Unique identification number for every Indian

The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a statutory authority established under the provisions of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016 (“Aadhaar Act 2016”) on 12 July 2016 by the Government of India, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). The Aadhaar Act 2016 has been amended by the Aadhaar and Other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019 (14 of 2019) w.e.f. 25.07.2019.

Prior to its establishment as a statutory authority, UIDAI was functioning as an attached office of the then Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) vide its Gazette Notification No.-A-43011/02/2009-Admn.I) dated 28th January, 2009. Later, on 12 September 2015, the Government revised the Allocation of Business Rules to attach the UIDAI to the Department of Electronics & Information Technology (DEIT) of the then Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.

UIDAI was created with the objective to issue Unique Identification numbers (UID), named as “Aadhaar”, to all residents of India. The UID had to be (a) robust enough to eliminate duplicate and fake identities, and (b) verifiable and authenticable in an easy, cost-effective way. The first UID number was issued on 29 September 2010 to a resident of Nandurbar, Maharashtra. The Authority has so far issued more than 124 crore Aadhaar numbers to the residents of India.

Under the Aadhaar Act 2016, UIDAI is responsible for Aadhaar enrolment and authentication, including operation and management of all stages of Aadhaar life cycle, developing the policy, procedure and system for issuing Aadhaar numbers to individuals and perform authentication and the security of identity information and authentication records of individuals.

The idea behind the unique identification number was to assign each individual a unique 12 digit number which will help to identify the individual uniquely.
The objective was to attach all the biometric and demographic data of an individual with a 12-digit unique identity number called Aadhaar. The biometric and demographic data of individual will be stored in a centralized database.
The act related to Aadhaar was initially introduced as a money bill in the parliament of India on 3^rd March 2016.
The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 11th March 2016 and on 26th March 2016, this bill became an Act.
The process of issuing the unique number and collection, maintenance and updating of biometric and demographic data related to each individual is done by the ‘Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)‘, which is a central government agency of India.
With the issuance of Aadhaar card, India has entered the group of countries which has national identity cards for its native residents.
Even though Aadhaar was initially started to eliminate leakages, with time it became a basic identity document.

Reasons for this move:-

This process of attaching all the legal data of an individual with a unique number is an attempt of India to develop a secure system of identification and will have a long term impact.
The first recommendation of any such identity number was after the 1999 Kargil war by the Kargil Review Committee to then Prime Minister of India, for the security and authenticity reasons.
With the centralized database of each individual, it became possible for security agencies to access information of each citizen under a certain emergency situation in the interest of the national cause.
By considering the population of India, it was necessary to have such a secure identification system for controlling illegal migration and anti-national activities.
By connecting the Aadhaar number with the banking system, the Indian government has created a proper and secure channel through which beneficiaries receive all the subsidies directly to their bank account.
It has eliminated the role of middleman and agents thus helping the poor and the Indian Economy. Thereby Aadhaar empowers marginalised sections and ensures dignity.
With the help of UID, it became possible to identify the native Indians and illegal migrants and thus helps to ensure that only the Indian citizens and the legal migrants get benefits of government schemes and also employment.
As all the biometric and demographic data of an individual is linked to Aadhaar, it helps to identify the families that really belongs to BPL (Below Poverty Level) and hence providing them employment under NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) and also easy and prompt payment to the actual workers.
Another big issue which can be addressed through UID is the real number of voters. Rural to urban migration is highly prevalent in India. Thus they enrol their names in the voter list of both places and politicians take an ill advantage of such a situation. But by the implementation of UID, it will not be possible for any individual to possess more than one voter identity card.
Government of India could save 15000 crores till 2016 by linking bank accounts with aadhaar for the LPG cylinder subsidies. Aadhaar will eliminate fake accounts.
Aadhaar based biometric attendance will make a good impact in government offices where most people try to escape from their work.
UID will also help indirectly in controlling corruption.

Challenges:-

For a nation like India with such a large population, it becomes a matter of security risk to handle such a large data of individual associated with their UID.
As almost all the details are associated with Aadhaar, it poses a threat to ‘right to privacy’. The data is susceptible to commercial exploitation by private parties and also to surveillance by the government.
No effective implementation of law and punishments in case of any misuse such as the leakage of personal information of citizens.
Assigning UID to such a huge population with authenticity is also a big challenge as no prior documents asked for it.

Conclusion:-

UID for every Indian is a very good system for eliminating agents and commission culture from India. It will help the poor to get their benefits directly to their accounts. It will also help in eliminating the illegal migrants from India and thus controlling the anti-national activities. But the implementation and execution must be done in a proper and prompt manner. And there must some guidelines related to risks associated with the system.

Film is notable among youngsters

Film influences adolescents in various sort of ways. One reason for the prevalence of the film is that it engages various types or individuals, youthful and old, educated and ignorant. The greater part of the young people watching films are for relaxations. Some of the time, they feel pressure, with the goal that adolescents investing their energy in watching motion pictures in film. To start with, film impact youth adversely and decidedly. This is on the grounds that; young people will mirror their preferred on-screen character and entertainer to follow precisely their styles, for example, dressing styles, hairdo, character of the on-screen character or on-screen character act in the film, language, etc. Motion pictures influence young people in their disposition. Young people observe an excess of motion pictures and its impact their disposition change. They may appreciate the character, their contemplations, or idea’s. They choose to do likewise as them.

Additionally, film impact in adolescents culture? The greater part of the individuals concur for this inquiry. This is on the grounds that, young people watch film and tail others, for example, remote culture. They disregard their own way of life and the significant of the way of life. Young people will follow precisely remote culture, for example, wear ring at eyebrow, tongue, mouth, etc. They thought it’s lovely and classy however it’s extremely perilous for wellbeing.

Plus, viciousness in the film influences young people’s brains? In light of my study, some “concur” and some of them answer is “impartial”. Viciousness in the film influences youngsters to do likewise. This is on the grounds that, normally in film, they will do criminal operations, for example, pirating, burglary, drinking, smoking, consuming medications, etc. In a film, they act yet it looks precisely genuine. So youngsters get intrigue and include in negative exercises.

‘WILL’ under Indian Law

Meaning:

A Will is a solemn document by which a dead man entrusts to the living to the carrying out of his wishes. Section 2(h) of Indian Succession Act, 1925 provides that Will means the legal declaration of the intention of a person with respect to his property, which he desires to take effect after his death Will has been defined in Corpus Juris Secundum as A ‘Will’ is the legal declaration of a man’s intention, which he wills to be performed after his death, or an instrument by which a person makes a disposition of his property to take effect after his death.

