colleagues studied the thermoelectric performance of tin telluride, a topological material that is known to be a good thermoelectric material. The electrons in tin telluride also exhibit peculiar properties that mimic a class of topological materials known as Dirac materials.
The team aimed to understand the effect of nanostructuring on tin telluride’s thermoelectric performance, by simulating the way electrons travel through the material. To characterize electron transport, scientists often use a measurement called the “mean free path,” or the average distance an electron with a given energy would freely travel within a material before being scattered by various objects or defects in that material.
Nanostructured materials resemble a patchwork of tiny crystals, each with borders, known as grain boundaries, that separate one crystal from another. When electrons encounter these boundaries, they tend to scatter in various ways. Electrons with long mean free paths will scatter strongly, like bullets ricocheting off a wall, while electrons with shorter mean free paths are much less affected.
In their simulations, the researchers found that tin telluride’s electron characteristics have a significant impact on their mean free paths. They plotted tin telluride’s range of electron energies against the associated mean free paths, and found the resulting graph looked very different than those for most conventional semiconductors. Specifically, for tin telluride and possibly other topological materials, the results suggest that electrons with higher energy have a shorter mean free path, while lower-energy electrons usually possess a longer mean free path.
The team then looked at how these electron properties affect tin telluride’s thermoelectric performance, by essentially summing up the thermoelectric contributions from electrons with different energies and mean free paths. It turns out that the material’s ability to conduct electricity, or generate a flow of electrons, under a temperature gradient, is largely dependent on the electron energy.
Specifically, they found that lower-energy electrons tend to have a negative impact on the generation of a voltage difference, and therefore electric current. These low-energy electrons also have longer mean free paths, meaning they can be scattered by grain boundaries more intensively than higher-energy electrons.
Sizing down
Going one step further in their simulations, the team played with the size of tin telluride’s individual grains to see whether this had any effect on the flow of electrons under a temperature gradient. They found that when they decreased the diameter of an average grain to about 10 nanometers, bringing its boundaries closer together, they observed an increased contribution from higher-energy electrons.
That is, with smaller grain sizes, higher-energy electrons contribute much more to the material’s electrical conduction than lower-energy electrons, as they have shorter mean free paths and are less likely to scatter against grain boundaries. This results in a larger voltage difference that can be generated.
What’s more, the researchers found that decreasing tin telluride’s average grain size to about 10 nanometers produced three times the amount of electricity that the material would have produced with larger grains.
Liu says that while the results are based on simulations, researchers can achieve similar performance by synthesizing tin telluride and other topological materials, and adjusting their grain size using a nanostructuring technique. Other researchers have suggested that shrinking a material’s grain size might increase its thermoelectric performance, but Liu says they have mostly assumed that the ideal size would be much larger than 10 nanometers.
“In our simulations, we found we can shrink a topological material’s grain size much more than previously thought, and based on this concept, we can increase its efficiency,” Liu says.
Tin telluride is just one example of many topological materials that have yet to be explored. If researchers can determine the ideal grain size for each of these materials, Liu says topological materials may soon be a viable, more efficient alternative to producing clean energy.
“I think topological materials are very good for thermoelectric materials, and our results show this is a very promising material for future applications,” Liu says.
This research was supported in part by the Solid-State Solar Thermal Energy Conversion Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center of U.S. Department of Energy; and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
Mithun Bhat, born in Bhopal, could buy 2 houses within a month, Bentley, Ferrari and paid all his debts. But previously, he worked with salary under the minimum wage. So, how could he earn so much money only in a month? He tells us his story.
“I worked at pizza delivery service for a year. I was prior a collage student and did a part time job in a restaurant. I did it to support my study. In the second year of study I was close to be expelled since I could not pay the tuition. At the time, I had to take a loan. I could finally paid my tuition, but I had no money to pay the monthly installments to the bank. Honestly, studying and working all at once was beyond my endurance, and eventually, I was expelled from campus a week before the end of school year. That was the beginning of the darkest days of my life. My father lost his job and my family didn’t know how to survive. Could you imagine how hopeless I felt? I had no decent work and no education, and my father lost his job. I could do nothing to help them.
One night, I was delivering a pizza to the last location. A guy opened the door. He was with his friends, and while he was paying the pizza, I heard their discussion about where would they invest Rs. 2,000,000 they earned 10 minutes ago. I just made a glance and saw a sort of graph and figures on the laptop screen. The guy opening the door gave me Rs. 1,000 but the price was only Rs. 600. He told me to keep the change.
I was absolutely surprised and after I got back home, I took my laptop and tried to recall about their discussion. After 5 minutes, I remembered that they told about online trading. On the Broker website I found the graphs and figures I saw at the guy’s laptop.
After reading all information about the broker and watching tutorial videos, I opened a demo account where I got virtual money. I quickly understood what I had to do, it was very easy. I earned some money after my very first transaction. Then I thought… I did not lose anything, so I decided to open a real account and deposited my last money there. At the morning, I woke up and saw that I earned Rs. 30,654 over that night. After 2 weeks I could paid my debts off, bought a car, and I could help my father while he was searching for a new job and pay his expenses for the next few months. 2 weeks later, I already had 2 houses in the suburb. And all I did without leaving my home and getting higher education.
That’s my luck. It would never happen if I did not meet the rich guy while delivering the pizza. I know there are a lot of people having not good times like me, that’s why I tell you: if you want to live without any problem, I can tell you how to earn money with Trading Resource. It is very easy if you would try it.
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