Essential Features of a Will

A Will can be made at any time in the life of a person. A Will can be changed a number of times and there are no legal restrictions as to the number of times it can be changed. It can be withdrawn at anytime during the lifetime of the person making the Will. A Will has to be attested by two or more witnesses, each of who should have seen the testator signing the Will.
The essential features are:

1. Legal declaration: The documents purporting to be a Will or a testament must be legal, i.e. in conformity with the law and must be executed by a person legally competent to make it. Further the declaration of intention must be with respect to the testator’s property It is a legal document, which has a binding force upon the family.

2. Disposition of property: In a Will, the testator bequeaths or leaves his property to the person or people he chooses to leave his assets/belongings. A Hindu person by way of his Will can bequeath all his property. However, a member of an undivided family cannot bequeath his coparcenery interest in the family property

3. Takes effect after death: The Will is enforceable only after the death of the testator

Under section 18 of the Registration Act the registration of a Will is not compulsory. Also, the SC in Narain Singh v. Kamla Devi has held that mere non-registration of the Will an inference cannot be drawn against the genuines of the Will. However it is advisable to register it as it provides strong legal evidence about the validity of the Will. Once a Will is registered, it is placed in the safe custody of the Registrar and therefore cannot be tampered with, destroyed, mutilated or stolen. It is to be released only to the testator himself or, after his death, to an authorized person who produces the Death Certificate

Since a testamentary disposition always speaks from the grave of the testator, the required standard of proof is very high. The initial burden of proof is always on the person who propounds the Will.

Kinds of Wills

Ø Conditional Wills: A Will maybe made to take effect on happening of a condition. In Rajeshwar v. Sukhdeo the operation of the Will was postponed till after the death of the testator’s wife. However if it is ambiguous whether the testator intended to make a Will conditional, the language of the documents as well as the circumstances are to be taken into consideration.

Ø Joint Wills: Two or more persons can make a joint Will. If the joint Will is joint and is intended to take effect after the death of both, it will not be admitted to probate during the life time of either and are revocable at any time by either during the joint lives or after the death of the survivor.

Ø Mutual Wills: Two or more persons may agree to make mutual Wills i.e. to confer on each other reciprocal benefits. In mutual Wills the testators confer benefit on each other but if the legatees and testators are distinct, it is not a mutual Will. Mutual Wills are also known as reciprocal Wills and its revocation is possible during the lifetime of either testator. But if a testator has obtained benefit then the claim against his property will lie. Where joint Will is a single document containing the Wills of two persons, mutual Wills are separate Wills of two persons.

Ø Privileged Wills: Privileged Wills are a special category of Wills and other general Wills are known as unprivileged Wills. S.65 of ISA provides that a Will made by a soldier or a airman or a mariner, when he is in actual service and is engaged in actual warfare, would be a privileged Will. S.66 provides for the mode of making and rules for executing privileged Wills. Ss. 65 and 66 are special provisions applicable to privileged Wills whereas other sections relating to Wills are general provisions which will be supplementary to Sections 65 and 66 in case of privileged Wills.

Who Can Make A Will
S.59 of Indian Succession Act provides that every person who is of sound mind and is not a minor can make a Will.

Execution of a Will

On the death of the testator, an executor of the Will (executor is the legal representative for all purposes of a deceased person and all the property of a testator vests in him. Whereas a trustee becomes a legal owner of the trust and his office and the property are blended together) or an heir of the deceased testator can apply for probate. The court will ask the other heirs of the deceased if they have any objections to the Will. If there are no objections, the court grants probate. A probate is a copy of a Will, certified by the court. A probate is to be treated as conclusive evidence of the genuineness of a Will. It is only after this that the Will comes into effect.

Signature of The Testator

S.63(a) of ISA provides that the testator shall sign or affix his mark. If the testator is unable to write his signature then he may execute the Will by a mark and by doing so his hand maybe guided by another person. In another words a thumb impression has been held as valid.

Attestation of Will:Attesting means signing a document for the purpose of testifying the signature of the executants. Therefore an attesting witness signing before the executants has put his mark on the Will, cannot be said to be a valid attestation. It is necessary that both the witnesses must sign in the presence of the testator but it is not necessary that the testator have to sign in their presence. Further it is not necessary that both the witnesses have to sign at the same time. It is also not necessary that the attesting witnesses should know the contents of the Will.

Movies and there impact on shaping mind

Movies impact on shaping mind as well as on society. That is primarily on the grounds that individuals become lethargic and need to make associations by watching them.

In any case, individuals are so sluggish when they are watching movies. Study has demonstrated individuals who watch movies or TV at any rate four hours in seven days tend not to practice so frequently. To keep solid, individuals need to practice well. Obviously individuals sit for quite a while and don’t move at all during watching movies. Also, individuals are uninvolved while they watch films. Individuals don’t need to communicate anything, so they don’t will in general consider anything.

Besides, individuals manufacture connections to impart their insight about laborers. After individuals delighted in films and TV, they are anxious to impart their insight. On account of present day innovation, individuals can impart their insight past the distinction of nation and ages. They can have numerous chances to contact with individuals.

How can water availability be fostered?

Better access to clean and pure water, best sanitation services creates tremendous impact in the growth of economic development. Water is linked to many economic activities and there are many complex channels through which water affects the overall economic growth. Some African countries like Kenya, Zambia installed water kiosk (booths for the sale of tap water) in order to improve the water supply and sanitation for poor rural areas, which provided some sort of income to water kiosk vendors and to public toilet caretakers. There are myriads of multinational companies like food companies, irrigation related corporations, for which water has been the main and unavoidable component. The presence of water ranges from small family farms to big companies. Thus it can be said that water plays an important role the socio economic development of a country. If the importance of water is neglected by the people and government, it can eventually collapse the world. Business ranging from small family farms to major corporations encounter multiple problems without water. So it is important to preserve water for the future generation. Here are some of the ways that can be done to conserve water and improve sanitation;

Recycle water

This is one of the effective and basic ways to control the usage of water. There are many plenty of technologies that are available to recycle rainwater and other water. The recycled water can be reused for many other purpose such as irrigation, gardening or in agricultural fields. This method allows us to use less amount of water for many purposes.

Educate the masses

There are still a lot of people who are unaware about the importance of water and the impact it has on our existence. These masses need to be educated about how to use water consciously. Awareness classes and social campaigns can be arranged in order to make people aware about the significance of water.

Improve sewage system

Fresh drinking water comes with a clean sewage system. Water in an area can get easily polluted without proper sanitation. This may lead to many water-borne diseases. Thus improving the sewage system can lead to a hygienic environment and also lead to get fresh drinking water.

Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harvesting also called harvesting is a method of collecting rainwater from the surface on which the rain falls, filtering it and finally storing it for multiple purposes. One of the main advantages of this method is that, its costs are relatively modest.

Importance of reading

Giving Satisfaction
Reading gives great satisfaction to the readers. A popular phrase “curling up with books” creates an image of a warm and close relationship with the book. Even parents feel satisfied when they see their kids are reading books.
Enhancing Concentration
For reading one needs to be focused for a longer duration and it requires mental exercise. For understanding the text or the whole story, the reader must concentrate his mind on a particular matter.
In this way, reading improves our concentration power and focus
Imparting Knowledge
Reading enhances the knowledge of the readers.
By developing the reading skills, the readers can diversify their field of knowledge which provides them with the chance to participate in fruitful discussion and decision-making processes.
Exercise of Brain
Reading is regarded as an exercise of the brain.
When we involved in reading our brain cells start to work for understanding the meaning of the text and try to relate various aspects of the matter read.
Reducing Stress
Reading is a great habit that can change human lives dramatically. It can entertain us; amuse us and enrich us with knowledge.
It helps us reducing stress, relieving tensions and thus boosts our energy. It carries us to the realm of dream and amusement – far away from the real complex world.
Enhancing Analytical Thinking
Reading not only enriches your knowledge but also makes it sharpen to analyze and evaluate things in a better way.
Improving Vocabulary
Skillful reading increases the vocabulary of the readers by introducing them with the new and unfamiliar words and phrases regularly.
It not only enriches our vocabulary but also teaches us a better way of expressing ourselves.
Improving Writing Skills
Reading helps gradual improvements in vocabulary that in turn enhances the reader’s writing skills.
As it boosts the ability to think, it also improves the written expression.

WHY ONLINE MEDIA CREATES HUGE IMPACT ON TRADITIONAL MEDIA

It is the common tendency of human beings to get attracted to something new. Man never gets tired of inventing new things, instead always would love to update himself. He is never satisfied with the present possessions he has, but always crave for more. This is what caused the origin of new media. But unlike other inventions, this one hooked man in such a manner that he is now completely immersed into it. The advantages provided by the new media makes people forget about the traditional media. Some of the advantages that social media provides are;

TWO WAY COMMUNICATION

The communication process is said to be completed only when the listener’s feedback is received by the speaker. New media makes this possible. It helps to create, maintain and sustain two way conversation with the public. Unlike, traditional media like television and radio, social media are able to know the viewpoints of the public. Even though, mediums like newspaper and television reach a mass audience, the feedback from the audience is limited.

IMMEDIACY

New media has the unique ability to publish information as soon as they happens. Traditional media, especially newspaper cannot inform every information instantly. Television and radio can have immediacy compared to newspaper. But it cannot be matched with online media. Today, any event happened in any part of the globe can be viewed live by everyone.

MULTI MEDIUM

The incorporation of multimedia elements is another advantage of online media. Unlike radio, magazines and newspapers, this new media comprises of text, images, video, audio, pictographs, charts and symbols. This wide variety of tools help in effective and essential communication.

WIDE REACH

Almost all the traditional media including television, newspaper, radio and magazines share information and messages only under a specific geographical area. The coverage of these media are limited within a particular area. But new media has coverage over worldwide. Once any information or message is uploaded in the online media, it is accessible to everyone in the globe irrespective of their place.

COST EFFECTIVE

The production cost is very expensive in the case of traditional media, especially television. Too many crew members are involved in the making of advertisements and other videos in television. It is very costly to run a newspaper either. Collection of paper, production of newspaper and distribution takes lot of effort and money. Social media/new media is very cost effective compared to these. It doesn’t require any raw materials and manual efforts. Everything is done virtually. Hence, this medium can be considered as cost effective.

SEARCH BASED INFORMATION

People are not interested any every information that surrounds them. Television and newspapers provide every information. It is very hard for the audience to find what he wants to read. He will be bombarded with too many information. But new media gives the option to get a specific area of interest. People can simply search about the information that he/she would like to read. The new media also provides links and hyperlinks which help the audience to know more about that particular content.

The Future of Online Learning

Online learning is on the rise. A recent poll found that 46% of recent graduates took an online credit as part of their degree, while more people than ever are turning to hybrid courses that combine distance learning with traditional classroom methods. Many students are attracted to the flexibility of online learning and combine their studies with work or personal commitments. For others, distance learning is a less expensive alternative to traditional campus-based courses. A three-year undergraduate degree can cost up to $50,000, while postgraduate courses will set a student back around $5,000. And although prices for online learning course vary quite dramatically, comparable degrees cost around 50% less.

Many experts believe online learning is the future of education. As technology becomes more widely available, an increasing number of students will gain access to the kind of knowledge that can vastly improve their career prospects, and maybe even the world. Online learning will enable students in developing countries to study subjects like coding, computing programming, and engineering, thus driving innovation all over the globe.

So given it’s rising popularity and revolutionary potential, here’s what you need to know about online learning.

The benefits of online learning

Online learning is about accessibility and inclusivity. It removes the physical barriers that prevent many people from fulfilling academic or career ambitions by allowing students to work from pretty much anywhere. Dr Irina Alvestad of the University of New Mexico-Los Alamost “Today, more students have multiple commitments, and they navigate to the flexibility of online courses. Students take UNM-LA classes from all over the world. I have had students in Vienna and in the Philippines, and students who are deployed with the military.”

Moreover, online learning can ensure all children receive a first-class education. Roxborough is a small town in New Zealand. At any one time, no more than 175 children are attending the local school. Because of the town’s small population, officials struggled to find teachers to fill the entire curriculum, meaning students were missing out on additional subjects that could broaden their horizons and lead to better future job prospects. So the school decided to embrace online learning. The school-board introduced a virtual learning center, which includes online lessons taught via video conferencing. Students meet up with their online tutor for an hour-long lecture, then work independently for another two hours in the learning center, which is equipped with online educational resources like study-guides, student forums, and interactive assignments.

The ‘blended learning’ approach is becoming popular in many other parts of the world. A recent report by the New Media Consortium found that hybrid courses are now the norm in schools, universities, and colleges. The report also stated that the trend is set to continue due to an ever more interconnected digital world and some major investment from big tech. A study funded by the Bill Gates foundation concluded blended learning in higher education produced higher academic achievement than exclusively face-to-face and online courses. Michael Barbour, director of doctoral studies for the Isabelle Farrington College of Education at Sacred Heart University, believes we are on He says, “There’s no question things are changing. One thing we can say is that the schools of tomorrow won’t look anything like the ones kids go to today.”

The realities of distance learning

Online learning creates plenty of opportunities, but there are some potential drawbacks which students considering it need to consider. Firstly, the huge amount of choice is a real benefit for students, but more choice also leads to a greater disparity in the quality of teaching methods, online resources, and student support. A sure way to check any schools credibility is by their accreditation. For example, a high-quality online nursing degree by a UK provider will always be accredited by the Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC). Any large governing body within an industry will often have links to approved courses on the website, making them an excellent starting point for any student looking for an accredited online course. Accreditation is also essential for your long-term career options. Most employers will accept an online degree, but accreditation is a sign that your course of study has prepared you for the realities of entering your new profession.

And while online learning offers the kind of flexibility many students are looking for, some can underestimate the impact of working without regular direction from tutors; others may feel isolated by spending long hours studying alone, especially if they are returning from a long break from formal education.

The majority of distance learning courses include some face-to-face time with other students and teachers, but it is still important to make an effort to connect with your fellow students via chat-rooms, forums, and even regular meet-ups. This will allow to bounce ideas off each other or just offer some much needed moral support.

The human side of virtual learning

Building a real-life network with fellow students and tutors is an essential part of any online course or degree. In fact, it’s often the difference between success and failure. Sebastian Thrun is a former professor of artificial intelligence at Stanford University and a pioneer of distance learning. His company Udacity provides online courses to help students gain skills for future industries, such as AI, coding, and nanotechnology. But despite the value of such courses, Thrun points out that only 34% of those who begin the courses see them through to the end. And that’s actually quite high when compared to other courses; many have drop-out rates as high as 95% When asked why so many people drop out of virtual learning programmes,“Solitary learning is hard. Many people run into an insurmountable technical challenge they cannot get past. Without the kind of personal attention that comes from more traditional forms of training, they become demoralised and give up.”

Thrun believes Udacity’s lower level of drop-out is directly linked to the social elements of the course. As well as more regular face-to-face contact with tutors, the Udacity courses often arrange social meet-ups and team building exercises, creating a real sense of community among the students. There’s also more human recognition, and usually from senior Udacity staff. When a student passes an assignment, they receive congratulations and a thank-you from a ‘real-life’ human via Skype. Small things like this might not seem that important, but we generally feel a greater sense of achievement and self-worth when other people, rather than computers, validate our efforts.

The future of learning?

For many universities, providing online courses and hybrid learning will play an essential role in their long-term survival. Many students are put off by expensive course fees associated with full-time, campus-based courses. For others, studying full-time clashes with other important responsibilities, such as a current career or raising a young family. Subsequently, universities that offer online learning resources are encouraging more students to enroll in their institutions, including those who live in provincial areas or, in some cases, in a completely different country. Keeping up with consumer demand and changing technologies is essential for any large organization, and universities are no exception. In other words, online learning is not just here to stay; it is set to become an integral part of the future.

Moreover, schools and higher education institutions are already integrating online teaching methods into the classroom, including next-generation technologies like augmented reality, AI, and virtual reality. According to US tech company Nearpod, more than six million students have already experienced its VR-based lessons, which includes virtual field trips around famous historical sites like the Roman Coliseum. Meanwhile, Copenhagen-based company Labster is currently developing a series of VR products with Google that will allow science students to run virtual experiments. One project includes a VR game where a forensic science student can investigate a virtual crime scene and analyze the evidence they find.

Such developments inevitably lead to wilder forms of speculation, but it’s important to note schools and big tech are focusing on integration rather than wholesale replacement. In other words, ‘real-life’ teachers will still play a vital role in educating the next generation of students. In fact, they are absolutely essential. Guido Kovalskys is the chief executive and co-founder of Nearpod. “VR is an engaging tool, but within a 35-minute lesson plan, it might only be two or three minutes. Learning is a social experience. It is not only about learning content but learning to deal with others. Teachers play a really influential role.”

There will always be a place for traditional, classroom-based teaching method, but even these are becoming increasingly more integrated with online learning. And while it’s almost impossible to predict what directions technology will take us in, online learning is set to become a major part of learning institutions all around the world.

Are Indian industries ready to be weaned away from China?

“Boycott China”, this is something we all have been hearing frequently since the last few weeks. This started after the dispute between China and India regarding the Himalyan border region of Ladakh. Due to this lives were lost, both Indian and Chinese soldiers died. Many Indian groups who supported Swadeshi came forward and appealed the citizens to cease the purchase of Chinese products. The idea is to effect the Chinese economy, making them realize that they can not just keep harming us while earning from us through goods and products. On 29th June the Indian government took a strong step against China by banning it’s 59 application. Some of the biggest names among them are TikTok, Shareit, Shein, UC Browser, We Chat, UC Browser etc. This didn’t end here, Indian citizens started raising their voice on boycotting Chinese products. Now people are not buying Made in China Products, there have been videos where people are seen destroying Chinese smartphones and other electronic devices.

This has led to the beginning of a war, between India and China. Large number of people are supporting this but this will also have an impact on India. Boycotting China will have impact on various sectors, be it goods, raw materials, import and export. This has to be thought practically. Do we have enough resources? Do we have enough manpower? Do we have that high technology? India imports more from China as compared to what it exports. From a small machine to a big tv, from toys to automobiles, from needle to hot water bottles, China controls majority of market as it provides the products in cheaper rate as compared to the India producers. So, why would a consumer buy the expensive product? Because of this China has control over majority of the market.

Let’s have a look at one of the sectors. Consumer durable goods, these are the goods which have a longer time span mostly 3 years, such as, Home Appliances, Consumer electronics etc. When we talk about smartphone industry the top brands in the market are Xiaomi, Oppo, Vivo, realme, controlling 72% of the market. Also, if we talk about Home Appliances, the product is made locally but the dependency on China for essential components varies from 25-70%. This is just one example but there are many others sectors which in one way or another are dependent on China.

Unless and until we develop an ecosystem for components it is impossible to reduce dependency on China overnight. It will take time and we will have to find an alternative which is available globally.

Thus initiating a trade war when Indian manufacturing ability is limited won’t help.

E-learning – Pros & Challenges

The global COVID-19 pandemic has triggered new ways of conducting the teaching-learning process online. For some this has been a small move but for others, this is a completely new way of education. Most nations have already initiated e-learning in their schools. Many schools in India have also adapted to the new normal of e-learning with varying degrees of success. Many progressive schools had already done a lot for the adoption of technology in their schools, which helped in quickly transitioning to a completely online delivery of teaching during the current crisis and with significant success. A recent survey conducted by us showed that more than 92% of students and parents were happy with the online delivery of lessons.

With the advent of Covid19, e-learning seems to be one of the safest and easiest ways to impart education for acquiring new skills, explore new career options, or for that matter new hobby development. E-learning is now applicable not only to learn academics but also to conduct extra-curricular activities for students, informative online sessions, online conferences, and webinars. The demand for e-learning has risen significantly and will continue doing so as society starts adapting to ‘social distancing’ post this pandemic.

Information and communication tools (ICT), Web2.0 applications, and the impact these resources are having on education are rapidly creating new challenges for instructor and learners faced with learning online. Teaching and learning in an e-learning environment happens differently than in the traditional classroom and can present new challenges to instructors and learners participating in this online learning environment. There is a need in e-learning to identify the challenges and consider best practice solutions to ensure instructor and learner success in this new learning environment.

As with most teaching methods, e-learning also has its positives and negatives. Understanding these will help in creating strategies for more efficient delivery of the lessons and measuring its effectiveness.

Here are some, and in no way exhaustive, key pros and cons –

Advantages:

Efficiency – E-learning offers a very efficient way to deliver lessons. Use of videos, sharing of resource links, serving assessment tests can all be done at the click of a button. Additionally, the lectures can be recorded and shared for reference with a wide range of audiences. It also allows for a much larger set of children to be taught.
Affordability – E-learning is far more affordable as compared to physical learning. E-learning primarily eliminates 2 major cost points – real estate and transportation. The course or study material is all available online and you can access it as many times as you want.
Less absenteeism – There are fewer chances of students missing out on classes, as they can access easily anytime from the comfort of their home.
Increased Access & Reach – E-learning can happen in any place, as long as there is a device and connectivity. A physical class requires the student to come to school but in this mode, the student can access lessons sitting anywhere in the world.
Encourages shy kids – We have seen that many children who are usually withdrawn in a class environment, open up in the online classes. They are far more forthcoming with their questions and participation. This could be because of a comfortable home environment.

Challenges:

Not appropriate for all – It is a well-known fact that students have a dominant learning style. Some a visual, some auditory, some kinesthetic, etc. E-learning which requires a child to sit in front of a device and understand the lesson, may not be suited to all learning styles.
Focus Deficit – Some students tend to lose focus for a longer period during virtual lectures. Boredom occurs easily as there is a lack of face to face interaction. It becomes imperative for the teachers to keep their online sessions crisp and interactive enough to help students grasp everything.
Technology issues – While internet penetration has grown over the past 12 months in India, the current infrastructure, especially in smaller towns, can pose a problem. Any break in the data connectivity can cause a lack of continuity in the learning for the child, which can be detrimental. Additionally, if a child is technophobic, he may face difficulties in learning.
Lack of social interaction – Human beings learn a lot by simply being around other human beings. Unfortunately, e-learning takes away all physical interactions that students and teachers might have on the school premises. It’s always better for students to be around other students to talk or discuss ideas, which is an essential part of learning. Peer learning certainly takes a hit.
Teacher training – E-learning demands the teachers to be technology-friendly, which, unfortunately, is not the case always. Teachers need to invest more time in aligning themselves with the latest technology updates to ensure they can conduct their online classes seamlessly.
Manage Screen time – health hazards of staring at a screen continuously for hours

While all modes of learning have their benefits and drawbacks, after the current crisis, it is clear that some form of blended learning will evolve with e-learning forming a crucial part of the overall teaching-learning process.

e-Learning : Solutions

In order to understand the challenges associated with an e-learning environment it is important to define what the term e-learning means. Clark and Mayer help define e-learning as instruction delivered by any technological mode intended to promote learning (2011). Teaching and learning in an e-learning environment happens differently than in the traditional classroom and can present new challenges to instructors and learners participating in this online learning environment. Technology-assisted learning tools is quickly changing the face of education, transitioning the classroom only learning environment to an online only or blended online learning experience.

The possible challenges instructors and learners face in an e-learning environment must be considered in order to ensure learner success. Therefore, there are two roles in e-learning that must be considered when discussing ways to improve these challenges. The first is the instructor’s role and the second, the student’s role. Both roles include a transition away from traditional teacher-student relationships, roles, and responsibilities, to virtual space roles. However, it is the instructor’s primary roles within the learning environment, which will help overcome challenges, support, and sustain student success.

The New Digital Divide

In education, the digital divide is most commonly defined as the gap between those students who have, do not have, and know how to use the internet and the information technologies that are currently transforming education (Bernard, 2011; Hall, 2013). According to Warschauer (2003), the “digital divide is marked not only by physical access to computers and connectivity but also by access to the additional resources that allow people to use technology well” (p. 6). Due to the affordability of many information technologies today the current meaning of digital divide is changing from having access, to knowing how to use the technologies (Bernard, 2011). In this way the digital divide still acts as a challenge for education and more specifically e-learning environments. In education the digital divide has, most recently, become more about closing the gap between using the resources appropriately to obtain quality educational outcomes than not having access to the technology (Warschauer, 2003; Bernard, 2011). The quality of learning outcomes, and more importantly the successful use of the expected technology resources, all hinge on the amount of experience and comfort level each learner has with these specific resource technologies (Warschauer, 2003).

One solution to this challenge is for the instructor to implement a learning environment that encourages collaboration. Providing learners with the opportunity to collaborate, share, and create will increase the learner’s use of various technologies, enhance their e-learning experience, and support self-directed and ongoing learning (Clark & Mayer, 2011; Li & Irby, 2008). During this time the instructor must consider the learner’s technological incompetence’s and accept various ability levels; willing to allow learners choice with the expected performance objectives given it results in the appropriate learning outcomes (Bernard, 2011). The learner should ask questions, seek additional information from credible sources, reflect often, and interact with other learners in academic discourse related to the online learning objectives. Having an online community where learners can collaborate in a safe and respected learning environment will help close the gap of the new digital divide, and in doing so helps to create a culture of digital natives conducive to effective e-learning (Warschauer, 2003; Li & Irby, 2008; Clark & Mayer, 2011).

Student Motivation

Although student motivation can only truly happen intrinsically, creating the right online environment where students want to learn and feel successful is the primary the responsibility of the instructor or course designer. According to Martin, in today’s online environments there is a lack of teacher presence, face-to-face (f2f) interaction, and tech support (2009). The most well planned and explicitly laid out online instructional environment is not enough to sustain learner interest or support intrinsic motivation. On the other hand learners new to an online learning environment typically lack the level of metacognition awareness, time management skills, and self-directed learning needed to be successful (Martin, 2009).

To promote student motivation the primary role falls to the teacher to anticipate and prevent motivational challenges unique to e-learning. One way this can be done is by increasing f2f interactions through a variety of technological modes (Martin, 2009). Online learning does not have to be isolated to merely email communication and web based only classroom interactions. Learners often have anxiety about learning online and need to feel connected, reassured, and safe to contribute in their new learning environments (Terry & Leppa, 2009; Hastie, Hung, Chen, & Kinshuk (2010). E-learning environments often lack a variety of communication options creating an unwelcoming online learning atmosphere (Terry & Leppa, 2009; Martin, 2009; Hastie et al., 2010), which only the instructor can control. To help alleviate student anxiety e-mentors should provide various and alternative ways of interacting and communicate through the use of such applications like Skype, chat forums, or discussion boards.

Course Design

Insufficient time spent on course development and design can be a huge contributing factor to poorly developed online learning experiences and a major challenge for e-learning instructors. According to Leanna Archambault (2010), the amount of time needed to design and implement a well design lesson, online, is an important consideration. Archambault indicated that instructors reported an increase in the amount of time they spent creating e-learning courses because of new content, new technologies, and new ways of engaging online learners.

One way to overcome the challenge of time developing an online course is for instructors to collaborate often within their e-learning professional communities. Collaborating with other instructors should be spent sharing, developing, and creating (Terry & Leppa, 2009; Hastie et al., 2010). This collaboration and discourse helps minimize the time spent planning and designing. A way to overcome the challenge of a well-developed overall course design should be addressed with the learner in mind and should include these overall course characteristics: (a) opportunities for learners to collaborate, (b) a well-established protocol for communicating, (c) clear performance expectations, and (d) opportunities for learners to chose the mode in which assignments are created and presented (Hastie et al., 2010). In order for instructors and learners to be successful these characteristics are essential to the overall course design and e-learning environment.

Conclusion

With so many different ways to define e-learning and the educational approaches that can be taken in these learning environments, it is the conclusion of this author that e-learning is an innovative approach to learning. It is a holistic way of teaching and learning that meets the needs of today’s digital natives. It is an environment made up of collaboration, choice, and an array of technological resources that supports a successful online learning experience. However, in order for learners to be successful in this learning environment the challenges to e-learning must be overcome with support and a best practice solutions. Instructors and learners must embrace the shift away from traditional classroom practices to an e-learning approach to education. Despite the fact that today’s learners are digital natives, the use of technology for e-learning can be overwhelming and provide student motivation challenges however, with the proper supports from instructors, learners can be successful within these e-learning environments. Finally, and probably the most important challenge for the instructor is to focus on the overall elements of a well-developed course. Developing a purposeful and well-defined online course, which supports the instructor and learner, means devoting the appropriate time and embedding the applicable course elements into the e-learning environment.

What is Ethnographic study?

Ethnographic study is a field study technique, where the researcher gets completely immersed in the lifestyle of the area or situation they are studying. It is nothing but a detailed study of a particular cultural group. The study was originally developed by anthropologists in order to study a society, group or culture in detail. Ethnographic research is also known as qualitative research. Ethnography proposes a study through direct natural observations of users in a natural environment rather than in a science laboratory. The main purpose of this study is to understand what is happening naturally in a particular setting. It provides the researcher an idea how the selected subjects view the outside world and how they interact with everything that surrounds them. Researcher collects data from a natural setting which includes a wide variety of variables. No attempt is made to regulate or control the variables in the selected setting as this can destroy or alter the phenomenon being studied. The length of the study is depended on the topic of the research which is being conducted. It can range from a couple of hours of observations to a several set of months.

The word ‘ethnography’ derived from the Greek words; ‘ethnos’ and ‘graphein’. Ethnos stands for people and graphein called writing. That is why ethnography is also called as ‘culture writing’. This study is one of the most distinctive features of anthropology (Scientific study of human, human behavior and societies in the past and present. Socio cultural anthropologists who conduct ethnographies are named as ethnographers. The important instrument used to gather information is the researcher itself.

While conducting the study, these researchers live in that particular culture. They get engaged in the daily lifestyle of the people to be studied and observe the culture in detail. Information can be collected observations, interviews, questionnaires and document analysis. Thus, validity of this study is completely depended on the skill and quality of the researchers. Ethnographic studies can be expensive and time consuming at times as the researchers are stepping out from the comfortable laboratories to the field of process. One of the main benefits of ethnographic study is that, it helps to identify and analyze unexpected problems and issues. This is because, the researcher is completely immersed in the lives of people and their culture which is to be studied. Malinowski’s six years’ field work among the native people of Trobriand Island, published in 1922, Margaret Mead’s coming of age in Samoa were some of the famous ethnographic studies ever. Many journals publish ethnographic studies on a wide variety of topics. The Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute is one of the oldest among them, which has been publishing anthropological works since more than 150 years.

The Unheard Voices of Third Gender

Abstract

In spite of national and international protections, transsexuals have been a neglected community worldwide. Baring few countries, there is no recognition of their rights and are sometimes forced to lead animal survival life. Before Naz Foundation’s case, humiliation, torture and cruelty with the sexual minorities were mostly unnoticed in Indian society. In the said case some legal protections were recognized by the higher judiciary in India. In this research paper, I have tried to point out discrimination against this community in various way.

Introduction

Transgender is normally defined for people whose gender identification, gender expression or conduct does not conform to their organic sex. Transgender may also takes in men and women who do not now perceive with their intercourse assigned at beginning, which encompass hijras/eunuchs who, on this writ petition, describe themselves as “Third gender” and that they do no longer identify as either male or lady. Hijras aren\’t guys by a distinctive feature of anatomy look and psychologically, they\’re additionally now not ladies, even though they\’re like women without a lady duplicate organ and no menstruation.

In a landmark judgement of Supreme court of India , National Legal Services Authority vs. Union of India (dated 15 April 2014, AIR2014SC1863, the ‘Nalsa Judgement’), which declared transgender people to be a ‘third gender’, affirmed that the fundamental rights granted under the Constitution of India will be equally applicable to transgender people, and gave them the right to self-identification of their gender as male, female or third-gender. This judgement is a major step towards gender equality in India.Moreover, the court also held that because transgender people were treated as socially and economically backward classes, they will be granted reservations in admissions to educational institutions and jobs.
In the above Judgement(Nalsa) Supreme court, declared transgender individuals distinct from binary genders, as the ‘Third Gender’ under the Indian constitution and for the purposes of laws enacted by the parliament and state legislatures.

Non-recognition of the Third Gender in the Indian legal framework has resulted in systematic denial of equal protection of law and widespread socio-economic discrimination in society at large as well as in Indian workplaces. In the wake of the Nalsa Judgment, the Indian parliament recently enacted the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act,2019 (the ‘Act’).

‘Transgender’ as defined in the Act, refers to and includes all individuals whose gender does not conform or match with the gender assigned to them at birth and includes trans-man and trans-woman (whether or not they have undergone sex reassignment surgery (‘SRS’) and individuals with socio-cultural identities such as ‘kinner’, ‘hijra’, ‘aravani’ and ‘jogta’.

Discrimination of Transgenders on various grounds

l. Sex Discrimination

Action is taken against an individual because of stereotypical beliefs about the nature of men and women (about their appearance and behavior). The argument for a straightforward application of sex-based anti-discrimination law has been rejected in many cases. This fails to acknowledge that the transgender person has been singled out for adverse treatment based on a belief about his or her sex – namely, that he or she should not change his or her sex or express it in a different manner than cultural norms allow.

II. Disability Discrimination
Because of misperceptions and misunderstandings about disability laws, some people have expressed discomfort in pursuing legal protections for transgender people based on disability. The term ‘disability’ in anti-discrimination laws, however, is not used in the popular or colloquial sense, and is not limited to individuals who are significantly debilitated or who appear outwardly ill.

III. Sexual Orientation Discrimination
Transgender people are harassed because they are perceived to be gay. Assumptions about a person’s sexual orientation may often arise either because of clothing the person wears or because of their gender presentation, which may be subtler than a person’s attire.

IV. Discrimination in Employment/Education
Hijras find it extremely difficult to get suitable employment of their choice. Due to social discrimination in employment most of them are forced into sex work. Apart from the fact of social discrimination, the low levels of literacy in the community also ensure the social, economic and political powerlessness of the community.

V. Discrimination by the Police
Oppression by police turned out to be one of the major concerns of the gay, bisexual and transgender people.
Extortion: The police often stop gay/bisexual men in the cruising areas, threaten them saying we know what you are doing, take their names and addresses and extort money from them. No FIRs are recorded.
Illegal detention: The police in this case take people in for questioning and detain them in the lock up for periods of time varying from overnight to a few days. They do not file (FIR) and keep no documentary evidence of the person’s detention.
Abuse: The police often abuse the men using filthy language, beat them up and even subject them to sexual abuse.

VI. Discrimination in the Family
Some families, once they realize that their children are a transgender, they rather disown and send him/her away rather than encourage and be there for them. This is what makes them turn to other immoral activities knowing well that there is no longer family for them.

Law And Justice

The Supreme Court rulings on Section 377 (Naz Foundation vs. Government of NCT of Delhi and Others & Suresh Kumar Koushal and another vs. NAZ Foundation and Others) and transgender right document confusion of notion inside the judiciary. The conflicting judgments of the courtroom on homosexuality seen at the side of its enlightened ruling on transgender rights probable displays a sluggish evolution of liberal notion within higher Indian judiciary.The needs of the 21st century and the enlightened vision of the Indian Constitution, with its attention justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity assuring the distinction of the person, mandate a creative citing of the regulation.

Background

Section 377 of the IPC categorised consensual sexual intercourse between same sex people as an “unnatural offence” which is “against the order of nature”. It prescribed a punishment of 10 years imprisonment. The provision is a Victorian-era law, which survived into the 21st century. Interestingly, about 123 countries around the World have never penalized or have decriminalized homosexuality. Currently, 57 countries actively criminalize same-sex relations.

Naz Foundation (India) Trust challenged the constitutionality of Article 377 under Article 14, 15, 19 and 21 before the Delhi High Court.The Delhi High Court ruled in 2009 that Section 377 cannot be used to punish sex between two consenting adults – this violates the right to privacy and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. The Court held that classifying and targeting homosexuals violates the equal protection guarantee under Article 14 of the Constitution. Section 377 thus violated human dignity which forms the core of the Indian Constitution.

Several organizations and individuals challenged the Delhi High Court judgment in the Supreme Court. They argued that: the right to privacy does not include the right to commit any offence; decriminalizing homosexuality would be detrimental to the institution of marriage and would lure young people towards homosexual activities.

The Supreme Court reversed the Delhi High Court verdict in 2013 in it Suresh Koushal judgment and held that the decision of decriminalizing homosexuality can only be done by the Parliament and not the Court. It also held that Section 377 criminalises certain acts and not any particular class of people. It also alluded to the minuscule number of people who were members of the LGBTI community and the fact that only a fraction amongst them had been prosecuted under Section 377.

Several curative petitions were filed challenging the Supreme Court judgement. While the curative petitions against the Suresh Koushal judgment were pending, 5 individuals from the LGBTQ communities – noted Bharatnatyam dancer Navtej Singh Johar, restaurateurs Ritu Dalmia and Ayesha Kapur, hotelier Aman Nath and media person Sunil Mehra filed a fresh writ a petition for scrapping Section 377 IPC in so far as it criminalised consensual sex between same-sex individuals.

The Supreme Court on January 5, 2018, formed a constitution bench for hearing the challenge to Section 377 in a comprehensive manner.
The 5 judge bench of Chief Justice Dipak Misra, Justice A.M. Khanwilkar, Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, Justice R.F. Nariman and Justice Indu Malhotra heard the matter from July 10th, 2018.

On 6th September, 2018 the five-judge Bench partially struck down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, decriminalising same-sex relations between consenting adults. LGBT individuals are now legally allowed to engage in consensual intercourse. The Court has upheld provisions in Section 377 that criminalise non-consensual acts or sexual acts performed on animals.
They found that Section 377 discriminates against individuals on the basis of their sexual orientation and/or gender identity, violating Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution. Further, they ruled that Section 377 violates the rights to life, dignity and autonomy of personal choice under Article 21. Finally, they found that it inhibits an LGBT individual’s ability to fully realize their identity, by violating the right to freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a).

Conclusion

These new laws alone won’t change the discrimination that many transgender people (often called hijra in India) face: many are excluded from mainstream employment and society – to the extent that some hospitals have reportedly refused to treat them – and are regularly harassed by police. It is however an important step in the right direction, because legal recognition can underpin greater social acceptance and community integration. The Supreme Court is also introducing quotas to increase the representation of transgender people in employment and education. Thus we need to change our mentality towards this community and give them respect and space.

Health benefits of ginger.

Menstruation
We recommend drinking ginger tea if you have cramps during your period. The warm water with ginger will ease the pain. A lot of research has been done into taking ginger pills during menstruation. This showed that ginger supplements actually helped reduce cramps. Water with ginger or ginger tea works to a lesser extent, so if you are looking for a natural solution for period cramps, ginger capsules may be the solution.
Nausea
Many doctors recommend water with ginger or ginger tea for patients who suffer from nausea during pregnancy or as a result of chemotherapy. Ginger helps to empty the stomach, making food flow to the intestines faster. This relieves nausea
Reduces the risk of chronic diseases
Thanks to its anti-inflammatory effect, ginger can drive pathogens from your body and prevent sickness. In addition, it protects your body against broken cells. For example, it can relieve arthritis.
Weight loss
Ginger water or smoothies containing ginger are often touted as detox drinks that can help you lose weight. Although further research is needed, ginger can help people lose weight. By drinking water with ginger instead of soft drinks or juice, you avoid a lot of calories. In addition, it hydrates your body.
Blood sugar level
Much research has been done on the relationship between ginger and blood sugar, especially for people with type 2 diabetes. However, even for people without diabetes, ginger can help maintain a balanced blood sugar level. This way you experience fewer peaks and dips in your energy.

Places to visit in chhattisgarh; the rice bowl of India

Chitrakot Waterfall
Often termed as Niagara Falls of India, Chitrakot Waterfalls fascinates every visitor with its amazing beauty. It is located 38 km from Jagdalpur and remains the broadest waterfall in India. It is astonishing to see the water gushing down from a height of 96 ft with width above 1000 feet. People flock here for day picnics amidst ample of nature.

Kawardha Palace
This grand palace is sprawling over an area of 11 acres adorned with lovely garden. Made using Italian marbles and stones, the palace dates back to the 1930s. It beautifully underlines the local cultures of Chhattisgarh and has been transformed into a heritage hotel to offer a luxurious stay experience to the guests.

Achanakumar Wildlife Sanctuary
Nature devotees visiting Chhattisgarh cannot miss a visit to the Achanakumar Wildlife Sanctuary. Just 60 km from Bilaspur, the Sanctuary is home to numerous wild animals residing peacefully in its dense forest areas. Visit here and spot animals like tiger, bison, leopard, bear, sambar and hyena.

Kailash and Kutumsar Caves
Located in proximity to the Tiratgarh Waterfalls, Kailash and Kutumsar Caves have been ranked second in the list of longest natural caves on the planet. These caves, situated on a small hill, were found in 1993 and are known for creating astonishing musical sounds on the striking of hand. Some areas of the caves are even 2 kilometres deep and thus, entry is restricted there due to non-availability of oxygen.

Maitri Bagh
This garden was the outcome of collaboration between Indian and Russian governments. It was laid by Bhilai Steel Plant. Since then this zoo cum park has become a popular picnic spot. Visit here to explore serene lakes and musical fountains which are real feast for the eyes.

Bastar Palace
Another historic wonder of Chhattisgarh, Bastar Palace is a marvellous palace with unique architecture. The palace has numerous stories of bravery engraved in its walls. Visit here to explore interiors like beautiful artefacts and portraits belonging to the rulers of those times. Also, do try horse ride here which bestows a kingly feel.

Kanker Palace
Kanker Palace was originally raised in the 20th century. However, later in 1937 it was rebuilt to give it a new outlook. The palace flaunts a colonial architecture and its majestic surrounding landscapes add to its beauty. Visit here to partake in boat safaris and jeep safaris which impart great pleasure.

Bhoramdeo Temple
This is an ancient temple built between the 7th and 11th centuries. The temple is often termed as Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh due to its intricate construction which makes many jaws drop. The temple has a pleasing surrounding with Maikal Mountains nestling all around. Apart from spiritual structures, it also houses numerous erotic sculptures.

Food
Chhattisgarh is known for the production of abundance of staple food, including Rice, Bajra and Jawar. Thus, a meal in Chhattisgarh promises a great taste. Try Muthia (dumplings) made of rice batter seasoned with various spices. Aamat a kind of Sambhar is also loved by the locals due to its spicy mix of ingredients. Just like parathas in other Indian state, Chhattisgarh is known for its Chila, a delicious chapatti made with rice batter and Urad Daal. Also, when it comes to street food, Bhajia often remains popular among both locals and travellers alike. Those having sweet tooth can try Khurma made with milk and vermicillies.

Shopping
Due to various tribes located in Chhattisgarh, one can find a good range of tribal jewellery in the state. One can also pick Wooden objects, Bell metal items, Terracotta figurines, Stone statuettes and Cotton fabrics from here which are available in all local markets.

DEFINING NEW MEDIA

It is an irrefutable fact that the media that is used for communication have undergone myriads of changes and its ability in improvement never tends to end. The world has witnessed drastic changes in the development of media over the years. According to these drastic changes, the media can be categorized as traditional and new media. Traditional media also refers to the old media that incorporates linear model of communication. Even though this media is meant for a mass audience, it leaves less chance for interaction and feedback. New media are the ones that try to fix the drawbacks of traditional media.

Digital media, online media, social media are some of the terms that are associated with New media. Basically these are the channels that uses internet to disseminate information and ideas. Digital media comprises of photos, videos, audios, text, graphs, charts, pictographs, animations, and links. Thus it can also be referred as ‘multimedia’. This wide variety of tools help in essential and effective communication. It began to establish when the text were put on to the internet instead of piled on paper as it was previously. Images were also taking its place soon after the text. Thus, the growth of new media happened in a short period of time. Today, it provides everything that a person needs to know. The information is transmitted virtually in these media. It seems magical to realize that the new media needs no physical effort to pass or transmit the information from one place to another. Everything is possible through the virtual world. It also incorporates multidimensional flow of communication. Unlike television or radio, new media not only provides required information but also give the users a chance to respond. New media provides free flow of information where a person is free to express his opinions or ideas. The only thing he/she needs is accessibility to internet. But there is a slight difference between digital and new media when it is observed deeply. Even though all these terms are similar in nature, the definition of new media can be explained in a different way. New media refers to the digital media where any individual has the freedom to access and edit the content. Thus new media can be called as an extension of digital media where any person can act as creator or a part of the content. Wikipedia can be considered as an example for new media. It is a famous website which is edited by common internet users.

New media thus give the opportunity to not just access information digitally but also to actively participate in the content. It allows anyone, irrespective of their levels of education, to be the creator of digital content. Many social media such as youTube, Instagram, Facebook etc. can be considered as new media because they give the power to create content and edit the already existing content. New media do not include television programs, films, or paper based publications until they contain technologies that enable digital interactivity. One of the main benefits of new media is that, it is very much cost effective. Unlike traditional media, it doesn’t require much time and money for the production. Media like television radio and newspaper includes production, distribution, circulation which all are expensive. But in new media everything is done virtually. Another advantage of new media is the immediacy. With the improvement in technologies, people don’t have to wait to access the information he/she requires. It also help the people to find the data easily without any delay. The users can simply type the keywords about the topic that he/she wants to read. Unlike television and radio, the new media provides links and hyperlinks which help the users to know more about that particular content. Thus finding related articles has been way too simple in new media.

It is true that new media has changed the way a person receives the information. In the past decades, television, radio, newspapers were the only media used for receiving content. The number of channels were limited. Sharing information was also considered as a difficult task. Only the people who were experts in the media field were the main source of information. People do not participate in the creation of the programs. But today, the whole concept has been changed. With the arrival of new media, everyone became worthy to create and share information and ideas. People don’t even need to be educated about the topic. They are free to create content and share information on internet whether it is true or not. This freedom has badly affected the credibility of people on new media. Information perceived from new media are less likely to believe by the users compared to the traditional media since there is no control in the flow of communication in new media.

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e-Learning : Solutions

The New Digital Divide

Student Motivation

Course Design

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Abstract

Introduction

Discrimination of Transgenders on various grounds

Law And Justice

Background

Conclusion

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